Article(id=1212062421045350618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1670083200000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-04, revisedDate=1678723200000, revisedDateStr=2023-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907800208, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1693411200000, pubDateStr=2023-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907800208, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907800208, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907800208, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062420277792984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='190', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907800024, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924671641, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133185010398004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133185010398005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062420277792984, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062421305397468, articleId=1212062421045350618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Early diagenetic processes and influencing factors of the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Early diagenesis in marginal sea sediments is an important process that affects carbon cycling and burial. Early diagenetic processes and influencing factors, however, remains poorly constrained. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), Fe2+, Mn2+, sulfate and other parameters in sediment porewaters of five short cores collected in August 2018 from the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf were analyzed. In combination with grain size composition, specific surface area, organic carbon concentrations and stable carbon isotopic composition in surface sediments and bottom water parameters, the early diagenetic processes and influencing factors in sediments under different sedimentary regimes were studied. Concentrations of DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ in sediment porewaters in the mud area gradually increase with depth, and relatively high production fluxes of DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ (4.03 mmol/(m2·d) and 0.57 mmol/(m2·d), respectively) and consumption fluxes of ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ (−4.56 mmol/(m2·d)) are observed at the center of the mud area, while in the sandy area, there are no obvious variations of these solutes, and the fluxes are lower compared with those in muddy sediments. According to the vertical distributions of these solutes in the sediment porewaters, the sediment disturbance depth in the mud area varies at 20−40 cm, and gradually decreases from the Changjiang River Estuary mud area to the Zhe-Min coast mud area, whereas in the sandy area, no sediment disturbance is found. The thickness of sediment disturbed layer is positively correlated with solute fluxes (e.g., DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $) in sediment porewaters, indicating that the physical reworking of sediments is an important factor affecting the remineralization of sedimentary organic carbon in the mud area. In general, the main decomposition pathway of the sedimentary organic carbon in the disturbed layer of the mud area is iron/manganese reduction, and below the disturbed layer the main pathway is the sulfate reduction, while in the sandy area, the main degradation pathway is aerobic respiration. This study enriches the understanding of the impact of sedimentary dynamic processes on early diagenesis in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent sea areas, and contributes to better understand the cycling and burial of organic carbon in the large-river estuary and adjacent sea areas.

, correspAuthors=Peng Yao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu Ji, Bin Zhao, Kang Li, Lulu Han, Lin Chen, Peng Yao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062423771648247, articleId=1212062421045350618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=长江口−东海内陆架早期成岩过程及影响因素, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

边缘海沉积物中的早期成岩作用是影响碳循环和埋藏的重要过程,目前对早期成岩过程及其影响因素的了解还不够深入。于2018年8月在长江口−东海内陆架采集了短柱状沉积物,对间隙水中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、二价铁(${\rm{Fe}}^{2+}$)、二价锰(${\rm{ Mn}}^{2+}$)和硫酸根(${\rm{SO}}^{2-}_4$)离子等参数进行了分析,并结合表层沉积物中粒度、比表面积、有机碳及稳定碳同位素组成和底层水环境参数,研究了不同沉积环境下沉积物中的早期成岩过程及其影响因素。结果表明,长江口−东海内陆架泥质区沉积物间隙水中DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的浓度随着深度的增加逐渐增大,且在其中心站位有较高的DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $产生通量(分别为4.03 mmol/(m2·d)和0.57 mmol/(m2·d))和${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $消耗通量(−4.56 mmol/(m2·d)),沉积物扰动深度为20~40 cm,自长江口向浙闽沿岸逐渐降低;而在砂质区,各溶质在剖面上均无明显变化,且通量较小(DIC: 0.60 mmol/(m2·d);${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $:−0.03 mmol/(m2·d);${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $:−1.05 mmol/(m2·d)),沉积物不存在扰动。扰动层厚度与沉积物间隙水中DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $等溶质通量呈正相关,表明沉积物的物理扰动是影响泥质区沉积有机碳再矿化的重要因素。综合上述结果,发现沉积有机碳在泥质区扰动层的降解方式以铁锰还原作用为主,扰动层以下以硫酸盐还原作用为主,而在砂质区的降解主要靠耗氧呼吸作用。本研究丰富了长江口及邻近海域沉积动力过程对早期成岩作用影响的认识,有助于深入理解大河河口及邻近海域有机碳的循环和埋藏。

