Article(id=1212062517610811489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023118, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1675958400000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-10, revisedDate=1681920000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907823230, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907823230, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907823230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907823230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062517992493158, articleId=1212062517610811489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Numerical study on infragravity wave hydrodynamics of permeable fringing reef, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the nonhydrostatic single-phase flow numerical wave model (NHWAVE), the propagation of random waves on a permeable fringing reef is simulated numerically, and the effects of incident wave height, water depth on reef flat, spectrum peak period, thickness of permeable layer, porosity and median diameters the hydrodynamic characteristics of waves on the fringing reef are considered comprehensively, focusing on the variation of sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height and mean water level along the reef, and comparing with that of the fringing reef without permeable layer. The study shows that the existence of the permeable layer has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic characteristics of waves on the fringing reef. The study shows that the existence of the permeable layer reduces the shallow water deformation of waves on the slope in front of the reef and the wave breaking near the reef edge, and significantly decreases the sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height, and wave setup near the shoreline, in addition to that, the existence of the permeable layer reduces the maximum wave runup on the shoreline. The greater the incident wave height and spectrum peak period, the more significant the effect of the permeable layer on the sea-swell wave, infragravity wave and wave setup on the fringing reef; when the water depth of the reef is increased, the effect of the permeable layer on wave attenuation is weakened; as the thickness of the permeable layer increases, the values of sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height and wave setup near the shoreline decrease.

, correspAuthors=Ke Qu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xu Wang, Ke Qu, Jia Men), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062524770488743, articleId=1212062517610811489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=透水珊瑚岸礁亚重力波水动力特性数值研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于非静压单相流模型(NHWAVE),对随机波浪在透水珊瑚岸礁上传播过程进行了数值模拟,综合考虑入射波高、礁坪水深、谱峰周期、透水层厚度、透水层孔隙率以及颗粒的中值粒径等因素对岸礁波浪水动力特性的影响,重点分析了短波波高、低频长波波高、平均水位的沿礁变化,并与无透水层的岸礁情况进行了对比。研究表明:透水层的存在减弱了波浪在礁前斜坡的浅水变形和在礁缘附近的波浪破碎,显著降低了岸线附近的短波波高、低频长波波高以及波浪增水值,除此之外,透水层的存在会降低波浪在岸滩的最大爬高;透水层的孔隙率和颗粒的中值粒径对波浪传播变形特征的影响可忽略不计;入射波高和谱峰周期越大,岸礁透水层对短波、长波及波浪增水的影响越显著;当增大礁坪水深时,透水层对波浪的消减作用减弱;随着透水层厚度的增大,岸线附近的短波波高、长波波高和波浪增水值随之减小。

, correspAuthors=屈科, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*屈科(1985-),男,陕西省咸阳市人,副教授,主要从事计算流体力学、海岸工程、海洋工程研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5Yz9G7B+UARGsDeUGgvV1g==, magXml=Ji2/Su8UXaOqPEFmqusruQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=yZjoEN8HfqXFWwOQUpAxpQ==, pdfFileSize=3529222, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=aUhEZdAn4gIxIWoqr7Q9Mg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=b/6PUpo8NbkuNea1aGQFtw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王旭(1997-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=3w1rPU+dC7Fubr9QzWRw8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225919631501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time series of surface elevation at different locations

Data has been dimensionless

, figureFileSmall=ZCLSGNRow5mv4jmp0xqgiA==, figureFileBig=wSZ/Bz1xXYHf2UxVlEJv4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226053849234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同位置表面高程的时间序列

数据已进行无量纲化

, figureFileSmall=ZCLSGNRow5mv4jmp0xqgiA==, figureFileBig=wSZ/Bz1xXYHf2UxVlEJv4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226213232789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of average wave height and mean water level along the reef

Data has been dimensionless

, figureFileSmall=eD/gj+7CScyQC8ImFHMZ5w==, figureFileBig=0N2mq5RCGRZET0LjMSQleQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226292924570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图6, caption=沿礁平均波高和平均水位对比

