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Article(id=1212062513139675536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1673798400000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-16, revisedDate=1681315200000, revisedDateStr=2023-04-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907822165, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1696003200000, pubDateStr=2023-09-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907822165, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907822165, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907822165, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062510887342132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='188', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907821628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924706207, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133329994904376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062510887342132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=177, endPage=188, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062513378750867, articleId=1212062513139675536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatial-temporal variation of water quality and pollutant source analysis in rivers along Liaodong Bay, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the dataset of 120 water quality monitoring sites (including 16 coastal sites) in rivers along Liaodong Bay, the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model was used to study the pollution characteristics and flux of organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals, and analyze their possible sources. The pollutants exceeding the first grade of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water were CODMn, AN concentration. TP concentration and TN concentration, and other water quality parameters met the standard. The TN/TP ratios were high and seriously deviated from the Redfield ratio. The input of high N and low P load from terrestrial sources was the main factor causing the increase of TN/TP in Bohai Sea. DO concentration, EC, AN concentration and TN concentration in non-flood season increased significantly than in flood season, while pH, turbidity, CODMn and TP concentration in non-flood season decreased significantly than in flood season. The concentrations of organic matter and nutrients in estuaries were affected by factors such as the agricultural areas that rivers flowed, while the concentrations of heavy metals were related to the distribution of industrial enterprises in the region. The annual fluxes of TN, TP, COD, AN and petroleum pollutant into Liaodong Bay were 3.63 × 104 t, 1 608.5 t, 14.8 ×104 t, 3 086.6 t and 221.9 t, respectively, and the fluxes of Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Cr6+ were 0.264 t, 0.253 t, 1.978 t, 20.434 t and 31.651 t, respectively. According to their contribution, the main pollution sources were domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, sources caused by hydrological factors (hydrodynamic conditions, etc.), water-gas interface pollutants exchange and secondary sources, non-point sources of farmland runoff and transportation.

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基于辽东湾入海河流120个监测断面（含16个入海断面）的水质数据，采用主成分分析−多元线性回归模型等方法，研究其有机物、营养盐和重金属等的污染特征和入海通量，并分析其可能来源。结果表明，水质超标指标主要是高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、氨氮（AN）浓度、总磷（TP）浓度和总氮（TN）浓度，其他指标符合I类地表水水质标准。TN/TP比值较高，严重偏离Redfield比值，陆源高含量氮和低含量磷的输入是造成渤海海水TN/TP升高的主要因素。非汛期的溶解氧（DO）浓度、电导率（EC）、AN浓度和TN浓度显著高于汛期，而非汛期的pH、浊度、CODMn和TP浓度显著低于汛期。2021年河口有机物和营养盐浓度受河流穿行农业区等因素的影响，重金属浓度则与域内工业企业分布有关。TN、TP、化学需氧量（COD）、AN和石油类年入海通量分别为3.63 × 104 t、1 608.5 t、14.8 ×104 t、3 086.6 t和221.9 t，Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cr6+分别为0.264 t、0.253 t、1.978 t、20.434 t和31.651 t。研究区主要的污染源按照其贡献大小依次为生活污水和工业废水、水动力条件等水文因素所致的污染源、水−气界面物质交换及二次转化源和农田地表径流与交通运输产生的非点源。

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吴光红，邱梦璇，李建玲，等. 辽东湾入海河流水质时空变化与污染物来源分析[J]. 海洋学报，2023，45(9)：177–188Wu Guanghong，Qiu Mengxuan，Li Jianling, et al. Spatial-temporal variation of water quality and pollutant source analysis in rivers along Liaodong Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao，2023, 45(9)：177–188
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吴光红（1971-），男，福建省尤溪县人，博士，教授，主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail：

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吴光红（1971-），男，福建省尤溪县人，博士，教授，主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail：

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吴光红（1971-），男，福建省尤溪县人，博士，教授，主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail：

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* Indicates p ≤ 0.05; ** indicates p ≤ 0.01; *** indicates p ≤ 0.001

, figureFileSmall=MakrXu8ktwANEBGtSOW9vA==, figureFileBig=XLutEbWXIMJ77tRKzitI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325219678503431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=CN, label=图2, caption=主要水质指标的Spearman相关关系

*代表p ≤ 0.05；**代表p ≤ 0.01；***代表p ≤ 0.001

, figureFileSmall=MakrXu8ktwANEBGtSOW9vA==, figureFileBig=XLutEbWXIMJ77tRKzitI3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215325219770778125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Indicators of major pollutants in the wet and dry season

* and *** indicate the significance level of p < 0.1 and p < 0.001, respectively

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*和***分别表示p < 0.1和p < 0.001显著性水平

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Same uppercase letters indicate no significant differences and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05)

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字母相同表示差异不显著，字母不同表示差异显著（p < 0.05）