, correspAuthors=姚鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IigJ0qi6LkRpgji+rF6Rgg==, magXml=plMUJnJzo60Vm7tmKa+8Fw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TBxufxgResF7L7JOG0wQbg==, pdfFileSize=1911319, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=naO5BTkktBvvgo5/CU/8PQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+VbpzFR49dnQGGDmYSAhOw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

汲雨(1997-),女,山东省菏泽市人,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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汲雨(1997-),女,山东省菏泽市人,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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汲雨(1997-),女,山东省菏泽市人,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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2 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323585745441118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323585753829727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, companyId=1215323585745441118, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323586022265192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323586030653801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, companyId=1215323586022265192, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100)])]), Author(id=1215323588475933103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215323588589179319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, authorId=1215323588475933103, language=EN, stringName=Lulu Han, firstName=Lulu, middleName=null, lastName=Han, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215323588668871097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, authorId=1215323588475933103, language=CN, stringName=韩露露, firstName=露露, middleName=null, lastName=韩, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
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The dotted line in the figure is the boundary between the reworked layer and the unreworked layer

, figureFileSmall=OADeHnvj1eJObm/yLzisyg==, figureFileBig=rORlZ0AzmJwNUmonbtZxpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592426967632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=图2, caption=长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中 DIC(a−e),$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $(a−e),$ {{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $(a−e),${\rm{NO}}_3^-$(f−j),$ {{\rm {NO}}_2^-}$(f−j),Fe2+(k−o)和Mn2+(k−o)的浓度剖面

图中虚线为扰动层和非扰动层的分界线

, figureFileSmall=OADeHnvj1eJObm/yLzisyg==, figureFileBig=rORlZ0AzmJwNUmonbtZxpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592540213848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Fluxes distribution of DIC (a), $ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ (b) and ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ (c) in sediment porewater of the Changjiang RiverEstuary and East China Sea inner-shelf

The red station in the figure is the station of this study, and the gray station is recalculated in the reference [19]

, figureFileSmall=BCH4/CWWiVMEDtYLT7lkkw==, figureFileBig=P1p69cntMA6Yzt679Qs9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592653460064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=图3, caption=长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中DIC(a)、$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $(b)、${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $(c)的通量分布

图中红色站位为本研究站位,灰色站位重新计算于参考文献[19]