数据已进行无量纲化

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figureFileBig=HnWAUO0naa2gOlFLszwqHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226624274598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同测点处自由液面高程的时间序列对比, figureFileSmall=Nyiip4fRFz7kyJsuvD+iaA==, figureFileBig=HnWAUO0naa2gOlFLszwqHw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226695577770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Comparison of the wave spectrum of the different wave gauges, figureFileSmall=IwaIAo+9pCypA3lQ86HVfw==, figureFileBig=Lq4XAbKmNsSPqSV+uUfJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226846572720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同测点的波谱对比, figureFileSmall=IwaIAo+9pCypA3lQ86HVfw==, figureFileBig=Lq4XAbKmNsSPqSV+uUfJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226980790453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparison of the spatial distribution of sea-swell wave height (HSS), infragravity wave height (HIG) and mean water level (MWL), figureFileSmall=FE9Qbh0/Xwako+/+2adAyg==, figureFileBig=GwRofcEJcTQq/R2ROpdaYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227052093623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图10, caption=短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)和平均水位(${\rm{MWL}}$)的空间分布对比, figureFileSmall=FE9Qbh0/Xwako+/+2adAyg==, figureFileBig=GwRofcEJcTQq/R2ROpdaYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227119202491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparison of the maximum depth-averaged horizontal velocity (uave, max) and temporal evolutions of wave runup height (Rup), figureFileSmall=xVNGd9sXJwsKeOMUY5oYqg==, figureFileBig=r8S57CKhjcTzcSPpLHuBRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227186311356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图11, caption=最大水深平均速度(uave, max )的空间分布与爬高(Rup)的时间演化对比, figureFileSmall=xVNGd9sXJwsKeOMUY5oYqg==, figureFileBig=r8S57CKhjcTzcSPpLHuBRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227249225919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Comparison of the horizontal average flow field above the reef plat, figureFileSmall=i7oc4tcoGrDnTDNhC/ykQA==, figureFileBig=81UY+OfKlb2T1d5yPwpMrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227333112003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图12, caption=礁坪上方水平方向平均流场对比, figureFileSmall=i7oc4tcoGrDnTDNhC/ykQA==, figureFileBig=81UY+OfKlb2T1d5yPwpMrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227425386696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$) and infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $) under different incident wave height, figureFileSmall=ao4gEQ2sVtrKolrCnqnyrQ==, figureFileBig=qDe0uCADDKxK+Vll3/WUyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227517661388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同入射波高下短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)和低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=ao4gEQ2sVtrKolrCnqnyrQ==, figureFileBig=qDe0uCADDKxK+Vll3/WUyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227601547472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Variations of the wave setup ($\eta_r $) and the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the incident wave height (H0), figureFileSmall=Vy31vxWv8LfQ9H6dpUyQFA==, figureFileBig=70mME0RfnSqZV7rvk+H0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227681239253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图14, caption=波浪增水($\eta_r$)和最大爬高(Rup, max)随入射波高(H0)的变化, figureFileSmall=Vy31vxWv8LfQ9H6dpUyQFA==, figureFileBig=70mME0RfnSqZV7rvk+H0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227756736729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $) and infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $) under different water depth (hr) on reef flat, figureFileSmall=ekXhUgCJUm+CIiZHDHtlTw==, figureFileBig=sN/4RQqh2aY8tI+S0mpHFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227844817116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同礁坪水深(hr)下短波波高($ {H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $)和低频长波波高($ {H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=ekXhUgCJUm+CIiZHDHtlTw==, figureFileBig=sN/4RQqh2aY8tI+S0mpHFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325227928703200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Variations of the wave setup ($\eta_r $ ) and the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the water depth (hr) on reef flat, figureFileSmall=NUfshDyodRRNUk1Tma14kQ==, figureFileBig=hO8rZohS0jJqVsB20VcczA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228025172196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图16, caption=波浪增水($ \eta_r $)和最大爬高(Rup, max)随礁坪水深(hr)的变化, figureFileSmall=NUfshDyodRRNUk1Tma14kQ==, figureFileBig=hO8rZohS0jJqVsB20VcczA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228117446887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $) and infragravity wave height ( ${H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $) under different spectrum peak period (Tp), figureFileSmall=dSoL75ePxARmqFwb5WbOew==, figureFileBig=1XHKj7160PzrVYxT7cyYlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228201332973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同谱峰周期(Tp)下短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)和低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=dSoL75ePxARmqFwb5WbOew==, figureFileBig=1XHKj7160PzrVYxT7cyYlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228297801969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Variations of the wave setup ($ \eta_r $) and the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the spectrum peak period (Tp), figureFileSmall=zTYYzkgDJlplGFipGKoZxg==, figureFileBig=CkzRDhORgeaO0Br2pXvjBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228406853877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图18, caption=波浪增水($ \eta_r $)和最大爬高(Rup, max)随谱峰周期(Tp)的变化, figureFileSmall=zTYYzkgDJlplGFipGKoZxg==, figureFileBig=CkzRDhORgeaO0Br2pXvjBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228503322873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$) and infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$) under different thickness (d) of the permeable layer, figureFileSmall=b7DGyRef1Ppr2pd/JCvGaw==, figureFileBig=UbJUm4xe9D6eQL/D+qcKoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228603986174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同透水层厚度(d)下短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=b7DGyRef1Ppr2pd/JCvGaw==, figureFileBig=UbJUm4xe9D6eQL/D+qcKoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228675289348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Variations of the the significant sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $) and infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$) with the thickness of the permeable layer (d), figureFileSmall=CD6dxsbzVFfk0ph6iCAlNg==, figureFileBig=YlD0I4YN7XwV0rFrYxeBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228742398217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图20, caption=岸线附近短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)和低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)的随透水层厚度(d)的变化, figureFileSmall=CD6dxsbzVFfk0ph6iCAlNg==, figureFileBig=YlD0I4YN7XwV0rFrYxeBLQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228813701389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Variations of the wave setup ($\eta_r $) and the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the thickness (d) of the permeable layer, figureFileSmall=OwkzCeZjnfBk5a0Tkkfh9g==, figureFileBig=0O4xdtFPhIHwQ89YplHeoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228880810259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图21, caption=波浪增水($\eta_r $)和最大爬高(Rup, max)随透水层厚(d)度的变化, figureFileSmall=OwkzCeZjnfBk5a0Tkkfh9g==, figureFileBig=0O4xdtFPhIHwQ89YplHeoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325228964696341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $), infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $) and mean water level under different permeable rate (n), figureFileSmall=Typ4p0JhMIvatwji8FXcKw==, figureFileBig=GbezMNQnITI+gbBi1Uevng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229040193817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图22, caption=不同孔隙率(n)下短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)和平均水位(MWL)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=Typ4p0JhMIvatwji8FXcKw==, figureFileBig=GbezMNQnITI+gbBi1Uevng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229115691294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 23, caption=Variations of the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the permeable rate (n), figureFileSmall=KFdz+5jIFdlzst0K4mM9OA==, figureFileBig=vkBEllBB0zP4Cfb1CnwRlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229207965986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图23, caption=波浪的最大爬高(Rup, max)随孔隙率(n)的变化, figureFileSmall=KFdz+5jIFdlzst0K4mM9OA==, figureFileBig=vkBEllBB0zP4Cfb1CnwRlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229283463462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 24, caption=Spatial distributions of the sea-swell wave height (${H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $), infragravity wave height (${H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $) and mean water level (MWL) under different nominal diameter D50, figureFileSmall=Jv2eU+J5DaGdGUWxT/89Ig==, figureFileBig=tO2926krtusQjhxSbN6o2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229358960938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图24, caption=不同中值粒径下短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)和平均水位(MWL)的空间分布, figureFileSmall=Jv2eU+J5DaGdGUWxT/89Ig==, figureFileBig=tO2926krtusQjhxSbN6o2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229447041325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Fig. 25, caption=Variations of the maximum wave runup height (Rup, max) with the nominal diameter (D50), figureFileSmall=DQ6+8esIlDlRAsJsU7qC7w==, figureFileBig=WNoieO6J6huMU/SVSmW6eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229556093234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=图25, caption=波浪的最大爬高(Rup, max)随中值粒径(D50)的变化, figureFileSmall=DQ6+8esIlDlRAsJsU7qC7w==, figureFileBig=WNoieO6J6huMU/SVSmW6eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325229644173623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Validation working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况Hs/mhr/mTp/s
 注:Hs为有效波高,hr为礁坪水深,Tp为谱峰周期。
A0.0950.101.25
B0.1010.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215325229736448315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