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Descriptive statistics of water quality parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均值标准误偏度峰度Kolmogorov-SmirnovShapiro-Wilk
注：T的单位为℃；EC得单位为μS/cm；浊度单位为NTU；pH无量纲；其他指标单位为mg/L。
T12.80.20.13−1.350.000.00
pH7.90.0−0.110.750.000.00
DO浓度10.00.10.33−0.030.030.04
EC219.413.86.1251.470.000.00
浊度32.42.14.9431.240.000.00
CODMn3.40.01.785.660.000.00
COD浓度14.20.22.8027.990.000.00
BOD5浓度2.10.01.674.720.000.00
AN浓度0.260.014.5842.310.000.00
TP浓度0.0790.0026.27104.620.000.00
TN浓度5.40.12.309.110.000.00
Cu浓度0.001 60.000 110.66166.230.000.00
Zn浓度0.0170.0016.4266.060.000.00
F−浓度0.4010.0091.291.740.000.00
Se浓度0.000 20.000 08.4881.610.000.00
As浓度0.001 00.000 114.03291.310.000.00
Hg浓度0.000 020.000 003.3310.740.000.00
Cd浓度0.000 070.000 019.44106.660.000.00
Cr6+浓度0.0030.0005.3933.160.000.00
Pb浓度0.0010.0000.902.170.000.00
CN−浓度0.0020.00010.02127.460.000.00
挥发酚浓度0.000 50.000 010.73137.500.000.00
S2−浓度0.0030.00015.19267.180.000.00
石油类浓度0.010.008.37122.000.000.00
LAS浓度0.030.003.2812.120.000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220446061105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水质指标描述性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均值标准误偏度峰度Kolmogorov-SmirnovShapiro-Wilk
注：T的单位为℃；EC得单位为μS/cm；浊度单位为NTU；pH无量纲；其他指标单位为mg/L。
T12.80.20.13−1.350.000.00
pH7.90.0−0.110.750.000.00
DO浓度10.00.10.33−0.030.030.04
EC219.413.86.1251.470.000.00
浊度32.42.14.9431.240.000.00
CODMn3.40.01.785.660.000.00
COD浓度14.20.22.8027.990.000.00
BOD5浓度2.10.01.674.720.000.00
AN浓度0.260.014.5842.310.000.00
TP浓度0.0790.0026.27104.620.000.00
TN浓度5.40.12.309.110.000.00
Cu浓度0.001 60.000 110.66166.230.000.00
Zn浓度0.0170.0016.4266.060.000.00
F−浓度0.4010.0091.291.740.000.00
Se浓度0.000 20.000 08.4881.610.000.00
As浓度0.001 00.000 114.03291.310.000.00
Hg浓度0.000 020.000 003.3310.740.000.00
Cd浓度0.000 070.000 019.44106.660.000.00
Cr6+浓度0.0030.0005.3933.160.000.00
Pb浓度0.0010.0000.902.170.000.00
CN−浓度0.0020.00010.02127.460.000.00
挥发酚浓度0.000 50.000 010.73137.500.000.00
S2−浓度0.0030.00015.19267.180.000.00
石油类浓度0.010.008.37122.000.000.00
LAS浓度0.030.003.2812.120.000.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220517364280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Fluxes and concentrations of pollutants in the Liaohe River Basin in 2021

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辽河水系 浑太河水系 东北沿渤海诸河
浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t
COD18.8 ± 1.359 760 19.7 ± 2.175 369 13.0 ± 0.9a12 602
TN8.63 ± 0.909 3094.00 ± 0.4323 9347.66 ± 0.903021
AN0.46 ± 0.09585.90.23 ± 0.032 355.90.60 ± 0.06144.8
TP0.124 ± 0.011473.40.178 ± 0.0201 053.60.135 ± 0.01681.5
石油类0.010 ± 0.00267.70.023 ± 0.011145.00.016 ± 0.0029.21
Hg0.000 02 ± 0.000 000.1350.000 05 ± 0.000 010.1030.000 69 ± 0.000 390.026
Cd0.000 11 ± 0.000 060.0590.000 02 ± 0.000 000.1350.000 13 ± 0.000 070.059
Pb0.000 17 ± 0.000 080.5180.000 18 ± 0.000 071.2010.001 39 ± 0.000 350.259
As0.002 32 ± 0.000 316.8280.001 24 ± 0.000 556.4190.001 49 ± 0.000 587.187
Cr6+0.014 1 ± 0.004 815.3040.005 2 ± 0.002 012.4250.003 0 ± 0.000 63.922
流域面积/km244 94727 66129 482
径流量/(108 m3)29.051.76.85
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220634804800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2021年不同水区污染物浓度和入海通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
辽河水系 浑太河水系 东北沿渤海诸河
浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t浓度/(mg·L−1)通量/t
COD18.8 ± 1.359 760 19.7 ± 2.175 369 13.0 ± 0.9a12 602
TN8.63 ± 0.909 3094.00 ± 0.4323 9347.66 ± 0.903021
AN0.46 ± 0.09585.90.23 ± 0.032 355.90.60 ± 0.06144.8
TP0.124 ± 0.011473.40.178 ± 0.0201 053.60.135 ± 0.01681.5
石油类0.010 ± 0.00267.70.023 ± 0.011145.00.016 ± 0.0029.21
Hg0.000 02 ± 0.000 000.1350.000 05 ± 0.000 010.1030.000 69 ± 0.000 390.026
Cd0.000 11 ± 0.000 060.0590.000 02 ± 0.000 000.1350.000 13 ± 0.000 070.059
Pb0.000 17 ± 0.000 080.5180.000 18 ± 0.000 071.2010.001 39 ± 0.000 350.259
As0.002 32 ± 0.000 316.8280.001 24 ± 0.000 556.4190.001 49 ± 0.000 587.187
Cr6+0.014 1 ± 0.004 815.3040.005 2 ± 0.002 012.4250.003 0 ± 0.000 63.922
流域面积/km244 94727 66129 482
径流量/(108 m3)29.051.76.85
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220710302281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Explained variance and accumulative explained variance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成份初始特征值 提取平方和载入 旋转平方和载入
合计方差/%累积/%合计方差/%累积/%合计方差/%累积/%
14.14634.55434.554 4.14634.55434.554 3.89632.47032.470
21.65013.75248.3061.65013.75248.3061.48512.37944.849
31.1409.50457.8101.1409.50457.8101.33111.09655.945
41.0388.64866.4581.0388.64866.4581.26210.51366.458
50.8767.30273.760
60.8026.68180.441
70.6055.04085.481
80.5694.74290.224
90.4263.54993.773
100.3122.59896.371
110.2592.15598.526
120.1771.474100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220852908624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

