Article(id=1212062426242093420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023090, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1669737600000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-30, revisedDate=1678896000000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907801447, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1693411200000, pubDateStr=2023-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907801447, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907801447, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907801447, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062420277792984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907800024, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924671641, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133185010398004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133185010398005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=178, endPage=190, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062428368605606, articleId=1212062426242093420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentration and its influencing factors in the Huanghe River Estuary based on GEE, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Huanghe River Delta is an important ecological function area in China. It is of guiding significance to explore the distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at the estuary and its influencing factors for sediment erosion and re-suspension, and the ecological process in the estuary and coastal zone. Based on the relationship between chromaticity angle and SSC, an SSC inversion model (R2 = 0.80, MRE = 11.0%, RMSE = 1.35 mg/L) suitable for the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas is established in this paper. With the help of the GEE (Google Earth Engine) platform, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and changing rules of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea area during the 22 years from 2000 to 2021 were studied, and the influencing factors were analyzed from two aspects of nature and human activities. The annual average value of SSC in the study area showed a downward trend (−1.83 mg/(L·a)). The spatial distribution shows that SSC gradually decreases from near shore to far shore; the diffusion interval (SSC > 20 mg/(L·a)) is only 4.8−14.6 km away from the estuary, and the influence of sediment from the Yellow River on the current sediment diffusion at the estuary is limited. The wave and suspended sediment concentration have the same seasonal characteristics. During the non-water and sediment regulation period, there is a positive correlation between the effective wave height and the SSC interdecadal monthly average (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). During the period of water and sediment regulation, the current SSC at the mouth of the Huanghe River and Laizhou Bay is limited by wind speed and effective wave height, and water and sediment regulation is dominant. During the period of water and sediment regulation, there is a positive correlation between the incoming sediment coefficient and the area change rate of high-concentration areas. After the water and sediment regulation (within 16 days), the boundary of the high concentration area (SSC > 200 mg/L) is expanded from about 1.3 km to about 2.5 km from the coast.