验证工况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况Hs/mhr/mTp/s
 注:Hs为有效波高,hr为礁坪水深,Tp为谱峰周期。
A0.0950.101.25
B0.1010.01.0
), ArticleFig(id=1215325229845500225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Case setup of numerical simulation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况有效波高Hs/m礁坪水深hr/m谱峰周期Tp/s透水层厚度d/m孔隙率n中值粒径D50/m
A10.043 30.051.25000
A20.064 950.051.25000
A30.086 60.051.25000
A40.108 250.051.25000
A50.129 90.051.25000
B10.043 30.051.250.050.780.027
B20.064 950.051.250.050.780.027
B30.086 60.051.250.050.780.027
B40.108 250.051.250.050.780.027
B50.129 90.051.250.050.780.027
C10.086 601.25000
C20.086 60.0251.25000
C30.086 60.0751.25000
C40.086 60.101.25000
D10.086 601.250.050.780.027
D20.086 60.0251.250.050.780.027
D30.086 60.0751.250.050.780.027
D40.086 60.101.250.050.780.027
E10.086 60.050.75000
E20.086 60.051.0000
E30.086 60.051.5000
E40.086 60.051.75000
E40.086 60.052.0000
F10.086 60.050.750.050.780.027
F20.086 60.051.00.050.780.027
F30.086 60.051.50.050.780.027
F40.086 60.051.750.050.780.027
F50.086 60.052.00.050.780.027
G10.086 60.051.2500.780.027
G20.086 60.051.250.0250.780.027
G30.086 60.051.250.750.780.027
G40.086 60.051.250.100.780.027
H10.086 60.051.250.050.660.027
H20.086 60.051.250.050.700.027
H30.086 60.051.250.050.740.027
H40.086 60.051.250.050.820.027
H50.086 60.051.250.050.860.027
I10.086 60.051.250.050.780.012
I20.086 60.051.250.050.780.017
I30.086 60.051.250.050.780.022
I40.086 60.051.250.050.780.032
I50.086 60.051.250.050.780.037
), ArticleFig(id=1215325229950357830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062517610811489, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟工况设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况有效波高Hs/m礁坪水深hr/m谱峰周期Tp/s透水层厚度d/m孔隙率n中值粒径D50/m
A10.043 30.051.25000
A20.064 950.051.25000
A30.086 60.051.25000
A40.108 250.051.25000
A50.129 90.051.25000
B10.043 30.051.250.050.780.027
B20.064 950.051.250.050.780.027
B30.086 60.051.250.050.780.027
B40.108 250.051.250.050.780.027
B50.129 90.051.250.050.780.027
C10.086 601.25000
C20.086 60.0251.25000
C30.086 60.0751.25000
C40.086 60.101.25000
D10.086 601.250.050.780.027
D20.086 60.0251.250.050.780.027
D30.086 60.0751.250.050.780.027
D40.086 60.101.250.050.780.027
E10.086 60.050.75000
E20.086 60.051.0000
E30.086 60.051.5000
E40.086 60.051.75000
E40.086 60.052.0000
F10.086 60.050.750.050.780.027
F20.086 60.051.00.050.780.027
F30.086 60.051.50.050.780.027
F40.086 60.051.750.050.780.027
F50.086 60.052.00.050.780.027
G10.086 60.051.2500.780.027
G20.086 60.051.250.0250.780.027
G30.086 60.051.250.750.780.027
G40.086 60.051.250.100.780.027
H10.086 60.051.250.050.660.027
H20.086 60.051.250.050.700.027
H30.086 60.051.250.050.740.027
H40.086 60.051.250.050.820.027
H50.086 60.051.250.050.860.027
I10.086 60.051.250.050.780.012
I20.086 60.051.250.050.780.017
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透水珊瑚岸礁亚重力波水动力特性数值研究
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王旭 1 , 屈科 1, 2, 3, * , 门佳 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(9): 152-167
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(9): 152-167
透水珊瑚岸礁亚重力波水动力特性数值研究
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王旭1 , 屈科1, 2, 3, * , 门佳1
作者信息
  • 1 长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 2 洞庭湖水环境治理与生态修复湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 3 水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 王旭(1997-),男,安徽省阜阳市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*屈科(1985-),男,陕西省咸阳市人,副教授,主要从事计算流体力学、海岸工程、海洋工程研究。E-mail:
Numerical study on infragravity wave hydrodynamics of permeable fringing reef
Xu Wang1 , Ke Qu1, 2, 3, * , Jia Men1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Water-Sediment Sciences and Water Disaster Prevention of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023118
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基于非静压单相流模型(NHWAVE),对随机波浪在透水珊瑚岸礁上传播过程进行了数值模拟,综合考虑入射波高、礁坪水深、谱峰周期、透水层厚度、透水层孔隙率以及颗粒的中值粒径等因素对岸礁波浪水动力特性的影响,重点分析了短波波高、低频长波波高、平均水位的沿礁变化,并与无透水层的岸礁情况进行了对比。研究表明:透水层的存在减弱了波浪在礁前斜坡的浅水变形和在礁缘附近的波浪破碎,显著降低了岸线附近的短波波高、低频长波波高以及波浪增水值,除此之外,透水层的存在会降低波浪在岸滩的最大爬高;透水层的孔隙率和颗粒的中值粒径对波浪传播变形特征的影响可忽略不计;入射波高和谱峰周期越大,岸礁透水层对短波、长波及波浪增水的影响越显著;当增大礁坪水深时,透水层对波浪的消减作用减弱;随着透水层厚度的增大,岸线附近的短波波高、长波波高和波浪增水值随之减小。

透水岸礁  /  传播变形  /  低频长波  /  波浪增水  /  非静压单相流模型(NHWAVE)

Based on the nonhydrostatic single-phase flow numerical wave model (NHWAVE), the propagation of random waves on a permeable fringing reef is simulated numerically, and the effects of incident wave height, water depth on reef flat, spectrum peak period, thickness of permeable layer, porosity and median diameters the hydrodynamic characteristics of waves on the fringing reef are considered comprehensively, focusing on the variation of sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height and mean water level along the reef, and comparing with that of the fringing reef without permeable layer. The study shows that the existence of the permeable layer has a significant impact on the hydrodynamic characteristics of waves on the fringing reef. The study shows that the existence of the permeable layer reduces the shallow water deformation of waves on the slope in front of the reef and the wave breaking near the reef edge, and significantly decreases the sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height, and wave setup near the shoreline, in addition to that, the existence of the permeable layer reduces the maximum wave runup on the shoreline. The greater the incident wave height and spectrum peak period, the more significant the effect of the permeable layer on the sea-swell wave, infragravity wave and wave setup on the fringing reef; when the water depth of the reef is increased, the effect of the permeable layer on wave attenuation is weakened; as the thickness of the permeable layer increases, the values of sea-swell wave height, infragravity wave height and wave setup near the shoreline decrease.

