Article(id=1212062516285411416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669910400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-02, revisedDate=1681920000000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907822914, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907822914, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907822914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907822914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062517531119711, articleId=1212062516285411416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sources of local dense shelf water near the Cape Darnley fast ice in Prydz Bay, Antarctica, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, we analyze the variation of local dense shelf water around the Cape Darnley fast ice by using a landfast ice dataset and in-situ observation data of Antarctic elephant seals. The results show that: firstly, there are significant seasonal variations of Cape Darnley fast ice, which has a vital impact on the formation of the Cape Darnley polynya and the local dense shelf water. Secondly, the interannual variation of Cape Darnley fast ice is minimal from 2000 to 2014, with no significant trend of increasing or decreasing. Thirdly, we identify two significant sources of local dense shelf water near the Cape Darnley fast ice area: (1) dense shelf water produced by the strong brine rejection process during the rapid generation of Cape Darnley fast ice from March to April; (2) Cape Darnley fast ice reaching its maximum extent and local brine rejection being reduced to a minimum in May. After the weakening of the inhibition of ice shelf water, the formation of dense shelf water in the upstream MacKenzie Bay polynya is enhanced and transported northwest to the vicinity of the Cape Darnley fast ice. In this study, we preliminarily demonstrates that, in addition to maintaining Cape Darnley polynya, Cape Darnley fast ice probably has an important influence on the generation of local dense shelf water, and points out an important water mass transport path. These would help improve the comprehension of ice-sea interaction near Cape Darnley and point out the need for more observations or modeling studies in this area.

, correspAuthors=Ruibin Xia, Yiyong Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wantong Han, Ruibin Xia, Yiyong Luo, Jiuxin Shi, Bingrui Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062520353886430, articleId=1212062516285411416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南极普里兹湾达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的来源, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文采用固定冰数据集和南极象海豹获取的现场观测数据集,分析了南极达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的变化。结果表明:首先,达恩利角固定冰存在显著季节变化,对于达恩利角冰间湖及局地高密陆架水的生成都具有重要影响。其次,达恩利角固定冰在2000−2014年期间年际变化很小,无显著增减趋势。第三,达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水有两个显著来源:(1)3−4月,达恩利角固定冰快速生成时伴随着强烈的盐析作用,进而局地生成高密陆架水;(2)5月,达恩利角固定冰达到最大范围,局地盐析作用减弱至很小,而上游在冰架水抑制作用减弱后,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域的高密陆架水生成增强,能够向西北输运至达恩利角固定冰附近。本研究初步证明达恩利角固定冰除了维持达恩利角冰间湖存在的作用外,对局地高密陆架水生成也可能有重要影响,同时指出一条重要的水团输运路径,这有助于提高对达恩利角附近冰−海相互作用的理解,对该地区开展更多观测或模拟研究是必要的。

, correspAuthors=夏瑞彬, 罗义勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*夏瑞彬(1987-),男,山东省威海市人,副教授,主要从事物理海洋学、海气相互作用研究。E-mail: ;
罗义勇(1967-),男,吉林省四平市人,教授,主要从事海洋环流和气候变化研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Q7dnMiWNtjLdIcpeZvo58Q==, magXml=FY9DTQp9Uw5KiuCbW90t7A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tK7Ha9Jo/QtaJF00ilEZNg==, pdfFileSize=3347162, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1rJ5PWxQLEvc3vCErNea7Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3VbhusoNTzL6lmTEISzflw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

韩宛彤(1999-),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:

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A comparative analysis on hydrographic features during several cruises in the region of Prydz Bay, Antarctic[J]. 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The red thin line shows Cape Darnley polynya and MacKenzie Bay polynya, and the black thick line shows fast ice; the map of the South Pole is in the lower left corner, in which the area selected by the red box is the research area of this paper

, figureFileSmall=PLwljOKbfzJxLemss6ZWlw==, figureFileBig=AygY0K44q/sNFaWQIZnDeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223881199672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图1, caption=普里兹湾地区的地形分布及地理位置