, correspAuthors=Jue Huang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huizhen Li, Yuchen Wang, Gaoyu Duan, Jue Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062432286085761, articleId=1212062426242093420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

黄河三角洲作为我国重要的生态功能区,探究入海口处表层悬浮泥沙浓度(Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC)分布及其影响因素对沉积物侵蚀再悬浮、河口海岸带生态过程等具有指导意义。本文基于色度角与SSC之间的关系建立了适于黄河口及邻近海域的SSC反演模型(R2 = 0.80,MRE = 11.0%,RMSE = 1.35 mg/L)。借助GEE平台,研究得到2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC的时空分布特征和变化规律,并从自然和人类活动两方面进行影响因素分析。研究区年均SSC呈波动下降的趋势(−1.83 mg/(L·a));空间分布表现为由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势;扩散区间(年均SSC > 20 mg/L)仅在距离河口4.8~14.6 km之间,黄河入海泥沙对现行黄河口处泥沙扩散影响有限。波浪与悬浮泥沙浓度存在相同的季节特征,非调水调沙期间,有效波高与SSC年代际月均值呈现正相关关系(r = 0.66,p < 0.01);调水调沙期间,现行黄河口门以及莱州湾处SSC受风速、有效波高影响有限,调水调沙占主导地位。调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率呈正相关的关系,调水调沙结束后(16 d内),高浓度区(SSC > 200 mg/L)边界由距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。

, correspAuthors=黄珏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*黄珏,女,湖南省韶山市人,副教授,研究方向为水环境遥感。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=pOOXXrj74aAKzFyDIkB5Mw==, magXml=gd1lDfq9ubqKmwuMPs1MyQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LTLsviiXXIe0SCvDGDXtlA==, pdfFileSize=3842773, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=1kNgZXHeaktJNiG6bAZkTg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=4WVdkkcDuWgPjZSXLh+njA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李慧真(2001-),女,山东省临沂市人,研究方向为水色遥感。E-mail:

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李慧真(2001-),女,山东省临沂市人,研究方向为水色遥感。E-mail:

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Red box is the research scope in Section 5.3.2

, figureFileSmall=OJpoPpORrt03ym6TYxeu4g==, figureFileBig=/48AtfjgEPP57X+jKb3CcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593576202422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=图1, caption=黄河口及邻近海域采样站点示意图

图中红框为5.3.2节中的研究范围

, figureFileSmall=OJpoPpORrt03ym6TYxeu4g==, figureFileBig=/48AtfjgEPP57X+jKb3CcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593693642940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Calibration (a) and verification (b) of the SSC inversion model, figureFileSmall=+1Yg2jVxaKbUOmOTwqEaJg==, figureFileBig=/YiG9UsYj9uknaD315H+/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593790111940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=图2, caption=SSC反演模型的校准(a)与验证(b), figureFileSmall=+1Yg2jVxaKbUOmOTwqEaJg==, figureFileBig=/YiG9UsYj9uknaD315H+/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593903358151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Annual mean distribution of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas from 2000 to 