permeable fringing reef  /  transformation deformation  /  infragravity wave  /  wave setup  /  nonhydrostatic single-phase flow numerical wave model (NHWAVE)
王旭, 屈科, 门佳. 透水珊瑚岸礁亚重力波水动力特性数值研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 152 -167 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023118
Xu Wang, Ke Qu, Jia Men. Numerical study on infragravity wave hydrodynamics of permeable fringing reef[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 152 -167 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023118
珊瑚礁是由礁石珊瑚群体遗骸形成的岩体结构,属于典型的生物海岸地貌形态,其广泛分布于热带和亚热带浅海地区[1]。珊瑚礁地形与一般的近岸地貌不同,地形变化剧烈,且附近水域水动力特性更为复杂。在南海我国诸多岛屿中珊瑚岛礁居多,随海洋强国战略的推进,岛礁建设工程增多,迫切需要理论依据为实际工程提供指导,由于实际的海浪大多时候是非规则波浪,亚重力波在波浪传播至珊瑚岸礁岸线附近时在波浪中占极大的比重甚至处于主导地位[2],这意味着在影响波浪岸滩爬高时亚重力波成分极为重要,因此开展珊瑚岸礁上亚重力波的水动力特性数值模拟研究具有重要的现实意义。
国内外的学者通过现场观测、物理模型试验以及数值模拟等方法对波浪在岛礁地形上传播演变的水动力特性开展了大量的研究工作。早期关于珊瑚礁水动力的研究主要以现场观测为主,Young[3]通过对实测数据进行分析,得出了在珊瑚岛礁地形波高衰减率的变化;Munk和Sargent[4]首次发现由波浪破碎引起的波浪增水使得礁坪上的水位比周围水域高0.45~0.6 m;Tait[5]采用辐射应力原理对观测数据进行分析给出了礁坪上的波浪增水与水深之间的关系;Lentz等[6]对亚重力波在礁坪上的演变进行了现场海洋观测,并提出了亚重力波在海滩上传播的波浪模型。由于物理试验结果与实际观测结果相近,且不像现场观测受到诸多不确定因素的制约,因此大多数学者采用物理模型试验对波浪在珊瑚礁地形上传播的水动力特性进行研究。梅弢和高峰[7]利用水槽模型试验,研究了波浪在珊瑚礁上的传播规律,并分析波浪在礁缘的破碎情况;刘宁[8]通过物理模型试验对随机波浪在岛礁地形上的传播过程进行系统的分析,研究了波浪破碎导致的频谱变化过程;贾美军等[9]利用模型试验研究了在大糙率礁面影响下规则波在珊瑚礁地形上的波浪破碎以及高频谐波的形成;Gourlay[10]开展物理试验对珊瑚礁地形上波浪增水以及波生流变化规律进行了分析;任冰等[11]利用模型试验研究规则波与不规则波在岛礁上的波浪增减水以及波生流等问题;陈松贵等[12]通过大水槽试验研究不规则波在复合坡度珊瑚礁地形的传播演变。
由于现场观测和模型试验需要花费大量的人力物力,并且数据采集的数量和分布区域均受到很大程度的限制。因此,近些年来,数值模拟已逐渐成为研究珊瑚礁水动力特性的最重要的技术手段。Su等[13]及Su和Ma[14]采用Boussinesq方程模型对亚重力波在岸礁地形上的传播进行了研究,发现了波浪在岸礁地形上传播时波能谱中的高频波能向低频波能转移;Van Dongeren等[15]采用数值模型XBeach研究了亚重力波在边缘珊瑚礁的传播特性,并对前礁和礁顶附近的底部应力进行了探讨;Yao等[16]采用Boussinesq模型研究了马绍尔群岛两种真实岸礁上的短波,低频长波和波浪增水的沿礁变化规律;Liu等[17]基于FUNWAVE-TVD模型研究气候变化对珊瑚礁海岸不规则波爬高的影响。张善举[18]通过对非静压单相流模型(Nonhydrostatic Single-phase Flow Numerical Wave Model, NHWAVE)以及Boussinesq模型FUNWAVE-TVD和Coulwave 3个波浪数值模型进行对比分析,发现NHWAVE能准确地模拟不同破碎波类型波浪在珊瑚礁礁坪上的波浪增减水,并且计算效率最高,并通过对比不同地形、波况、破碎类型下各模型下波浪在珊瑚礁礁坪上的波浪增减水的计算精度和稳定性得出:NHWAVE在模拟波浪在较陡峭地形上传播演变时的计算精度和计算效率整体上优于FUNWAVE-TVD和Coulwave波浪模型。因此本文选用NHWAVE来进行数值计算。
在以往发表的成果中,通常将珊瑚礁底部边界概化为不透水边界层,但在真实的海洋环境中,珊瑚礁礁坪上具有一些透水性的生物结构,比如生长着一些水生植物、珊瑚群落等,水流可透过珊瑚礁表层渗入礁体内部[19]。珊瑚礁的底部摩擦通常采用二次摩擦定律[20]来建模。实际上,对于大多数珊瑚礁来说,将粗糙的表面视为水下的“冠流”比底部摩擦[21]更准确。根据Lowe等[21]的研究,底栖冠层的流动与多孔介质流动非常相似,珊瑚礁表面的底栖生物如珊瑚株大致可以被视为多孔介质,且据文献所查,只有Lowe在实验室实验获得了夏威夷卡内奥河湾珊瑚礁底栖生物的多孔参数,发现珊瑚礁冠层结构的流动与多孔介质的流动相似,在其实验中,冠层结构的孔隙度约为0.78 ± 0.02,直径尺寸即D50为(2.7 ± 0.9)cm。目前国内外学者研究珊瑚岸礁的水动力特性考虑其透水性的研究成果相对较少。Zhu等[22]将珊瑚礁表面简化为空间均匀的多孔介质,并开展试验讨论了珊瑚礁的透水性对波浪增水的影响,在他们的实验中颗粒直径尺寸(D50)为0.0158~0.032 m,与Lowe等[21]一致,在实验中由于利用砾石很难形成如此高孔隙率的压缩孔隙,他们的实验的孔隙率比Lowe等[21]实验略小0.42。Qu等[23]基于非静压模型研究了孤立波在透水岸礁上的水动力特性,在文章中考虑了实际珊瑚岸礁冠层孔隙率可达0.78[21]的情况;Wen等[24]采用物理模型试验和光滑粒子数值模型对规则波在透水珊瑚礁礁坪上的波浪破碎、波浪增减水和波生流等问题开展了研究,考虑的孔隙率为0.42与Zhu等[22]试验的孔隙率一致;本文针对珊瑚岸礁冠层孔隙率可达0.78[21]的情况展开了研究。以上对存在透水冠层的珊瑚岸礁的研究主要集中在孤立波、规则波上,实际的海浪大多是不规则的,目前国内外对于揭示珊瑚岸礁冠层的透水性(以下称为透水层中的透水介质)对非规则波浪在珊瑚岸礁上传播变形的影响研究稍有不足。
为了完善现有研究的不足之处,针对珊瑚岸礁透水介质大孔隙率这一特性,本文采用非静压模型开展非规则波在透水岸礁海域的水动力特性研究,并与不可透水的情况进行对比,分析透水层的存在对岸礁上波浪水动力特性的影响,详细讨论了入射波高、礁坪水深、波浪周期、透水层厚度、透水层孔隙率以及颗粒的中值粒径等几个主要因素对低频长波和波浪增水值的影响。
NHWAVE的控制方程为基于σ坐标系的连续性方程和动量方程,其守恒形式的表达式为
$ \frac{{\partial D}}{{\partial t}} - \frac{1}{n}\left( {\frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\frac{{Du}}{n} + \frac{\partial }{{\partial y}}\frac{{D\nu }}{n} + \frac{\partial }{{\partial \sigma }}\frac{\omega }{n}} \right) = 0 \text{,} $
$ (1 + {c_p})\frac{{\partial {\boldsymbol{U}}}}{{\partial {{t}}}} + \frac{{\partial {\boldsymbol{F}}}}{{\partial {{x}}}} + \frac{{\partial {\boldsymbol{G}}}}{{\partial {{y}}}} + \frac{{\partial {\boldsymbol{H}}}}{{\partial \sigma }} = {{\boldsymbol{S}}_h} + {{\boldsymbol{S}}_g} + {{\boldsymbol{S}}_\tau } + {{\boldsymbol{S}}_r} \text{,} $