红色细线所示区域为达恩利角冰间湖和麦肯基湾冰间湖,黑色粗线所示区域为固定冰;左下角为南极地图,其中红色框线所选区域为本文研究区域

, figureFileSmall=PLwljOKbfzJxLemss6ZWlw==, figureFileBig=AygY0K44q/sNFaWQIZnDeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224011223100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Time distribution of MEOP-CTD data sets in the study area, figureFileSmall=dzutBu21P+7ODtvqvDFebw==, figureFileBig=PfyKK3ucTRpIACOoU57q8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224174800960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图2, caption=研究区域内MEOP-CTD数据集的时间分布, figureFileSmall=dzutBu21P+7ODtvqvDFebw==, figureFileBig=PfyKK3ucTRpIACOoU57q8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224267075654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Mean year-round fast ice coverage duration in the region around Cape Darnley from March 2000 to March 2014, figureFileSmall=ICpkM/zDh0ZcWqDlDmRIdQ==, figureFileBig=mRR0iUED2J76evAEaqyFcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224367738952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2000年3月至2014年3月达恩利角附近区域固定冰的年平均覆盖持续时间, figureFileSmall=ICpkM/zDh0ZcWqDlDmRIdQ==, figureFileBig=mRR0iUED2J76evAEaqyFcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224439042124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Monthly mean fast ice coverage duration in the region around Cape Darnley from March 2000 to March 2014, figureFileSmall=mvhhZILoxZ9seeZMZQ68/A==, figureFileBig=nhUjssDh61mAe+P4qLbE7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224518733904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2000年3月至2014年3月达恩利角附近区域固定冰的逐月平均覆盖持续时间, figureFileSmall=mvhhZILoxZ9seeZMZQ68/A==, figureFileBig=nhUjssDh61mAe+P4qLbE7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224623591507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Time series of Cape Darnley fast ice area from March 2000 to March 2014, figureFileSmall=I89awLzk8uhHMNqgJPJlMw==, figureFileBig=KZcwCHnf7be+HHI03VSk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224762003544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2000年3月至2014年3月固定冰面积的时间序列, figureFileSmall=I89awLzk8uhHMNqgJPJlMw==, figureFileBig=KZcwCHnf7be+HHI03VSk4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224854278236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Planar distribution of salinity at the deepest level (near the bottom) of each profile near Cape Darnley (66°−69°S,67°−73°E)

Gray fine solid lines are isobath lines, contour interval: 500 m; the area inside the light blue line is the fast ice; the red, blue, and green box lines are used to select the region of the section below

, figureFileSmall=xtvL/cTuHh1pT1ozgTnzhw==, figureFileBig=v2vBuuPRfAVeXjm69Rl3IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225026244705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图6, caption=达恩利角附近海域(66°~69°S,67°~73°E)每个剖面最深处(近于底部)的盐度平面分布

灰色细线为等深线,间隔500 m;浅蓝色线内区域为固定冰;红色框线、蓝色框线和绿色框线为下文剖面图选择区域所用

, figureFileSmall=xtvL/cTuHh1pT1ozgTnzhw==, figureFileBig=v2vBuuPRfAVeXjm69Rl3IQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225122713701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Zonal vertical profiles of salinity Cape Darnley from January to May and July (67.5°−68°S, the region corresponds to the blue box line in figure 6)

The black boxes in the figure indicate the region around the Cape Darnley fast ice

, figureFileSmall=5/JSZ853KerfuSMM1xDkPA==, figureFileBig=dLoaUl1aA6CZDUDJPS4Pww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225219182698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图7, caption=达恩利角附近海域1−5月和7月的盐度纬向(67.5°~68°S,对应图6中蓝色框线区域)垂直剖面分布

图中黑色方框表示达恩利角固定冰附近区域

, figureFileSmall=5/JSZ853KerfuSMM1xDkPA==, figureFileBig=dLoaUl1aA6CZDUDJPS4Pww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225303068783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Zonal vertical profiles of salinity in the sea area near Cape Darnley from March to October (68°−68.5°S, the region corresponds to the green box line in figure 6), figureFileSmall=jn2neo19UHpJStj7CNDuXw==, figureFileBig=8p7z+RH9US1ooAUZELnoJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225370177652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图8, caption=达恩利角附近海域3−10月的盐度纬向(68°~68.5°S,对应图6中绿色框线区域)垂直剖面分布, figureFileSmall=jn2neo19UHpJStj7CNDuXw==, figureFileBig=8p7z+RH9US1ooAUZELnoJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225441480825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Monthly mean salinity time series of dense shelf water (salinity is grater than 34.4) in the MacKenzie Bay polynya area, figureFileSmall=JD9s/4wyjJeBpInp8XpkIA==, figureFileBig=qx20W66tx6Sig30LyMFITQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225516978301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图9, caption=麦肯基湾冰间湖海域高密陆架水(盐度大于34.4)3个典型年份的月平均盐度时间序列, figureFileSmall=JD9s/4wyjJeBpInp8XpkIA==, figureFileBig=qx20W66tx6Sig30LyMFITQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225609252992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=A case of formation of dense shelf water beneath the Cape Darnley fast ice (67.5°−68°S) in 2011

The time series of Cape Darnley fast ice area from March to July 2011 are shown in figure a; zonal vertical profiles of salinity near Cape Darnley: b. April 1 to April 15, 2011; c. April 16 to April 30, 2011; d. May 16 to May 30, 2011

, figureFileSmall=kVJEqeN8hCqKNulIajQaYA==, figureFileBig=sz8SNSXy6uDs86Ejlx7WwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225693139076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2011年达恩利角固定冰下方(67.5°~68°S)高密陆架水形成案例

