Article(id=1212062515043889614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023134, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1677168000000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-24, revisedDate=1687708800000, revisedDateStr=2023-06-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907822619, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907822619, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907822619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907822619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=90, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062515371045346, articleId=1212062515043889614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Relationship between species diversity and biomass of demersal fish in Haizhou Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Many of the global ecosystem functions are changing with the loss of biodiversity. It is therefore particularly important to understand the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships to support scientific ecological conservation and management. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between environmental factors, biodiversity (species richness and evenness) and ecosystem functions (measured as total biomass) in the benthic fish community of Haizhou Bay, using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on bottom trawl survey data conducted in spring 2013−2022. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between species richness and biomass, and a significant negative correlation between evenness and biomass. Among the environmental factors, salinity had significant effects on both species richness and biomass. Regarding the effects of temperature, the temperatures in winter and summer had a stronger effect on biomass than that of annual average temperature. The study suggested that two mechanisms, the niche complementarity mechanism and selection mechanism, may simultaneously play a role in maintaining the biodiversity-biomass relationships in the groundfish communities of Haizhou Bay, and in addition to the fact that such relationships depend on the environmental and habitat conditions.

, correspAuthors=Chongliang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yonghui Wan, Shude Liu, Chongliang Zhang, Yupeng Ji, Binduo Xu, Ying Xue), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062517707272772, articleId=1212062515043889614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海州湾底层鱼类物种多样性与生物量的关系, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着生物多样性的丧失,全球许多海洋生态系统的功能发生了显著变化。为了解生物多样性和生态系统功能之间的关系,科学的海洋生态保护与管理显得尤为重要。本研究根据2013−2022年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,基于结构方程模型(SEM)探究了底栖鱼类群落中环境因素、生物多样性(物种丰富度与均匀度)和生态系统功能指标(以总生物量表示)之间的关系。结果表明:物种丰富度和生物量之间存在显著的正相关,而均匀度和生物量存在显著的负相关。环境因素中盐度对物种丰富度和生物量均有显著的影响,而对于温度来说,夏季与冬季的温度比年平均温度对生物量的影响更强烈。本研究表明,生态位互补效应和选择效应这两种机制可能同时对维持海州湾底层鱼类群落中的生物多样性−生物量关系发挥了作用,此外这种关系还依赖于它们所生存的环境和栖息条件。

, correspAuthors=张崇良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张崇良,男,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估与生态系统模拟。E-mail:
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万勇慧(2000-),女,山东省滨州市人,主要从事鱼类种群动力学研究。E-mail:

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Red lines indicate significant positive effects paths, blue lines indicate significant negative effects paths, and dashed lines indicate insignificant paths

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红色线表示显著的正影响路径,蓝色线表示显著的负影响路径,虚线表示影响不显著的路径

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Red lines indicate significant positive effects paths, blue lines indicate significant negative effects paths, gray dashed lines indicate insignificant paths, and red dashed lines indicate significant missing paths with positive effects

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红色线表示显著的正影响路径,蓝色线表示显著的负影响路径,灰色虚线表示影响不显著路径,红色虚线表示有正影响的显著缺失路径

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Red lines indicate significant positive effects paths, blue lines indicate significant negative impact paths