式中,$ t $是时间;$ x $$ y $$ \sigma $为笛卡尔坐标的3个方向;通量函数${\boldsymbol{U}} = (Du,\;D\nu,\;Dw)$${\boldsymbol{F}} = (Duu+\dfrac{1}{2}g{\eta }^{2} + gh\eta ,\; Du\nu,\; Duw)$ G $=(Du\nu,\;D\nu\nu+\dfrac{1}{2}g{\eta }^{2}+gh\eta ,\;D\nu w)$${\boldsymbol{H}}=(u\omega ,\;\nu\omega ,\;w\omega )$$ u $$ \nu $$ w $代表$ x $$ y $$ z $ 3个方向上的速度分量;$\omega$代表$ \sigma $坐标系下的速度;h为静止水深;g为重力加速度。式(2)中各源项如下所示:
$ \begin{split}&{{\boldsymbol{S}}_h} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {gD\dfrac{{\partial h}}{{\partial x}}} \\ {gD\dfrac{{\partial h}}{{\partial y}}} \\ 0 \end{array}} \right) ,\end{split}$
$ \begin{split}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_p} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - \dfrac{D}{\rho }\left( {\dfrac{{\partial p}}{{\partial x}} + \dfrac{{\partial p}}{{\partial \sigma }}\dfrac{{\partial \sigma }}{{\partial x}}} \right)} \\ { - \dfrac{D}{\rho }\left( {\dfrac{{\partial p}}{{\partial y}} + \dfrac{{\partial p}}{{\partial \sigma }}\dfrac{{\partial \sigma }}{{\partial y}}} \right)} \\ { - \dfrac{1}{\rho }\dfrac{{\partial p}}{{\partial \sigma }}} \end{array}} \right) , \end{split}$
$ \begin{split}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_\tau } = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {D{S_{{\tau _x}}}} \\ {D{S_{{\tau _y}}}} \\ {D{S_\tau }_{_z}} \end{array}} \right) ,\end{split}$
$ \begin{split}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_r} = \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} { - {a_p}\dfrac{{Du}}{n} - {b_p}\left| {\dfrac{{\boldsymbol{u}}}{n}} \right|\dfrac{{Du}}{n} + {c_p}\dfrac{u}{n}\dfrac{{\partial D}}{{\partial t}}} \\ { - {a_p}\dfrac{{D\nu}}{n} - {b_p}\left| {\dfrac{{\boldsymbol{u}}}{n}} \right|\dfrac{{D\nu}}{n} + {c_p}\dfrac{\nu}{n}\dfrac{{\partial D}}{{\partial t}}} \\ { - {a_p}\dfrac{{Dw}}{n} - {b_p}\left| {\dfrac{{\boldsymbol{u}}}{n}} \right|\dfrac{{Dw}}{n} + {c_p}\dfrac{w}{n}\dfrac{{\partial D}}{{\partial t}}} \end{array}} \right) \text{,} \end{split}$
式中,p为压力;ρ为水密度; ${\boldsymbol{S}} _h$代表方程中的静压项;${\boldsymbol{S}} _p$代表方程中的动压项;${{\boldsymbol{S}}} _{\tau }$代表湍流应力项;${{\boldsymbol{S}}} _{r}$为多孔介质附加项; |u|=$\sqrt{{u}^{2}+{\nu}^{2}+{w}^{2}}$$ {a}_{p} $$ {b}_{p} $$ {c}_{p} $由Van Gen[25]和Liu等[26]提出,计算公式分别为
$ {a_p} = \alpha \frac{{{{(1 - n)}^2}}}{{{n^2}}}\frac{{\nu}}{{d_{50}^2}} \text{,} $
$ {b_p} = \beta \left( {1 + \frac{{7.5}}{{KC}}} \right)\frac{{1 - n}}{{{n^2}}}\frac{1}{{{d_{50}}}} \text{,} $
$ {c_p} = \gamma \frac{{1 - n}}{n} \text{,} $
式中,$ \alpha $$ \ \beta $为待定系数,根据Ma等[27]的研究,取$ \alpha =200 $$ \ \beta =1.1 $$ \gamma $为经验参数一般取值为0.34;$ {d}_{50} $为多孔材料的中值粒径;${\nu}$为运动黏度,KC = |u|T/n$ {d}_{50} $,T为波周期。
本文采用的湍流模型为体积平均的k-ε模型,其守恒形式控制方程为
$ \begin{split}\frac{\partial Dk}{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {D{\boldsymbol{u}}k} \right) =& \;\nabla \cdot \left[ {D\left( {\nu + \frac{{{\nu_t}}}{{{\sigma _k}}}} \right)\nabla {k}} \right] + D( {{P_s} - {P_b}}-\varepsilon ) \text{,}\end{split} $
$ \begin{split}\frac{\partial D\varepsilon }{{\partial t}} + \nabla \cdot \left( {D{\boldsymbol{u}}\varepsilon } \right) =\;& \nabla \cdot \left[ {D\left( {\nu + \frac{{{\nu_t}}}{{{\sigma }_{\varepsilon}}}} \right)\nabla {\varepsilon }} \right] + \\&\frac{\varepsilon }{k}D\left[ {C_{1\varepsilon }}\left({P_s} -C_{3\varepsilon} P_b\right) -C_{2\varepsilon}\varepsilon\right] \text{,}\end{split} $
式中,$ {\sigma }_{k} $${\sigma }_{\varepsilon}$${C}_{1\varepsilon}$${C}_{2\varepsilon}$$C_{3\varepsilon}$为湍流相关的经验系数,由Rodi[28]给出,取值分别为1.0、1.3、1.44、1.92、0.99;k为湍动能;ε为湍流耗散率;$ {P}_{s} $$ {P}_{b} $分别代表剪切力和浮力;$ \nabla $为哈密顿算子。采用Hsu等[29]与Kuwahara和Kuwahara[30]提出的公式求解$ {\varepsilon _\infty } $$ {k_\infty } $