2011年3−5月达恩利角固定冰面积的时间序列如图a所示;达恩利角附近盐度的纬向垂直剖面描述了3个时期分别为: b. 2011年4月1−15日;c. 2011年4月16−30日;d. 2011年5月16−30日

, figureFileSmall=kVJEqeN8hCqKNulIajQaYA==, figureFileBig=sz8SNSXy6uDs86Ejlx7WwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225785413766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=A case of formation of dense shelf water beneath and to the east of Cape Darnley fast ice from April 16 to April 30, 2011

a. The trajectory of the elephant seal (the elephant seal first travels westward from the Amery ice shelf front to beneath the Cape Darnley fast ice, then northward to near 67.5°S, and finally back to Prydz Bay); b. horizontal distribution of salinity at 100 m depth; c. zonal vertical profile of salinity; d. vertical profile of salinity over time

, figureFileSmall=/dSFlBmzHqxe+KLOGAeUfQ==, figureFileBig=0nK1D7oSO4B8YAawY4nCww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225898659978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2011年4月16−30日达恩利角固定冰下方及其东侧高密陆架水形成案例

a. 象海豹的运动轨迹(象海豹首先从埃默里冰架前缘向西游至达恩利角固定冰下方,再向北游至67.5°S附近,最后游回普里兹湾); b. 100 m水深处盐度平面分布情况;c. 盐度纬向垂直剖面;d. 盐度随时间的垂直剖面

, figureFileSmall=/dSFlBmzHqxe+KLOGAeUfQ==, figureFileBig=0nK1D7oSO4B8YAawY4nCww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225990934670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=A case of formation of dense shelf water beneath and to the east of Cape Darnley fast ice from May 16 to May 30, 2011

a. The trajectory of the elephant seal (the elephant seal travels northwest from the Amery ice shelf front to the area beneath and to the east of the Cape Darnley fast ice); b. horizontal distribution of salinity at 100 m depth; c. zonal vertical profile of salinity; d. vertical profile of salinity over time

, figureFileSmall=3dIkJiL7qxP7Iu3LIm1SgQ==, figureFileBig=RXIofw1jSV0OFliBaH0L8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226188066963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516285411416, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2011年5月16−30日达恩利角固定冰下方及其东侧高密陆架水案例

a. 象海豹的运动轨迹(象海豹从埃默里冰架前缘向西北游至达恩利角固定冰下方及其东侧区域);b. 100 m水深处盐度平面分布情况;c. 盐度纬向垂直剖面;d. 盐度随时间的垂直剖面

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南极普里兹湾达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的来源
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韩宛彤 1, 2 , 夏瑞彬 2, 3, * , 罗义勇 1, * , 史久新 1 , 李丙瑞 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(9): 45-57
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(9): 45-57
南极普里兹湾达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的来源
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韩宛彤1, 2 , 夏瑞彬2, 3, * , 罗义勇1, * , 史久新1, 李丙瑞3
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 3 中国极地研究中心 自然资源部极地科学重点实验室,上海 200136
  • 韩宛彤(1999-),女,辽宁省沈阳市人,主要从事物理海洋学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*夏瑞彬(1987-),男,山东省威海市人,副教授,主要从事物理海洋学、海气相互作用研究。E-mail: ;
罗义勇(1967-),男,吉林省四平市人,教授,主要从事海洋环流和气候变化研究。E-mail:
Sources of local dense shelf water near the Cape Darnley fast ice in Prydz Bay, Antarctica
Wantong Han1, 2 , Ruibin Xia2, 3, * , Yiyong Luo1, * , Jiuxin Shi1, Bingrui Li3
Affiliations
  • 1College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2School of Marine Science, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Polar Science, Ministry of Natural Resources, Polar Research Institute of China , Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023116
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本文采用固定冰数据集和南极象海豹获取的现场观测数据集,分析了南极达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的变化。结果表明:首先,达恩利角固定冰存在显著季节变化,对于达恩利角冰间湖及局地高密陆架水的生成都具有重要影响。其次,达恩利角固定冰在2000−2014年期间年际变化很小,无显著增减趋势。第三,达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水有两个显著来源:(1)3−4月,达恩利角固定冰快速生成时伴随着强烈的盐析作用,进而局地生成高密陆架水;(2)5月,达恩利角固定冰达到最大范围,局地盐析作用减弱至很小,而上游在冰架水抑制作用减弱后,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域的高密陆架水生成增强,能够向西北输运至达恩利角固定冰附近。本研究初步证明达恩利角固定冰除了维持达恩利角冰间湖存在的作用外,对局地高密陆架水生成也可能有重要影响,同时指出一条重要的水团输运路径,这有助于提高对达恩利角附近冰−海相互作用的理解,对该地区开展更多观测或模拟研究是必要的。

