Article(id=1212062513290670481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676217600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-13, revisedDate=1683129600000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907822201, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907822201, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907822201, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907822201, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=104, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062513550717335, articleId=1212062513290670481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Preliminary study on the trophic relationship of dominant fishes in coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Here, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope (δ13C and δ15N) techniques are used to estimate the trophic levels (TL) and main carbon sources of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn. Combined with the six quantitative indicators of community trophic structure, the trophic relationship of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn is preliminarily analyzed. The results show that the δ13C and δ15N values of different fishes are significantly different (p < 0.01). The δ13C values are between −18.3‰ and −15.4‰, and the δ15N values are between 12.9‰ and 16.3‰. The trophic levels of fish ranged from 2.5 to 3.4, with an average values of 3.0 ± 0.8, indicating that fish in Weizhou Island are mainly carnivorous. The organic carbon sources of fish in Weizhou Island are complex, but macroalgae and benthic microalgae are the key carbon sources fuelling fish food webs. The food source diversity level and trophic level length (CR and NR) of fish community are 2.35 and 3.09, respectively. The total area (TA), mean centrifugal distance (CD), mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) and standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance (SDNND) are 4.48, 0.89, 0.40 and 0.29, respectively. These above indicators suggest that the trophic structure of coral reef fish community in Weizhou Island has a high degree of nutritional redundancy, but the food chain is short and the nutritional diversity is low. The coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island is incomplete in food web structure. In the future, it is necessary to carry out appropriate control and restoration measures to restore the structure and function of the coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island.

, correspAuthors=Xinqing Zheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qian Peng, Qifang Wang, Puqing Song, Dingyong Huang, Han Zhang, Jianjia Wang, Xinqing Zheng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062515173913046, articleId=1212062513290670481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类营养关系的初步研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本研究利用碳、氮稳定同位素(δ13C、δ15N)技术,估算了秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养级(TL)和主要碳源,结合6个群落营养结构量化指标,初步分析秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养关系。结果表明,不同鱼类之间的δ13C和δ15N值差异显著(p < 0.01),其中,δ13C值介于−18.3‰~−15.4‰,δ15N值介于12.9‰~16.3‰。鱼类TL介于2.5~3.4,平均TL为3.0 ± 0.8,显示涠洲岛的鱼类以肉食性为主。涠洲岛鱼类的有机碳源比较复杂,但大型海藻和底栖微藻是驱动鱼类食物网的关键碳源。鱼类群落的食源多样性水平和营养级长度(CR和NR)分别为2.35和3.09。凸多边形总面积(TA)、平均离心距离(CD)、平均最近相邻距离(MNND)和最近相邻距离的标准差(SDNND)分别为4.48、0.89、0.40和0.29,表明涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类群落的营养结构具有营养冗余程度较高,但食物链较短和营养多样性低等特征。以上结果表明,涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统食物网结构不完整,未来有必要开展适当的管控和修复措施恢复涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的结构和功能。

, correspAuthors=郑新庆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郑新庆,男,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=xVzATIyM8HRLCME/iQ5IbA==, magXml=H3WGYrmdqkJ1io3ns1UKLQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=CJ/ij3d6CUZIE7siVIKCvA==, pdfFileSize=1430259, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=yBE5I+FSYhyh7PKmmLxqpw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OFe1YwZ4ipc2K3jZcwopbA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

彭谦(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:

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2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 北部湾滨海湿地生态系统野外科学观测研究站,广西 北海 536007
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figureFileSmall=xaInON9vlob7CxB9sjHTCw==, figureFileBig=1Z84M6W98Ph6ZotJBVhJZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225705721988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=图6, caption=涠洲岛珊瑚礁不同鱼类营养类群的营养生态位, figureFileSmall=xaInON9vlob7CxB9sjHTCw==, figureFileBig=1Z84M6W98Ph6ZotJBVhJZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225802190984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Macroalgae in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island

Left panel is Padina minor, and right panel is Lobophora variegata

, figureFileSmall=WpusWNNUg2+S7WZ8sJKRWA==, figureFileBig=sIkqPMMfU0sEjRqHdmCEWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325225907048588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=图7, caption=涠洲岛珊瑚礁区的大型海藻

左为小团扇藻,右为匍扇藻

, figureFileSmall=WpusWNNUg2+S7WZ8sJKRWA==, figureFileBig=sIkqPMMfU0sEjRqHdmCEWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325226041266320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Four trophic guilds of fishes in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养类群摄食类型鱼类物种平均营养级
1杂食性鱼类褐篮子鱼(Siganus fuscessens)、中华单角鲀(Monacanthus chinensis)、黄尾新雀鲷(Neopomacentrus azysron2.7 ± 0.2
2浮游生物食性鱼类日本竹䇲鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、游鳍叶鲹(Atule mate3.2 ± 0.2
3


底栖肉食性鱼类


四带牙䱨(Pelates quadrilineatus)、二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)、大鳞舌鳎(Cynoglossus arel)、纵带绯鲤(Upeneus subvittatus)、截尾银姑鱼(Pennahia anea)、细纹鲾(Leiognathus berbis)、线尾锥齿鲷(Pentapodus setosus)、点带棘鳞鱼(Sargocentron rubrum)、十棘银鲈(Gerres decacanthus)、尖鼻箱鲀(Rhynchostracion nasus)、四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama3.1 ± 0.1
4鱼食性鱼类珍鲳(Pampus minor)、日本金线鱼(Nemipterus japonicus3.0 ± 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226238398616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类的4个营养类群

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养类群摄食类型鱼类物种平均营养级
1杂食性鱼类褐篮子鱼(Siganus fuscessens)、中华单角鲀(Monacanthus chinensis)、黄尾新雀鲷(Neopomacentrus azysron2.7 ± 0.2
2浮游生物食性鱼类日本竹䇲鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、游鳍叶鲹(Atule mate3.2 ± 0.2
3