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红色线表示显著的正影响路径,蓝色线表示显著的负影响路径

, figureFileSmall=1bjXRZS196RK69sV39QRog==, figureFileBig=WeSAYqSZA9ngmTaEKWno7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325222320915139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062515043889614, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of parameters of each model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标初始模型年均温度模型季节温度模型最优模型
模型设置包含全部路径去掉不显著路径加入夏季与冬季温度变量去掉不显著路径,加入显著缺失路径
显著缺失路径均匀度和win2.SST
Fisher’s C1.76113.62631.09915.591
p0.7800.1910.4110.621
AIC49.845.673.151.6
BIC123.794.9137.8107.1
R20.340.350.410.39
), ArticleFig(id=1215325222400606920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062515043889614, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各模型参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标初始模型年均温度模型季节温度模型最优模型
模型设置包含全部路径去掉不显著路径加入夏季与冬季温度变量去掉不显著路径,加入显著缺失路径
显著缺失路径均匀度和win2.SST
Fisher’s C1.76113.62631.09915.591
p0.7800.1910.4110.621
AIC49.845.673.151.6
BIC123.794.9137.8107.1
R20.340.350.410.39
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海州湾底层鱼类物种多样性与生物量的关系
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万勇慧 1, 2 , 刘淑德 3 , 张崇良 1, 2, * , 纪毓鹏 1, 2 , 徐宾铎 1, 2 , 薛莹 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(9): 82-90
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(9): 82-90
海州湾底层鱼类物种多样性与生物量的关系
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万勇慧1, 2 , 刘淑德3, 张崇良1, 2, * , 纪毓鹏1, 2, 徐宾铎1, 2, 薛莹1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 3 山东省渔业发展和资源养护总站,山东 烟台 264003
  • 万勇慧(2000-),女,山东省滨州市人,主要从事鱼类种群动力学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张崇良,男,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估与生态系统模拟。E-mail:
Relationship between species diversity and biomass of demersal fish in Haizhou Bay
Yonghui Wan1, 2 , Shude Liu3, Chongliang Zhang1, 2, * , Yupeng Ji1, 2, Binduo Xu1, 2, Ying Xue1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 3Shandong Fishery Development and Resource Conservation Station, Yantai 264003, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023134
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随着生物多样性的丧失,全球许多海洋生态系统的功能发生了显著变化。为了解生物多样性和生态系统功能之间的关系,科学的海洋生态保护与管理显得尤为重要。本研究根据2013−2022年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,基于结构方程模型(SEM)探究了底栖鱼类群落中环境因素、生物多样性(物种丰富度与均匀度)和生态系统功能指标(以总生物量表示)之间的关系。结果表明:物种丰富度和生物量之间存在显著的正相关,而均匀度和生物量存在显著的负相关。环境因素中盐度对物种丰富度和生物量均有显著的影响,而对于温度来说,夏季与冬季的温度比年平均温度对生物量的影响更强烈。本研究表明,生态位互补效应和选择效应这两种机制可能同时对维持海州湾底层鱼类群落中的生物多样性−生物量关系发挥了作用,此外这种关系还依赖于它们所生存的环境和栖息条件。

生物多样性  /  生态系统功能  /  结构方程模型  /  生物量  /  生态位互补效应  /  选择效应  /  底层鱼类

Many of the global ecosystem functions are changing with the loss of biodiversity. It is therefore particularly important to understand the biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) relationships to support scientific ecological conservation and management. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between environmental factors, biodiversity (species richness and evenness) and ecosystem functions (measured as total biomass) in the benthic fish community of Haizhou Bay, using structural equation modeling (SEM) based on bottom trawl survey data conducted in spring 2013−2022. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between species richness and biomass, and a significant negative correlation between evenness and biomass. Among the environmental factors, salinity had significant effects on both species richness and biomass. Regarding the effects of temperature, the temperatures in winter and summer had a stronger effect on biomass than that of annual average temperature. The study suggested that two mechanisms, the niche complementarity mechanism and selection mechanism, may simultaneously play a role in maintaining the biodiversity-biomass relationships in the groundfish communities of Haizhou Bay, and in addition to the fact that such relationships depend on the environmental and habitat conditions.

