Article(id=1212062516021170261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1674144000000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-20, revisedDate=1684857600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907822852, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907822852, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907822852, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907822852, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=10, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062517489176669, articleId=1212062516021170261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effect of liquid precipitation and surface air temperature on the early melt onset of Arctic sea ice, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Early melt onset (EMO) is a crucial time index for sea ice melting and has a significant impact on the thermal balance of sea ice. In this paper, EMO remote sensing, ERA5 reanalysis, and sea ice concentration data have been used to reveal the relative contribution of surface air temperature and liquid precipitation. Our research indicates that, the most significant advancement of EMO is observed in the southern Atlantic sector among the five study sea areas from 1979−2021, with the rate of −3.3 d/(10 a). For the atmospheric factors affecting EMO, surface air temperature has a considerable correlation period lasting 1−2 months with EMO in all Arctic sea areas. In addition, surface air temperature in the southern Pacific sector and northern and southern Atlantic sectors have a longer duration and stronger correlation with EMO than liquid precipitation. However, for the northern Pacific sector and the central Arctic, liquid precipitation has a higher contribution only in the 2−3 weeks prior to EMO. For the northern Pacific sector, atmospheric circulation provides strong water vapor transport channel extends into this sea area, increasing saturated water vapor in the lower troposphere. Meanwhile, the trend of the 500 hPa potential height shows a three-wave strengthening atmospheric circulation structure around the pole, allowing meridional heat exchange and enhancing the vertical gradient of specific humidity, which promotes the advancement of EMO. For the central Arctic, in years when EMO is advanced, the liquid precipitation is 33% higher than climatology. Additionally, not only the Pacific water vapor transport in the climatology is enhanced, but also the converges with water vapor channel over Eurasia continent, contributing to the formation of cyclonic water vapor transport mode in the eastern Arctic, providing conditions for the advancement of EMO.

, correspAuthors=Jie Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuan Zhou, Jie Su), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062520060285135, articleId=1212062516021170261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=液态降水与地表气温对北极海冰开始融化时间的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海冰最早开始融化时间(EMO)是体现海冰融化的重要指标,也是影响海冰热收支的关键因素。本文使用EMO遥感数据、ERA5再分析资料和海冰密集度数据分析研究了地表气温和液态降水对EMO影响的相对贡献。研究显示,在5个研究海区中,大西洋扇区南区EMO提前最显著,1979− 2021年的变化率为−3.3 d/(10 a)。北极各海区的地表气温与EMO有着持续1~2个月的显著相关时段,其中太平洋扇区南区、大西洋扇区北区和南区的地表气温较液态降水与EMO相关的持续时间更长,相关性也更强;而对太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区,只有在EMO发生前的2~3周,液态降水对其EMO有着更高的贡献。对于太平洋扇区北区,大气环流提供的强水汽输送通道伸入该海区,使对流层低层饱和水汽增多,500 hPa位势高度的多年变化趋势具有三波绕极环流加强的结构,也有利于经向的热量交换,使比湿的垂向梯度进一步增加,为该海区EMO的提前起到一定的促进作用。对于北极中央区,在EMO提前的年份,液态降水较常年偏高33%,不仅气候态意义下的太平洋水汽通道的输送加强,欧亚大陆上空的水汽通道也与之汇合,促使北极东部形成气旋式水汽输送模态,为EMO的提前发生提供了有利条件。

, correspAuthors=苏洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苏洁(1966-),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ebRFtfP/779Jp8GBgPVJ0g==, magXml=bQr+ptVXHs8er2ao1FxkqQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=0laMOyFgpirxDBAZNuqGlQ==, pdfFileSize=3996682, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uqjIlZEzTSyM7JN79EzdEQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Dngas04aLqlvQ2aZmxa3ZQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

周璇(1999-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海冰热力学过程研究。E-mail:

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周璇(1999-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海冰热力学过程研究。E-mail:

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周璇(1999-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海冰热力学过程研究。E-mail:

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The background represents the spatial distribution of climatological EMO from 1979 to 2021. The cyan and white contours are the EMO of the 145th and 155th days, respectively. The mean and standard deviation of EMO for each partition are labeled after the corresponding legend, with the unit of the day, EMO data from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center

, figureFileSmall=hGq4h+tJ3rDi9FQBe2PDeA==, figureFileBig=zuNVEmCZILjZ3uT0wTgrzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222350275270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究海区分区

背景颜色为1979−2021年气候态EMO空间分布,青色和白色曲线分别代表EMO为第145天及第155天的等值线,图例显示了各分海区EMO均值和标准差(d),EMO数据来源于NASA哥达德空间飞行中心

, figureFileSmall=hGq4h+tJ3rDi9FQBe2PDeA==, figureFileBig=zuNVEmCZILjZ3uT0wTgrzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222467715790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The EMO variation trend (a) and time series of annual variation of EMO in each sea area (b) from 1979 to 2021

The magenta part has passed the t-test at a confidence level of 90% in figure a; solid and dashed lines are regional average and linear-fit series, respectively in figure b. The correlation coefficients of the central Arctic and the northern Pacific sector and the northern Atlantic sector are labeled on the left side of the legend. The trend values are labeled on the right

, figureFileSmall=LNXHx8FNfxrlfb5OLXA4dA==, figureFileBig=S9DJMpT0C0zTNzK5D7ubXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222547407569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1979−2021年EMO变化趋势(a)和各海区EMO年际变化时间序列(b)

图a品红色区域置信水平高于90%;图b实线和虚线分别为EMO的区域平均和线性拟合时间序列,图例左侧为北极中央区和太平洋扇区北区以及大西洋扇区北区的相关系数,右侧为各海区趋势

, figureFileSmall=LNXHx8FNfxrlfb5OLXA4dA==, figureFileBig=S9DJMpT0C0zTNzK5D7ubXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222681625304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Spatial distribution of the correlation between the weekly average ${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$ and EMO from March 27 to July 16 during 1979−2021

The colored part has passed the two-sided test at a confidence level of 90%; the green contour in figure a is the boundary of the study sea area

, figureFileSmall=F4Th8xhEStY4ZzAUQerDaA==, figureFileBig=ETFO6VaUg/Fqc6Gb2edwYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222778094301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1979−2021年3月27日至7月16日周平均${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与EMO相关性空间分布

图中彩色所示区域置信水平高于90%;a图中绿色轮廓线为研究海区分界线

, figureFileSmall=F4Th8xhEStY4ZzAUQerDaA==, figureFileBig=ETFO6VaUg/Fqc6Gb2edwYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222895534820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Correlation coefficients of ${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$ (a) and RPR (b) with EMO for each sea area from March 27 to July 16 during 1979−2021