固定冰  /  高密陆架水  /  达恩利角  /  南极

In this paper, we analyze the variation of local dense shelf water around the Cape Darnley fast ice by using a landfast ice dataset and in-situ observation data of Antarctic elephant seals. The results show that: firstly, there are significant seasonal variations of Cape Darnley fast ice, which has a vital impact on the formation of the Cape Darnley polynya and the local dense shelf water. Secondly, the interannual variation of Cape Darnley fast ice is minimal from 2000 to 2014, with no significant trend of increasing or decreasing. Thirdly, we identify two significant sources of local dense shelf water near the Cape Darnley fast ice area: (1) dense shelf water produced by the strong brine rejection process during the rapid generation of Cape Darnley fast ice from March to April; (2) Cape Darnley fast ice reaching its maximum extent and local brine rejection being reduced to a minimum in May. After the weakening of the inhibition of ice shelf water, the formation of dense shelf water in the upstream MacKenzie Bay polynya is enhanced and transported northwest to the vicinity of the Cape Darnley fast ice. In this study, we preliminarily demonstrates that, in addition to maintaining Cape Darnley polynya, Cape Darnley fast ice probably has an important influence on the generation of local dense shelf water, and points out an important water mass transport path. These would help improve the comprehension of ice-sea interaction near Cape Darnley and point out the need for more observations or modeling studies in this area.