biodiversity  /  ecosystem functioning  /  structural equation model  /  biomass  /  niche complementarity  /  selection mechanism  /  demersal fish
万勇慧, 刘淑德, 张崇良, 纪毓鹏, 徐宾铎, 薛莹. 海州湾底层鱼类物种多样性与生物量的关系. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023134
Yonghui Wan, Shude Liu, Chongliang Zhang, Yupeng Ji, Binduo Xu, Ying Xue. Relationship between species diversity and biomass of demersal fish in Haizhou Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 82 -90 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023134
生物多样性在维持生态系统结构、功能和服务等方面发挥着重要的作用[1]。生物多样性的增加,往往伴随着生态系统中能量流动和物质循环效率的增加[2],从而形成了生物多样性和生态系统功能(Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function,BEF)之间的紧密关系。了解生物多样性对生态系统的潜在影响,有助于更好地维持生态系统的服务功能,为基于生态系统的管理提供理论基础。
在生态学上,有关BEF关系起源有两种解释机制,分别为生态位互补效应和选择效应[3]。生态位互补效应是指更多的物种导致更高的生态系统功能[4]。具体而言,在多样性较高的鱼类群落中,不同物种间生态特性存在差异,导致群落中各物种对资源的利用更加充分,因此物种数量越多,生态系统的生产功能就越强。选择效应是指群落中某些物种占据优势,由于这些物种的贡献使得生态系统功能变得更高[5]。由于鱼类群落中不同物种具有不同的竞争能力,竞争力较强的物种可以更有效地利用群落中的资源,从而产生更高的生产力。但是哪种机制维持了生物多样性和生态系统功能关系尚存在很大争议[6-8]。此外,有研究认为,与生物多样性相比,环境因素对生态系统功能的影响更大[9],但在之前的BEF关系中研究的较少,本研究将环境因素加入BEF关系中一起探究。
本文以海州湾及其邻近海域为例,探究底栖鱼类群落中环境因素、物种多样性和生态系统功能的一个方面,即群落生物量之间的关系。根据2013−2022年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查数据,使用结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM)分析环境因素、生物多样性和底栖鱼类生物量之间的关系。SEM是一种验证多变量间相互关系假设的模型方法,可以用图形方式展示各变量之间的关系路径,允许同时验证多个预测变量和多个响应变量之间的因果关系。本研究旨在探究底栖鱼类群落中物种多样性与生物量的关系及其维持机制,为重要物种保护及生态系统功能的维持提供理论依据。
海州湾是一个开放式的浅海性海湾,是多种海洋生物的产卵场和索饵场。近年来,由于过度捕捞、环境变化以及人类活动的影响,海州湾及其邻近海域渔业资源的种类组成发生了较大的变化[10-11],生物多样性正在丧失,生态系统的结构和功能也发生着变化。生物多样性数据来源于2013年至2022年春季在海州湾及其邻近海域进行的底拖网调查。调查采用分层随机抽样设计,将海州湾海域按水深划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,共76个备选站位(图1),每航次共调查18个站位。