The red * (**) in the upper right corner indicates the confidence level above 90% (95%), and the green # in the upper left corner is the multi-year average EMO

, figureFileSmall=rn++1F6oXsq40UuY98cVtQ==, figureFileBig=pplCgguId+Lq0KDOcPf2Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222996198124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1979−2021年3月27日至7月16日各海区${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$(a)和RPR(b)与EMO的相关性系数

右上角红色*(**)分别表示置信水平高于90%(95%),左上角绿色#所在时段为多年平均EMO发生时段

, figureFileSmall=rn++1F6oXsq40UuY98cVtQ==, figureFileBig=pplCgguId+Lq0KDOcPf2Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223101055732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Spatial distribution of the correlation between weekly average RPR and EMO from March 27 to July 16 during 1979−2021

The colored part has passed the two-sided test at a confidence level of 90%; the green contour in figure a is the boundary of the study sea area

, figureFileSmall=7Tp75+OaNTAX2/suo/RsVw==, figureFileBig=K+pH+W8gRuX7+e0wJuUepw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223176553211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1979−2021年3月27日至7月16日周平均RPR与EMO相关性空间分布

图中彩色所示区域置信水平高于90%;a图中绿色轮廓线为研究海区分界线

, figureFileSmall=7Tp75+OaNTAX2/suo/RsVw==, figureFileBig=K+pH+W8gRuX7+e0wJuUepw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223252050688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The regression coefficients of T2 m and RPR for each sea area

The grey shows confidence levels above 90%, and best fit (R2) is shaded in yellow, the red triangle represents that T2 m and RPR are independent of one another at this period. The black vertical line is the multi-year average EMO from 1979 to 2021

, figureFileSmall=amMA3PXfsMN37SWR9wOm/A==, figureFileBig=ZGHCfcx7cKiFDNaUHvMQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223382074117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各海区回归方程中T2 m和RPR的回归系数

灰色阴影时段方程置信水平高于90%,黄色时段方程拟合优度(R2)最佳,红色三角所在时段表明此时T2 m和RPR相互独立,黑色竖线为各海区1979−2021年多年平均EMO时间节点

, figureFileSmall=amMA3PXfsMN37SWR9wOm/A==, figureFileBig=ZGHCfcx7cKiFDNaUHvMQKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223449182987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The climatology (a) and trend (d) of regional average specific humidity vertical structure in the northern Pacific sector from 1979 to 2021, the distribution of the climatological IVT for the period (b), the trend of IVTv (e) and the distribution of climatological 500 hPa potential height (c) and trend for the period (f)

The green rectangle of figure a and figure d represent the period dominated by RPR, which is May 15 to May 28; the magenta dashed line in figure b represents that IVT = 20 kg/(m·s), which is the discriminant threshold for strong IVT, and the red arrows are the Arctic strong IVT system; the grey contours in figure b and figure e are the sea area boundaries for the period

, figureFileSmall=mnZ1RTlBj7sL5L/DYxLoHw==, figureFileBig=DnYBPUE+K7Dpse5ETS6bXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223541457681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1979−2021年太平洋扇区北区各时段区域平均比湿垂向结构气候态及趋势(a、d)、北极气候态IVT分布(b)、经向水汽输送IVTv的变化趋势(e)和500 hPa位势高度气候态及趋势的分布(c、f)

图a、d中绿色矩形所框的5月15−28日为RPR起更高贡献的时段;图b品红色虚线为强水汽输送判别阈值[IVT = 20 kg/(m·s)]的等值线,红色箭头为该时段北极强水汽输送系统;图b、e中灰色轮廓线为海区分界线

, figureFileSmall=mnZ1RTlBj7sL5L/DYxLoHw==, figureFileBig=DnYBPUE+K7Dpse5ETS6bXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223679869722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Standardized EMO time series for each sea area

▼ (▲) represents advance (pushback) years of EMO and the mean value of EMO for advance (pushback) years are labeled on the lower left

, figureFileSmall=hQxFXkk/cD4JnFons8Jyqw==, figureFileBig=hpyISb/b5WM/isd+hkjAjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223772144416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各海区标准化EMO时间序列

▼(▲)代表EMO提前(推后)的年份,左下方为提前(推后)年份EMO均值

, figureFileSmall=hQxFXkk/cD4JnFons8Jyqw==, figureFileBig=hpyISb/b5WM/isd+hkjAjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223868613415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Composite features of T2 m (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1, f1) and RPR (a2, b2, c2, d2, e2, f2) for melt advance and pushback years for each sea area

The solid gaxy line and the dashed black line represent the average EMO in advance and pushback years, respectively, and ▼ (▲) represents the period corresponding to the maximum positive (negative) anomaly of T2 m and RPR

, figureFileSmall=mjkahuoDnteSYndq3XDEPw==, figureFileBig=rPo/rXXPeb+b5DY6RLudGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325223981859630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各海区融化提前和推后年份T2 m(a1、b1、c1、d1、e1、f1)与RPR(a2、b2、c2、d2、e2、f2)的合成特征

灰色竖线中实线和虚线分别代表EMO提前和推后年份平均值,▼(▲)代表T2 m和RPR正(负)异常最大对应时段

, figureFileSmall=mjkahuoDnteSYndq3XDEPw==, figureFileBig=rPo/rXXPeb+b5DY6RLudGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224069940019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial distributions of Arctic climatological T2 m, RPR, and IVT (a1, b1, c1) from May 15 to June 4 during 1979−2021, and composite characteristics of the above variables in the northern Pacific sector (a2, b2, c2), the northern Atlantic sector (a3, b3, c3), and the central Arctic (a4, b4, c4) in the EMO advanced years

with the red numbers in figure c1 to figure c4 representing the subsectors IVT, magenta dashed line consistent with figure 7b, grey/red contour represents the study area boundaries

, figureFileSmall=WjoCl8Myf29Y0rL2y/PqjA==, figureFileBig=O3ABghtoLLG4tA6Cj29LJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224153826105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=图10, caption=1979−2021年5月15日至6月4日北极气候态T2 m、RPR和IVT空间分布(a1、b1、c1),以及对应时段太平洋扇区北区(a2、b2、c2)、大西洋扇区北区(a3、b3、c3)以及北极中央区(a4、b4、c4)EMO提前年份以上变量的合成场特征