2021, figureFileSmall=ucNBJS34UEa9PnJuoGuxGw==, figureFileBig=MRHA7o1OYgmw4KLraZI//A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594008215755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC逐年均值分布, figureFileSmall=ucNBJS34UEa9PnJuoGuxGw==, figureFileBig=MRHA7o1OYgmw4KLraZI//A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594096296144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Annual mean change of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas from 2000 to 2021, figureFileSmall=X9T6BBqN4b+1j/gUULss9A==, figureFileBig=839jTphl+jVZaXBrHS4eVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594217930963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC年均值变化, figureFileSmall=X9T6BBqN4b+1j/gUULss9A==, figureFileBig=839jTphl+jVZaXBrHS4eVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594297622742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Monthly mean distribution of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas from 2000 to 2021, figureFileSmall=T2gcqMokZpSCv3aebTT7ng==, figureFileBig=n8xgDpa2tqyZ8jGLBbDSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594415063260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC月均值分布, figureFileSmall=T2gcqMokZpSCv3aebTT7ng==, figureFileBig=n8xgDpa2tqyZ8jGLBbDSAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323594574446819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Seasonal mean change of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas from 2000 to 2021, 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language=CN, label=图13, caption=调水调沙期间来沙系数与调水调沙前后高浓度区面积变化率关系图, figureFileSmall=Bs52f02LsIPs7h63GHB5/g==, figureFileBig=Jp9GOw9oWn2SGqEdeTPxxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323597191692582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Measured data information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样时间/影像时间建模数据站点验证数据站点
2012年9月10日S3、S4、S5、S6、S7、S8、
S9、S10、S11、S12、S13
S10、S14
2012年9月14日S24、S25、S26、S27
2012年9月19日S15、S18、S23S1、S2、S16、S17
2012年9月20日S19、S20、S21、S22
), ArticleFig(id=1215323597304938794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实测数据信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样时间/影像时间建模数据站点验证数据站点
2012年9月10日S3、S4、S5、S6、S7、S8、
S9、S10、S11、S12、S13
S10、S14
2012年9月14日S24、S25、S26、S27
2012年9月19日S15、S18、S23S1、S2、S16、S17
2012年9月20日S19、S20、S21、S22
), ArticleFig(id=1215323597393019182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of remote sensing inversion models of suspended sediment concentration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X1模型R2RMSEMRE/%
B1SSC = exp(0.290 + 47.02X1) [28]0.8740.5715.50
IRSSC = 0.21 − 40.88X1
+ 34 419.43X12 −1 85 335X13 [29]
0.9011.2012.50
B1/B4SSC = 3.407 × exp(3.708X1) [30]0.805.0611.00
B1/B4SSC = 0.493 2 × exp(4.215X1) [31]0.814.7512.50
αSSC = 1 156 274.11 × exp( – 0.14X1) (本文)0.801.3511.00
), ArticleFig(id=1215323597497876784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062426242093420, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

悬浮泥沙浓度遥感反演模型比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
X1模型R2RMSEMRE/%
B1SSC = exp(0.290 + 47.02X1) [28]0.8740.5715.50
IRSSC = 0.21 − 40.88X1
+ 34 419.43X12 −1 85 335X13 [29]
0.9011.2012.50
B1/B4SSC = 3.407 × exp(3.708X1) [30]0.805.0611.00