底栖肉食性鱼类


四带牙䱨(Pelates quadrilineatus)、二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)、大鳞舌鳎(Cynoglossus arel)、纵带绯鲤(Upeneus subvittatus)、截尾银姑鱼(Pennahia anea)、细纹鲾(Leiognathus berbis)、线尾锥齿鲷(Pentapodus setosus)、点带棘鳞鱼(Sargocentron rubrum)、十棘银鲈(Gerres decacanthus)、尖鼻箱鲀(Rhynchostracion nasus)、四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus)、多鳞鱚(Sillago sihama3.1 ± 0.1
4鱼食性鱼类珍鲳(Pampus minor)、日本金线鱼(Nemipterus japonicus3.0 ± 0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226305507483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Stable isotope information of fishes and their potential carbon sources in the Weizhou Island coral reef in the autumn of 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种北港坑仔竹蔗寮
δ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mmδ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mmδ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mm
注:“−”代表物种未在该站位出现。
有机碳源
悬浮颗粒有机物−23.3 ± 0.8 7.1 ± 1.43 −22.2 ± 0.17.0 ± 1.53−22.1 ± 0.55.5 ± 1.24
沉积颗粒有机物−19.3 ± 0.2 6.7 ± 0.76−20.0 ± 0.55.2 ± 1.95−19.8 ± 0.46.3 ± 0.46
团扇藻−15.7 ± 0.68.8 ± 0.33−14.6 ± 0.47.7 ± 0.45−14.6 ± 0.37.0 ± 1.03
钙化红藻−16.3 ± 0.39.6 ± 0.42−16.0 ± 0.48.8 ± 0.44−14.8 ± 0.38.0 ± 0.34
藻席−15.99.01−16.68.11−17.69.31
底栖微藻−18.4 ± 0.49.2 ± 1.05−18.3 ± 0.110.5 ± 1.45−19.6 ± 0.210.0 ± 0.85
鱼类
四带牙䱨
Pelates quadrilineatus
−17.3 ± 0.914.4 ± 1.43107.7 ± 16.0−16.515.71117.0−17.0 ± 0.615.0 ± 0.65106.2 ± 7.8
二长棘犁齿鲷
Evynnis cardinalis
−16.2 ± 0.415.1 ± 0.5698.9 ± 9.5−16.2 ± 0.416.0 ± 0.3480.3 ± 1.9−16.4 ± 0.215.2 ± 0.5679.0 ± 4.6
大鳞舌鳎
Cynoglossus arel
−16.1 ± 0.314.3 ± 0.36247.9 ± 18.1−16.1 ± 0.113.9 ± 0.13255.0 ± 13.2−15.7 ± 0.213.8 ± 0.36239.0 ± 22.8
褐篮子鱼
Siganus fuscessens
−17.4 ± 1.512.9 ± 2.65131.2 ± 23.7−18.1 ± 1.012.9 ± 0.66153.4 ± 15.5−16.7 ± 0.413.5 ± 0.32188.5 ± 13.4
纵带绯鲤
Upeneus subvittatus
−16.0 ± 0.314.4 ± 0.64102.0 ± 7.2−16.6 ± 0.114.4 ± 0.26102.5 ± 6.4−16.5 ± 0.214.7 ± 0.46102.3 ± 9.5
中华单角鲀
Monacanthus chinensis
−15.9 ± 0.814.0 ± 0.4489.8 ± 7.4−16.114.2195.0−16.7 ± 0.414.0 ± 0.2397.8 ± 7.9
黄尾新雀鲷
Neopomacentrus azysron
−17.415.3149.0−16.4 ± 0.514.2 ± 0.3449.5 ± 4.7−17.2 ± 0.114.1 ± 0.4649.2 ± 2.6
游鳍叶鲹
Atule mate
−17.3 ± 0.516.2 ± 0.56108.5 ± 12.4−16.9 ± 0.715.0 ± 0.56105.0 ± 20.2
截尾银姑鱼
Pennahia anea
−16.6 ± 0.115.0 ± 0.82150.5 ± 0.7−16.5 ± 0.515.2 ± 0.36115.7 ± 12.3
珍鲳
Pampus minor
−18.315.1196.0−17.9 ± 0.414.7 ± 0.2384.0 ± 2.0
细纹鲾
Leiognathus berbis
−16.1 ± 0.214.9 ± 0.1663.8 ± 3.9−17.415.2154.0
线尾锥齿鲷
Pentapodus setosus
−15.9 ± 0.115.2 ± 1.02161.0 ± 24.0−15.4 ± 0.314.7 ± 0.12153.5 ± 16.3
点带棘鳞鱼
Sargocentron rubrum
−16.0 ± 0.515.8 ± 0.2383.3 ± 44.2−16.4 ± 0.115.7 ± 0.42142.5 ± 17.7
日本金线鱼
Nemipterus japonicus
−16.6 ± 0.314.4 ± 0.32106.0 ± 0.1−15.9 ± 0.414.6 ± 0.56116.6 ± 12.9
十棘银鲈
Gerres decacanthus
−15.516.31148.0−16.9 ± 0.316.0 ± 0.2354.0 ± 4.4
日本竹䇲鱼
Trachurus japonicus
−17.9 ± 0.714.5 ± 0.96141.0 ± 7.1−18.213.91130.0
尖鼻箱鲀
Rhynchostracion nasus
−16.416.11102.0−17.3 ± 0.315.4 ± 0.33105.3 ± 20.4
四线天竺鲷
Apogon quadrifasciatus
−16.6 ± 0.214.5 ± 0.3460.8 ± 7.9−16.1 ± 0.215.8 ± 0.2673.5 ± 11.8
多鳞鱚
Sillago sihama
−15.6 ± 0.515.5 ± 0.52137.5 ± 36.1−16.4 ± 0.516.2 ± 0.72146.0 ± 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226414559391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021年秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域鱼类及其潜在有机碳源的稳定同位素信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种北港坑仔竹蔗寮
δ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mmδ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mmδ13C/‰δ15N/‰样品数体长/mm
注:“−”代表物种未在该站位出现。
有机碳源
悬浮颗粒有机物−23.3 ± 0.8 7.1 ± 1.43 −22.2 ± 0.17.0 ± 1.53−22.1 ± 0.55.5 ± 1.24
沉积颗粒有机物−19.3 ± 0.2 6.7 ± 0.76−20.0 ± 0.55.2 ± 1.95−19.8 ± 0.46.3 ± 0.46
团扇藻−15.7 ± 0.68.8 ± 0.33−14.6 ± 0.47.7 ± 0.45−14.6 ± 0.37.0 ± 1.03
钙化红藻−16.3 ± 0.39.6 ± 0.42−16.0 ± 0.48.8 ± 0.44−14.8 ± 0.38.0 ± 0.34
藻席−15.99.01−16.68.11−17.69.31
底栖微藻−18.4 ± 0.49.2 ± 1.05−18.3 ± 0.110.5 ± 1.45−19.6 ± 0.210.0 ± 0.85
鱼类
四带牙䱨
Pelates quadrilineatus
−17.3 ± 0.914.4 ± 1.43107.7 ± 16.0−16.515.71117.0−17.0 ± 0.615.0 ± 0.65106.2 ± 7.8
二长棘犁齿鲷
Evynnis cardinalis
−16.2 ± 0.415.1 ± 0.5698.9 ± 9.5−16.2 ± 0.416.0 ± 0.3480.3 ± 1.9−16.4 ± 0.215.2 ± 0.5679.0 ± 4.6
大鳞舌鳎
Cynoglossus arel
−16.1 ± 0.314.3 ± 0.36247.9 ± 18.1−16.1 ± 0.113.9 ± 0.13255.0 ± 13.2−15.7 ± 0.213.8 ± 0.36239.0 ± 22.8
褐篮子鱼
Siganus fuscessens
−17.4 ± 1.512.9 ± 2.65131.2 ± 23.7−18.1 ± 1.012.9 ± 0.66153.4 ± 15.5−16.7 ± 0.413.5 ± 0.32188.5 ± 13.4
纵带绯鲤
Upeneus subvittatus
−16.0 ± 0.314.4 ± 0.64102.0 ± 7.2−16.6 ± 0.114.4 ± 0.26102.5 ± 6.4−16.5 ± 0.214.7 ± 0.46102.3 ± 9.5
中华单角鲀
Monacanthus chinensis
−15.9 ± 0.814.0 ± 0.4489.8 ± 7.4−16.114.2195.0−16.7 ± 0.414.0 ± 0.2397.8 ± 7.9
黄尾新雀鲷
Neopomacentrus azysron
−17.415.3149.0−16.4 ± 0.514.2 ± 0.3449.5 ± 4.7−17.2 ± 0.114.1 ± 0.4649.2 ± 2.6
游鳍叶鲹
Atule mate
−17.3 ± 0.516.2 ± 0.56108.5 ± 12.4−16.9 ± 0.715.0 ± 0.56105.0 ± 20.2
截尾银姑鱼
Pennahia anea
−16.6 ± 0.115.0 ± 0.82150.5 ± 0.7−16.5 ± 0.515.2 ± 0.36115.7 ± 12.3
珍鲳
Pampus minor
−18.315.1196.0−17.9 ± 0.414.7 ± 0.2384.0 ± 2.0
细纹鲾
Leiognathus berbis
−16.1 ± 0.214.9 ± 0.1663.8 ± 3.9−17.415.2154.0
线尾锥齿鲷
Pentapodus setosus
−15.9 ± 0.115.2 ± 1.02161.0 ± 24.0−15.4 ± 0.314.7 ± 0.12153.5 ± 16.3
点带棘鳞鱼
Sargocentron rubrum
−16.0 ± 0.515.8 ± 0.2383.3 ± 44.2−16.4 ± 0.115.7 ± 0.42142.5 ± 17.7
日本金线鱼
Nemipterus japonicus
−16.6 ± 0.314.4 ± 0.32106.0 ± 0.1−15.9 ± 0.414.6 ± 0.56116.6 ± 12.9
十棘银鲈
Gerres decacanthus
−15.516.31148.0−16.9 ± 0.316.0 ± 0.2354.0 ± 4.4
日本竹䇲鱼
Trachurus japonicus
−17.9 ± 0.714.5 ± 0.96141.0 ± 7.1−18.213.91130.0
尖鼻箱鲀
Rhynchostracion nasus
−16.416.11102.0−17.3 ± 0.315.4 ± 0.33105.3 ± 20.4
四线天竺鲷
Apogon quadrifasciatus
−16.6 ± 0.214.5 ± 0.3460.8 ± 7.9−16.1 ± 0.215.8 ± 0.2673.5 ± 11.8
多鳞鱚
Sillago sihama
−15.6 ± 0.515.5 ± 0.52137.5 ± 36.1−16.4 ± 0.516.2 ± 0.72146.0 ± 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226523611297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistical analysis of δ13C and δ15N values of the dominant fishes and their organic carbon sources among stations in coral reefs of the Weizhou Island