$ {\varepsilon _\infty } = 39.0\frac{{{{(1 - n)}^{2.5}}}}{n}{\left| u \right|^3}\frac{1}{{{d_{50}}}} \text{,} $
$ {k_\infty } = 3.7\frac{{1 - n}}{n}{\left| u \right|^2} , $
关于NHWAVE模型的更多详细设置可参考文献[31]。
本节对NHWAVE模拟低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)、短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)以及平均水位(${\rm{MWL}}$)沿礁分布的能力进行验证。验证数据采用Liu等[17]在浙江大学海洋实验室进行的非规则波在不透水岸礁上传播演变的物理试验,具体试验设置如图1所示(WG为浪高仪的位置)。二维数值波浪水槽计算域与试验保持一致,${x}$方向为波浪传播方向,网格大小$ {d}_{x}=0.02\;{\rm{m}} $$ z $方向为水深方向,共划分20层网格。计算了两个不同的试验工况,具体试验参数如表1所示。图2图3展示了不同验证工况下低频长波波高、短波波高和平均水位空间分布的数值模拟结果与试验值的对比,从图中结果可以看出数值计算结果与试验数据吻合得比较好,为了更为直观地判断数值模型的计算精度,本文引用Warner等[32]建议的skill数,skill数的定义采用Willmott[33]的方法,式(14)中$ {X}_{\mathrm{model}} $$ {X}_{\mathrm{obs}} $分别表示数值计算值和实验观测值,上划线表示取平均值,skill数越接近于1表示模型计算精度越高,skill数越接近于0表示模型计算精度越低。
$ \mathrm{skill}=1-\frac{\sum {\left|{X}_{\mathrm{model}}-{X}_{\mathrm{obs}}\right|}^{2}}{\sum {\left(\left|{X}_{\mathrm{model}}-{\overline X}_{\mathrm{obs}}\right|+\left|{ X}_{\mathrm{obs}}-{\overline X}_{\mathrm{obs}}\right|\right)}^{2}} \text{,} $
${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$计算公式为
$ {H}_{{\rm{SS}}}=4\sqrt{{\int }_{0.5{f}_{p}}^{\infty }S\left(f\right){\rm{d}}f} \text{,} $
$ {H}_{{\rm{IG}}}=4\sqrt{{\int }_{0}^{0.5{f}_{p}}S\left(f\right){\rm{d}}f} \text{,} $
式中,$ {f}_{p} $为谱峰频率;$ S\left(f\right) $为波浪谱,波浪谱根据浪高仪测得的自由液面时间序列通过快速傅里叶变换(FFT)得到。
为验证NHWAVE模拟波浪在透水岸礁上的传播演变的能力,本节对Wen等[24]的规则波与透水岸礁物理试验进行数值模拟验证,试验在大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室的波浪水槽中进行,数值波浪水槽布置与试验保持一致,如图4所示。透水岸礁礁前斜坡坡脚距左侧造波区37.8 m、礁前斜坡坡度比为1∶1、斜坡长度为1.8 m、礁坪高度为1.8 m、礁坪长为8.6 m、透水层厚度$ d $ = 0.1 m、透水层孔隙介质中值粒径$ D50 $ = 0.02 m、透水层孔隙介质孔隙率$ n $ = 0.42。数值计算网格大小${d}_{x}=0.02\;\mathrm{m}$$ z $方向共划分20层网格,多孔介质参数取值为$ \alpha =200 $$ \beta =1.1 $$ \gamma =0.34 $[27]。数值模型验证工况为:波周期 T = 2.0 s、入射波高 $H _0$ = 0.2 m、礁坪淹没水深$ {h}_{r} $ = 0.10 m,$ {h}_{r} $ = 0.0 m。
图5展示了验证工况中礁坪淹没水深$ {h}_{r} $ = 0.10 m时,沿礁8个代表性位置测点自由液面时间序列的试验值与数值模拟值的对比图。对比结果表明:该模型能精准模拟规则波在透水岸礁上的传播变形和波浪破碎的全过程。图6展示了两种验证工况下,沿礁平均波高($ {{H}} $)和平均水位($ {\rm{MWL}} $)的数值模拟结果与试验值的对比。对比结果表明:该模型能很好模拟出波浪在礁前斜坡发生的浅水变形波高增大和礁坪边缘上波浪破碎波高急剧降低的现象。同时可重现由波浪浅水变形和波浪破碎引起的礁坪波浪增减水现象。
故NHWAVE能很好地模拟波浪在透水岸礁和不透水岸礁地形上的传播演变和波浪破碎,可以进一步展开本文的研究。
本文数值研究了透水层对非规则波在岸礁地形上传播演变的影响。并系统分析了有效波高$ {H}_{s} $、礁坪水深$ {h}_{r} $、谱峰周期$ {T}_{p} $、透水层厚度$ d $、孔隙率$ n $、中值粒径$ D50 $各个因素对非规则波的影响。数值计算区域布置如图7所示,在不透水岸礁计算区域的基础上,在岸礁上增加了一个可透水层,其他布置相同,可透水层厚度用d表示,数值计算域网格大小为${d}_{x}=$ 0.02 m,水深方向网格增加20层,采用40层网格进行划分。透水岸礁的透水层采用孔隙介质层进行简化,根据Lowe等[21]对夏威夷卡内奥赫湾珊瑚礁进行的试验,透水层孔隙率$ n $取0.78,透水层孔隙介质中值粒径$ D50 $取0.027 m。具体的工况设置见表2
本节对非规则波在有无透水层的岸礁上传播的水动力过程展开分析。对于不透水岸礁采用A3工况,透水岸礁采用B3工况,工况的区别在于岸礁上有无透水层。图8为具有代表性测点的自由液面高程的时间序列,由图可知,当波浪从远海端(图8WG16)传播到礁前斜坡时波浪发生浅水变形,平均水位(${\rm{ MWL}}$)开始降低、均方波高开始增大,在靠近礁坪边缘处(图8WG39)时浅水变形达到极限,使得平均水位最小、均方波高达到最大,由于透水层的存在使波浪浅水变形现象减弱,最小平均水位和均方高均减小;随着波浪继续传播,透水岸礁和不透水岸礁上的波浪均发生破碎,平均水位显著增加,波高极剧减小,透水层的存在减弱了波浪的破碎程度(图8WG41、WG47、WG55)使得波高明显大于无透水层的情况;当波浪继续传播至破碎带之外,波浪破碎终止,平均水位达到最大,透水岸礁上的波高由于孔隙介质的摩阻作用明显小于不透水岸礁上的波高;破碎带外的涌浪传播至礁坪中间(图8WG79)直到岸线附近(图8WG105)时水位雍高保持稳定,自由液面会出现远大于谱峰周期$ {T}_{p} $的长波波动,由于透水层的存在持续消耗涌浪的能量使自由液面几乎没有波动。为了揭示波浪内部能量的沿程变化,计算了上述8个代表性测点的波浪频谱图,如图9所示,当波浪从远海端(图9WG16)传播到礁前斜坡时(图9WG37、WG39),珊瑚岸礁透水层的存在,对远海端波浪的波能分布几乎没有影响; 当波浪传播至礁前斜坡时,由于波浪的浅化作用使得主峰能量有所增大,并且会出现高频谐波,当珊瑚岸礁上存在透水层时,由于透水层孔隙介质增强了岸礁的底部摩阻作用,波能显著降低,导致了波浪浅化作用达到极限时波浪能量相比远海端虽略有增加,但增加的幅度始终小于无透水层的情况;随着波浪继续传播,透水岸礁和不透水岸礁上的波浪均发生破碎(图9WG41、WG47、WG55),传播至礁坪边缘处(图9WG41)由于波浪破碎导致主峰能量显著降低,传播礁缘附近(图9WG47)时降低幅度最大,这是因为在此处波浪破碎最剧烈,结合图8中WG41、WG47、WG55也可知,在波浪破碎过程中高频能量不断减小,低频能量持续增大;由于透水层的存在阻碍了波浪的破碎,因此在透水岸礁上波浪破碎时高频能量稍大,低频能量较小。当波浪在礁坪上继续传播至岸线附近(图9WG41、WG47、WG55)时高频能量持续减小,低频能量继续增大,这可能是礁坪共振效应导致的;透水层存在时低频能量显著减小。