B1/B4SSC = 0.493 2 × exp(4.215X1) [31]0.814.7512.50
αSSC = 1 156 274.11 × exp( – 0.14X1) (本文)0.801.3511.00
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基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析
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李慧真 1 , 王雨辰 1 , 段高雨 1 , 黄珏 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(8): 178-190
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(8): 178-190
基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析
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李慧真1 , 王雨辰1, 段高雨1, 黄珏1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 李慧真(2001-),女,山东省临沂市人,研究方向为水色遥感。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*黄珏,女,湖南省韶山市人,副教授,研究方向为水环境遥感。E-mail:
Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentration and its influencing factors in the Huanghe River Estuary based on GEE
Huizhen Li1 , Yuchen Wang1, Gaoyu Duan1, Jue Huang1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2023-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023090
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黄河三角洲作为我国重要的生态功能区,探究入海口处表层悬浮泥沙浓度(Suspended Sediment Concentration, SSC)分布及其影响因素对沉积物侵蚀再悬浮、河口海岸带生态过程等具有指导意义。本文基于色度角与SSC之间的关系建立了适于黄河口及邻近海域的SSC反演模型(R2 = 0.80,MRE = 11.0%,RMSE = 1.35 mg/L)。借助GEE平台,研究得到2000−2021年黄河口及邻近海域SSC的时空分布特征和变化规律,并从自然和人类活动两方面进行影响因素分析。研究区年均SSC呈波动下降的趋势(−1.83 mg/(L·a));空间分布表现为由近岸向远岸逐渐降低的趋势;扩散区间(年均SSC > 20 mg/L)仅在距离河口4.8~14.6 km之间,黄河入海泥沙对现行黄河口处泥沙扩散影响有限。波浪与悬浮泥沙浓度存在相同的季节特征,非调水调沙期间,有效波高与SSC年代际月均值呈现正相关关系(r = 0.66,p < 0.01);调水调沙期间,现行黄河口门以及莱州湾处SSC受风速、有效波高影响有限,调水调沙占主导地位。调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率呈正相关的关系,调水调沙结束后(16 d内),高浓度区(SSC > 200 mg/L)边界由距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。

GEE (Google Earth Engine)平台  /  色度角  /  黄河口及邻近海域  /  悬浮泥沙浓度  /  调水调沙

The Huanghe River Delta is an important ecological function area in China. It is of guiding significance to explore the distribution of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) at the estuary and its influencing factors for sediment erosion and re-suspension, and the ecological process in the estuary and coastal zone. Based on the relationship between chromaticity angle and SSC, an SSC inversion model (R2 = 0.80, MRE = 11.0%, RMSE = 1.35 mg/L) suitable for the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea areas is established in this paper. With the help of the GEE (Google Earth Engine) platform, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and changing rules of SSC in the Huanghe River Estuary and its adjacent sea area during the 22 years from 2000 to 2021 were studied, and the influencing factors were analyzed from two aspects of nature and human activities. The annual average value of SSC in the study area showed a downward trend (−1.83 mg/(L·a)). The spatial distribution shows that SSC gradually decreases from near shore to far shore; the diffusion interval (SSC > 20 mg/(L·a)) is only 4.8−14.6 km away from the estuary, and the influence of sediment from the Yellow River on the current sediment diffusion at the estuary is limited. The wave and suspended sediment concentration have the same