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种δ13Cδ15N
FpFp
POM4.9920.0451.5440.278
SOM4.1360.0412.0990.162
大型海藻1.5290.2403.4440.112
底栖微藻32.0060.0012.0300.174
四带牙䱨0.3960.6890.7380.517
二长棘犁齿鲷0.7440.4941.8790.215
大鳞舌鳎1.2650.2232.5680.133
褐篮子鱼1.2730.3220.0840.920
纵带绯鲤1.9880.1861.5430.250
中华单角鲀2.8050.1040.1370.875
黄尾新雀鲷1.0980.2641.8130.242
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226590720165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

涠洲岛珊瑚礁不同站位之间主要鱼类及其有机碳源δ13C、δ15N值的统计检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种δ13Cδ15N
FpFp
POM4.9920.0451.5440.278
SOM4.1360.0412.0990.162
大型海藻1.5290.2403.4440.112
底栖微藻32.0060.0012.0300.174
四带牙䱨0.3960.6890.7380.517
二长棘犁齿鲷0.7440.4941.8790.215
大鳞舌鳎1.2650.2232.5680.133
褐篮子鱼1.2730.3220.0840.920
纵带绯鲤1.9880.1861.5430.250
中华单角鲀2.8050.1040.1370.875
黄尾新雀鲷1.0980.2641.8130.242
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226670411943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The indicators for trophic structure of fish communities in different study areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域年份食源多样性水平
CR
营养级长度
NR
生态位总面积
TA
平均营养级多样性
CD
物种聚集度密度
MNND
物种营养均匀度
SDNND
涠洲岛20212.353.094.480.890.400.29
三亚蜈支洲岛[17]20206.367.6029.521.920.370.30
灵山岛[37]20195.557.079.911.110.380.32
江苏近海[38]20175.208.1226.951.870.590.45
南海中西部[39]20173.494.919.481.201.690.74
陵水湾[40]20154.454.6611.181.490.600.54
), ArticleFig(id=1215325226825601198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513290670481, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同研究区鱼类群落的营养结构指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域年份食源多样性水平
CR
营养级长度
NR
生态位总面积
TA
平均营养级多样性
CD
物种聚集度密度
MNND
物种营养均匀度
SDNND
涠洲岛20212.353.094.480.890.400.29
三亚蜈支洲岛[17]20206.367.6029.521.920.370.30
灵山岛[37]20195.557.079.911.110.380.32
江苏近海[38]20175.208.1226.951.870.590.45
南海中西部[39]20173.494.919.481.201.690.74
陵水湾[40]20154.454.6611.181.490.600.54
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秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类营养关系的初步研究
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彭谦 1, 2 , 王啟芳 2 , 宋普庆 2 , 黄丁勇 2 , 张涵 2 , 王建佳 2 , 郑新庆 1, 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(9): 91-104
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(9): 91-104
秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类营养关系的初步研究
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彭谦1, 2 , 王啟芳2, 宋普庆2, 黄丁勇2, 张涵2, 王建佳2, 郑新庆1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
  • 2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 北部湾滨海湿地生态系统野外科学观测研究站,广西 北海 536007
  • 3 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋生态保护和修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005
  • 彭谦(1997-),男,湖北省荆州市人,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郑新庆,男,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
Preliminary study on the trophic relationship of dominant fishes in coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn
Qian Peng1, 2 , Qifang Wang2, Puqing Song2, Dingyong Huang2, Han Zhang2, Jianjia Wang2, Xinqing Zheng1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Marine Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
  • 2Observation and Research Station of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem in Beibu Gulf, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536007, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Conservation and Restoration, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023128
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本研究利用碳、氮稳定同位素(δ13C、δ15N)技术,估算了秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养级(TL)和主要碳源,结合6个群落营养结构量化指标,初步分析秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养关系。结果表明,不同鱼类之间的δ13C和δ15N值差异显著(p < 0.01),其中,δ13C值介于−18.3‰~−15.4‰,δ15N值介于12.9‰~16.3‰。鱼类TL介于2.5~3.4,平均TL为3.0 ± 0.8,显示涠洲岛的鱼类以肉食性为主。涠洲岛鱼类的有机碳源比较复杂,但大型海藻和底栖微藻是驱动鱼类食物网的关键碳源。鱼类群落的食源多样性水平和营养级长度(CR和NR)分别为2.35和3.09。凸多边形总面积(TA)、平均离心距离(CD)、平均最近相邻距离(MNND)和最近相邻距离的标准差(SDNND)分别为4.48、0.89、0.40和0.29,表明涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类群落的营养结构具有营养冗余程度较高,但食物链较短和营养多样性低等特征。以上结果表明,涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统食物网结构不完整,未来有必要开展适当的管控和修复措施恢复涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的结构和功能。