图c1−c4中红色数字代表各分海区IVT强度值,品红色虚线与图7b含义一致,灰色/红色轮廓线为研究海区分界线

, figureFileSmall=WjoCl8Myf29Y0rL2y/PqjA==, figureFileBig=O3ABghtoLLG4tA6Cj29LJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325224237712190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The significant periods and corresponding regression coefficients of fitting for each sea area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pac_NPac_SAlt_NAtl_SCenArctic
注:*表示方程拟合优度高于90%。
最佳时段5月22−28日5月1−7日5月29日至6月4日4月10−16日5月29日至6月4日5月22−28日
RPR回归系数−0.390.00−0.23−0.13−0.37−0.12
T2 m回归系数−0.17−0.51−0.43−0.48−0.28−0.52
RPR/T2 m系数比2.250.000.540.281.320.23
R20.28*0.25*0.42*0.34*0.52*0.46*
), ArticleFig(id=1215325224342569802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062516021170261, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各海区拟合效果显著时段及对应回归系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pac_NPac_SAlt_NAtl_SCenArctic
注:*表示方程拟合优度高于90%。
最佳时段5月22−28日5月1−7日5月29日至6月4日4月10−16日5月29日至6月4日5月22−28日
RPR回归系数−0.390.00−0.23−0.13−0.37−0.12
T2 m回归系数−0.17−0.51−0.43−0.48−0.28−0.52
RPR/T2 m系数比2.250.000.540.281.320.23
R20.28*0.25*0.42*0.34*0.52*0.46*
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液态降水与地表气温对北极海冰开始融化时间的影响
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周璇 1 , 苏洁 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(9): 10-24
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(9): 10-24
液态降水与地表气温对北极海冰开始融化时间的影响
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周璇1 , 苏洁1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 中国高校极地联合研究中心,北京 100875
  • 周璇(1999-),女,山东省临沂市人,主要从事海冰热力学过程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苏洁(1966-),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
Effect of liquid precipitation and surface air temperature on the early melt onset of Arctic sea ice
Xuan Zhou1 , Jie Su1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Oceanography and Atmosphere, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3Joint Center for Polar Research of Chinese Universities, Beijing 100875, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023119
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海冰最早开始融化时间(EMO)是体现海冰融化的重要指标,也是影响海冰热收支的关键因素。本文使用EMO遥感数据、ERA5再分析资料和海冰密集度数据分析研究了地表气温和液态降水对EMO影响的相对贡献。研究显示,在5个研究海区中,大西洋扇区南区EMO提前最显著,1979− 2021年的变化率为−3.3 d/(10 a)。北极各海区的地表气温与EMO有着持续1~2个月的显著相关时段,其中太平洋扇区南区、大西洋扇区北区和南区的地表气温较液态降水与EMO相关的持续时间更长,相关性也更强;而对太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区,只有在EMO发生前的2~3周,液态降水对其EMO有着更高的贡献。对于太平洋扇区北区,大气环流提供的强水汽输送通道伸入该海区,使对流层低层饱和水汽增多,500 hPa位势高度的多年变化趋势具有三波绕极环流加强的结构,也有利于经向的热量交换,使比湿的垂向梯度进一步增加,为该海区EMO的提前起到一定的促进作用。对于北极中央区,在EMO提前的年份,液态降水较常年偏高33%,不仅气候态意义下的太平洋水汽通道的输送加强,欧亚大陆上空的水汽通道也与之汇合,促使北极东部形成气旋式水汽输送模态,为EMO的提前发生提供了有利条件。

海冰最早开始融化时间  /  液态降水  /  地表气温  /  相对贡献

Early melt onset (EMO) is a crucial time index for sea ice melting and has a significant impact on the thermal balance of sea ice. In this paper, EMO remote sensing, ERA5 reanalysis, and sea ice concentration data have been used to reveal the relative contribution of surface air temperature and liquid precipitation. Our research indicates that, the most significant advancement of EMO is observed in the southern Atlantic sector among the five study sea areas from 1979−2021, with the rate of −3.3 d/(10 a). For the atmospheric factors affecting EMO, surface air temperature has a considerable correlation period lasting 1−2 months with EMO in all Arctic sea areas. In addition, surface air temperature in the southern Pacific sector and northern and southern Atlantic sectors have a longer duration and stronger correlation with EMO than liquid precipitation. However, for the northern Pacific sector and the central Arctic, liquid precipitation has a higher contribution only in the 2−3 weeks prior to EMO. For the northern Pacific sector, atmospheric circulation provides strong water vapor transport channel extends into this sea area, increasing saturated water vapor in the lower troposphere. Meanwhile, the trend of the 500 hPa potential height shows a three-wave strengthening atmospheric circulation structure around the pole, allowing meridional heat exchange and enhancing the vertical gradient of specific humidity, which promotes the advancement of EMO. For the central Arctic, in years when EMO is advanced, the liquid precipitation is 33% higher than climatology. Additionally, not only the Pacific water vapor transport in the climatology is enhanced, but also the converges with water vapor channel over Eurasia continent, contributing to the formation of cyclonic water vapor transport mode in the eastern Arctic, providing conditions for the advancement of EMO.