解释方差及累计解释方差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成份初始特征值 提取平方和载入 旋转平方和载入
合计方差/%累积/%合计方差/%累积/%合计方差/%累积/%
14.14634.55434.554 4.14634.55434.554 3.89632.47032.470
21.65013.75248.3061.65013.75248.3061.48512.37944.849
31.1409.50457.8101.1409.50457.8101.33111.09655.945
41.0388.64866.4581.0388.64866.4581.26210.51366.458
50.8767.30273.760
60.8026.68180.441
70.6055.04085.481
80.5694.74290.224
90.4263.54993.773
100.3122.59896.371
110.2592.15598.526
120.1771.474100.000
), ArticleFig(id=1215325220949377623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Coefficients of regression analysis of PCs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归系数标准化后回归系数t值p值R2
常量0.5840.00024.8830.000 470.995
PC15.2460.827218.4720.000 29
PC22.4880.402106.1620.000 36
PC31.8250.28976.3800.000 19
PC41.2470.20353.6390.000 35
), ArticleFig(id=1215325221024875106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062513139675536, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

主成分的回归系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
回归系数标准化后回归系数t值p值R2
常量0.5840.00024.8830.000 470.995
PC15.2460.827218.4720.000 29
PC22.4880.402106.1620.000 36
PC31.8250.28976.3800.000 19
PC41.2470.20353.6390.000 35
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辽东湾入海河流水质时空变化与污染物来源分析
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吴光红 1 , 邱梦璇 1 , 李建玲 1 , 罗维 2
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023,45(9): 177-188
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023, 45(9): 177-188
辽东湾入海河流水质时空变化与污染物来源分析
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吴光红1 , 邱梦璇1, 李建玲1, 罗维2
作者信息
  • 1 天津师范大学 天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室，天津 300387
  • 2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 固体废弃物处理与资源化实验室，北京 100085

    • 吴光红（1971-），男，福建省尤溪县人，博士，教授，主要从事水环境地球化学研究。E-mail：

Spatial-temporal variation of water quality and pollutant source analysis in rivers along Liaodong Bay
Guanghong Wu1 , Mengxuan Qiu1, Jianling Li1, Wei Luo2
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
  • 2Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
出版时间: 2023-09-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023110
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摘要
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基于辽东湾入海河流120个监测断面（含16个入海断面）的水质数据，采用主成分分析−多元线性回归模型等方法，研究其有机物、营养盐和重金属等的污染特征和入海通量，并分析其可能来源。结果表明，水质超标指标主要是高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、氨氮（AN）浓度、总磷（TP）浓度和总氮（TN）浓度，其他指标符合I类地表水水质标准。TN/TP比值较高，严重偏离Redfield比值，陆源高含量氮和低含量磷的输入是造成渤海海水TN/TP升高的主要因素。非汛期的溶解氧（DO）浓度、电导率（EC）、AN浓度和TN浓度显著高于汛期，而非汛期的pH、浊度、CODMn和TP浓度显著低于汛期。2021年河口有机物和营养盐浓度受河流穿行农业区等因素的影响，重金属浓度则与域内工业企业分布有关。TN、TP、化学需氧量（COD）、AN和石油类年入海通量分别为3.63 × 104 t、1 608.5 t、14.8 ×104 t、3 086.6 t和221.9 t，Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cr6+分别为0.264 t、0.253 t、1.978 t、20.434 t和31.651 t。研究区主要的污染源按照其贡献大小依次为生活污水和工业废水、水动力条件等水文因素所致的污染源、水−气界面物质交换及二次转化源和农田地表径流与交通运输产生的非点源。