调查使用单船底拖网,功率为220 kW,拖速为2~3 kn,每站的拖网时间约为1 h。拖网时网口水平扩张宽度约为25 m,网囊网目约为17 mm。样品的采集与处理均按照《海洋调查规范》(GB/T 12763.6—2007)[12]进行。由于在实际调查中各站位作业存在一定差异,在数据分析前对原始调查数据进行标准化处理,将所有渔获物的质量标准化成拖网时间1 h、拖速2.0 kn的标准化生物量[13]。考虑到底拖网的选择性,剔除掉渔获物中所有的中上层种类,只保留底层鱼类进行分析。
为了评估非生物因素的影响,调查还收集了相关环境数据。其中部分环境变量由温盐深仪(CTD)直接测量,包括渔获调查月份的海水表层平均温度(SST)、海水表层平均盐度(SSS)、叶绿素a的浓度(Chl a)。此外,选取了相应的年平均温度(y.SST)、夏季6月、7月、8月份的平均温度(sum6.SST、sum7.SST、sum8.SST)以及冬季1月、2月份的平均温度(win1.SST、win2.SST),作为长期环境效应的指标,探究极端温度对生物多样性和生物量的滞后性影响[14]。环境数据来源于开源的数据网站(https://marine.copernicus.eu/)。
生态系统功能具有丰富的内涵,难以通过简单指标完全表征。在BEF关系的相关研究中,通常关注生态系统的生产功能,并以群落中物种的生物量作为生态系统生产功能的表征[15]。因此,本研究采用每个站位底层鱼类的标准化生物量代表底层鱼类群落的生产功能,选取常用的物种丰富度、均匀度等指标来表示生物多样性。其中物种的丰富度用每个站位物种数目的多少来表示,即S。均匀度用Pielou指数(J')来计算,即
$ J'=\frac{H'}{{\rm{ln}}\; S}\text{,} $
$ H'=-\sum^S_{i\;=\;1}P_i{\rm{ln}}\;P_i\text{,} $
式中,S为种类数;H'表示香农威纳指数;Pi为第i种渔获物的质量占总渔获质量的比例。
在模型分析前,还计算了生物量、物种丰富度和均匀度之间的皮尔逊相关系数。此外,考虑到种群历史生物量对其未来生物量的影响,为了控制变量,研究计算了5个区域内的平均生物量,并采用前一年平均生物量作为影响下一年各站位生物量的一个观测变量。
本研究使用结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model, SEM)来检验海州湾及其邻近海域底层鱼类的生物量、生物多样性(物种丰富度、均匀度)和环境条件(SST、SSS、Chl a)之间的关系。结构方程模型是一种多变量的分析方法[16],在分析过程中首先基于研究者的理论知识,设定变量之间直接或间接的依赖关系,即构建一个初始模型,然后代入数据验证模型是否合理。通过模型拟合,不仅能判断各个变量之间相关关系的强弱,还能对整体的模型结构进行评估。
结构方程模型的变量类型包括观测变量、隐变量和误差变量等[17]。观测变量是在观测或实验过程中能直接测量的变量,在SEM的图示中通常用方框来表示(图2)。隐变量是不能被直接测量的变量,但可以用观测变量来估计,用圆形框来表示。模型中用箭头表示变量之间的依赖关系,由于隐变量是引起观测变量变化的潜在原因,所以模型中的箭头由隐变量指向观测变量,本研究不包含隐变量。误差变量是指无法被预测变量解释的那部分效应,即残差项。结构方程模型中的同一个变量既可以是解释变量,也可以是响应变量。
结构方程模型由测量模型和结构模型两部分组成。在包含隐变量的结构方程模型中,测量模型是由隐变量和观测变量之间的关系构成的,结构模型是隐变量之间关系的度量。模型中可以有多个测量模型,也可以只包含观测变量,相当于只有结构模型的部分。
结构方程模型分析的一般步骤是:(1)首先根据已有的理论知识或已取得的成果,构建一个变量间相互关系的初始模型;(2)利用观测或实验数据对模型进行拟合;(3)根据拟合得出的结果对模型结构进行评价;(4)如果模型拟合效果不佳,需要进行模型的修正;(5)重复以上步骤,根据最终模型得出结论。
本研究按照以上流程,首先构建一个初始模型,以生物量作为主要的响应变量,假设其受生物多样性指标(丰富度和均匀度)、环境因素(SST、y.SST、SSS、Chl a)和前一年生物量等全部变量的影响。物种丰富度和均匀度是生物多样性的非独立组成部分,假定它们之间存在相互的影响[18],并同时受到所有环境变量的影响。因此初始模型中有3个响应变量,生物量作为主要的响应变量,物种丰富度和均匀度既是解释变量也是响应变量。此外,考虑到调查站位设计为分层随机取样,各站位的调查数据可能不独立,因此加入混合效应回归,将采样站位作为随机效应纳入模型中[19]