图10展示了短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)、以及平均水位(${\rm{MWL}}$)的空间分布对比。由图10a可知,${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$在礁前斜坡由于波浪的浅化作用会增大,当存在透水层时,由于孔隙介质的存在增强了底部摩阻对波能的消耗导致了${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$的降低。在礁缘附近发生破碎时,${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$急剧减小,由于透水层的存在减弱了波浪破碎,使得波浪因破碎而耗散的能量减少,因此在礁缘往岸线附近传播一段区域内${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$相对较大,随着传播距离的增加,在破碎带之外由于孔隙介质的存在持续消耗更多的高频能量,因此在破碎带外直至岸线附近透水岸礁的${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$相对较小。由图10b可知,在礁前斜坡由于波浪的浅化作用${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$也会增大,然后在礁缘附近波浪破碎,${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$急剧减小但仍大于远海端的${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$,波浪在破碎带内传播时,由于波浪的持续破碎,${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$不断增大,这是由于波浪破碎后,约束在包络线中的长波被释放出来,在破碎带外由于礁坪的共振放大效应增大了破碎带外的${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$;当透水层存在时,${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$明显较小,这是因为透水层会减弱波浪的破碎程度从而造成波群中受约束的长波无法被充分释放,一部分释放出来的${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$还可能被底部摩阻消耗掉。在不透水岸礁岸线附近(WG105)的短波波高以及低频长波波高分别为${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$ = 0.008 8 m、$ {H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $ = 0.03 m,这意味着低频长波对研究波浪岸滩爬高时极为重要,在海岸洪涝灾害的防治中应当重点研究低频长波的演化规律。由图10c可知,波浪在传播过程中由于浅化作用平均水位减小($ {\rm{MWL}} $ < 0),即波浪减水,当波浪破碎时由于辐射应力的作用使得平均水位($ {\rm{MWL}} $)增大,在破碎带外水位雍高最大,定义最大雍高值为波浪增水值($ {\eta }_{r} $);当透水层存在时,波浪在传播时产生了明显的阻水效应,正是这种阻水效应使得波浪破碎后的波生流动能转化为水位雍高的势能[12],因此存在透水层的岸礁在礁前斜坡之前平均水位($ {\rm{MWL}} $)相对较大;由于透水层减弱了波浪在礁缘附近的破碎程度以及破碎带的长度,从而减弱了所产生的辐射应力,因此提前达到了辐射应力与静水压力平衡。图11为最大水深平均速度的空间分布与爬高的时间演化对比图,由图11a可知,透水层的存在减小了沿礁最大水深平均速度,由图11b可知,透水层的存在显著降低了波浪在礁后岸滩的爬高。
图12展示了礁坪上方平均流场对比结果,由图可知,自由液面几乎与图10c中平均水位(${\rm{MWL}}$)沿礁变化规律几乎一致;在礁坪上方靠近水面表现为向岸方向的流动,而靠近水底则表现为离岸方向的流动,礁坪上方中间的水体则处于两股反向水流的交界处,流速约为0,Yao等[34]也报道过类似的礁坪上方波生流反向分层现象,造成这种现象的原因是当波浪破碎程度较大时,产生辐射应力大于静水压力,波浪破碎后会有向岸的净质量输移流,由于岸滩的阻水,使得礁坪上的水体不断积累,平均水位不断增大,静水压力增加直至与辐射应力平衡[12];而当波浪破碎程度较小时,辐射应力减小,小于静水压力,因此会出现离岸的净质量输移流,直至静水压力与此时的辐射应力平衡;透水层的存在减弱了波浪破碎的程度,在礁坪上方流速出现了明显的下降,且在透水层区域内部离岸方向的流速非常微小。
本节通过计算A1、A2、A3、A4、A5、B1、B2、B3、B4、B5这10个工况,研究了不同入射波高下透水层的存在对非规则波传播演变水动力特性的影响。图13展示了不同入射波高条件短波波高(${H}_{{\rm{SS}}}$)、低频长波波高(${H}_{{\rm{IG}}}$)的沿礁变化,结果表明:随入射波高的增大,各测点处短波波高、低频长波波高随之增大,带透水层的岸礁对波浪消减作用更加显著;波浪从远海端传播至岸线附近时,入射波高越大短波波高降低的幅度越大,但当透水层存在时,短波波高降低的幅度随入射波高的增大而降低:不透水岸礁短波波高最大降低$91.5$%,而透水岸礁短波波高最大降低$99.1$%,不透水岸礁5种不同入射波高工况的平均衰减幅度为90.0%,透水岸礁5种不同入射波高工况的平均衰减幅度为$ 98.4 $%;随入射波高的增大,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增大幅度随之增大,最大增大幅度为$44.2$%,透水层存在时抑制了长波的释放,同时增大对波能的耗散,因此低频长波波高的增大幅度相对较小,最大增大幅度为$13.4$%。
图14为有无透水层时波浪增水与波浪的最大爬高随入射波高变化对比结果,由图可知,随着入射波高的增大,波浪的破碎程度也增大,波浪破碎带的辐射应力梯度增加,而且当入射波高增大时,入射波浪的波能流也会增加[12],因此波浪增水也会显著增加;透水层的存在显著降低了波浪增水值,且入射波高越大降低的幅度越大,平均降低$46.6$%;同时,岸滩的最大爬升高度随入射波高单调递增,由于孔隙介质内复杂的流场结构会消散更多的能量,因此有透水层的岸礁最大波浪上升高度低于没有透水层的岸礁,平均降低$75.6$%。
为研究在不同礁坪水深下透水层的存在对非规则波在岸礁地形上传播演变和爬高过程的影响,计算并分析了C1、C2、A3、C3、C4、D1、D2、B3、D3、D4这10个工况。图15展示了不同礁坪水深条件下短波波高、低频长波波高的沿礁变化,结果表明:波浪从远海端传播至岸线附近时,礁坪水深越大短波波高降低的幅度越小,透水层的存在增大了短波波高的衰减幅度;不透水岸礁5种不同礁坪水深工况的平均衰减幅度为88.9%,透水岸礁5种不同礁坪水深工况的平均衰减幅度为$ 98.3 $%。水深越大,波浪破碎程度越弱,因此当增大礁坪水深时,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增大幅度减弱,最大增大幅度为$44.7$%;当存在透水层时,低频长波波高的增大幅度相对较小,最大增大幅度为$28.5$%,不透水岸礁平均增大幅度为36.7%,透水岸礁平均增大幅度仅为$ 16.3 $%。岸线附近处(WG105)的短波波高随礁坪水深的增大而增大,但低频长波波高随礁坪水深的而减小,这是因为水深增大减弱了波浪的破碎程度。
图16为有无透水层时波浪增水和波浪的最大爬高随礁坪水深变化对比结果,由图可知,随着礁坪水深的增大,波浪增水会随之减小,这可能是因为当增大水深时,波浪的破碎程度减弱,波浪破碎的辐射应力梯度减小;透水层的存在显著降低了波浪增水值,礁坪水深越大降低的幅度越小,最大降低55.9%、平均降低44.3%;由图也可知,岸线附近波浪的最大爬升高度随礁坪水深的增加单调递减;当波浪在有透水层的岸礁上传播演变时,礁坪水深越大,岸滩最大爬高降低的幅度越小,最大降低89.0%、平均降低68.3%。