fast ice  /  dense shelf water  /  Cape Darnley  /  Antarctic
韩宛彤, 夏瑞彬, 罗义勇, 史久新, 李丙瑞. 南极普里兹湾达恩利角固定冰附近局地高密陆架水的来源. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 45 -57 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023116
Wantong Han, Ruibin Xia, Yiyong Luo, Jiuxin Shi, Bingrui Li. Sources of local dense shelf water near the Cape Darnley fast ice in Prydz Bay, Antarctica[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 45 -57 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023116
固定冰是极地沿海地带的一个显著特征,是极地冰冻圈的重要组成部分,在极地气候和生态系统中具有十分重要的地位。固定冰是指附着在海岸线、冰舌、冰架、冰墙以及搁浅的冰山上,抑或是搁浅在浅滩上静止不动的海冰[1-2]。固定冰将这些沿岸特征作为锚定点进而形成了宽度变化很大的冰带[3],其厚度可达到2 m[4-5]
固定冰多存在年周期变化,在冰冻圈环境中发挥着至关重要的作用[1, 6]。固定冰对于南极附近冰间湖的形成和维持过程起着重要的“屏障”作用。其中一些冰间湖中的海冰产量很高[1, 7-11],是南极底层水形成的源地[12-14]。由于固定冰在南极气候和生态系统中发挥着重要的作用,所以全面了解其时空变化极为必要。然而,南极恶劣的环境、气候和极夜等因素都限制了固定冰现场观测的开展。迄今,科学家们在一些研究站附近进行了现场观测[9, 15-20],其中中国科学家在中山站展开了大量工作。雷瑞波等[21-22]利用中国南极科学考察数据深入研究了中山站附近固定冰的融冰期物理特性以及生消过程。窦银科等[23]使用电容感应式冰厚监测系统对中山站周边的海冰进行监测,测量精度远远大于卫星遥感监测式冰厚监测系统。杨清华等[24]认为,春夏过渡时期南极固定冰的表面反照率呈下降趋势,其中雪厚是重要影响因子。赵杰臣等[5]通过分析SIMBA浮标观测数据计算普里兹湾积雪和海冰厚度。从2010年起,国家海洋环境预报中心利用我国中山站越冬考察平台逐步建立了具有多种自动化设备的海冰观测系统[25]。Li等[26]首次获得了2006−2011年和2016−2017年南极固定冰边缘的高分辨率、长时间序列数据集,并分析了南极固定冰的时空分布情况。Zhao等[27]通过FIPS V2.0衍生了东南极普里兹湾的积雪和海冰厚度数据,并与现场观测数据进行了对比,其中积雪厚度数据比较合理,但些许高估了海冰厚度。然而,考虑到南极海岸线的长度,这些实地测量太过稀疏。遥感技术为研究南极地区的固定冰提供了一种有效途径。Fraser等[7, 28]利用连续的20 d无云、分辨率为1 km的MODIS合成图像首次建立了2000−2008年期间东南极固定冰范围的时间序列数据集。Nihash和Ohshima[8]利用6.25 km分辨率的地球观测系统高级微波扫描辐射计(AMSR-E)数据绘制了南极固定冰和冰间湖的绕极地图,揭示了固定冰和沿岸冰间湖的显著关系。Fraser等[29]利用MODIS图像建立了达恩利角固定冰在2000年3月1日至2014年3月1日的长时间序列数据集,较好地反映了当地固定冰的时空变化,进一步指出该固定冰对达恩利角冰间湖产冰量的重要影响[30]。由于目前对南极固定冰的季节与年际变化研究依然不够充分,本文将采用该数据集对达恩利角固定冰进行深入研究。此外,前人并未探讨过固定冰与高密陆架水之间的关联,本文将对其进行进一步研究。
在南极陆架,海冰形成过程中的盐析作用能够促使局地形成高密陆架水。同时,在南极冰架附近,可能有相对低盐的水团抑制高密陆架水的产生,如冰架水就是一种典型的低盐水团,源自冰架底部的融化过程。例如,阿蒙森海和萨布里纳海岸地区存在高产冰速率的冰间湖[8],但这些地区中冰架融水的流入抑制了高密陆架水的生成[31-32]。普里兹湾输出的低盐度高密陆架水可能贡献较少或预处理作用较弱,无法量化[33]。研究推测埃默里冰架西侧的低盐度融水外流降低了冰间湖形成的高密陆架水的盐度[34]
当有足够的负浮力和穿越大陆架断层的输出通道时,高密陆架水可以沿大陆坡面与周围水团混合形成南极底层水。南极底层水是一种低温高密水,位于深层水中,占全球海洋总量的30%~40%,是全球翻转环流主要的贡献者[12, 35-36]。达恩利角冰间湖位于达恩利角(图1)以西,其产冰速率仅次于罗斯海冰间湖,在南极位居第二,是第四个被发现的南极底层水源地。在达恩利角冰间湖形成的高密陆架水沿峡谷向下沉降,通过与绕极深层水混合而转化为达恩利角底层水,并进一步向西流动[33]。达恩利角冰间湖上游为南极第三大海湾—普里兹湾,Williams等[34]发现在2012−2013年期间,从普里兹湾输出的高密陆架水盐度为34.67,这意味着它本身的密度已经足以形成南极底层水,同时确认了高密陆架水由普里兹湾到达恩利角底层水的北向路径,即高密陆架水可以直接从普里兹水道流出,然后在向西的南极陆坡流的影响下作为重力流向西北移动。这一发现指出达恩利角上游形成高密陆架水并输入达恩利角冰间湖区域的可能。此外,Williams等[34]还推测高密陆架水自达恩利角固定冰下方存在向西迁移的第二条路径,但数据不足。最新一些研究则提出相反的水团输运路径,认为达恩利角冰间湖产生的高密陆架水可能向东南输入普里兹湾,但证据仍然有限[37]。但毋庸置疑的是,达恩利角固定冰的变化对该路径的存在与否会产生重要的影响。