水质  /  来源分析  /  PCA-MLR模型  /  入海通量  /  辽东湾

Based on the dataset of 120 water quality monitoring sites (including 16 coastal sites) in rivers along Liaodong Bay, the principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) model was used to study the pollution characteristics and flux of organic matter, nutrients and heavy metals, and analyze their possible sources. The pollutants exceeding the first grade of Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water were CODMn, AN concentration. TP concentration and TN concentration, and other water quality parameters met the standard. The TN/TP ratios were high and seriously deviated from the Redfield ratio. The input of high N and low P load from terrestrial sources was the main factor causing the increase of TN/TP in Bohai Sea. DO concentration, EC, AN concentration and TN concentration in non-flood season increased significantly than in flood season, while pH, turbidity, CODMn and TP concentration in non-flood season decreased significantly than in flood season. The concentrations of organic matter and nutrients in estuaries were affected by factors such as the agricultural areas that rivers flowed, while the concentrations of heavy metals were related to the distribution of industrial enterprises in the region. The annual fluxes of TN, TP, COD, AN and petroleum pollutant into Liaodong Bay were 3.63 × 104 t, 1 608.5 t, 14.8 ×104 t, 3 086.6 t and 221.9 t, respectively, and the fluxes of Hg, Cd, Pb, As and Cr6+ were 0.264 t, 0.253 t, 1.978 t, 20.434 t and 31.651 t, respectively. According to their contribution, the main pollution sources were domestic sewage and industrial wastewater, sources caused by hydrological factors (hydrodynamic conditions, etc.), water-gas interface pollutants exchange and secondary sources, non-point sources of farmland runoff and transportation.