, figureFileSmall=BCH4/CWWiVMEDtYLT7lkkw==, figureFileBig=P1p69cntMA6Yzt679Qs9nA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592733151844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=RDA of DIC, $ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ and ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ fluxes from basic physical and chemical parameters in the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf, figureFileSmall=8+xN0P2qGGRJ9gkty8yv6A==, figureFileBig=Pc1eAP5p/WylYZn+IVZwPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592808649322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=图4, caption=长江口−东海内陆架基本理化参数对DIC、$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 通量的 RDA, figureFileSmall=8+xN0P2qGGRJ9gkty8yv6A==, figureFileBig=Pc1eAP5p/WylYZn+IVZwPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592879952493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Relationship between concentrations of ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ (a), ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ (b) and DIC in the reworked and unreworked layers of sediment porewater in the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf, figureFileSmall=B/EKNO1UtanOhlEyXkbuww==, figureFileBig=t2dp47bov3b2ytqxnbs1lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323592955449974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=图5, caption=长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水扰动层与非扰动层中${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $(a)、${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $(b)浓度与DIC浓度的关系, figureFileSmall=B/EKNO1UtanOhlEyXkbuww==, figureFileBig=t2dp47bov3b2ytqxnbs1lQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593022558843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=The relationship between the thickness of sediment porewater reworked layer and DIC (a), $ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ (b) and ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ (c) fluxes and relationship between δ13C and ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ fluxes (d) in the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf, figureFileSmall=z0aXEzS22eM1GRLq56u7Ng==, figureFileBig=3RuBG1VBhlX3FLdLqMA6Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593139999358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=图6, caption=长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水扰动层厚度与 DIC(a)、$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $(b)、${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $(c)通量的关系以及 δ13C 与 ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 通量(d)的关系, figureFileSmall=z0aXEzS22eM1GRLq56u7Ng==, figureFileBig=3RuBG1VBhlX3FLdLqMA6Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323593202913922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physical and chemical parameters of bottom water and surface sediment in the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位水深/m底层水温/°C底层水盐度底层DO含量/(mg·L−1TOC含量/%δ13C值/‰孔隙度SSA/(m2·g−1中值粒径/μm(TOC/SSA) /(mg·m−2
A6−313.725.428.05.180.69−22.960.8116.637.30.41
C218.327.329.46.750.68−22.860.7017.337.30.39
F226.425.234.01.580.54−22.230.7615.798.90.34
H226.226.434.13.140.61−22.090.7316.686.60.37
A6−747.021.130.13.190.29−21.750.593.901020.74
), ArticleFig(id=1215323593295188623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

长江口−东海内陆架底层水和表层沉积物的基本理化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位水深/m底层水温/°C底层水盐度底层DO含量/(mg·L−1TOC含量/%δ13C值/‰孔隙度SSA/(m2·g−1中值粒径/μm(TOC/SSA) /(mg·m−2
A6−313.725.428.05.180.69−22.960.8116.637.30.41
C218.327.329.46.750.68−22.860.7017.337.30.39
F226.425.234.01.580.54−22.230.7615.798.90.34
H226.226.434.13.140.61−22.090.7316.686.60.37
A6−747.021.130.13.190.29−21.750.593.901020.74
), ArticleFig(id=1215323593387463317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Production/consumption fluxes of solute in sediment porewater of the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf (positive value represents generation, negative value represents consumption)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位 产生/消耗通量/(mmol·m−2·d−1
DIC$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $$ {{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $Fe2+Mn2+
A6−34.030.57−4.560.01−0.03
C20.740.14−1.140.02−0.01
F23.230.29−2.190−0.01
H20.450.06−1.0400
A6−70.60−0.03−1.0500
), ArticleFig(id=1215323593467155098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中溶质的产生/消耗通量(正值代表产生,负值代表消耗)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位 产生/消耗通量/(mmol·m−2·d−1
DIC$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $$ {{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $Fe2+Mn2+
A6−34.030.57−4.560.01−0.03
C20.740.14−1.140.02−0.01
F23.230.29−2.190−0.01
H20.450.06−1.0400
A6−70.60−0.03−1.0500
), ArticleFig(id=1215323593588789925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fluxes of DIC, $ {{\bf {NH}}_4^+}$, ${{\bf {SO}}_4^{2-}}$ in sediment porewater of typical estuaries and marine environment sediments in the world (unit: mmol/(m2·d) )