early melt onset of sea ice  /  liquid precipitation  /  surface air temperature  /  relative contribution
周璇, 苏洁. 液态降水与地表气温对北极海冰开始融化时间的影响. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 10 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023119
Xuan Zhou, Jie Su. Effect of liquid precipitation and surface air temperature on the early melt onset of Arctic sea ice[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 10 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023119
在全球气候变暖的背景下,近年来北极海冰发生了一系列变化,例如海冰范围不断减小[1]、海冰密集度(Sea Ice Concentration,SIC)降低[2]、冰厚变薄[3]、融化期不断延长[4]等。其中融化期的延长具体体现为海冰开始融化/冻结时间的提前/延后。海冰开始融化时间是影响海冰热收支的关键因素,该时间节点前后海冰表面反照率由0.8~0.9降至0.6左右甚至更低[5],从而加速海冰−反照率正反馈过程,增加春夏季冰对表面能量的吸收[6],进一步影响春夏季海冰冰情[7],甚至对北极生态系统产生不可逆转的影响[8]。通常定义海冰最早开始融化时间(Early Melt Onset,EMO)为冰面第一次融化的日期;开始融化时间(Melt Onset,MO)为夏季海冰第一次持续保持融化状态的日期[9]。EMO/MO都是体现海冰开始融化的重要指标,通常EMO比MO早10~25 d发生[10],二者年际变化规律基本一致。但是在研究大气因子对海冰开始融化时间的影响时,EMO应该是更好的选择:Mortin等[11]指出EMO与触发融化的大气物理过程有着更为紧密的联系。在EMO至MO之间的时段,海冰已经开始融化,海−冰−气相互作用较强。因此,采用EMO较MO研究融化前期及同期的降水和气温对海冰融化的影响过程更为直接。本文将以EMO代表海冰开始融化时间进行研究。
北极区域平均的EMO发生在5月下旬,并且存在整体提前的趋势[9-10],然而各海区EMO空间分布及变化趋势存在区域性差异。EMO空间分布大致但不完全沿纬度分布[9],3月末白令海、巴伦支海等纬度相对较低海区率先融化,6月中旬喀拉海和拉普捷夫海北部以及最北端的北极中央区开始融化[10, 12]。研究表明,虽然巴伦支海、喀拉海、拉普捷夫海以及东西伯利亚海处于同一纬度带,但它们EMO最多相差达31 d[10],而且东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海两个海区的EMO年际变化还存在跷跷板现象[12]。1979−2013年,除鄂霍茨克海和白令海,其他海区的EMO均有提前的趋势,尤其体现在格陵兰岛东部,为−5.5 d/(10 a),加拿大群岛所在海区EMO提前趋势最小,为−1.0 d/(10 a)[10],但在1979−2016年,该海区的提前趋势有所增大,为−1.7 d/(10 a)[13]
前人对引起EMO年际变化的原因进行了一定研究,在局地因子方面,研究指出EMO发生前向下长波辐射的增加比向下短波辐射更能影响EMO变化[14],其中由于水汽以及湍流运动的增加所导致的地表云层增厚起到关键作用[11]。东西伯利亚和拉普捷夫海区在EMO发生前15 d经向热输送出现正异常,云水路径进入这两个海区上空,向下长波辐射通量增加,进一步促进海冰融化的发生[15]。此外,局地风场的作用也很明显,离岸/向岸的风场影响冰−气界面蒸发,也造成海冰的辐散/辐聚,并通过密集度的变化影响局地海冰热力变化,导致融化过程在不同年份的差异[16]。研究指出,局地风场也是东西伯利亚和拉普捷夫海区EMO发生跷跷板现象的关键原因,由于风向和经向风位置的转变以及引起的气温和水汽等热力变化,使得在1979−1998年/1999−2018年两个时段东西伯利亚海EMO早/晚于拉普捷夫海EMO的年份更多[12]
地表气温是决定长波辐射的关键因子,也是影响冰面融化的最重要和直接的因子,其空间分布与辐射的分布特征具有相似性[17],除受地形影响较大的格陵兰岛外,其余地区地表气温基本符合纬度相对较低/高的海区气温较高/低的特征。近年来北极温度加速上升,美国国家冰雪数据中心报道在2022年3月18日北极附近一些气象站的温度比同期平均水平高出约28℃。Mortin等[11]指出对于全北极,在融化前数周会出现气温正异常,向下长波辐射增加,为海冰开始融化提供先决条件。
随着北极变暖以及暖湿气流的北送,北极总降水量逐年增多[18]。总降水量包括液态降水(降雨)和固态降水(降雪)。研究表明,北极总降水量在冬季的增加是降雨和降雪共同增加导致的[19],但是近10年,春夏季液态降水量的增加是使总降水量增加的关键,并且液态降水占总降水量的比率显著增加[20]。液态降水的分布并非像地表气温一样与辐射的分布那么一致,因为受到水汽输送通道、海冰损失所造成的蒸发加强等多因素的影响[21-22],局地的液态降水存在较为明显的区域差异,而这种差异可能是解释同纬度各海区EMO不同的又一关键因素。例如,在1999−2018年间,拉普捷夫海南部比同纬度东西伯利亚海有着更高的水汽含量,使得前者EMO更早发生[12]
以往人们对于总降水以及极端降水事件关注较多,而对液态降水事件的研究还比较少。Dou等[23]利用楚科奇海近岸现场观测数据较系统地给出了液态降水影响海冰消融的机制:液态降水会降低表面反照率,影响下垫面能量、物质平衡,而且液态降水一旦侵入雪层发生相变会向积雪释放潜热,使积雪快速达到一个等温状态,继续吸热将会促进雪层向融水转化。液态降水可以在几个小时内将表面反照率降低0.1,这与持续变暖10 d的大气过程所产生的效果等同[23]。因此,探究液态降水对于EMO的影响是十分必要的。
从大尺度环流的角度来看,有研究指出,在1947−1997年间,北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)与北极海冰开始融化时间呈负相关,体现在当AO处于正位相时,北冰洋海冰开始融化时间提前[24]。Drobot和Anderson[25]的研究也指出,1979−1998年间,AO处于正/负位相时有利于西伯利亚海区沿岸海表温度异常高/低,而巴芬湾附近异常低/高,从而形成EMO在这两个海区的偶极子型分布。Cox等[26]研究表明,阿拉斯加北部EMO的提前还与阿留申低压−波弗特反气旋环流模态有关,当阿留申低压偏西、反气旋相对较弱时,暖空气在北太平洋持续数天,阿拉斯加北部海区EMO提前。4月份的巴伦支海振荡(Barents Oscillation, BO)被认为与东西伯利亚海和拉普捷夫海的EMO跷跷板现象有关[12]
综上所述,在EMO年际变化的成因中,前人已经认识到了局地因子和大气环流的重要性。在局地因子中,地表气温虽然发挥了重要作用,但是EMO的年际变化无法用地表气温完全地解释(详见3.2节)。Dou等[23]也曾指出液态降水的发生、配合气温变暖有助于触发海冰表面融化,并且观测结果表明当液态降水存在时,整个驱动融化的过程将被加速。因此,气温和液态降水均会影响EMO的早晚,但二者在不同海区、不同时段对EMO变化的相对贡献是怎样的,以及背后的机制如何?这是本文想要研究的问题。
本文选取2 m气温(${{{T}}_{2\;{\text{m}}}}$)作为判别地表气温变化的参量;与韩微等[6]和Dou等[20]的工作类似,选用液态降水比率(Rain-Precipitation Ratio,RPR)而非液态降水量作为评价液态降水变化的指标。因为相较后者,RPR可以更清晰地反映降水形态由固态向液态的转变情况,RPR越接近1表征降雨量占总降水量的比例越高。为了方便统计分析,参照纪旭鹏和赵进平[27]以及Wei和Su[28]北极地区分区图,将北极分为北极中央区(Cen)、大西洋扇区(Atl)和太平洋扇区(Pac)3个分区。本文在此基础上,根据EMO分布特征又将大西洋扇区和太平洋扇区分为南区(S)和北区(N)。需要注意的是,大西洋扇区气候态EMO等值线走向自西向东向南偏移(图1),因此大西洋南北分区的边界并不是沿纬度划分的。