water quality  /  sources analysis  /  PCA-MLR model  /  flux  /  Liaodong Bay
吴光红, 邱梦璇, 李建玲, 罗维. 辽东湾入海河流水质时空变化与污染物来源分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (9) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023110
Guanghong Wu, Mengxuan Qiu, Jianling Li, Wei Luo. Spatial-temporal variation of water quality and pollutant source analysis in rivers along Liaodong Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (9) : 177 -188 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023110
正文
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1 引言
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在人类活动和自然因素的影响下，近岸海域营养盐含量不断增加[1]。渤海是我国的一个近封闭内海，沿岸有50多条入海河流，分属于辽河、滦河、海河和黄河4个流域，年径流量达888 × 108 m3。渤海污染物的主要来源涉及河流输入、大气沉降、港口作业、海洋运输以及海洋污染源等[2]。入海河流是陆地与海洋相互作用的通道，海洋的陆源物质多经河流迁移入海[3]。渤海的陆源污染涉及辽河流域、海河流域和黄河流域。随着渤海沿岸人口和工农业活动的增加，河流向海洋输入的污染物量也增加，使得海洋生态环境面临冲击。莱州湾的营养盐主要来源于黄河与小清河的输入，其中无机氮（Dissolve Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN）主要来自小清河，活性磷（ Soluble Reactive Phosphate, SPR ）主要来自黄河[1]。已有学者对海河流域和黄河流域的入海污染物（如营养盐[4-5]、重金属[6]、多环芳烃和微塑料[2, 6]等）的迁移转化开展了研究。辽河流域是我国重要的工业和粮食生产基地，也是受污染的流域之一，域内水污染研究多集中于重金属和持久性有机污染物，而鲜有有机物和营养盐的报道。渤海有机污染和营养盐污染存在一定的时空差异，辽东湾的化学需氧量（Chemical Oxygen Demand，COD）、DIN、SRP和石油类含量明显高于渤海湾和莱州湾。陆源作为海洋有机物和营养盐的主要来源，其问题不容小觑，而目前辽东湾入海河流中有机物和营养盐时空变化规律、来源及其入海通量估算的研究非常缺乏。
本文以辽河流域及辽东湾的入海河流为研究对象，基于辽河流域2021年120个水质监测断面（含16个入海断面）的数据，采用主成分分析−多元线性回归（PCA−MLR）模型等多元统计分析方法探讨辽东湾入海河流水质时空变化特点及其对渤海水质的影响，进一步明确辽东湾入海河流中有机污染和营养盐污染的分布特征、潜在来源与主要影响因素，以期进一步补充渤海内陆陆地生态系统特别是沿岸入海河流有机污染和营养盐污染研究的基础数据，旨在为渤海水污染防治和水质综合管理提供技术支持。
2 材料与方法
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2.1 研究区域及数据来源
2.1.1 研究区域
以辽东湾的三大入海水系（辽河、浑太河和东北沿渤海诸河）为研究对象。辽河流域包括辽河和浑太河两大水系。辽河起源于七老图山脉，流经河北、内蒙古、吉林和辽宁4个省（区），全长约1 345 km，流域介于40°30′～45°17′N，116°54′～125°32′E之间，面积约22.11 × 104 km2（图1）。流域内降水时空分布极不均匀，东部山丘区多年平均降水量为800～950 mm，西部地区仅为300～350 mm，年均地表水资源量达137.21 × 108 m3，降雨主要集中在7−8月。辽河水系由老哈河、西辽河、东辽河和双台子河组成，在盘锦市入渤海。浑太河水系由浑河、太子河和大辽河组成，汇合后称大辽河，在营口入渤海[7]。2007年流域人口为3 383 ×104人，国内生产总值达9 172 × 108元。2007年耕地面积为8 327 × 104亩，粮食总产量达2 747 × 104 t，是我国重要的商品粮基地和工业基地。东北沿渤海诸河由较大的大凌河、小凌河和大清河以及较小的狗河和六股河等组成，大、小凌河的干流全长为352 km，面积为2.8 × 104 km2，在辽东湾入海。
2.1.2 数据来源
水质数据包括2021年流域的120个监测断面（含16个入海河口监测断面）的25个水质指标：水温（T）、pH、溶解氧（DO）浓度、电导率（EC）、浊度、高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）、化学需氧量（COD）浓度、5日生化需氧量（Biochemical Oxygen Demand, BOD5）浓度、氨氮（Ammonia Nitrogen, AN）浓度、总磷（Total Phosphorus, TP）浓度、总氮（Total Nitrogen, TN）浓度、Cu浓度、Zn浓度、氟化物（F−）浓度、Se浓度、As浓度、Hg浓度、Cd浓度、Cr6+浓度、Pb浓度、氰化物（CN−）浓度、挥发酚浓度、石油类浓度、阴离子表面活性剂（LAS）浓度和硫化物（S2−）浓度的数据。水质数据来源于国家“十四五”地表水融合水质数据（https://data.epmap.org/page/index）。监测断面见图1，监测时间为2021年1−12月，监测频次每月1次，分析方法详见2021年国家生态环境监测方案。数字高程模型（Digital Elevation Model, DEM）数据来源于地理空间数据云的SRTM DEM 90 m分辨率数据（http://www.gscloud.cn）。水系数据来源于中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心（http://www.resdc.cn）。
2.2 多元统计方法