在初始模型的基础上,本研究通过有向分离,单独检验了缺失路径的重要性[20],并综合Fisher’s C值以及AIC、BIC和R2等指标进行模型的改进。其中Fisher’s C值满足自由度为2k的卡方分布,可以用来检验模型的拟合优度,其值的显著性水平p > 0.05说明模型拟合较好,p < 0.05则说明模型结构不合理[21]。AIC和BIC分别为赤池信息准则和贝叶斯信息准则,用于不同模型之间的比较,其值越小说明模型拟合的越好。R2用于模型的整体评价,其值越大说明对响应变量的解释程度越高[19]
利用以上指标对初始模型进行分析后,根据模型的检验结果和理论知识对模型进行修正,分别构建海表温度以年平均温度(y.SST)为主要环境解释变量的年均温度模型和以夏季6月、7月、8月份的平均温度(sum6.SST、sum7.SST、sum8.SST)以及冬季1月、2月份的平均温度(win1.SST、win2.SST)为主要环境解释变量的季节温度模型,删除不必要路径并补充缺失路径。重复该过程,最终获得一个最优模型,以其解析海州湾及其邻近海域底层鱼类群落的BEF关系。根据模型中各个路径的系数,反映环境因子、生物多样性和生物量之间关系的强弱与作用方向。
以上分析均在R语言中进行,使用piecewise SEM[21]构建模型,该R包可以针对不包含隐变量、数据不独立、响应变量非正态、样本量较小的情况进行分析。
2013−2022年间,底层鱼类生物量总体上变化不大(图3a),但2017年出现了最低值,为3.02 kg/h,2016年生物量最高,为8.44 kg/h。底层鱼类物种丰富度和均匀度指数的时间变化趋势如图3b所示。2016年的物种丰富度最大,平均值为12.94,2021年最小,平均值为8.67。均匀度最大值出现的时间是2015年,平均值为0.72,2020年最小,平均值为0.49。物种丰富度随时间的波动情况和均匀度相反,即物种丰富度增加时,均匀度一般会降低,但总体变化不大。皮尔逊相关性分析结果表明,物种丰富度和生物量之间有中等程度的正相关,相关系数为0.507(p = 0.135)。均匀度和生物量之间没有显著的相关性(相关系数为0.038,p = 0.916)。
年均温度初始模型的检验结果表明,模型整体拟合较好(p > 0.05)。由于初始模型中所有的路径均被考虑在内,所以不存在缺失路径。各路径的回归结果表明,SST、y.SST、Chl a等环境变量对生物量的影响并不显著,且SST和y.SST对物种丰富度和均匀度的影响均不显著(图4a)。将初始模型中这些不显著的路径剔除后得到优化模型(图4b),模型整体拟合较好(p > 0.05)。物种丰富度与生物量有显著的正相关(路径系数r = 0.445 6,p < 0.001),均匀度与生物量存在显著的负相关(r = −0.299 4,p < 0.001),前一年生物量对生物量有显著的正影响(r = 0.189 6,p < 0.01)。环境变量中SSS分别对生物量和物种丰富度存在显著的影响。Chl a对物种丰富度和均匀度均存在显著的正影响。
路径显著性检验表明,SST和y.SST对生物量、物种丰富度和均匀度的影响均不显著,而将sum6.SST、sum7.SST、sum8.SST、win1.SST、win2.SST季节温度指标加入模型后,结果表明模型拟合较好(p > 0.05)。物种丰富度、均匀度、前一年的生物量、SSS和sum8.SST对生物量有显著的影响,sum6.SST、sum7.SST、win1.SST对生物量的影响并不显著(图5)。SSS和Chl a对丰富度有显著的影响,Chl a对均匀度有显著的影响,与年均温度模型的结果一致。有向分离检验表明win2.SST对均匀度的影响为缺失路径(p < 0.05)。
将显著的缺失路径纳入模型中,再剔除掉影响不显著的路径,经过多次修正后得到最优模型(表1)。其整体拟合优度达标,各路径都有显著的影响,没有显著的缺失路径。最终的结构方程模型较好解释了生物量(39%)、物种丰富度(14%)和均匀度(24%)的变化,Fisher’s C统计检验显示模型整体拟合度达标(p = 0.621)。