珊瑚礁鱼类  /  营养关系  /  碳氮稳定同位素  /  涠洲岛

Here, stable carbon and nitrogen isotope (δ13C and δ15N) techniques are used to estimate the trophic levels (TL) and main carbon sources of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn. Combined with the six quantitative indicators of community trophic structure, the trophic relationship of the dominant fish in the coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn is preliminarily analyzed. The results show that the δ13C and δ15N values of different fishes are significantly different (p < 0.01). The δ13C values are between −18.3‰ and −15.4‰, and the δ15N values are between 12.9‰ and 16.3‰. The trophic levels of fish ranged from 2.5 to 3.4, with an average values of 3.0 ± 0.8, indicating that fish in Weizhou Island are mainly carnivorous. The organic carbon sources of fish in Weizhou Island are complex, but macroalgae and benthic microalgae are the key carbon sources fuelling fish food webs. The food source diversity level and trophic level length (CR and NR) of fish community are 2.35 and 3.09, respectively. The total area (TA), mean centrifugal distance (CD), mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) and standard deviation of nearest neighbor distance (SDNND) are 4.48, 0.89, 0.40 and 0.29, respectively. These above indicators suggest that the trophic structure of coral reef fish community in Weizhou Island has a high degree of nutritional redundancy, but the food chain is short and the nutritional diversity is low. The coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island is incomplete in food web structure. In the future, it is necessary to carry out appropriate control and restoration measures to restore the structure and function of the coral reef ecosystem in Weizhou Island.