鉴于达恩利角固定冰的重要意义,本文将通过详细分析2000−2014年期间达恩利角固定冰的气候态特征和季节变化来探究其形成过程中是否会有局地高密陆架水生成。此外,结合前人对于普里兹湾区域的高密陆架水向西输运至达恩利角冰间湖的路径猜测,我们有理由怀疑麦肯基湾冰间湖海域生成的高密陆架水可能会流向达恩利角固定冰下方区域。因此,我们将使用象海豹数据集具体分析达恩利角固定冰下方水团的输运情况,以此来搜寻这两个猜想的证据。
固定冰的范围季节变化很大,但是受搁浅冰山的位置影响,它往往在某些地点重现。在南极周边海域,它一般在海岸和0~400 m等深线之间形成。本文采用了2000年3月1日至2014年3月1日高分辨率(1 km)固定冰数据集[29]。该数据集由中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的可见光和热红外图像反演得到,包含了336张每15 d “合成”的图像。本研究利用该数据集分析了达恩利角固定冰的季节变化,所取的空间范围为67°~68.5°S,69°~71°E。
此外,本文使用2018年发布的MEOP-CTD(Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole)现场数据集[38]来进行水团输运的分析。该数据是通过安装在象海豹身上的CTD仪器获取得到的。与以往数据相比,2018年版更新了数据,增加了我国的象海豹CTD资料,空间覆盖性大,同时以往缺测区域在此数据集中也有所补充。在本文研究区域内MEOP-CTD数据集涉及的时间范围为2011−2017年,其中2011年、2012年和2013年的数据较为丰富(图2)。但该CTD数据集依然存在些许缺陷,有些地区能够获取的数据量较大,但有些地区的数据量十分匮乏。这是由于象海豹的逐食性[39],在食物较多的地区象海豹停留的时间较长,而在食物少的区域象海豹觅食困难,其会向食物丰富的地区游动。此外,可能受地形的限制,象海豹潜水的深度在不同的观测区域也会有所不同。
图3展示了2000年3月至2014年3月达恩利角附近区域固定冰年平均覆盖持续时间(即100%表示始终存在的固定冰)。由图可见,达恩利角东部紧邻着一个存在时间相对持久的固定冰区域(67°~68.5°S,69°~71°E),即为引言中所提到的达恩利角固定冰。达恩利角固定冰附着在海岸上并向北部海域延伸,形成了一个“舌状”冰区域,最远可延伸至近67°S。达恩利角固定冰阻挡了来自普里兹湾方向的海冰,对达恩利角冰间湖的形成和维持起着举足轻重的作用,其变化会直接影响达恩利角冰间湖中海冰的产生和高密陆架水的形成。图3中红色区域为达恩利角固定冰平均覆盖时间较久的区域,持续覆盖时间可达到90%以上;但随着季节性的消融,达恩利角固定冰边缘部分存在时间较短,约为50%以下。由于达恩利角固定冰的季节变化具有重要意义,我们对其进行了更加深入地研究。此外,在65°~68°E区域,固定冰平均覆盖时间较短,但在该区域内存在一个固定冰平均覆盖时间超过60%的区域。海冰消融时,该区域周围的固定冰先融化,待其融化至一定程度时与西侧固定冰分离。
我们很容易发现达恩利角固定冰存在明显的季节变化,其生消速度非常之快。达恩利角固定冰生成时间主要集中在每年的3−4月(图4),并在大多数年份中其面积于7−9月达到最大值,可以达到3 000~5 000 km2。此时,达恩利角固定冰东侧边界可至71°E,北部可延伸至67°S(图4)。同时,在每年的5−12月,达恩利角固定冰的主体(图4中显示为红色区域(67.5°~68.3°S,69.7°~71°E))始终存在,尤其是在6−11月其覆盖时间更久。随着夏季的到来,即1−2月,达恩利角固定冰迅速消融,其面积在2月下旬或3月上旬达到最小值。我们亦可观察到达恩利角固定冰的面积有些许年际变化,但这些变化比季节变化信号要小得多(图5)。除了2002年、2005年、2007年和2008年这几年,大部分年份夏季的达恩利角固定冰几乎消失。在个别年份(2000年、2010年和2012年)其面积的最大值相对较小,均不超过3 500 km2。从2000年至2014年达恩利角固定冰遵循着周期性的生消过程,受诸多因素的影响其逐年的面积变化也存在着上下波动。
不难理解,在达恩利角固定冰的形成过程中存在着强烈的盐析作用[40],使得该海域海水盐度和密度增大。所以我们有理由推测在达恩利角固定冰下方很可能会有局地的高密陆架水生成。考虑到前人普遍研究的动力背景场[34, 41],达恩利角固定冰下方的高密陆架水恰好位于达恩利角冰间湖的上游,因此此处的高密陆架水很容易运输到达恩利角冰间湖,对达恩利角底层水的形成有所贡献。我们将在下一部分进一步讨论达恩利角固定冰附近高密陆架水的产生及其具体来源。