最优模型表明,物种丰富度和生物量之间存在显著的正相关(路径系数r = 0.447 1,p < 0.001),而均匀度和生物量存在显著的负相关(r = −0.298 5,p < 0.001)。前一年生物量和SSS对生物量有显著的正影响(r = 0.173 2,p < 0.05;r = 0.171 4,p < 0.05),而sum8.SST对生物量有直接的负效应(r = −0.198 0,p < 0.01)(图6)。
SSS对物种丰富度有显著的负效应(r = −0.213 9,p < 0.01),而Chl a对丰富度有显著的正效应(r = 0.242 5,p < 0.01)。同时,Chl a对均匀度有显著的正效应(r = 0.253 7,p < 0.01),而win2.SST的变化对均匀度有显著的负影响(r = −0.172 4,p < 0.05)。注意模型中还反映了间接影响,如Chl a 对生物量没有直接的影响,但会通过影响物种的丰富度来间接影响生物量, Chl a浓度对生物量的总效应为0.108。
本研究根据海州湾的长期监测数据,基于结构方程模型方法分析了底层鱼类的生物多样性与生物量的关系。结果表明,总体上历史种群生物量、物种丰富度和物种均匀度均对群落的生物量具有显著影响,表明两种机制可能同时发挥了作用。该结果对于深入理解海州湾生态系统生产功能的维持机制具有一定参考意义。
物种丰富度和生物量之间存在显著的正相关关系,即体现为生态学上的生态位互补效应。这与物种丰富度促进生态系统功能的理论研究相符[22-23]。在以往的理论研究中,相关学者通过在不同物种多样性水平下随机组合群落,来模拟生物多样性变化对生态系统功能的影响[24-25]。也有研究进行了实际验证,例如Tilman等[26]对草原植物进行了为期7年的实验,表明物种丰富、多样性高的地块,生物量是单一栽培区域的2.7倍,即物种丰富的地块具有更高的生产力。Duffy等[6]对全球464个采样地的生物多样性和生态系统功能进行了汇总分析,结果表明生物量随着生态系统的类群数量和物种丰富度而增加。本研究中物种丰富度对生物量的作用系数为0.447 1,体现了较强的正向作用,也验证了以上研究结论。
均匀度和生物量之间存在显著负相关关系,符合生态学中的选择效应。鱼类群落中占优势的物种更有效的利用群落中的资源,从而产生更高的生产力。需要注意的是,优势种如何作用于生态系统功能还需要考虑具体的优势物种组成及其生态特征。例如,Maureaud等[7]研究了欧洲海域底栖鱼类群落中BEF关系,根据群落中的物种组成和相对丰度分析了均匀度对生物量的影响。其结果表明由于高营养级鱼类同时利用中上层和底栖食物,底栖物种的密度和种群数量更大,从而改变了群落的生产力。今后研究应分析优势物种的组成、物种间相互作用、是否有入侵物种等,以理解优势种对生态系统的影响过程[27]
鱼类生物多样性和生态系统功能的关系还依赖于它们所生存的环境和栖息条件[28-29]。本研究结果表明,盐度对于鱼类生物量具有显著正效应,而同时盐度与物种丰富度之间存在显著的负相关关系。造成该结果的原因可能是多方面的。首先,盐度对于某些鱼类的生存和生物学过程有着直接影响,例如Zhang等[30]阐述了低盐胁迫对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)的渗透压调节、抗氧化能力和生长的影响。盐度会显著影响鱼类肠道和肠道微生物的稳态,对维持鱼类健康和抗菌功能起着重要的作用[31]。以往对海州湾鱼类的研究也表明盐度是β多样性的主要驱动因子[32],也证明了盐度对于生物多样性的重要影响。其次,本研究中海州湾盐度与水深呈显著的相关性(因此后者在分析中被剔除),盐度的变化一定程度上也反映了水深的效应,而水深作为一个综合性的环境因素,可能在许多方面对鱼类分布造成影响。如南非某个河口地区的一项鱼类分布研究表明[33],体形较大的鱼在较深的水域中更丰富,而在河口上游的浅水区有更多的体形较小的鱼类。这种个体大小随水深的分布在海洋环境中也很常见,因此可能导致生物量随水深的梯度变化。