本节通过计算E1、E2、A3、E3、E4、E5、F1、F2、B3、F3、F4、F5这12个工况,研究了不同谱峰周期的波浪在透水岸礁上传播演变水动力特性的变化规律。图17展示了不同谱峰周期条件下短波波高、低频长波波高的空间分布,由图可知:谱峰周期越大,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增大幅度越大,最大增大幅度为39.6%;当存在透水层时低频长波波高的增大幅度随谱峰周期的增大呈减小趋势,最大增大幅度为20.1%;不透水岸礁平均增大幅度为36.7%,透水岸礁平均增大幅度仅为11.6%。岸线附近处(WG105)的短波波高随谱峰周期的增大而增大,低频长波波高也随谱峰周期的增大而增大,这是因为谱峰周期增大使入射波的包络线中产生更多的低频成分。
图18为有无透水层时波浪增水和波浪的最大爬高随谱峰周期变化对比结果,由图可知,随着谱峰周期的增大,波浪增水会随之增大,这可能是因为当增大谱峰周期时,入射波的波能流也会变强,使更多的水体运输到礁坪上;透水层的存在显著降低了波浪增水值,波浪周期越大降低的幅度越大,最大降低46.2%,平均降低38.4%;由图也可知,岸线附近波浪的最大爬升高度随谱峰周期的增加单调递增;当波浪在有透水层的岸礁上传播演变时,谱峰周期越大岸滩最大爬高降低的幅度越大,最大降低76.1%,平均降低74.3%。
本节通过计算G1、G2、B3、G3、G4这5个工况,研究了透水层厚度对非规则波在岸礁上传播演变水动力特性的影响。图19展示了不同透水层厚度下短波波高和低频长波波高的空间分布,结果表明:随着透水层厚度增加,波浪在礁前斜坡上的浅水变形随之减小,短波波高和低频长波波高在礁前斜坡的增幅减小,但当透水层过大时,短波波高在礁前斜坡减小,这是因为在厚透水层下孔隙介质对短波的耗散大于因浅水效应增大的值;当透水层厚度大于0.05 m时,波浪从远海处传播至礁后岸滩的过程中,透水层厚度对短波波高和低频长波波高的影响可以忽略不计,这说明透水层厚度0.05 m是一个阈值。图20展示了岸线附近短波波高和低频长波波高随透水层厚度的变化规律,图21分别展示了波浪增水和波浪最大爬高随透水层厚度的变化,由图可知,随着透水层厚度从0 m增加到0.050 m,岸线附近的短波波高、低频长波波高以及波浪增水值均随之减小;当透水层厚度大于0.05 m时,$ {H}_{{\rm{SS}}} $$ {H}_{{\rm{IG}}} $$ {\eta }_{r} $几乎不变;由图也可知,波浪的最大爬高随透水层厚度的变化与波浪增水随透水层厚度的变化的规律一致。
本节通过计算H1、H2、B3、H3、H4、H5这6种工况,研究了不同透水层中孔隙率的变化对波浪在岸礁上传播演变水动力特性的影响。图22展示了不同孔隙率下短波波高、低频长波波高和平均水位沿礁变化对比结果,结果表明:随着透水层中孔隙率的增大,各测点处短波波高、低频长波波高以及平均水位的变化幅度很小,但孔隙率较大时,波浪在礁缘附近的破碎程度较小。图23为波浪的最大爬高随孔隙率的变化,由图可知,随着孔隙率的增大,波浪在岸滩的最大爬高无明显变化。由此可知,透水层中孔隙率对波浪在岸礁上传播过程中的消减作用无显著影响。
采用I1、I2、B3、I3、I4、I5 6种工况来研究中值粒径对波浪在透水岸礁上传播演变水动力特性的影响。图24展示了不同中值粒径下短波波高、低频长波波高和平均水位沿礁变化对比结果,结果表明:随着透水层中值粒径的增大,各测点处短波波高、低频长波波高以及平均水位的变化幅度几乎不变。图25为波浪的最大爬高随中值粒径的变化,由图可知,随着中值粒径的增大,波浪在岸滩的最大爬高无明显变化。由此可知,透水层中的中值粒径对波浪在岸礁上传播过程中的消减作用无显著影响。
本文采用非静压模型NHWAVE系统模拟了透水岸礁对非规则波岸礁水动力特性的影响,并与不透水岸礁的情况进行了对比分析。主要结论如下:
(1)透水层的存在对波浪传播过程的能量有显著消减作用,使波浪在岸礁上的流速降低,并削弱短波波高;透水层减小了波浪在岸礁上的破碎程度,阻碍波群中低频长波的释放,破坏了在礁坪上的共振放大效应。
(2)随着入射波高的增大,短波波高在礁坪上降低幅度随之增大,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增高幅度也随之增大;透水层的存在会增加短波波高的降低幅度、减少低频长波波高的增高幅度,且入射波高越大影响越显著;波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高随着入射波高的增大单调递增,当岸礁上存在透水层时波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高均明显降低,且入射波高越大降低幅度越大。
(3)礁坪水深越大,短波波高在礁坪上降低幅度越大,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增高幅度越小;透水层的存在会增加短波波高的降低幅度、减小低频长波波高的增高幅度,且礁坪水深越大影响越不明显;波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高随着礁坪水深的增大单调递减,透水层的存在会明显降低波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高,礁坪水深越小降低幅度越大。
(4)当增大谱峰周期时,短波波高在礁坪上降低幅度也会增大,低频长波波高在礁坪上的增高幅度单调递增;透水层的存在会增加短波波高的降低幅度、减少低频长波波高的增高幅度,且随着谱峰周期的增大影响越明显;波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高随着谱峰周期的增大单调递增,透水层的存在会明显降低波浪增水值和岸滩上的最大爬高,谱峰周期越大降低幅度越大。
(5)岸线附近的短波波高和低频长波波高随着透水层厚度的增大单调递减;且当增大透水层厚度时波浪增水值和岸滩爬高均呈减小趋势;孔隙率和中值粒径的变化对波浪的传播演变和岸滩爬高影响不显著。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3103601);国家自然科学基金重点(51839002);湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ20043);2022年长沙理工大学研究生科研创新项目(CXCLY2022071)。
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023118
  • 接收时间:2023-02-10
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-10
  • 修回日期:2023-04-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3103601);国家自然科学基金重点(51839002);湖南省自然科学基金(2021JJ20043);2022年长沙理工大学研究生科研创新项目(CXCLY2022071)。
作者信息
    1 长沙理工大学 水利与环境工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
    2 洞庭湖水环境治理与生态修复湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
    3 水沙科学与水灾害防治湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114

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*屈科(1985-),男,陕西省咸阳市人,副教授,主要从事计算流体力学、海岸工程、海洋工程研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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