本文所采用的EMO数据来自NASA哥达德空间飞行中心(Goddard Space Flight Center, GSFC)。数据长度为1979−2021年,空间分辨率为25 km × 25 km,每年一个EMO空间分布场。该数据基于Markus等[9]的算法,通过微波亮温对积雪中液态水含量进行探测,并应用于“雨云”卫星7号(Nimbus 7)SMMR、SSM/I以及SSMIS,以获得EMO的时间节点。本文利用该数据提取各海区区域平均EMO时间序列,并研究EMO与${{{T}}_{2\;{\text{m}}}}$和RPR的空间相关性。
本文的大气数据采用了欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)提供的第五代再分析数据ERA5。该数据结合了观测及模式资料的同化数据,相较于ERA-Interim,ERA5提供了时间序列更长、时空分辨率更高、数据种类更多的数据,能更准确的体现液态降水的变化[20]。数据长度为1979−2021年,空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°,时间分辨率为1 h,本文将其处理为7 d平均数据。本文使用${{{T}}_{2\;{\text{m}}}}$、总降水以及降雪(雪水当量)数据获取区域平均${{{T}}_{2\;{\text{m}}}}$与RPR时间序列,并进行相关性分析以及合成分析。此外,本文还使用南北、东西方向的水汽通量的垂直积分(Integrated Vapor Transport,IVT)以及500 hPa位势高度进行${{{T}}_{2\;{\text{m}}}}$和RPR对EMO变化贡献的归因研究。
本文利用欧洲气象卫星应用组织(European Meteorological Satellite,EUMETSAT)海洋和海冰卫星应用设施(OSI SAF)提供的SIC数据集,数据反演的过程使用了基于Bootstrap和Bristol的结合算法,提高了开阔水域对大气噪声的敏感度[29],有利于本文更精确构建开阔水−海冰的二值化掩膜。数据长度为1979−2021年,空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°,时间分辨率为1 d。本文首先将SIC处理为与大气数据同步的7 d平均数据,以15%为判据构建开阔水和海冰的二值化掩膜,并将该掩膜应用于${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR的区域时间序列提取。
RPR计算如式(1)所示,PRS分别代表总降水量、降雨量和降雪量。IVT的计算如式(2)所示,${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{{u(v)}}}}$为纬向(经向)的IVT分量,向东(北)为正,是通过重力加速度(g)、不同大气压强(p)处风速($u $$v $)以及比湿(q)的乘积,按照从地面积分到大气层顶部计算所得,如式(3)所示[30]
${\rm{ RPR}} = \frac{R}{P} \times 100\text{%} = \frac{{P - S}}{P} \times 100\text{%} \text{,} $
$ {\rm{IVT}} = \sqrt {{{\left( {{\rm{IV}}{{\rm{T}}_u}} \right)}^2} + {{\left( {{\rm{IV}}{{\rm{T}}_v}} \right)}^2}} \text{,} $
$ {\rm{IV}}{{\rm{T}}_{{{u(v)}}}} = \frac{1}{g}\int_{{p_{{\rm{suf}}}}}^{{p_{{\rm{top}}}}} {{{qu(v)}}{\rm{d}}p} , $
式中,ptop为大气层顶部压强;psuf为地面压强。
本文的相关性分析显著性检验使用双边检验(two-sided test)[31],并基于式(4)建立多元线性回归方程,ab分别为T2 m和RPR回归系数,用以估算不同海区T2 m和RPR影响EMO的相对贡献,c为回归方程的常数项,通过决定系数R2(也称拟合优度)确定多元线性回归方程的拟合效果,利用偏相关系数判断二者之间是否存在复共线性干扰。此外,本文还将对EMO异常年份的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$、RPR以及IVT特征进行合成分析,将各海区EMO时间序列标准差(Standard Deviation,STD)小于−1的年份视为提前年,大于1的年份定义为推后年。
$ {\rm{EMO}} = a \times {\rm{RPR}} + b \times {T_{2\;{\rm{m}}}} + c. $
北极气候态EMO的空间分布大致随纬度增加而推迟[12]图1显示,1979−2021年EMO范围在第90~190天之间(1月1日为第1天),太平洋扇区南区[(140 ± 6)d]和大西洋扇区南区[(140 ± 10)d]率先开始融化,太平洋扇区北区[(154 ± 5)d]相对融化较晚,大西洋扇区北区[(159 ± 6)d]和北极中央区融化[(161 ± 6)d]最晚。但是EMO的分布不能完全用受纬度控制的太阳辐射来解释,例如,第145天(5月24日)的EMO等值线在太平洋扇区基本位于70°N附近,而到大西洋扇区的西端位置则在80°N附近,在经向上跨越了近10个纬度,第155天的EMO等值线同样存在纬度偏差。总的来看,太平洋扇区EMO基本沿纬线分布,而大西洋扇区则不是,这也是为什么本文没有完全沿纬度划分研究海域的主要原因。
在年际变化方面,虽然北极EMO提前的趋势是普遍接受的认识,但趋势最明显的海区在不同的时段发生了明显的变化。在1979−2007年,格陵兰岛东部和哈德孙湾提前最多[9];而在1979−2021年,巴伦支海、喀拉海、格陵兰岛北部最明显,尤其是巴伦支海(图2a)。白令海EMO趋势是显著推后的,这与Markus等[9]对1979−2007年以及Stroeve等[10]对1979−2013年的分析结果是一致的。北极东侧多年冰和一年冰转换的区域也显示为推后,但没有超过90%的置信水平。针对本文所划分海区,大西洋扇区南区提前趋势在几个海区中最大(图2b),为−3.3 d/(10 a)(高于99%置信水平),该海区在2011年出现了异常早的EMO,这是因为大西洋扇区南区所包含的巴伦支海、喀拉海以及格陵兰岛东部海区均在这一年达到EMO最低值,并且该年也显示出极端增温和降雨事件(详见3.4节);大西洋扇区北区和北极中央区提前趋势小于大西洋扇区南区,分别为−1.7 d/(10 a)和−1.1 d/(10 a),均高于90%置信水平;太平洋的两个扇区也显示出提前的变化率,但趋势不显著。Stroeve等[10]指出太平洋扇区海冰的变化与大气环流密切相关,由于受到阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压的影响,在白令海峡形成强大的压强梯度,使得海冰向白令海的流动增强[32],海冰的漂移在一定程度上抵消了热力条件导致的EMO提前的趋势,使得提前趋势较小。
此外,从各分海区间EMO的相关性来看,北极中央区与太平洋扇区北区的相关性较强(图2b),相关系数为0.55(高于99%置信水平),这意味着两个海区的EMO可能会受到同一影响因素作用。而北极中央区与大西洋扇区北区的相关虽然也超过95%置信水平,但相关系数只有0.34。