水质数据的描述性统计、相关分析和单因素方差分析（ANOVA）使用SPSS 19.0完成，污染物平均浓度的差异采用ANOVA检验（p < 0.05）。研究区行政区划、水系和采样点信息可视化使用ArcGIS 10.1完成。首先对水质数据进行主成分分析（Principal Component Analysis，PCA），提取因子（PCs），然后利用多元线性回归（Multiple Linear Regression，MLR）定量分析不同源的贡献率。
$ Y = \sum\limits_{i \;= \;1}^n {{m_i}{X_i} + b} \text{，} $
式中，Y为污染物总浓度；n为PCA提取的因子数；Xi为PCA得到的因子得分变量；mi为第i个因子的标准化回归系数；b为回归常数项。
对因变量Y进行标准化，得到Z后可直接计算源i的平均贡献率。
$ Z = \sum\limits_{i \;=\; 1}^n {{B_i}{X_i}} \text{，} $
式中，Bi为MLR的新回归系数。源i的平均贡献率计算公式为
$ 平均贡献率\left({\text \%}\right)=\frac{{{B}}_{{i}}}{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i \;=\; 1}^n {{B}_{{i}}}}\times 100 . $
在因子分析前，数据需要进行Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin（KMO）检验和巴特利特（Bartlett）球度检验。KMO检验是一种对方差进行度量的抽样适合性检验，其值在0～1之间，越接近于1，变量间相关性越强，偏相关性越弱，越适合做因子分析。当KMO值小于0.5，不适合做因子分析。Bartlett球度检验分析变量是否独立，当p值小于0.05，说明数据呈球形分布，各变量在一定程度上相互独立，适合做因子分析。为了获得可靠的PCA结果，需要满足：样本数量≥（水质指标数量+50）。当样本量增大时，Bartlett球度检验的敏感性会显著增加[8]，本研究符合要求。
3 结果与讨论
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3.1 描述性统计和相关分析
水质指标的描述性统计及Kolmogorov-Smirnov和Shapiro-Wilk（p < 0.05）正态分布检验结果见表1。辽河流域水质超标指标主要是CODMn、AN浓度、TP浓度和TN浓度，其他指标符合《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838−2002）的I类标准。2021年渤海的入海河流中存在COD、TP和AN等浓度超标[9]。除T、pH和DO浓度接近正态分布外，其余指标不服从正态分布，其偏度和峰度均大于1，数据分布呈现右偏和高尖。由于受到人类活动干扰，污染物排放造成部分监测断面的浓度升高，数据分布呈右偏[2]。浊度和EC年内波动较大，而pH和DO浓度波动较小。pH在7.9左右，呈弱碱性，低于渤海表层海水pH（8.13 ± 0）和世界海洋pH均值（8.1 ± 0.2）。COD、AN、TP和TN以及Cu、Zn、As、Cd和F−的浓度波动较大，而Se、Hg、Cr6+、Pb、CN−、挥发酚、S2−、石油类和LAS浓度波动较小。有机物和营养盐以及Cu、Zn、As、Cd和F−受到人类活动影响突出。
水体AN/TN比值为0.057 ± 0.003，变异系数为201.1%，波动大，TN中AN占比低。生活污水和工业废水AN浓度较高，其在迁移过程中转化为硝酸盐。TN/TP比值为168.2 ± 7.79，变异系数为169.7%，严重偏离Redfield比值（N/P = 16∶1），表明流域及入海口的营养盐结构不平衡，存在磷限制。TN/TP比值也明显高于渤海DIN/SRP比值（55.7）。黄河口及邻近渤海水环境以光限制为主，但也存在高DIN/DIP比值和磷限制[5]。渤海营养盐浓度和结构受陆源营养盐输入的影响，TN/TP比值远高于西太平洋中面积最大的边缘海N/P比值（0.25～14）[10]。营养盐是评价海洋环境的重要指标，近年来渤海DIN浓度显著增加，导致海水中DIN/SRP不断升高，海洋浮游植物生长受到磷限制。
水质指标不服从正态分布，需使用Spearman相关系数法分析其相关性（图2，图中只列出了相对重要的指标）。T与pH、浊度、CODMn、COD浓度、TP浓度和As浓度呈显著正相关，与DO、BOD5、AN、TN、Se和S2−的浓度及EC呈显著负相关，而与重金属无相关性。pH与DO、CODMn、COD、BOD5、F−、As、石油类、Cr6+、挥发酚和S2−的浓度及T、浊度呈显著正相关，与AN、Cu、Zn和Cd的浓度呈显著负相关，而与其他指标无相关性。DO浓度与BOD5、TN、石油类、Se和S2−的浓度及pH、EC有显著正相关，与T、浊度、CODMn、TP浓度和As浓度有显著负相关，而与其他指标无相关性。在辽河水质关键指标TP浓度、COD浓度、BOD5浓度、石油类浓度及AN浓度中，AN、COD与BOD5的浓度呈显著相关，而TP与石油类的浓度相关不显著[11]。黄河pH与DO浓度呈正相关，与CODMn和AN浓度的相关性不显著，DO浓度与CODMn、AN浓度呈负相关[12]。赵紫涵等[13]在秦皇岛海域的研究发现8月底层DO浓度下降至2～3 mg/L，pH下降至7.8，9月底层水体DO浓度和pH逐渐升高。DO浓度和pH还受浮游植物光合作用和有机物有氧分解的影响。光照增加和水温升高促进浮游植物生长，浮游植物丰度增加促进光合作用，进而对营养盐的利用增加，DO浓度升高[10]。EC和浊度都与有机物和营养盐浓度呈显著正相关。河流受到人类活动和自然因素的影响，水文环境因素（T、pH、DO浓度、EC和浊度等）波动较大，并对有机物和营养盐的生物地球化学过程产生显著影响。CODMn、COD浓度和BOD5之间相关性显著，且与营养盐浓度也呈显著正相关（除CODMn与TN浓度不具显著性外）。营养盐（AN，TP和TN）浓度之间呈显著相关性，AN浓度和TN浓度呈显著负相关性。CODMn与AN浓度呈显著正相关，这与两者主要来源于生活和工业源有关[12]。
3.2 时间差异
以6−9月为汛期，其余月份为非汛期，采用ANOVA检验对不同水期的水质指标进行分析（图3）。pH、DO浓度、EC、浊度、CODMn、AN浓度、TP浓度和TN浓度存在显著差异，而COD、BOD5、Cu、Zn、F−、Se、As、Hg、Cd、Cr6+、Pb、CN−、S2−、挥发酚、LAS和石油类的浓度不存在差异。非汛期的EC及DO、AN和TN的浓度显著高于汛期，而非汛期的pH、浊度、CODMn和TP浓度显著低于汛期。汛期DO浓度低于非汛期，这是因为气温对水体中DO溶解度有很大的影响，温度较高时水体中的O2更容易饱和。而汛期对应夏、秋两季，气温较非汛期高，DO浓度较低。此结果与在渤海表层海水的研究结果相同。汛期EC、AN浓度和TN浓度低于非汛期，其主要是由于汛期丰沛的降水形成的地表径流的稀释作用。