首先,在图6中我们通过象海豹数据获得的盐度空间分布情况以观察高密陆架水分布。我们可以发现,达恩利角固定冰以东有大量盐度超过34.6的高密陆架水,分布在埃默里冰架前缘以及弗拉姆浅滩及其东部,可以推断其是在麦肯基湾冰间湖区域产生的。上述分布特征,也提示高密陆架水存在由麦肯基湾沿着普里兹水道向北的输运路径,这与Williams等[34]的观点一致。这一现象提醒我们,上游高密陆架水可能是达恩利角固定冰下方高密陆架水的一个重要来源。此外,达恩利角西侧的高密陆架水恰好位于达恩利角冰间湖内,是南极底层水的关键来源,这与前人的研究类似[33-34]。在达恩利角固定冰下也可以发现高密陆架水,但有趣的是,高盐度信号比上游和下游区域弱得多。为了分析高密陆架水产生于达恩利角固定冰局地区域还是上游麦肯基湾冰间湖海域,我们将达恩利角附近区域(66°~69°S,67°~73°E)从北向南划分为3个分区(图6):67°~67.5°S(红色框线内);67.5°~68°S(蓝色框线内);68°~68.5°S(绿色框线内)。我们主要观察到高密陆架水在3月和4月出现在达恩利角固定冰附近(图7,黑色方框内)。在此时,恰好有大量的固定冰生成(图4)。所以局地高密陆架水的生成可能是3月、4月固定冰快速形成时期的盐析作用所致。并且局地高密陆架水的盐度之大足以形成达恩利角底层水。同时,我们也意外地发现,在达恩利角固定冰已经基本达到峰值范围,生成相对缓慢的5月份,在其主体下方同样出现了大量的高密陆架水(图7,黑色方框内),这无法用局地生成解释,说明当地高密陆架水必然还有其他来源。
位于埃默里冰架前缘西部的麦肯基湾冰间湖(68°~69.4°S,70°~73°E)是潜热型冰间湖,由于该海域受到下降风的影响,生成的新冰会持续地向外海漂移,该处水域便形成了开阔海域并有新冰不断生成,故而麦肯基湾冰间湖的形成会伴随着高产冰量。与此同时,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域在生成海冰的过程中伴随着强烈的盐析作用,会有大量的盐分流入海水中并导致海水盐度增加。研究表明,麦肯基湾冰间湖通常在3月中下旬开始形成,并在10月底或11月初由于受到太阳短波辐射增加等因素影响,海冰开始大面积消融致使麦肯基湾冰间湖消失[42]。我们在研究过程中可以发现,在麦肯基湾冰间湖区域3−10月有持续的高密陆架水形成,并且从5−10月受冬季海冰产量增大的影响,其盐度也在逐渐增加(图8图9)。由于11月和12月的数据缺乏,这两个月麦肯基湾冰间湖区域的水团特征无法确定。
尽管在麦肯基湾冰间湖海域形成了高密陆架水,但以往的研究普遍认为该区域不可能产生南极底层水,而冰架水被认为是一个关键因素[34]。在3−4月受浮力作用,大量冰架水冲出埃默里冰架并上涌至麦肯基湾冰间湖海域(图8)。冰架水具有低温低盐的性质(温度:−2.11~−1.99℃;盐度:34.28~34.5)[43],因此在3−4月麦肯基湾冰间湖海域明显抑制了高密陆架水的形成和下沉(图8),特别是在2011年和2013年(图9)。这与前人研究中冰架底部融化的淡水输入可以明显抑制高密陆架水形成的结论一致[34]。然而在个别年份,如2012年,该海域受诸多因素的影响这一现象也会延迟出现(图9,绿色线)。同时,我们惊喜地发现从5月开始这种抑制作用明显减弱,高密陆架水盐度逐渐增加,其月平均盐度可以达到34.65以上(图9)。也就是说,冰架水的抑制作用在5月明显减弱后,产生了高盐度的高密陆架水(图7)。这一发现恰好证明了在达恩利角固定冰生成缓慢的5月份,其主体下方有大量高盐度的高密陆架水存在的合理性(图4)。在秋季,普里兹湾内的流场是从埃默里冰架前缘向西流动,再向西北流至达恩利角固定冰下方并继续向西流至达恩利角冰间湖海域[41]。也就是说,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域产生的高密陆架水可以向西北方向输出到达恩利角固定冰下方以补充局地的高密陆架水。在5月的67°~67.5°S,70.5°~71.5°E区域也可以观测到高密陆架水(图6中红色框线内,没有显示垂向剖面)。显然,该区域的高密陆架水是在麦肯基湾冰间湖海域形成并向北输运而来的。这一结果再次证实了麦肯基湾冰间湖海域产生的高密陆架水可以向北输送至普里兹水道,然后向西输运至达恩利角下游海域成为达恩利角底层水来源的一部分[34]
根据卫星数据估算的海冰产量表明,位于埃默里冰架西北方向的达恩利角冰间湖是仅次于罗斯海冰间湖的第二大冰间湖[13]。由于南极东南风较强,达恩利角固定冰位于达恩利角冰间湖的上游,从2月开始至4月逐步形成并向北延伸至67°S。新形成的海冰主要集中在达恩利角固定冰以西,并受主流洋流和近海风的影响向西移动。这种机制导致达恩利角冰间湖逐渐形成过程中有非常大的海冰产量和盐通量,最终形成达恩利角底层水(图7)。换言之,如果没有达恩利角固定冰的存在, 达恩利角冰间湖可能会减少甚至消失。
我们发现1−3月在达恩利角冰间湖海域300~600 m水深处存在一定的高密陆架水,并在7月份该海域有大量盐度大于34.8的高密陆架水生成(图7)。这与Ohshima等[33]在达恩利角以西的大陆架近岸区域发现了含盐量最大的高密陆架水(盐度大于34.8),其在6月底至7月初活跃地生成并与1−2月存在些许残余的现象相吻合。我们认为在3−4月达恩利角固定冰下方生成的以及5月份开始从麦肯基湾冰间湖流至达恩利角固定冰下方的高密陆架水很可能会继续向西平流,补充下游达恩利角冰间湖海域生成的高密陆架水,并对达恩利角底层水的生成有所贡献。