seasonal characteristics. During the non-water and sediment regulation period, there is a positive correlation between the effective wave height and the SSC interdecadal monthly average (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). During the period of water and sediment regulation, the current SSC at the mouth of the Huanghe River and Laizhou Bay is limited by wind speed and effective wave height, and water and sediment regulation is dominant. During the period of water and sediment regulation, there is a positive correlation between the incoming sediment coefficient and the area change rate of high-concentration areas. After the water and sediment regulation (within 16 days), the boundary of the high concentration area (SSC > 200 mg/L) is expanded from about 1.3 km to about 2.5 km from the coast.

GEE (Google Earth Engine) plantform  /  hue angle  /  Huanghe River Estuary and adjacent sea area  /  suspended sediment concentration  /  water and sediment regulation
李慧真, 王雨辰, 段高雨, 黄珏. 基于GEE的黄河口表层悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布及其影响因素分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (8) : 178 -190 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023090
Huizhen Li, Yuchen Wang, Gaoyu Duan, Jue Huang. Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of suspended sediment concentration and its influencing factors in the Huanghe River Estuary based on GEE[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (8) : 178 -190 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023090
水体悬浮泥沙浓度(Suspended Sediment Concentration,SSC)是表征水质的重要参数之一,其对于港口停运、河岸地区生态过程、海岸工程等有着直接影响。海岸、河口区是陆海交界地带,陆地海洋相互作用显著,因此存在着很多的问题,其中最主要的一个问题就是泥沙问题,如泥沙所引起的岸滩演变、港口航道的淤积等[1]。因此,黄河口及邻近海域的悬浮泥沙浓度在水质、生态、经济、人文等方面研究意义重大,是水色研究的重要方向[2]
传统悬浮泥沙的研究主要采用实测数据进行分析,如朱超祁等[3]通过对黄河水下三角洲进行为期134 d的原位观测得到了该海域海水浊度等数据。获取的相关数值虽准确但难以实现研究区长时序大范围监测,而遥感卫星的实时动态观测结果可以得到悬浮泥沙的连续时空分布特征,并应用于后续分析[4-7]。Yunus等[8]利用GEE(Goole Earth Engine)技术估算切萨皮克湾的总悬浮物(Total Suspended Solids, TSS)浓度,结合长期归档卫星资料和野外观测,对湾水TSS浓度和时空格局进行了评价;Zhao等[9]基于遥感数据重建2003–2016年渤海海面悬沙浓度的时空分布,探究并得到风速、黄河径流量和输沙量对悬浮泥沙时空分布的影响;Li等[10]选择悬浮颗粒物反演模型基于1 164幅卫星影像研究了2011–2021年渤海悬浮颗粒物的时空动态并分析海洋动力对其的影响,为SSC的长期变化和调控机制研究提供了有用的信息;周媛等[11]、吴文娟和付慧微[12]与樊彦国等[13]分别基于遥感影像建立波段组合算法反演SSC并分析其时空分布特征;姜丽君等[14]在不依赖实测数据的条件下利用单波段比值法对莱州湾表层悬浮泥沙分布情况与扩散机制进行了分析,认为水色时空研究机制与其环境响应等问题有待进一步研究;潘彬[15]基于200幅Landsat遥感影像建立土壤水分评估模型(Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT),分析了黄河水沙通量在不同情景下的变化趋势,但由于黄河流域广阔,遥感影像数据的镶嵌和拼接工作量巨大。现有研究大多基于波段光谱反射率与实测数据之间的关系建立悬浮泥沙反演模型,各经验模型虽均具有一定的指示意义,但对水体的时空变化反应敏感,有区域性、阶段性的限制[16]。殷子瑶等[17]、王芳等[18]、王一飞等[19]分别利用色度角与水体透明度、营养状态指数(Trophic Status Index, TSI)、水色指数(Forel-Ule Index, FUI)等构建模型进行水质参数反演,研究显示色度角模型具有较好精度和可靠性,在水质反演方面具有明显的应用潜力和优势。部分学者依据短时序内遥感影像进行研究,但大量遥感影像的下载、预处理、数据分析等操作使得研究时段有限且工作量巨大;部分学者基于悬浮泥沙变化规律,着重分析自然因素对其分布变化的影响机制,但人为因素的作用,特别是大型工程设施对悬浮泥沙时空分布变化的影响规律还少有报道。
因此,本文选取色度角参量,利用与SSC之间的关系建立反演模型;借助GEE平台对2000–2021年的长时序遥感影像数据进行批量处理和分析,以解决数据下载量大、处理困难等问题,进而得到黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙的时空分布规律;在此基础上,分析入海泥沙、波浪对黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙时空分布的影响,并着重以小浪底调水调沙为典例分析人类活动的影响。本文研究结果将为黄河口环境管理以及黄河三角洲生态功能区可持续发展提供支持。