汛期与非汛期的COD和BOD5浓度无明显差异，而非汛期CODMn显著低于汛期，CODMn、COD浓度和BOD5浓度在不同水文时期呈现不同特点，主要与其来源有关。有研究表明，AN主要来源于生活和工业源，而CODMn部分还来自农业源[12]。在2010年前，非汛期CODMn高于汛期，之后汛期与非汛期CODMn差异较小，这可能是因为在“十二五”和“十三五”期间，渤海沿岸省份开展了综合治理攻坚战行动计划，削减了污染物排放量。辽河流域在此期间COD减排了12.45%，增加污水厂处理规模，还对污水处理厂实现提标改造，降低点源排放。CODMn点源排放在减少，非点源排放占比在增加。
非汛期TP浓度和浊度显著低于汛期，TP的来源以农业非点源为主，同时TP的迁移特点还与其存在形态和河流水动力条件有关，浊度与TP浓度呈显著正相关，水体中悬浮颗粒物增多导致对溶解态磷的吸附作用加强，汛期洪水可增加TP浓度，但也可通过稀释降低溶解态磷浓度。汛期河流悬浮颗粒物增加有利于TP的迁移。TP是以非点源污染为主的污染物，入海径流量大时可能污染越大，而在以点源污染为主的区域，充沛的水量可起到明显的稀释作用。TN则呈现明显的不同，丰水期的水量对江、河氮浓度存在明显的稀释作用[4]。人类活动使得大量河流被拦截筑坝，极大地改变了河流原有生态系统，使得磷素迁移转化与滞留特征和与之相应的生态效应变得更加复杂[14]。渤海枯水期水质主要反映点源的污染状况，而丰、平水期是点源和非点源共同作用的结果[4]。渤海的入海径流主要发生在汛期，雨源型城市河流丰水期的水质劣于枯水期，主要是受初期雨水非点源污染的影响[15]。近10年来，随着城市生活污水处理的发展，点源污染得到控制，而非点源污染在增加[16]。韩谞等[17]在黄河的研究也发现接近汛期的秋季水质优于接近非汛期的春季。
3.3 空间差异
两个不同水系及东北沿渤海诸河的入海断面污染物浓度见表2。浑太河的COD浓度最高，辽河次之，东北沿渤海诸河最低，浓度在13.0～19.7 mg/L之间。辽河的TN浓度最高，东北沿渤海诸河次之，浑太河最低，分别为8.63 mg/L、7.66 mg/L和4.00 mg/L。东北沿渤海诸河的AN浓度最高，辽河次之，浑太河最低，分别为0.60 mg/L、0.46 mg/L和0.23 mg/L。TN和AN浓度存在空间差异，这与氮排放及其生物地球化学循环有关。辽河和浑太河较长且穿行农业区，河流愈长，农业源TN和TP的影响越大，AN也多转化为TN。浑太河的TP浓度（0.178 mg/L）较高，辽河与东北沿渤海诸河较低，分别为0.135 mg/L和0.124 mg/L。3个水区的入海断面中浑太河的石油类浓度最高，东北沿渤海诸河Hg浓度较高，辽河As浓度较高。东北沿渤海诸河Cd和Pb浓度最高，浑太河和辽河Pb浓度相近，而浑太河Cd浓度最低。辽河的Cr6+浓度最高，浑太河和东北沿渤海诸河Cr6+浓度较低。
辽河流域两个水系及东北沿渤海诸河的主要支流或河流中污染物指标见图4（图4只列出了相对重要的指标）。辽河水系的3条主要支流：柳河、养息牧河与柴河的pH、EC、浊度、CODMn及DO、COD、BOD5、AN、TP、TN、Cu、Zn、As和F−的浓度存在显著差异，养息牧河的污染物浓度最高，柴河的污染物浓度最低（除了TN外），Se和Hg的浓度无显著差异。浑太河水系的3条主要支流：浑河、太子河与蒲河的pH、CODMn及COD、BOD5、AN、TP、TN、Cu、F-和Se的浓度呈显著差异，蒲河的指标（除了TN外）显著高于浑河与太子河，EC、浊度及DO、Zn、As和Hg的浓度无显著差异。
东北沿渤海诸河的3条主要入海河流：除了大凌河入海断面F−、As和Se浓度明显较高外，大、小凌河其他水质指标无显著差异，而与大清河的pH及COD、BOD5、TN和Zn的浓度有显著差异，大清河pH、COD浓度和BOD5浓度低于大、小凌河，而TN浓度和Zn浓度高于大、小凌河。
3.4 入海通量
污染物的入海通量由河流径流量和入海口污染物浓度计算得出，公式为
$ D_i = C_i\times Q_i\times 100\text{，} $
式中，Di为污染物的入海通量，单位：t；Ci为入海口污染物浓度，单位：mg/L；Qi为河流径流量，单位：108 m3。
降水和入海径流量采用《2021年松辽流域水资源公报》[7]的相关数据，辽河流域两个水区及东北沿渤海诸河的径流量、流域面积和污染物年入海通量估算见表2。2021年COD、TN、AN和TP的入海通量分别为14.8 × 104 t、3.63 × 104 t、3 086.6 t和1 608.5 t，石油类入海通量达到221.9 t。Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cr6+的入海通量分别达到了0.264 t、0.253 t、1.978 t、20.434 t和31.651 t。2021年渤海直排海污染源COD、TN、AN、TP和石油类的受纳量分别为6 820 t、2 590 t、195 t、82 t和32 t，Hg、Cd、Pb和Cr6+的受纳量分别为0.058 t、0.011 t、2.80 t和0.23 t[9]，污染物经河流入海的量要比直排入海污染的量大。浑太河COD入海通量较高，而辽河与东北沿渤海诸河COD入海通量次之。浑太河TN入海通量最高，辽河次之，东北沿渤海诸河最低。浑太河TN和AN浓度较低，但其入海径流量大，TN和AN入海通量最高。TP入海通量浑太河最高，辽河与东北沿渤海诸河次之。在常规污染物中浑太河的入海通量最高，这可能与有机物和营养盐排放及其迁移转化有关。TP、AN、总有机碳和石油类等因子对辽河流域水质的影响显著，入海口水质受地理位置制约，总体处于较差水平[11]。辽东湾沿岸入海河流污染物入海通量不仅受到河流污染物浓度的影响还取决于入海径流量。有机物和营养盐的入海主要发生在丰水期（6−8月）。入海河流输入大量营养盐已导致辽东湾水体富营养化较突出，TN和TP浓度长期高于渤海湾和莱州湾[18]。目前未见辽河流域污染物入海通量的历史数据，无法进行时间序列的比较。