coral reef fish  /  trophic relationship  /  carbon and nitrogen stable isotope  /  Weizhou Island
彭谦, 王啟芳, 宋普庆, 黄丁勇, 张涵, 王建佳, 郑新庆. 秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类营养关系的初步研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 91 -104 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023128
Qian Peng, Qifang Wang, Puqing Song, Dingyong Huang, Han Zhang, Jianjia Wang, Xinqing Zheng. Preliminary study on the trophic relationship of dominant fishes in coral reefs of Weizhou Island in autumn[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 91 -104 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023128
珊瑚礁中复杂的环境和高度多样的生物构成了珊瑚礁生态系统,它被誉为“海洋中的热带雨林”,为人类社会提供丰富的生物资源,具有巨大的经济效益和生态系统服务功能[1]。珊瑚礁复杂的空间三维结构,是众多海洋生物的栖息地,为许多鱼类和海洋无脊椎动物提供产卵、繁殖和躲避敌害的场所。然而,由于珊瑚礁生态系统生物多样性很高,碳源来源复杂且组成多样,珊瑚礁生态系统的食物网营养结构往往非常复杂[2]。因此,如何有效地追踪驱动珊瑚礁食物网流转的碳源基础以及构建栖息其内的关键生物之间的营养关系仍然是一个极大的挑战。
稳定碳、氮同位素技术可以有效解析生态系统不同生物之间的营养关系,被广泛应用于河流、湖泊和海洋等不同类型的生态系统之中[3-5]。尽管当前总体上珊瑚礁生态系统营养生态学的研究比较少[6-7],但近年来该技术也逐渐被应用于礁栖鱼类的食性和有机碳来源分析[8-13]、营养生态位[14]及其群落营养结构特征[15]和食物网营养结构研究[2]当中。在国内,也陆续在大亚湾[16]、蜈支洲岛[17]以及永兴岛[18]珊瑚礁生态系统等地开展过相关的工作。
涠洲岛位于北部湾海域中部,是广西最大的海岛。地处热带气候区,拥有分布岸线长约20 km的浅海珊瑚礁,是广西沿海唯一的珊瑚礁群。从20世纪50年代以来,针对涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统已经开展了包括礁栖生物多样性[19]、珊瑚礁骨骼年代记[20]、环境污染生态评估[21]等方面的研究。也有研究针对珊瑚礁的框架生物—造礁珊瑚,开展其营养策略研究[22]。但是,很少有研究涉及涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统结构与功能。
近年来,台风、风暴潮等极端天气频发、人为影响不断加剧,涠洲岛海域珊瑚礁退化严重[23]。通过研究涠洲岛珊瑚礁区的食物网营养结构及其变动特征,有助于揭示其退化机制,同时也对认识、保护和恢复当地的珊瑚礁生态系统具有重要的指导意义。因此,本研究利用稳定同位素技术,确定涠洲岛主要鱼类消费者的营养级(Trophic Levels,TL)以及主要碳源,初步分析涠洲岛鱼类群落的营养结构特征,为珊瑚礁保护和修复提供基础数据参考。
涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统位于热带海域,珊瑚基本分布在8 m以浅的岩石上。本研究调查区域位于广西涠洲岛珊瑚礁区,该区域鱼类资源丰富。根据该区域造礁珊瑚群落的分布特征[24],筛选北港(21°04'59.01"N,109°07'30"E)、坑仔(21°01'47.25"N,109°08'18.96"E)和竹蔗寮(21°01′14.64″N,109°04′59.25″E)3个具有不同珊瑚礁健康状况的珊瑚礁区为研究区域(图1)。其中,北港造礁珊瑚覆盖率为25.4%;坑仔覆盖率为16.4%;竹蔗寮覆盖率为14.7%。
于2021年9月在涠洲岛珊瑚礁各站位采集了鱼类样品及其潜在碳源。在珊瑚礁附近放置流刺网(网长:200 m;网高:1 m;网径:100 mm)采集鱼类样品,放网时间为8:00−17:00,连续放置3 d。主要参考刘静等[25]编著的《北部湾鱼类图鉴》、赖廷和和何斌源[26]编著的《广西北部湾海洋硬骨鱼类图鉴》和世界渔业资源数据库(www.fishbase.org)等资料进行鱼类鉴定。
鱼类潜在碳源包括悬浮颗粒有机物(Particulate Organic Matter, POM)、沉积颗粒有机物(Sedimentary Organic Matter, SOM)、大型海藻和底栖微藻4大类。其中,通过使用采水器在距水面0.5 m深处采集20 L海水来获得POM所需的水样,然后过滤到预灼烧(450℃,6 h)的GF/F膜上。通过水肺潜水在珊瑚礁区底部收集表层5 cm的泥样获得沉积物以及大型海藻样品[包括团扇藻(Padina spp.)、钙化红藻和藻席等]。其中,将采集的沉积物装入自封袋,倒入过滤海水充分振荡5 min后,将上清液倒入2 L烧杯,静置沉淀15 min后将烧杯中上清液转移至另一个干净烧杯继续静置沉淀10 min,然后过滤到灼烧过的GF/F膜上,即可得到SOM样品[27];大型海藻样品用屈臣氏纯净水清洗备用;底栖微藻主要通过潜水员在珊瑚礁海底放置24 h的5 m长、1 m宽、网目为0.5 cm的聚乙烯网获取,用海水反复冲洗附着有底栖微藻的聚乙烯网后,将底栖微藻冲洗液过滤到灼烧过的GF/F膜上。同时,为了准确估算涠洲岛鱼类的营养级,本文参照Lin等[28]的研究,采用滤食性双壳类作为涠洲岛鱼类营养级估算的基线生物。所有样品避光低温保存带回实验室后进行后续处理。
将清洗干净的大型海藻烘干后使用锡箔纸包裹备用。用1 mol/L的盐酸对底栖微藻、POM、SOM以及钙化红藻等含有碳酸钙组分的样品进行酸化处理,待充分反应至无气泡产生后,用去离子水润洗至中性,烘干备用;上述有机碳源样品60°C烘干48 h至恒重,置于干燥箱中保存。鱼类样品,采集背部肌肉,经去离子水洗净后装入10 mL离心管中;双壳类样品,取其闭壳肌,经去离子水洗净后装入10 mL离心管中。经过上述预处理的鱼类和双壳类样品置于−50℃真空冷冻干燥机中冷冻干燥48 h至恒重,经球磨仪研磨成细粉末后用100目筛绢过滤以保证样品的均匀性,随后置于干燥箱中保存,待后续同位素分析。
所有样品均在自然资源部第三海洋研究所科学仪器共享平台测定,使用英国Sercon公司的稳定同位素比质谱仪(Sercon HS2022)测定碳、氮稳定同位素比值。美洲拟箭石(PDB)和纯化大气中的氮气(N2)分别作为碳、氮稳定同位素测定的标准物质,样品δ13C和δ15N的分析精度分别为±0.2‰和±0.3‰。碳、氮稳定同位素比值用δ13C和δ15N表示,计算公式为
${\text δ} X=[(R_{\rm{sample}}/R_{\rm{standard}})-1]\times 10^3\text{,} $
式中,X13C或15N;R13C/12C或者15N/14N的丰度比值;sample为样品;standard为标准物。