黄河口系陆相弱潮堆积性河口,位于渤海湾与莱州湾交汇处,通过水道连接黄河与渤海。黄河径流挟带泥沙注入河口滨海区,大量泥沙经扩散、沉降、再悬浮,造成深远且持续的影响[20]。因此,研究黄河口悬浮泥沙浓度具有重要意义。本文以黄河口及邻近海域(37°08′~38°47′N,117°57′~120°09′E)为研究区域,分析表层SSC时空分布及其影响因素。
山东东营黄河入海口及莱州湾水体悬浮泥沙浓度的实测数据来自中国科学院海洋研究所海洋地质与环境重点实验室,将采集的表层含沙海水样本采用负压抽滤法过滤(滤膜孔径为0.45 μm,按总量的20%设置校正膜),然后烘干滤膜并进行多次称重,直至前后两次测量结果的差值小于0.01 mg,随后基于水样体积和泥沙质量计算得到悬浮泥沙浓度[16]。采样站点位置如图1所示,数据采集时间为2012年9月10日、14日、19日、20日。共获取与MODIS传感器过境时间相匹配(同一天)的27组实测数据。
本文建立SSC反演模型使用的MOD09GA.061中1 km和500 m影像数据和分析时空变化使用的MOD09A1.061中8 d合成500 m影像数据均来源于GEE(https://earthengine.google.com/)。MODIS地表反射率产品(MOD09)进行大气校正时,去除了大气气体、气溶胶、薄卷云和陆地临近效应的影响[21]。但利用MOD09数据进行水质参数监测,仍需考虑剩余气溶胶散射的影响[22]。因此,本文采用GEE平台自带的云量去除函数对云层进行掩膜处理,并筛选掉像元数较小的影像。
本文使用的2000–2021年间年均降水数据来自于山东省统计局官网(http://tjj.shandong.gov.cn/);2000–2021年的黄河入海水年均含沙量以及小浪底调水调沙数据来自于水利部黄河水利委员会黄河网(http://www.yrcc.gov.cn/);实测风速风向数据来自中国国家气象网(http://data.cma.cn/);有效波高数据来自欧洲中期尺度预报中心(Europe an Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)的第五代全球气候和大气再分析数据集(https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/),分辨率为0.5°。
GEE由于其高效的地理空间数据存储、处理、分析和可视化功能被广泛应用在时间序列分析或大范围制图等环境遥感领域[23]。本文基于GEE平台在线处理所有遥感影像数据,无需下载大量遥感数据,云平台数据处理效率高,为本研究遥感数据的调用、处理、储存、分析等提供了高效技术支持。
本文进行悬浮泥沙算法精度评价的指标采用均方根误差(RMSE)、平均相对误差(MRE)和决定系数(R2),表达式如下:
$ \mathrm{RMSE}=\sqrt{\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({Y}_{i}-{X}_{i}\right)}^{2}}{n}} \text{,} $
$ \mathrm{M}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{E}=\frac{1}{N}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\frac{\left|{Y}_{i}-{X}_{i}\right|}{{X}_{i}}\times 100{\text{%}} \text{,} $
$ {R}^{2}=\frac{\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({Y}_{i}-\overline{X}\right)}^{2}} {\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({X}_{i}-\overline{X}\right)}^{2}} \text{,} $
式中,Yi为模型计算得到的SSC;Xi为实测SSC;N代表用于验证的样本数;$\overline{X}$为实测SSC平均值。
本文拟基于色度角(α)构建SSC遥感反演模型,为了获取这一参数,本文使用CIE-RGB到CIE-XYZ转换模型计算国际照明委员会(Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage,CIE)颜色系统中的光谱三刺激值XYZ。计算中需使用3个可见光波段(波长分别为469 nm、555 nm和645 nm)的光谱反射率(Rrs(λ))[24-25],转换模型如下:
$ X=2.768\;9R+1.751\;7G+1.130\;2B \text{,} $
$ Y=1.000\;0R+4.590\;7G+0.060\;1B \text{,} $
$ Z=0.000\;0R+0.056\;5G+5.593\;4B , $
式中,RGB分别代表可见光红、绿、蓝波段的光谱反射率。
XYZ按照下式归一化为0和1,得到色度角坐标(xy[24-25]
$ x=\frac{X}{X+Y+Z} \text{,} $
$ y=\frac{X}{X+Y+Z}. $
利用Wang等[25]提出的计算方法,计算得到色度角:
$ \alpha '={\rm{arctan}}2\left({y}',{x}'\right)={\rm{arctan}}2\left[x-(1/3),\;y-(1/3)\right] . $
为消除光谱反射率Rrs(λ)和等效MODIS波段引起的系统偏差,需对色度角进行系统误差Δ校正。本文使用Wang等[25],Van der Woerd和Wernand[26]提出的更适用于MODIS陆地波段的误差校正方法,公式为
$ \begin{split}\varDelta =&33.086\;0{b}^{5}-221.600\;{0b}^{4}+512.650\;0{b}^{3}-\\&468.4{00\;0b}^{2}+137.270\;0b+4.637\;4 \text{,} \end{split}$
式中,b = ${\alpha }' $/100。根据式(10)计算得到校正后的色度角为
$ \alpha ={\alpha }'+\varDelta . $
在27组黄河入海口附近的SSC实测数据中,选取17组用于建模;选取与实测数据对应位置准同步的MOD09GA影像数据计算得到色度角,并与实测数据构建反演模型;剩余的10组作为测试样本用于检验模型精度和准确性。具体数据信息如表1所示。
本文基于GEE平台利用式(3)至式(6),通过回归、建模等步骤建立色度角与实测表层SSC之间的经验关系,如图2a所示。结果表明,表层SSC随着色度角的增大呈负指数型减小,两者呈负相关,模型R2为0.97,具体公式如下:
$ \mathrm{SSC}=1\;156\;274.11\mathrm{exp}\left(-0.14\alpha \right) . $
同时,如图2b所示,实测SSC与反演计算得到的SSC较均匀的分布在1∶1线的两侧,R2 = 0.80,MRE = 11.0%,RMSE = 1.35 mg/L,表明本文建立的经验模型精度较高,可以用于反演黄河口悬浮泥沙分布情况。