3个水区中浑太河石油类入海通量最高，辽河次之，东北沿渤海诸河最低。辽河和浑太河重金属Hg和As入海通量接近，东北沿渤海诸河中Hg最低，但As入海通量较高，这与大凌河入海断面As浓度明显高于其他入海河流有关。辽河和浑太河Cr6+入海通量较高，东北沿渤海诸河Cd和Pb入海通量较低。重金属入海通量的差异应该与其来源及其迁移转化特点有关。Hg和As主要受当地土壤母质以及燃煤排放的影响，燃煤是Hg的重要来源，Cr6+与不同水区的工业企业（电镀和制革等）排放有关[19]。Cd和Pb的来源涉及锌矿和炼锌业、电镀、燃煤、电池、染料或塑胶稳定剂等行业。渤海北部表层沉积物存在Hg和Pb富集，以及中度Cd富集[20]，其分布与3个水区重金属入海通量以及洋流的特点有关。
3.5 来源分析
水质是多个指标共同影响的结果，不同水质指标存在一定程度的相关性，水质评价希望通过线性组合的方式，从这些指标中尽快地提取主要信息，同时还希望简化评价数据和避免水质评价中得到的信息存在重叠和掩盖。采用KMO和Bartlett检验对水质数据进行分析，KMO为0.797，Bartlett球形度检验p值为0.000，说明原始数据之间存在较强的相关性，具有进行PCA的必要性，数据也适合进行PCA。使用PCA对水质数据进行分析，并基于特征值大于1，进行因子提取。各水质指标对主成分（PC1～PC4）的方差贡献以及累计方差贡献见表3。主成分旋转因子载荷矩阵和载荷见图5，因子载荷为0.30～0.50、0.5～0.75和大于0.75分别表示弱、中等和强。
提取的4个主成分累计方差贡献率达到66.458%，反映了主要的污染源类型。PC1中载荷最高的是CODMn、COD、BOD5、AN、TP和F−，分别达到了0.902、0.860、0.757、0.639、0.780和0.689。解释了总方差贡献率的32.470%。CODMn、COD、BOD5、AN、TP和F−的来源较为简单，主要包括生活污水和工业废水。故PC1可识别为生活污水和工业废水排放源。PC2解释了总方差贡献率的12.379%，电导率和浊度的载荷最高，分别为0.694和−0.584，其主要影响因素是水文和水动力条件等。故PC2可识别为水文因素所致的污染源。PC3的方差贡献率为11.096%，载荷最高为pH和DO，分别为0.773和0.646。河水中DO和pH受地形、温度、盐度、有机物和营养盐结构以及浮游植物的生长和死亡等因素的影响。研究表明，T、pH和DO浓度等水环境参数与各营养盐浓度均有显著的相关性，水环境因素影响有机物和营养盐的生物地球化学过程[10]，故推断PC3为水−气界面物质交换及二次转化源。PC4的方差贡献率为10.513%，TN和石油类的载荷大，分别为0.626和0.783，表现为化肥施用、大气氮沉降和耕地草地等营养盐流失以及交通等组成的非点源[21]。
为定量分析各主成分对污染物的相对贡献率，将因子得分作为自变量，将标准化后的污染物总浓度作为因变量，进行MLR分析，得出4个主成分的回归系数（表4），得到相应的回归方程：
$\begin{split}Z=\;&0.827F_1+0.402F_2+0.289F_3+0.203F_4\\ &(R^2=0.995,p=0.000)\text{，}\end{split} $
式中，Fi为源i的因子得分变量；R2为决定系数；p为显著性水平。显著性检验的p值小于0.05，建立的回归方程具有统计学意义，即自变量和因变量之间存在线性关系。再利用式（3）求得最终源的相对贡献率。
辽河流域水污染的主要来源是生活污水和工业废水，相对贡献率为48%。杨永利[11]的研究也发现辽河流域水污染源以工业废水、城市和农业污水为主。水动力条件和水文因素所致的污染源，其贡献率为23%。水−气界面物质交换及污染物二次转化，其贡献率为17%。化肥施用、大气沉降和耕地草地等营养盐流失以及交通等组成的非点源，其贡献为12%。辽河流域以水田面积为主，占比达到47.2%，其次为林草地，水体和城镇占地面积大致相当，旱地面积占总面积的12.4%，可见水环境受农业发展的影响较为显著[11]。辽河流域水质处于轻度污染，除了缘于历史经济发展导致的水质“基础差”，还受流域内水资源差异大和点源面源复合型污染治理难度高等因素影响[22]。
4 结论
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2021年，辽东湾入海河流的水质超标指标主要是CODMn、AN、TP和TN，其他指标符合I类地表水水质标准。TN/TP比值较高（168.2 ± 7.79），严重偏离Redfield比值，陆源高含量氮和低含量磷的持续输入是造成辽东湾海水TN/TP升高的主要因素。非汛期DO浓度、EC、AN浓度和TN浓度显著高于汛期，而pH、浊度、CODMn和TP浓度显著低于汛期。浑太河的COD、TP和重金属以及辽河与东北沿渤海诸河的TN和AN浓度较高。河口的有机物、营养盐和重金属浓度存在明显的水期和地域差异，这受河流穿行的农业区及域内工业企业分布等因素的影响。2021年辽东湾入海河流向渤海输入3.63 ×104 t TN、1608.5 t TP、14.8 ×104 t COD和221.9 t石油类，Hg、Cd、Pb、As和Cr6+入海通量分别为0.264 t、0.253 t、1.978 t、20.434 t和31.651 t。研究区主要的水污染源按照其贡献大小依次为生活污水和工业废水、水动力条件等水文因素所致的污染源、水−气界面物质交换及二次转化源和农田地表径流与交通运输产生的非点源。辽东湾沿岸入海河流的营养盐输入是其水体富营养化的重要因素。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金（41571479）。
文献
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2023年第45卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023110
  • 接收时间：2023-01-16
  • 首发时间：2025-12-28
  • 出版时间：2023-09-30
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-16
  • 修回日期：2023-04-13
基金
国家自然科学基金（41571479）。
作者信息
    1 天津师范大学 天津市水资源与水环境重点实验室，天津 300387
    2 中国科学院生态环境研究中心 固体废弃物处理与资源化实验室，北京 100085
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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