海水温度是影响生物生存和分布的最主要环境因子[34]。在全球气候变化的影响下,海州湾海域的温度和其他理化性质发生了显著的变化,鱼类群落的结构和功能必然也发生相应的变化[35]。本研究表明,海水年均温度对于底层鱼类群落生物多样性以及生物量的影响并不显著(图4),相对的,夏季8月份的平均温度和冬季2月份的平均温度均对生物量和均匀度有显著影响。该结果表明,对生物量产生强烈影响的并非年平均温度,而可能是某时间出现的极端温度。具体而言,夏季出现极端高温时,鱼类的生物量可能降低;冬季有极端低温出现时,鱼类群落的均匀度可能受影响,使鱼类群落的生物量降低(图4)。Liu等[36]研究了极端海洋热浪事件对东海游泳动物群落多样性的影响,结果表明东海在经历海洋热浪事件后,游泳动物群落的丰富度和多样性降低,暖温性物种的生物量显著下降,这与本研究中出现夏季高温对生物量的影响一致。全球气候变化导致的极端事件正改变着生态系统的结构和功能[37],本研究中冬夏季温度对生物量的影响可以反映出群落对长期气候变化的响应,为应对气候变化的近海渔业管理提供科学依据。
本研究通过对海州湾海域环境因子、物种多样性和生物量关系的分析表明,温盐等环境因子、物种丰富度和均匀度都是生物量的重要预测因素,物种丰富度和优势度以及一定的环境条件均能调控生态系统的生物量。但应注意,本研究采用群落生物量代表生态系统的生产功能,而生态系统功能具有多方面属性,以生物量为代表有一定片面性,今后研究还需要考虑更全面的变量,表征生态系统功能。此外,研究中采用的多样性指标和环境因子都是当前研究中的常见指标,不一定能够很好地代表生态系统状态。饵料生物丰度的变化[38]、气候变化的影响[39]、近海捕捞活动以及渔业政策的实施等都可能会影响鱼类群落的结构和功能,从而影响生态系统的结构和功能,因此指标的筛选也有待进一步优化。
SEM与其他统计方法如多元回归模型相比更适合分析复杂的关系,可以同时考虑变量之间的直接和间接关系,一个变量可以同时作为预测变量和响应变量,因此在生态学研究中,SEM通常被用于探究生物群落和生态系统内部变量之间的因果关系、驱动机制和响应过程等问题。另外,SEM还可以通过调整误差项协方差来模拟测量误差和潜在变量的影响,使模型更加可靠[40]。SEM方法基于变量间的统计学关系,其结论的可靠性与数据质量紧密相关。由于SEM自身的局限性,模型不能进行预测分析,因此难以直接对结果进行验证。由于数据质量、时空范围等因素的影响,估算结果具有一定的不确定性。本研究中的BEF关系并不适用于所有的海域[41],特别是并非所有均匀度低的鱼类群落都有更高的生物量[42]。该结果与优势物种的组成及其摄食特征有关,因此还需针对优势种具体的物种组成及其相对丰度、所处的营养级和底食性物种占的比例开展具体分析,并结合环境因素来探讨决定群落生物量高低的生态特性。此外,由于调查方法的局限,本研究仅选择了底栖鱼类的总生物量进行分析,这可能不能很好地代表生态系统的完整生产功能。今后研究还需基于大尺度观测数据进一步探索BEF关系,深入阐释环境、生物多样性和生态系统功能之间复杂地相互关系,以应对生物多样性丧失和全球气候变化对海洋生态系统的影响。
  • 国家重点研发计划重点专项(2022YFD2401301)。
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023134
  • 接收时间:2023-02-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-24
  • 修回日期:2023-06-26
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国家重点研发计划重点专项(2022YFD2401301)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
    3 山东省渔业发展和资源养护总站,山东 烟台 264003

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*张崇良,男,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估与生态系统模拟。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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