采用Excel 2019和SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行统计分析,使用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)检验涠洲岛珊瑚礁3个站位之间鱼类稳定同位素比值的差异,显著水平为p < 0.05,并通过Turkey-HSD分析进行多重比较。使用R语言(R Core Team, 2018)中的ggplot2包绘制碳、氮稳定同位素值为横纵坐标的双位图。因为不是每个站位都有足够样品,而一些鱼类的稳定同位素信息具有相似性,因此根据世界渔业资源数据库(www.fishbase.org)和相关文献资料[29-30]确定鱼类的摄食类型,将涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类划分为杂食性鱼类、浮游生物食性鱼类、底栖肉食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类4个营养类群(表1)。
营养级的计算采用单源双同位素(δ13C和δ15N)贝叶斯同位素混合模型,通过“tRophicPosition”包在R 4.2.2中实现[31]。这种方法的优势在于在建模方法和参数的后验估计中,明确地考虑了个体差异性和抽样误差的传递效应(如营养富集因子、基线生物和消费者的测量值)。和浮游动物相比,滤食性双壳类可以在更长的时间尺度上整合来自不同有机碳源的同位素特征,所以本研究选取采集到的双壳类物种(n = 49)为基线生物,其平均δ13C值为(−16.2 ± 1.5)‰,δ15N值为(11.2 ± 1.1)‰。模型使用文献[32]中的营养富集因子,其中,δ13C为(0.4 ± 1.3)‰和δ15N为(3.4 ± 1.0)‰。贝叶斯模型对自适应阶段进行了20 000次迭代,前20 000次丢弃(从后验估计开始时丢弃),后20 000次保留。该模型通过JAGS 4.3.0吉布斯取样器,使用了5个平行的马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗(MCMC)模拟[31]
本研究采用Layman等[33]基于δ13C-δ15N双位图提出的6的群落营养结构指标定量分析了涠洲岛鱼类群落的营养结构特征。6个指标分别是δ13C范围(δ13C Range, CR)、δ15N范围(δ15N Range, NR)、生态位总面积(Total Area, TA)、平均离心距离(Mean Distance to Centroid, CD)、平均最近相邻距离(Mean Nearest Neighbor Distance, MNND)和最近相邻距离的标准差(Standard Deviation of Nearest Neighbor Distance, SDNND)。其中,CR表示碳同位素的差值,表征摄食来源多样性水平;NR表示氮同位素的差值,表征物种的营养级长度;TA为δ13C-δ15N双位图所有样品的坐标点组成的凸多边形面积,表征物种整体的生态位宽度;CD是每一个物种的坐标点到δ13C-δ15N双位图质心的平均欧氏距离,表征物种的营养多样性;MNND表示δ13C-δ15N双位图中每个物种的坐标点与其最近的相邻物种坐标点的平均欧氏距离,表征物种聚集度密度,是度量营养相似性的指标;SDNND表示δ13C-δ15N双位图个体与其最近相邻坐标点欧氏距离标准偏差的平均值,代表物种营养均匀度。可用R语言SIBER包获得这6个群落营养结构的指标。指标中TA容易受个体极端值影响,因此本研究利用Jackson等[34]提出的校正标准椭圆面积(Corrected Standard Ellipse Area, SEAc)优化TA指标,SEAc是对核心同位素生态位面积的校正,是衡量营养生态位的重要指标。
由于团扇藻、钙化红藻和藻席同位素组成差异不大,因此本研究将这3类大型海藻合并作为消费者一个有机碳来源。基于R语言的贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型(MixSIAR)计算了POM、SOM、大型海藻和底栖微藻4种有机碳源对涠洲岛鱼类的碳源贡献。与营养级计算一样,模型中假设相邻营养级之间δ15N的营养富集因子为(3.4 ± 1.0)‰,δ13C的营养富集因子为(0.4 ± 1.3)‰[32]。跨营养级消费者之间营养富集因子的计算采用Vander Zanden和Rasmussen[35]提出的计算方式,即跨n个营养级(第一营养级与第三营养级即为跨越;两个营养级,n = 2)消费者δ15N的营养富集因子为(3.4n ± $\sqrt n$)‰,δ13C的营养富集因子为(0.4n ± 1.3$\sqrt n$)‰。此外,采样过程中保证足够的平行样本数量(大于4)以有效提高MixSIAR的准确性和可信度[28, 36]
涠洲岛珊瑚礁区各有机碳源的稳定同位素组成如表2所示,其中δ13C值介于(−23.3 ± 0.8)‰(POM)~(−14.6 ± 0.4)‰(大型海藻),平均值为(−18.1 ± 2.3)‰,δ15N值介于(5.2 ± 1.9)‰(SOM)~(10.5 ± 1.4)‰(底栖微藻),平均值为(8.0 ± 1.9)‰。单因素方差分析显示,不同站位之间大型海藻的δ13C值无显著差异,但POM、SOM和底栖微藻的δ13C值在不同站位中差异显著(表3p < 0.05),不过站位间δ13C的差值很小(表2);而无论哪个站位,不同有机碳源的δ15N值均无显著差异(表3)。在采集的鱼类样品中(图2),δ13C值介于−18.3‰(珍鲳Pampus minor)~−15.4‰(线尾锥齿鲷Pentapodus setosus),δ15N值介于12.9‰(褐蓝子鱼Siganus fuscessens)~16.3‰(十棘银鲈Gerres decacanthus)。不同鱼类之间的δ13C和δ15N值存在极显著差异(p < 0.01),但站位之间差异不显著(p > 0.05)。因此,本研究将3个站位的有机碳源和鱼类样品混合起来,统计鱼类的营养级以及不同有机碳源对鱼类的营养贡献。
涠洲岛主要鱼类的营养级范围为2.5~3.4,平均营养级为3.0 ± 0.8(图3)。其中,十棘银鲈营养级最高,为3.4 ± 0.3,褐篮子鱼营养级最低,为2.5 ± 0.3。日本竹䇲鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、线尾锥齿鲷、尖鼻箱鲀和多鳞鱚表现出波动比较大,波动范围为0.6~1.0个营养级。
不同有机碳源对涠洲岛4个鱼类营养类群的营养贡献率如图4所示。大型海藻和底栖微藻对涠洲岛4个鱼类功能群的营养贡献最大。其中,大型海藻对底栖肉食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类的营养贡献最大(分别为60.7%和52.2%);底栖微藻对杂食性鱼类的营养贡献最大(63.1%),大型海藻(33.2%)次之;对浮游食性鱼类,底栖微藻和大型海藻的营养贡献相当。
进一步,本文还利用MixSIAR模型计算了4个有机碳源对单个物种(将所有站位同种鱼类混合在一起)的营养贡献(图5),结果也显示,大型海藻和底栖微藻对所有鱼类碳源的联合贡献率均超过50%,除日本竹䇲鱼和珍鲳以外,其他物种来自大型海藻和底栖微藻的碳高达70%以上。但不同物种之间存在一定的差异。其中,底栖微藻对褐篮子鱼、中华单角鲀(Monacanthus chinensis)、黄尾新雀鲷(Neopomacentrus azysron)、十棘银鲈(Gerres decacanthus)和尖鼻箱鲀的贡献大于50%,是26.3%的鱼类种类的优势碳源;大型海藻对二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinalis)、大鳞舌鳎(Cynoglossus arel)、纵带绯鲤(Upeneus subvittatus)、细纹鲾(Leiognathus berbis)、线尾锥齿鲷、点带棘鳞鱼(Sargocentron rubrum)、四线天竺鲷(Apogon quadrifasciatus)、多鳞鱚和日本金线鱼(Nemipterus japonicus)的贡献大于50%,是47.3%的鱼类种类的优势碳源;游鳍叶鲹(Atule mate)、四带牙䱨(Pelates quadrilineatus)、截尾银姑鱼(Pennahia anea)的碳源以大型海藻和底栖微藻为主。