为了提供更直观的证据,我们选择固定冰变化显著且象海豹观测数据较多的2011年为例。2011年3−5月的达恩利角固定冰面积变化如图10a所示,主要形成于2011年3−4月,而5月其面积大体不变。4月上半月到下半月,达恩利角固定冰面积猛增1 502.5 km2。同时,与4月初相比,4月下旬达恩利角固定冰下方及其东侧出现了大量的高密陆架水(图10b图10c图11b图11c)。根据象海豹的运动轨迹及其时间线可以发现,在象海豹游回麦肯基湾冰间湖海域后(4月25−30日),所观测到的高密陆架水的盐度明显低于在此之前达恩利角固定冰下方及其东侧(4月20−25日)所观测到的盐度(图11d)。这可以证明达恩利角固定冰形成时产生了局地高密陆架水。在5月达恩利角固定冰面积几乎没有太大变化,因此盐析作用微乎其微,此时应该没有高密陆架水的生成。然而,我们发现有大量高盐度高密陆架水存在,甚至比4月下旬的盐度更高,生成量更多(图10d图12)。而在5月麦肯基湾冰间湖海域的冰架水抑制作用减弱能够生成高密陆架水(图8图9)。如此说明5月的高密陆架水主要来自上游麦肯基湾冰间湖海域。该典型个例再次确认了达恩利角固定冰附近高密陆架水有两个来源,分别是3−4月的局地生成和5月的上游麦肯基湾冰间湖输出。
在本次研究中我们验证了达恩利角附近固定冰存在明显的季节变化,该固定冰的季节变化对达恩利角冰间湖的形成与维持和高密陆架水的生成存在重要影响。通过分析我们重点观察到达恩利角固定冰的形成与消融速度是非常之快的。一般在每年的1−2月达恩利角固定冰快速消融,其面积于2−3月达到谷值,并在3−4月大量生成,其面积于7−9月达到峰值。同时,从5−12月达恩利角固定冰的主体部分会持续性存在。此外,达恩利角固定冰的年际变化较小。
与此同时,我们主要发现了在达恩利角固定冰附近高密陆架水的两个来源:其一,局地达恩利角固定冰生成过程中的盐析作用;其二,由上游麦肯基湾冰间湖海域生成的高密陆架水向西北输运而来。通过对达恩利角附近海域的水团进行分析,我们观察到在3−4月,即达恩利角固定冰快速形成的时间段,由于盐析作用其下方会有局地的高密陆架水生成。其次,麦肯基湾冰间湖海域在3−10月,由于冰间湖内不断有新冰生成而产生很大的盐通量,进而在该海域生成了高密陆架水。但在3−4月埃默里冰架融化生成了大量的低盐冰架水输运至麦肯基湾冰间湖海域,并对高密陆架水的形成产生明显的抑制作用,这也是证明3−4月达恩利角固定冰附近高密陆架水不可能来自麦肯基湾冰间湖,只能由局地生成的关键证据。直至5月,达恩利角固定冰的面积已达到最大,局地盐析作用减弱,但仍有高密陆架水不断产生,说明此时生成的高密陆架水有其他来源。而此时冰架水的抑制作用逐渐减弱,使得麦肯基湾冰间湖海域生成了大量盐度大于34.8的高密陆架水,其中一部分通过普里兹水道向西北流动,还有一部分向西流至达恩利角固定冰下方,这正是该月份达恩利角固定冰附近高密陆架水的主要来源。这进一步证实了Williams等[34]对高密陆架水由普里兹湾运输至恩利角底层水的两条可能路径的猜测。
此外,对于达恩利角冰间湖的形成和维持而言,达恩利角固定冰的季节变化发挥着至关重要的作用,进而间接影响着达恩利角冰间湖海域高密陆架水的大量生成。与此同时,在达恩利角固定冰下方局地生成的以及从麦肯基湾冰间湖平流过来的高密陆架水很可能会流向达恩利角冰间湖海域,以增加当地的高密陆架水体积,进而对达恩利角底层水的生成有所贡献。这有待更多的观测数据特别是动力背景场资料的支持,进行深入探究。
在研究过程中我们发现,在5月份即冰架水的输入对麦肯基湾冰间湖海域高密陆架水生成的抑制作用减弱时,该海域生成的高密陆架水盐度可达34.8以上。如此高盐度水足以在当地形成南极底层水,但根据以往研究表明,在麦肯基湾冰间湖海域并没有南极底层水生成。这或许是由于该海域的高密陆架水生成量不足,抑或是生成的高密陆架水与其他水团混合而变性造成的。对于这一科学问题,我们期待未来获得更多的观测数据进行更加深入的研究。此外,关于达恩利角固定冰的厚度变化及其生长速率与该区域附近高密陆架水生成的关联性这一科学问题,也需要更多的观测数据资料支持,以此进行更加深入的研究,从而对该区域的冰−海相互作用有更进一步的了解。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41976217,42230405);自然资源部极地科学重点实验室开放基金课题;自然资源部海洋环境信息保障技术重点实验室开放基金;国家海洋局极地考察办公室项目(IRASCC 01-01-01)。
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023116
  • 接收时间:2022-12-02
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-02
  • 修回日期:2023-04-20
基金
国家自然科学基金(41976217,42230405);自然资源部极地科学重点实验室开放基金课题;自然资源部海洋环境信息保障技术重点实验室开放基金;国家海洋局极地考察办公室项目(IRASCC 01-01-01)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    3 中国极地研究中心 自然资源部极地科学重点实验室,上海 200136

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*夏瑞彬(1987-),男,山东省威海市人,副教授,主要从事物理海洋学、海气相互作用研究。E-mail: ;
罗义勇(1967-),男,吉林省四平市人,教授,主要从事海洋环流和气候变化研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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