3月份之前北极基本不存在太阳辐射,海冰多处于冰封状态[33],并且由3.1节知,各海区EMO分布范围为3月底至7月中旬,考虑到EMO发生在一年中的某天,故用年或月的分辨率不足以来捕捉${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR对EMO的影响,而7 d平均既可以平滑以天为单位的异常突变又能更细致地捕捉EMO的变化。因此,本文选取3月27日至7月16日${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR的周平均进行分析。
首先进行${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR与EMO的相关分析。在3月27日至4月23日(图3a图3d),${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与EMO的负相关区率先出现在喀拉海、拉普捷夫海以及楚科奇海这些边缘海区,随后又出现在波弗特海区(4月24日至5月21日)。自5月22日(图3i),负相关区向纬度相对较高的北极中央区、太平洋扇区北区以及大西洋扇区北区北伸。5月29日以后(图3j图3m),由于边缘海的海冰逐渐消融,${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与EMO的负相关区开始集中在北极中央区,这与${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$随纬度变化的时空分布特征存在一致性,也与各时段的海冰范围有关。随着北极海冰融化范围扩大,北极中央区${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与EMO的负相关自6月25日减弱,此后在喀拉海等冰边缘区所呈现出的负相关区是由于EMO对${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$的影响所致,即EMO发生后,冰面与大气、海洋与海冰之间的感热和潜热交换过程增强,从而加热了${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$。由图4a知,置信水平高于90%的负相关时段在大西洋扇区南区、北极中央区和太平洋扇区北区是持续的,分别集中在3月27日至6月11日(约2个半月)、5月15日至6月25日(约1个半月)以及5月1日至6月4日(约1个月)。在大西洋扇区北区和太平洋扇区南区不持续,断断续续有近两个月的负相关区。总的来看,由于${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$大致沿纬向分布,它与EMO的负相关区基本可解释EMO沿纬度分布的部分,而对于同纬度带上海区间的差异无法完全解释。
RPR与EMO的相关时段和海区与${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$相比有所不同。如图5所示,在3月27日至5月14日(图5a图5g),RPR与EMO较明显的负相关区并非最早出现在边缘海区,而是散落在喀拉海和拉普捷夫海等一些海区内,并且也不存在逐渐北伸的特征。在5月15−21日(图5h),楚科奇海及在太平洋扇区一侧的北极中央区的RPR与EMO开始出现集中的负相关区,该时间节点早于这些海区${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与EMO负相关的时段。5月22日至6月18日(图5i图5l),RPR与EMO的负相关区随着时间的演变与${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$基本一致。从6月19日起(图5m),RPR与EMO相关性减弱。总的来看,RPR与EMO的负相关区并非率先出现在边缘海区,并且在RPR发挥作用的5月15日至6月25日内,负相关区主要集中在纬度相对较高的太平洋扇区北区、大西洋扇区北区以及北极中央区,这在图4b中也有所体现。在各海区,RPR作用于EMO的时段都比${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$作用的时段短(图4b),仅有1个月左右的相关时段,但对于太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区,RPR在EMO发生前2~3周与EMO有着比${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$更高的相关性,或许揭示着在这个时段RPR有着更强的相对贡献,而这对于触发局部海区EMO的发生很可能是重要的。
图3图5给出的相关系数仅表明${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR与EMO的总体相关程度,为了比较在不同海区、不同时段${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR对于EMO影响的相对重要性,本节首先将二者进行归一化处理,继而针对春夏季不同时段构建周平均时间序列多元线性回归方程,如式(4),并且以置信水平高于90%作为方程拟合效果显著的标准(R2高于0.20)。考虑到${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$和RPR的共线性问题,利用偏相关系数显著性是否高于90%作为判断二者是否独立的标准,如图6所示。对于所有海区,在气候态EMO发生的1~2周以前,几乎不存在共线性干扰,可独立分析${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$与RPR的相对贡献,而在气候态EMO发生前1~2周内,RPR与${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$存在一定相关关系,此时${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$的高回归系数不能代表${{{T}}_{2\;{\rm{m}}}}$本身的相对贡献。
本文只关注EMO时间节点前方程的拟合效果以及相应自变量系数。从相对贡献来看,在高拟合优度的时段(图6灰色及黄色阴影时段),对大西洋的两个扇区(图6c图6d)以及太平洋扇区南区(图6b)来说,${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$相较RPR对EMO年际变化的贡献更大,其中大西洋扇区南区的T2 m对EMO的回归高拟合优度时段最长,这得益于该海区最早的升温和最暖的气候条件[34]。对于太平洋扇区北区(图6a)和北极中央区(图6e),前1周内仍然是T2 m发挥主要作用,但此时T2 m与RPR之间存在相互影响,而在EMO之前的2~3周内RPR对EMO的贡献更大,所以相对于T2 m,RPR会更早、更显著的为太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区海冰融化提供先决条件,这与3.2节相关性分析结果一致。回归系数为负,代表RPR增多(T2 m升高)使EMO提前的物理关系;当其为正时,可能是由于这时其他因子对EMO作用占优。可见,对于整个北极,T2 m仍为主要影响因素,而RPR在EMO之前2~3周的显著贡献需进一步探讨。
表1给出了各海区回归方程再现EMO年际变化的最佳时段、回归系数以及R2。我们用RPR/T2 m系数表示二者的相对重要性,相较T2 m,RPR对于太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区EMO的年际变化有着更大的贡献,并且最佳拟合时段均约发生在EMO前2周,此时各海区最佳拟合时段T2 m与RPR均相互独立(图6)。RPR在太平洋扇区北区对于EMO的贡献最高,RPR/T2 m系数比为2.25;其次是北极中央区,该系数为1.32,同时,北极中央区还是拟合优度最佳海区(R2 = 0.52)。在其他海区的最佳拟合时段,RPR/T2 m系数比小于1,还是以气温的影响为主。