使用SIBER模型分析涠洲岛珊瑚礁区鱼类群落的6个营养结构指标(表4)。发现涠洲岛鱼类群落的摄食来源多样性水平(CR)、营养级长度(NR)分别为2.35和3.09;生态位总空间(TA)和平均营养级多样性(CD)分别为4.48和0.89,说明该食物网营养级多样性的总程度和平均程度相对较低;平均最近相邻距离(MNND)及最近相邻距离的标准偏差(SDNND)用来表征营养冗余度,分别为0.40和0.29。MNND和SDNND水平越低,则表明食物网中营养生态位分布越广,营养冗余程度越高。杂食性鱼类的营养生态位最大,其次是浮游生物食性鱼类,然后是鱼食性鱼类,底栖肉食性鱼类的营养生态位最小。不同营养类群之间的稳定同位素生态位高度重叠(图6),表明涠洲岛不同鱼类功能群之间食性存在重叠。
本研究中有机碳源的δ13C值介于−23.3‰~−14.6‰(表2图2),其中POM的δ13C平均值为(−22.5 ± 0.8)‰,这个值也与广西合浦海草床[28]和芙蓉岛海域[41]中POM的δ13C值范围相似,也基本在浮游植物的δ13C值范围内[42],表明涠洲岛采集的POM样品可能主要以浮游植物为主。Fey等[9]也发现POM和浮游植物的δ13C值差异不大,进一步证明了这一观点。本研究底栖微藻的δ13C值与Briand等[2]在新喀里多尼亚珊瑚礁区、Lin等[28]在广西合浦海草床以及Hilting等[43]在夏威夷群岛国家海洋保护区的调查结果基本一致。SOM的来源比较复杂,其来源可能包括悬浮颗粒在水体中的自然沉降、藻体凋落物、底泥以及动物腐尸的碎屑沉积。许多研究表明,沿岸水体的底栖微藻对SOM的贡献往往较大[28, 42, 44]。本研究中SOM的δ13C值与底栖微藻接近,表明底栖微藻是SOM的重要组成部分。不过,涠洲岛沉积物强烈的氮固定过程使得SOM有着比底栖微藻更为贫化的δ15N值[45]。大型海藻的δ13C值与Wyatt等[6]在澳大利亚宁格鲁礁大型海藻的δ13C值差异不大,这可能与两个珊瑚礁区大型海藻的组成相似有关。澳大利亚宁格鲁礁大型海藻以藻席为主,而这也是涠洲岛大型海藻的重要组成部分,两个区域采集的藻席样品δ13C值基本一致。不过,涠洲岛各有机碳源的δ15N值(5.2‰~10.5‰)远高于大亚湾、蜈支洲等地珊瑚礁区的[16-17, 46]。这可能与涠洲岛近年来受到人类活动的频繁干扰,来源于生活污水的氮排入沿岸水体有关[47]。2021年广西壮族自治区生态环境状况公报显示,涠洲岛水质条件属于II类[48],高于健康珊瑚礁区的I类或超I类水体。不过,3个站位有机碳源δ15N值的空间差异很小,反映出3个站点水质环境的相对一致性。
对鱼类消费者来说,其δ13C值介于−18.3‰~−15.4‰(表2图2),变化不大,但不同鱼类之间的δ13C值差异较小,表明涠洲岛鱼类的碳源组成可能存在明显的重叠,这也与MixSIAR混合模型和稳定同位素生态位高度重叠的结果相一致。不过,鱼类的δ15N值从12.9‰到16.3‰,整体上高于夏威夷群岛的帕帕哈瑙莫夸基亚国家海洋保护区(PMNM)同种或同属鱼类(8.4‰~10.2‰)[43]。其中,涠洲岛纵带绯鲤的δ15N值(14.4‰~14.7‰)更是远高于PMNM纵带绯鲤的δ15N值(9.7‰)。这很大程度上与涠洲岛珊瑚礁区各有机碳源高δ15N值有关。这样,通过食物链的营养级联效应传递到鱼类上,这在杂食性鱼类和浮游生物食性鱼类表现得更为显著。不过,整体上底栖肉食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类并不比杂食性鱼类的δ15N值高很多,表明涠洲岛珊瑚礁区底栖肉食性鱼类和鱼食性鱼类存在较强的营养弹性,食物来源复杂,不同营养类群之间的稳定同位素生态位高度重叠(图6),说明涠洲岛几个鱼类营养类群之间存在较强的营养竞争关系,食源相似度较高,肉食性鱼类可能出现跨营养级摄食的现象。此外,3个站位之间相同物种的鱼类稳定同位素组成差异不大,这一方面可能与涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域面积较小,礁栖鱼类的跨区域摄食有关;与此同时,3个区域有机碳源的碳、氮稳定同位素值的一致性(表1表2),可能也使得直接或间接利用这些有机碳源的消费者稳定同位素值的趋同。
本研究采集的鱼类与先前在涠洲岛珊瑚礁区调查的鱼类多样性高度一致[49-50],表明本研究用于稳定同位素测定的鱼类物种数基本能够反映现阶段涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统鱼类群落的基本状况。其中,涠洲岛主要鱼类的营养级范围为2.5~3.4,平均营养级为3.0 ± 0.8,与夏威夷群岛的PMNM(3.5)[43]及巴哈马的埃留特拉岛珊瑚礁鱼类的平均营养级(3.3)[15]相似。但涠洲岛鱼类的营养级整体偏低,缺乏高营养级的生物,这在一定程度上反映了涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类资源出现了衰退。禁渔政策的实施虽然在一定程度上降低了过度捕捞对渔业资源造成的影响,但随着经济社会的发展,涠洲岛暴发性增长的旅游业等剧烈人类活动正在加剧涠洲岛生态环境的恶化,例如人类活动产生的重金属、微塑料颗粒、药物激素、噪声等正在不同方向及不同程度上改变着鱼类个体的行为,如捕食时间和频率等,进而影响到种群甚至整个生态系统的动力学行为[51]。在营养级的范围上,涠洲岛鱼类营养级跨度为0.9,而夏威夷群岛则高达2.5(介于2~4.5之间),这主要是由于夏威夷群岛的珊瑚礁区不仅有草食性鱼类、杂食性鱼类和肉食性鱼类,还有偶尔进入珊瑚礁觅食的掠食性鱼类(如鲨鱼等),鱼类食性类型多样。Wyatt等[6]在澳大利亚宁格鲁礁的研究中也发现珊瑚礁海域会存在生物量非常丰富的顶级捕食者[长吻裸颊鲷(Lethrinus miniatus)、川纹笛鲷(Lutjanus sebae)等],这些鱼类的营养级大多超过4,而本研究在涠洲岛珊瑚礁区采集鱼类并没有这些高营养级的顶级捕食者。此外,由于珊瑚礁区域地形的复杂以及为保护珊瑚礁资源,一般在海湾或外海采用的底拖网捕鱼的方式无法用于涠洲岛珊瑚礁区鱼类样品的采集。本研究采用的流刺网,其网径大小具有一定的选择偏向性[52],低营养级的杂食性鱼类以及高营养级的鲨鱼等软骨鱼类、鲈形目鱼类(石斑鱼、鲈鱼等)捕获很少。后续研究将进一步结合地笼网和垂钓等更全面的采样方法,获得涠洲岛更全面的鱼类样品。
在鱼类的营养级水平方面,涠洲岛大多数鱼类的营养级与Fishbase数据库中的结果一致。例如,主要的优势种之一—多鳞鱚营养级为3.4,而Fishbase数据库中的营养级为3.3(体长为157 mm)。但涠洲岛的多鳞鱚(体长为137.5~146 mm)比大亚湾海域(体长112 mm)[16]高0.9个营养级,这可能与不同区域采样的多鳞鱚体长差异有关。相关研究显示,鱼类营养级的时空差异往往与由个体发育引起的摄食习性转变有关[53-54]。除此之外,鱼类的营养级的差异还可能与鱼类生境和栖息地环境等因素有关。结合邻近海域文献资料分析可知[30],这几种鱼类为浮游、底栖和游泳动物混合食性,摄食随机性较高,饵料生物选择范围较广,食物来源的多样性造成了营养级的分化。而且本次调查所采集的鱼类主要为杂食性鱼类和中级肉食性鱼类,一些高级肉食性鱼类并未采集到,这可能是导致营养级偏低的原因。此外,日本竹䇲鱼、线尾锥齿鲷、尖鼻箱鲀和多鳞鱚营养级波动比较大,波动范围为0.6~1个营养级,表明这些鱼类可能存在一定的跨营养级摄食的现象。