本文基于GEE平台依据式(11)反演得到了2000−2021年所有影像(共1 005景)的悬浮泥沙分布结果,并按照年份取平均,得到了22年以来黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙逐年空间分布图(图3)。研究区近岸海域悬浮泥沙年际变化明显,若以悬浮泥沙浓度大于200 mg/L的区域为高浓度区,则2002年高浓度区面积最大,为6 634.15 km2;2018年高浓度区面积最小,为1 095.34 km2。根据SSC逐年统计结果(图4),可以看出22年来研究区悬浮泥沙浓度的均值在53~128 mg/L之间变化,均值为(88.08 ± 0.04)mg/L。在2002年达到最高,为127.12 mg/L,2018年急剧下降达到最低,为53.04 mg/L。研究区SSC年均值变化规律基本呈现出在波动中下降的变化趋势(趋势线斜率为–1.83<0),每年降低1.83 mg/L。
分析多年月均悬浮泥沙分布结果(图5),发现悬浮物浓度较大的月份是1−3月和11–12月,其中1月悬浮泥沙浓度均值最高,为206.40 mg/L,高浓度区面积为10 756.02 km2;较小的月份是5−9月,其中6月悬浮泥沙浓度均值最低,为24.82 mg/L,高浓度区面积为659.69 km2;而4月和10月悬浮泥沙浓度中等。
研究区近岸海域悬浮泥沙浓度季节变化明显(图6), 最小值为2009年夏季,为14.24 mg/L;最大值为2010年冬季,为200.86 mg/L。22年来黄河口及其邻近海域悬浮泥沙浓度逐渐降低(趋势线斜率为−0.81 < 0)。各年份中春季(3−5月)和冬季(12月至翌年2月)的悬浮泥沙浓度一般高于夏季(6−8月)和秋季(9−11月),但季节变化并不稳定。
图7为22年来研究区SSC季均值变化(图7a图7d)和年均分布(图7e),发现年均高浓度区面积为2 061.24 km2;夏季(6−8月)SSC均值最低,为46.28 mg/L,高浓度区面积少于年均值高浓度区面积,仅有1 208.36 km2;秋季(9−11月)高浓度区面积明显大于夏季,略高于年均值,为2 621.74 km2,SSC均值达到了73.14 mg/L;冬季(12月至翌年2月)高浓度区面积最大为10 655 km2,悬浮泥沙浓度季均值最高为204.90 mg/L;春季(3−5月)高浓度面积为4 165.05 km2,SSC均值为88.18 mg/L,一般低于冬季,略高于夏季。
根据2000−2021年的SSC年均值、季均值、月均值空间分布图,发现在不同的时间尺度上,研究区SSC空间分布总体呈现近岸区大于远岸区的特征,高悬浮泥沙浓度现象始终存在于黄河三角洲北部海域、黄河口附近及莱州湾西北部。
本文研究得到的黄河口及邻近海域的悬浮泥沙浓度时空分布存在一定的不确定性。其原因可能是因为实测数据数量不够,分布范围窄,且大多分布于近岸,实测数据结果易受底质泥沙高反射影响而与实际数据产生偏差,最终对模型精度产生一定影响。多云多雨的气候特点使得夏季(6−8月)影像数据质量比较差,可用影像数量较少,在一定程度上对最后的反演结果造成影响。此外,本文所构建的经验模型可能存在可移植性差,应用到长时序分析时可能会产生误差。
基于MODIS数据的SSC遥感反演的研究中,常用的遥感反演因子主要有:单波段(B1、B3、IR)[27-29]、双波段比值(B3/B2、B1/B3、B4/B1)[30-35]以及色度角[25-26, 36]等。多项研究证明基于色度角的反演方法是一种受外界影响较小、稳定性强,能够有效反演水色参数的重要方法[17-19]。为了进一步分析本研究提出的模型的可靠性,本文对比了多种SSC反演模型。如表2所示,本文提出的色度角模型仅在R2上略逊于其余模型,但在RMSE及MRE方面有着较大优势。对比结果证明本文构建的模型具有较好的反演精度和可靠性,可以精确反演黄河口附近海域的SSC。
研究表明,黄河口及邻近海域的悬浮泥沙分布主要受到黄河入海泥沙、海洋动力以及小浪底调水调沙等因素的影响[37-39],因此本文基于GEE平台借助遥感手段,从自然环境和人类活动两方面对黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙时空分布的影响因素进行分析。
本文通过建立年均SSC和花园口以下流域年均降水量之间的统计关系,经过Pearson相关分析得到两者相关系数值为0.07,p > 0.05,因而说明降水量对研究区悬浮泥沙的影响有限。
本文依据黄河网所提供的2000−2021年利津站年均含沙量数据与年均SSC建立统计关系,结果如图8所示,年均含沙量与年均SSC之间的相关系数r为0.45,显著性分析得到p < 0.05。年均含沙量与研究区内年均SSC存在中等程度的正相关性,但现有研究指出,随着黄河入海径流量和输沙量的减少,黄河入海泥沙对于黄河三角洲近岸的影响范围也迅速减小[8, 38]。根据图3可知,泥沙会以现行黄河口为中心向四周扩散,扩散区间(年均SSC > 20 mg/L)在距离河口4.8~14.6 km之间,即黄河输沙影响的最大范围也仅在15 km以内,与Zhao等[9]研究一致。
风浪是影响泥沙再悬浮的重要因素。由2000−2021年研究区内月均波高统计图(图9)可知,研究区内波浪动力呈现出显著的季节特征,夏季平均波高基本在1.0 m以下,超过一半的波高小于0.5 m,超过1 m的波高占比仅约为5%,而冬季平均波高较大,超过0.5 m的波高占比大于60%。结合图5可知,黄河丰水期(5−9月)波浪较弱且悬浮泥沙浓度较低,黄河枯水期(10月至翌年4月)波浪较强且悬浮泥沙浓度较高。通过有效波高与悬浮泥沙浓度年代际月均值的统计(图10)可知,各年冬季研究区内悬浮泥沙浓度相对较大,月均有效波高最大值出现在2015年12月(1.32 m),而各年夏季悬浮泥沙浓度较小,月均有效波高最小值出现在2014年8月(0.33 m)。研究区内SSC逐年递减,除调水调沙期间(图内标黄),各时段有效波高与SSC年代际月均值基本呈现正相关关系,相关系数为0.66,p < 0.01;而调水调沙期间,两者之间的相关关系变弱,相关系数变为−0.16,p > 0.05,有效波高对SSC影响有限。
根据林聪泳等[38]的研究结果发现,本文研究区内存在两个高流速区,分别位于现行黄河口处和刁口河河口附近。高流速区的存在会影响泥沙输沙率。并且在经过周期为3 s、平均波高为0.5 m的波浪影响后,黄河三角洲近岸的悬浮泥沙浓度增大现象明显。可见,波浪掀沙对该研究区悬浮泥沙分布产生重要影响。
除此之外,前人研究认为潮汐也是影响黄河口附近SSC变化的重要驱动因素[40-42]。本文尝试探究潮汐对研究区悬浮泥沙分布的影响,但由于MODIS遥感影像时间分辨率不足,未发现明显规律。
现有研究发现,剧烈的人类活动严重影响了黄河水沙运动以及河道演变规律,使黄河不再具备自然河流的动态变化规律[39]。自2005年小浪底水文站正式实施调水调沙开始,黄河口水沙条件也随之发生重大变化[30]。本文通过对比小浪底调水调沙年份与未进行调水调沙年份在同一时段内的SSC反演结果,探究小浪底调水调沙对黄河口悬浮泥沙分布的影响。考虑到刁口河道已经成为废弃的黄河水沙通道(图1),因此小浪底调水调沙基本不会对黄河三角洲北部的悬浮泥沙分布产生影响,所以本部分将现行黄河口门以及莱州湾作为主要研究区域。