RPR的增加取决于充沛的水汽供应和强烈的垂向对流活动[2, 35],前者与IVT密切相关,后者可以通过比湿垂向结构来揭示,这些都会受到大气大尺度环流过程的支配。针对EMO之前2~3周RPR在部分海区有更高贡献这一现象,以下将从比湿垂向结构、IVT及500 hPa位势高度的变化进行物理过程的分析。
以太平洋扇区北区为例,自5月份开始,比湿垂向结构的梯度加大,尤其是在RPR有更高贡献的5月15−28日时段,整个对流层低层(从地表至850 hPa附近)气候态比湿均高于1.5 $\text{g} / \text{k}\text{g}$图7a),并且该时段低空的比湿在1979−2021年的趋势是增加的,增长速率高于10%/(10 a)(图7d)。按照2.4节方法计算的IVT代表研究海区局地外水汽通量垂直积分,并以IVT = 20 ${\text{kg}} /({\text{m}} \cdot {\text{s}}$)作为大气强水汽输送通道的判别阈值[36]
4月初,北大西洋强水汽输送沿大西洋扇区南区以南向欧亚大陆输运,北太平洋强水汽输送开始向阿拉斯加转向,但也仅停留在70°N的楚科奇海沿岸,此时并没有大量水汽进入北极中部(图略)。自5月15−21日时段开始,随着水汽的聚集和发展,北太平洋水汽沿阿拉斯加−楚科奇海伸入太平洋扇区北区,并持续向极输运至北极中央区,该水汽输送模态在5月21−28日时段持续加强。图7b给出了整个5月15−28日时段的IVT分布,可以看到此时上述两支水汽中的北太平洋强水汽通道向北延伸,甚至进入到了北极中央区,而北大西洋的主通道(欧亚大陆)以及分支(格陵兰岛西部)的水汽仍未输送至北极内部海区,主通道沿欧亚大陆继续向东输送,分支仅波及到格陵兰岛西侧,而5月15−28日时段恰好是RPR起更高贡献的关键时段(图6)。图7e显示,该时段伸入太平洋扇区北区的经向水汽输送通道呈加强的趋势,Xu等[37]的研究表明该通道存在季节变化特征,加强的趋势在6月份达到峰值。并且,我们的计算结果显示,该通道的水汽输送(以IVT区域平均表示)与太平洋扇区北区EMO存在显著相关,相关系数为−0.48,这与该时段RPR与EMO的相关性一致(图5b)。
从大气环流的角度,在该时段极涡仍然是控制北极的主要环流型(图7c),但此时的极涡已经偏弱,副热带高压沿阿拉斯加向极入侵,给了北太平洋强水汽通道伸入到太平洋扇区北区、甚至北极中央区的机会(图7b)。该时段,位势高度的趋势在北极的分布呈现三极型,即乌拉尔山−东西伯利亚海−波弗特海500 hPa位势高度增加趋势显著(图7f),这些海区同样也是阻塞异常环流主要发生的海区[38],位势高度异常升高的位置将会使得纬向环流有减弱趋势,经向环流有加强趋势[38],正如图7e所示,位势高度异常增加的海区向极的${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$均加强。该三波绕极环流分布加强的趋势将持续至6月中旬(图略),使得经向水汽输送加强的趋势进一步稳固。
在北极中央区,RPR起更高贡献的时段为5月22日至6月4日(图略)。这个时段气候态比湿垂向结构的分布及多年变化趋势的特征基本与图7a图7d类似,比湿趋势显著增强的时段较RPR起主要作用的时段提前两周;除了北太平洋的水汽汇入北极中央区(图7b)以外,欧亚大陆上空的水汽通道也向该扇区延伸,${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$趋势加强的位置较图7b偏西;在大气环流的角度,也对应着北极极涡的进一步减弱,位势高度趋势增加最显著的海区为东西伯利亚海,与该海区向极的经向水汽输送加强趋势相一致,为北极中央区EMO的提前营造条件。
因此,大气环流的分布和变化趋势有助于RPR对太平洋扇区北区以及北极中央区的海冰融化产生影响,在相应的比湿垂向结构、IVT分布中也有较好的体现。影响太平洋扇区融化的水汽通道也会影响到北极中央区,创造了相近的冰表面热力学环境,由此也解释了这两个扇区的相关性更为显著(3.1节)的特征。
按照2.4节中对EMO异常年份的界定,1979−2021年各海区EMO提前/推后对应年份如图8所示。各海区EMO平均提前和推后年份的差值大致在15~20 d,只有大西洋扇区南区为31 d,这主要是由于2010年和2011年的EMO显著提前所致,EMO分别为第116天和第108天,故从各海区异常年份的不一致上也可以体现EMO的区域性差异。
在EMO提前和推后年份,归一化的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR合成特征如图9所示。各海区都呈现出融化提前(推后)年份${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$异常偏高(偏低)以及RPR异常偏多(偏少)的总体特征,这符合基本的物理认识。但是${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR异常的时段在各个海区的具体表现有所不同。在EMO提前(推后)年份,太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$异常高(低)的信号集中在EMO提前(推后)发生的前1~4周内,其余扇区异常信号自3月末持续至EMO发生时;大部分海区RPR正(负)异常的时段多集中在EMO发生的前2周内,而在大西洋扇区南区RPR正异常仅发生在EMO前3~4周,RPR负异常集中在EMO前4周。
图9显示,太平洋扇区南区、大西洋扇区北区以及北极中央区${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$正(负)异常最大的时段与RPR的相同,其余海区存在差异。另外,本文关注到部分海区${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR正(负)异常最大的时间节点是先于EMO发生的。在EMO提前年份,太平洋扇区北区RPR(图9a2)以及太平洋扇区南区${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR(图9b1图9b2)正异常最大时段先于EMO 1周,大西洋扇区南区同样存在提前信号,但是该信号出现的时间先于EMO 4周(图9d1图9d2),这是因为在该扇区EMO提前显著的2010年、2011年的4月3−9日内发生了极端高温和降雨事件,促使${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR的正异常最大出现的时段提前,该极端事件发生的两周内2010年和2011年的EMO也随之发生,因此对于该扇区提前信号的出现存在一定偶然性;在EMO推后年份,除大西洋扇区南区外,其余海区EMO均发生在${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR最大负异常出现时段的1~2周之后。