珊瑚礁食物网的碳源基础比较复杂,有包括藻席在内各种大型海藻、底栖微藻、底栖碎屑、POM、SOM以及来自邻近水体的红树、海草等高等植物的有机碎屑等。不过,不同的珊瑚礁生境,不同有机碳源对消费者或珊瑚礁食物网的营养贡献可能并不一致。例如,在夏威夷群岛[10]、墨西哥的韦拉克鲁斯珊瑚礁国家公园[11],浮游植物被发现对珊瑚礁食物网的营养贡献较大,而在法属波利尼西亚的莫雷阿岛[12]、西澳大利亚宁格鲁礁[9]以及加勒比群岛的珊瑚礁区[13],藻席的营养贡献似乎更大。一些研究也显示,沉积在沉积物−水界面包括动植物残体在内的底栖碎屑也可能是珊瑚礁鱼类主要的碳源。例如,夏威夷群岛的瓦胡岛和毛伊岛,藻类残体和浮游动物粪便衍生的底栖碎屑对珊瑚礁群落中杂食性鱼类的碳源贡献很大[10]。在涠洲岛,包括钙化红藻、藻席以及褐藻在内的大型海藻是驱动珊瑚礁鱼类食物网的最关键碳源,它对秋季采集的47.6%鱼类的营养贡献最大。这与上述的法属波利尼西亚的莫雷阿岛、西澳大利亚宁格鲁礁、法属波利尼西亚的马克萨斯群岛[9]以及加勒比群岛等地的研究结果相似。此外,本研究还发现,底栖微藻对涠洲岛珊瑚礁鱼类的营养贡献也不小。不同区域珊瑚礁生态系统碳源组成的差异可能与珊瑚礁生态系统的退化程度有关。在加勒比群岛,健康的珊瑚礁上,藻席是所有消费者最重要的碳源,而在退化的珊瑚礁,POM是肉食性动物的主要碳源[13]。这可能与生态系统退化后,珊瑚礁生态系统有机碳源的变动密切相关。不同区域不同健康状况的珊瑚礁生态系统,各有机碳源的丰富程度也不一致,这可能影响了初级消费者碳源的利用,最终对鱼类等高营养级生物产生影响。
有意思的是,本研究中浮游生物食性鱼类的主要碳源是底栖微藻和大型海藻,POM的贡献率不到10%(图4)。一般情况下,浮游生物食性鱼类以浮游植物或者含有浮游植物的POM为主要碳源[28]。不过,这些鱼类的食性也很容易受到环境食物可利用性的影响。例如,Du等[55]在印度尼西亚北苏拉威西克马(Kema)海草床的研究中发现,海草来源的有机碳是浮游生物食性鱼类横纹鹦竺鲷(Ostorhinchus margaritophorus)营养的主要贡献者,而POM贡献较小。这可能是因为克马海草床海草覆盖率高,海草来源的有机碳丰富,浮游生物食性的鱼类偏向于利用海草来源的有机碳。Cao等[56]在三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁区的研究中也发现,伴随着礁区珊瑚种类和珊瑚盖度的逐渐下降,底栖生物群落结构经历了从珊瑚到大型海藻的转变,大型海藻作为优势碳源被大多数高营养级鱼类所利用。同样,Zheng等[57-59]在筼筜湖的食物网动态研究也发现,在冬春季绿潮暴发期间,大型海藻(石莼Ulva lactuca等)对底栖动物(短足类、多毛类等)和大多数鱼类的营养贡献很高,而夏季则以底栖微藻为主,这也是受到环境初级生产者可利用性的影响。本研究大型海藻作为涠洲岛鱼类最主要的碳源,可能与礁区大型海藻的丰富程度有关(图7)。调查显示,涠洲岛沿岸的礁石上生长着大量的团扇藻、马尾藻等大型海藻以及藻席,大型海藻的平均覆盖率为5.85%,这种丰富的大型海藻或直接被摄食或被间接利用为涠洲岛礁栖生物提供丰富的有机碳[60]
本研究使用Layman等[33]的6个群落营养结构指标揭示涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养结构。其中,δ13C值的变化反映了食物网的摄食来源多样性水平,CR值越大,食物网内的生态位构成越复杂,摄食来源多样性水平也越高[33]。海洋生物通常具有杂食性特征,摄食的选择性与饵料生物的组成和数量密切相关。因此,摄食来源多样性的变化往往反映了群落内饵料生物和摄食生物种类组成的变化。δ15N值反映了生物体的营养级长度,NR值描述的是群落食物网的纵向结构。一般来说,NR值越大,食物网内消费者的营养层次越多,营养多样性水平也越高。当食物网中具有相似营养特征的物种占多数时,MNND值较小,而此时食物网营养冗余性较高。与之类似,SDNND水平越低,则食物网中营养生态位分布越广,营养冗余程度越高。总体来说,涠洲岛珊瑚礁海域主要鱼类的CR、NR、TA和CD均低于三亚蜈支洲岛[17]、灵山岛[37]、江苏近海[38]、南海中西部[39]和陵水湾海域[40]主要鱼类的(表3),显示出涠洲岛食物链较短,营养多样性较低,这可能与涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统栖息地的特点、采集鱼类种类较少和缺乏高级肉食性鱼类有关。如果以3.4‰作为相邻营养级生物δ15N的营养富集因子值,三亚蜈支洲岛、灵山岛江苏近海、南海中西部和陵水湾海域营养级级距范围为1.37~2.39,而涠洲岛营养级级距小于1,且最高营养级仅3.4,说明涠洲岛海域处于高营养级生物较少、食物网处于受干扰较多的状态;但涠洲岛海域鱼类群落的MNND与其他海域相当,表明该海域生物群落的营养冗余度较高,群落内部相似营养生态位的生物较多,抗外界干扰能力较强,个别物种的缺失不会导致该海域食物网结构失衡[61]。另一方面,涠洲岛鱼类的SDNND最低,表明其营养分布更为均匀,种内竞争弱,这可能与鱼类个体生长发育阶段中存在营养生态位分化有关[15]
本研究初步探讨了秋季涠洲岛珊瑚礁主要鱼类的营养结构,发现鱼类群落的营养结构呈现出营养冗余程度较高,但食物链较短,缺乏高营养级消费者以及营养多样性低等特征,这表明涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统食物网结构不完整,生态系统总体处于明显退化的状态,还需加强涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态系统的保护,并采取适当的管控和恢复策略,例如限制捕捞以及针对特定功能群鱼类的增殖放流,以增加其鱼类群落的多样性,尤其高营养级鱼类的多样性,以恢复其生态系统能量流动和物质循环的畅通。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3102001);自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费(2020017)。
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023128
  • 接收时间:2023-02-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-13
  • 修回日期:2023-05-04
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3102001);自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费(2020017)。
作者信息
    1 上海海洋大学 海洋科学学院,上海 201306
    2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 北部湾滨海湿地生态系统野外科学观测研究站,广西 北海 536007
    3 自然资源部第三海洋研究所 海洋生态保护和修复重点实验室,福建 厦门 361005

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*郑新庆,男,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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