根据黄河网泥沙公报所提供的小浪底水文站的相关数据,小浪底水文站于2006−2014年、2018−2021年进行过调水调沙。考虑到汛期影像云量过多、质量过差的影响,最终筛选得到研究年份:2006−2010年、2012年、2014年以及2018−2021年。由于小浪底水利工程每年调水调沙时间不确定,再加上水利工程开始调水后水头会在4~6 d内到达黄河口,因此为了方便统计数据做相关性分析,取以上研究年份调水调沙时间的交集,计算得到调水调沙前1~16 d(每年6月14–30日,称之为一时段)所有可用影像的平均值、调水调沙期间(每年7月1日至8月17日,称之为二时段)所有可用影像的平均值、调水调沙后1~16 d(每年8月18日至9月3日,称之为三时段)所有可用影像的平均值以及未调水调沙年份(2015−2017年)在对应时段的所有可用影像的平均值,进行对比分析(图11)。研究发现调水调沙前,悬浮泥沙的分布范围主要在黄河口门以及莱州湾西北部海域。调水调沙期间,黄河口门以及莱州湾西北部海域的悬浮泥沙均向外扩散。调水调沙结束后,各处悬浮泥沙仍继续向外扩散,高浓度区(SSC > 200 mg/L)边界由调水调沙前至距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。
此外,根据山东东营气象站2006−2017年实测风向值,总结得到以上年份各年6−9月份风向基本为东南风。计算各年6−9月的平均风速与总平均风速(图12),并将后者作为比较基准值。定义平均风速变化率为
$ dV=\frac{|{V}_{i}-V|}{V}\times 100{\text \%}\text{,} $
式中,dV为平均风速变化率;Vi为平均风速;i为年份;V为总平均风速,其值为2.16 m/s。据此公式,发现各年6−9月的平均风速变化率大致在10%以内(图12)。由以上分析可知,研究区各年6−9月的风速风向及夏季有效波高(图9)均变化较小,对SSC分布影响有限,因此,本文认为在6−9月现行黄河口门以及莱州湾处SSC分布变化的主要影响因素是小浪底的调水调沙。
针对图11进行时间角度的对比分析,本文仅针对图1红框所示范围进行高浓度区(SSC > 200 mg/L)面积统计。根据式(13)计算得到研究年份一、三时段高浓度区面积变化率:
$ dS=\frac{{S} _{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{r}}-{S} _{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}}{{S} _{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}}\times100 {\text \%}\text{,} $
式中,dS为高浓度区面积变化率;Sbefore为一时段高浓度区面积;Safter为三时段高浓度区面积。若小浪底调水调沙使得黄河口以及莱州湾西北部区域高浓度区面积扩大,则dS为正值,反之为负值。
依据泥沙公报提供的2006−2021年小浪底实输沙量与径流量数据,计算6−9月实输沙量与径流量的比值作为调水调沙期间的来沙系数,并建立其与高浓度区面积变化率的关系(图13)。研究发现进行调水调沙的年份,高浓度区面积变化率均为正值,最大值出现在 2019年,为107.29%,最小值出现在2009年,为3.91%;未调水调沙年份的面积变化率均为负值,2015年高值区面积减小最大,变化率为−56.31%。调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率基本呈现正相关的关系,即调水调沙期间的来沙系数增大,调水调沙前后高浓度区面积变化率增大。如2006−2008年,调沙期间的来沙系数由3 179.27 mg/L增加至7 365.99 mg/L,高浓度区面积增长率由12.35%增加至87.86%。由此,本文认为小浪底进行调沙在一定时间内改变了黄河口自然状态下的悬浮泥沙分布规律,使黄河口以及莱州湾西北部海域悬浮泥沙浓度增加,分布范围扩大。
本文利用GEE平台对黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙时空分布进行研究,得到2000–2021年间研究区悬浮泥沙的时空分布规律,并从自然环境和人类活动两方面对研究区悬浮泥沙的时空分布及其影响因素进行分析,得到以下结论:
(1)本文基于色度角与悬浮泥沙浓度之间的关系建立了适于黄河口及邻近海域的悬浮泥沙浓度反演模型,经验证,模型反演值与实测值具有较好的一致性,平均相对误差(MRE)为11.0%。
(2)22年间黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙浓度呈波动下降的趋势,最高值出现在2015年;空间分布规律较稳定,表现为近岸高远岸低,且黄河三角洲北部海域、黄河口附近以及莱州湾西北部区域的悬浮泥沙浓度一直较高。
(3)黄河口及邻近海域悬浮泥沙浓度与黄河入海泥沙、风浪相关,扩散区间(年均SSC > 20 mg/L)仅在距离河口4.8~14.6 km之间,黄河入海泥沙对现行黄河口处泥沙扩散影响有限,波浪与悬浮泥沙浓度存在相同的季节特征,非调水调沙期间,有效波高与SSC年代际月均值呈现正相关关系(r = 0.66,p < 0.01)。
(4)黄河口以及莱州湾区域在风和波浪影响较为稳定的情况下受到小浪底调水调沙的影响明显,悬浮泥沙扩散现象明显,调水调沙期间的来沙系数与高浓度区面积变化率基本呈现正相关的关系,高浓度区(SSC > 200 mg/L)边界由调水调沙前至距沿岸约1.3 km扩大至约2.5 km。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076185,41706194);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划(2019TDJH103)。
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2023年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023090
  • 接收时间:2022-11-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-30
  • 修回日期:2023-03-16
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国家自然科学基金(42076185,41706194);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划(2019TDJH103)。
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590

通讯作者:

*黄珏,女,湖南省韶山市人,副教授,研究方向为水环境遥感。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2023090
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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