在EMO提前年份,纬度相对更高的3个海区(太平洋扇区北区、大西洋扇区北区以及北极中央区)${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR正异常最大的时段均发生在5月15日至6月4日期间。由3.3节可知IVT对EMO影响的重要性,因此,这里给出了该时段这3个海区EMO正异常对应的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$、RPR以及IVT的空间分布合成场,如图10所示。在EMO提前的年份中,所有海区都表现出较常年更暖的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和更高的RPR,通过计算发现该时段的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$差异在北极中央区最大,相较常年,EMO提前年份的${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$偏高了29%,太平洋扇区北区和大西洋扇区北区分别为24%和23%;北极中央区和大西洋扇区北区RPR偏高最明显,均为33%,太平洋扇区北区为18%;并且在研究海区边缘和内部均出现了${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR的正异常(图10a2图10a4图10b2图10b4),这也与局地外IVT的分布相一致(图10c2图10c4),只是各海区EMO提前年份的IVT合成场的分布与气候态的分布有所不同。气候态条件下,北太平洋强水汽通道流系伸入北极内部,北大西洋的水汽主通道沿欧亚大陆向西输运,还有一分支从格陵兰岛西南侧汇入巴芬湾(图10c1)。在太平洋扇区北区EMO提前的年份,来自北太平洋的暖湿气流覆盖了整个扇区(图10c2),这代表着自南向北输送的暖湿气流更加强烈,该气流汇入扇区后向加拿大群岛一侧偏转,并与北美沿岸的水汽通道连通;在大西洋扇区北区EMO提前的年份,虽然该扇区内部的总体IVT强度[7.0 ${\text{kg}} /({{\text{m}}} \cdot {{\text{s}}})$]低于气候态均值[10.0 ${\text{kg}} /({{\text{m}}} \cdot {{\text{s}}})$](图10c3),但当我们计算了经向分量${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$通量,就可以发现${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$由气候态的向南输送[${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$ = −1.6 ${\text{kg}} /({{\text{m}}} \cdot {{\text{s}}})$]变为由欧亚大陆向北输送[${\text{IV}}{{\text{T}}_{{v}}}$ = 0.8 ${\text{kg}} /({{\text{m}}} \cdot {{\text{s}}})$],这一输送方向的改变为该扇区EMO的提前发生提供了有利条件;对于北极中央区EMO提前的年份,原有的水汽输送系统都在加强,同时,欧亚大陆上空的水汽与太平洋一侧的水汽通道汇合,一起从太平洋扇区北区侵入北极中央区,使得较强的气旋式水汽输送模态在北极东部形成。总的来看,在各海区EMO提前年份,IVT的强水汽输送通道伸入80°N以北,且强度较气候态明显增强,其中以北极中央区最显著。这3个海区水汽输送系统的正异常均有利于${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$和RPR正异常的加强。
海冰最早开始融化时间是影响海冰热收支平衡的重要时间节点之一。地表气温作为影响冰面融化重要且直接的因子,无法完全解释EMO年际变化,而近年来液态降水的作用愈加凸显。为此,本文选取2 m地表气温(${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$)和液态降水比率(RPR)作为地表气温和液态降水的参量,分析研究了二者在不同海区、不同时段对EMO年际变化的相对贡献以及成因。主要结论如下:
(1)1979−2021年北极各海区EMO遥感数据的分析显示,太平洋扇区南区、大西洋扇区南区的区域平均EMO最早,分别为第(140 ± 6)天和第(140 ± 10)天,太平洋扇区北区为第(154 ± 5)天,大西洋扇区北区和北极中央区最晚,分别为第(159 ± 6)天和第(161 ± 6)天。大西洋扇区南区提前的趋势较其他海区更为显著,变化率为−3.3 d/(10 a),大西洋扇区北区和北极中央区的变化率为−1.7 d/(10 a)和−1.1 d/(10 a)。
(2)对于北极的多数海区,${{{T}}_{{{2\;{\rm{m}}}}}}$对EMO的年际变化有着更高的贡献,但是对于太平洋扇区北区和北极中央区,RPR对EMO年际变化的贡献更大。以太平洋扇区北区为例,EMO发生的前2~3周内,极涡的减弱使得北太平洋副热带高压顺势北上,促进了北太平洋强水汽输送通道从阿拉斯加−楚科奇海沿岸伸入太平洋扇区北区甚至北极中央区,强烈的水汽输送使得对流层低层饱和水汽增多。在多年变化趋势上,三波绕极环流(乌拉尔山−东西伯利亚海−波弗特海)的位势高度趋势增加,有利于该时段经向热量和动量交换趋势加强,进一步使比湿的垂向梯度增大,加快了水汽碰撞−凝聚的过程,对流的增强预示着更多降雨的发生(RPR更接近1),促使EMO的提前发生。
(3)在EMO提前年份,各海区都表现出T2 m异常偏高、RPR异常偏多的总体特征,其中北极中央区T2 m正异常最大,较常年偏高29%;RPR的正异常在北极中央区和大西洋扇区北区最大,均为33%。T2 m/RPR的偏高/偏多与局地外水汽输送异常相一致,太平洋扇区北区和大西洋扇区北区在气候态水汽输送系统的基础上加强,北极中央区的水汽除了受到北太平洋强水汽输送外,欧亚大陆上空的暖湿通道也发挥作用,两支通道汇入北极中央区,并在北极东部形成气旋式水汽输送模态,为EMO的提前发生提供了有利条件。
本文采用简单的线性回归方程分析了有关液态降水和地表气温对EMO影响的相对重要性,并解释了部分物理机制。利用同样的方法对MO进行研究时,可以得到与使用EMO基本一致的结果,只是利用不同时段的${{{T}}_{{2\; {\rm{m}}}}}$和RPR对MO线性回归时,方程的拟合优度不如对EMO回归的优度,这也进一步论证了Mortin等[11]曾指出的“EMO对大气因子的变化有着更高的敏感度”。
在后续工作中,以下方面需要进一步研究。针对${{{T}}_{{\rm{2\; m}}}}$和RPR存在相互影响的时段,可采用偏最小二乘回归等方法来解决环境因子之间共线性的问题,以提高分析精度;太平洋的两个扇区${{{T}}_{{\rm{2\; m}}}}$与RPR的异常时段在EMO之前发生,有必要进一步挖掘其内在物理联系,可适当引入其他大气参量,结合主成分分析,探索大气因子短期预测EMO的潜力,提升对未来夏季海冰融化的物理过程认知。另外,本文显示局地外的水汽输送对于融化条件的创造也十分重要,进一步区分局地降水以及外界水汽输送对EMO的贡献对北极海冰融化事件的预测也具有科学价值。
致谢:感谢美国国家航空航天局哥达德空间飞行中心提供的海冰开始融化时间遥感数据(https://earth.gsfc.nasa.gov/cryo/data/arctic-sea-ice-melt);感谢欧洲中期天气预报中心哥白尼气候变化服务项目提供的ERA5数据资料(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form)。感谢梁红杰、黄鼎在数据处理方面的帮助,感谢张涵和朱玉琦在大气物理过程有关概念的讨论。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076228);国家自然科学专项基金(41941012)。
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023119
  • 接收时间:2023-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-01-20
  • 修回日期:2023-05-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(42076228);国家自然科学专项基金(41941012)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3 中国高校极地联合研究中心,北京 100875

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*苏洁(1966-),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
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