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域DIC$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $使用方法参考文献
注:“−”代表未检测。
长江口0.45~4.030.03~0.57−1.04~−4.56PROFILE模型本研究
长江口0.08~7.590.02~0.54−0.03~−10.86PROFILE模型文献[19](重新计算)
黄河口2.18~16.550.01~1.37−12.91~−31.64PROFILE模型文献[46]
东海泥质区2.94~11.70.56~2.78−5.78~−16.2沉积物培养实验文献[19]
南黄海泥质区2.36~3.130.42~0.62−2.26~−2.60沉积物培养实验文献[19]
巴布亚新几内亚湾10~42沉积物培养实验文献[47]
亚马孙−圭亚那移动泥带19~127沉积物培养实验文献[9]
亚马孙河口1.79~42.570.03~2.94沉积物培养实验文献[48]
法属圭亚那20~235沉积物培养实验文献[12]
刚果河口1.13~4.080.11~0.37Fick第一定律文献[49]
波罗的海深水0.01~3.330~0.38Fick第一定律文献[50]
波罗的海2.3~43.5沉积物培养实验文献[51]
格但斯克盆地0.29~2.95Fick第一定律文献[52]
格但斯克盆地0.21~3.43沉积物培养实验文献[52]
墨西哥湾3.4~820~7.2沉积物培养实验文献[53]
毛里塔尼亚5.64~20.06沉积物培养实验文献[54]
新斯科舍浅海14.74~151.53−4.07~9.24沉积物培养实验文献[55]
亚得里亚海0.50~8.760.04~1.62Fick第一定律文献[56]
亚得里亚海2.2~1730.16~1.61沉积物培养实验文献[56]
新不列颠海沟0.10~0.60Fick第一定律文献[57]
拉普捷夫海0.08~0.19稳态下的一般反应−输运方程文献[58]
阿鲁海0.6~38.40.01~4.2沉积物培养实验文献[59]
), ArticleFig(id=1215323593706230443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062421045350618, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

世界典型河口和海洋环境沉积物间隙水中 DIC、$\bf{{ {NH}}_4^+}$${\bf{{{{SO}}_4^{2-}} }}$的产生和消耗通量(单位:mmol/(m2·d))

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域DIC$ {{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $使用方法参考文献
注:“−”代表未检测。
长江口0.45~4.030.03~0.57−1.04~−4.56PROFILE模型本研究
长江口0.08~7.590.02~0.54−0.03~−10.86PROFILE模型文献[19](重新计算)
黄河口2.18~16.550.01~1.37−12.91~−31.64PROFILE模型文献[46]
东海泥质区2.94~11.70.56~2.78−5.78~−16.2沉积物培养实验文献[19]
南黄海泥质区2.36~3.130.42~0.62−2.26~−2.60沉积物培养实验文献[19]
巴布亚新几内亚湾10~42沉积物培养实验文献[47]
亚马孙−圭亚那移动泥带19~127沉积物培养实验文献[9]
亚马孙河口1.79~42.570.03~2.94沉积物培养实验文献[48]
法属圭亚那20~235沉积物培养实验文献[12]
刚果河口1.13~4.080.11~0.37Fick第一定律文献[49]
波罗的海深水0.01~3.330~0.38Fick第一定律文献[50]
波罗的海2.3~43.5沉积物培养实验文献[51]
格但斯克盆地0.29~2.95Fick第一定律文献[52]
格但斯克盆地0.21~3.43沉积物培养实验文献[52]
墨西哥湾3.4~820~7.2沉积物培养实验文献[53]
毛里塔尼亚5.64~20.06沉积物培养实验文献[54]
新斯科舍浅海14.74~151.53−4.07~9.24沉积物培养实验文献[55]
亚得里亚海0.50~8.760.04~1.62Fick第一定律文献[56]
亚得里亚海2.2~1730.16~1.61沉积物培养实验文献[56]
新不列颠海沟0.10~0.60Fick第一定律文献[57]
拉普捷夫海0.08~0.19稳态下的一般反应−输运方程文献[58]
阿鲁海0.6~38.40.01~4.2沉积物培养实验文献[59]
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长江口−东海内陆架早期成岩过程及影响因素
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汲雨 1, 2 , 赵彬 1, 3 , 李康 1, 2 , 韩露露 1, 2 , 陈霖 1, 2 , 姚鹏 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(8): 73-85
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(8): 73-85
长江口−东海内陆架早期成岩过程及影响因素
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汲雨1, 2 , 赵彬1, 3, 李康1, 2, 韩露露1, 2, 陈霖1, 2, 姚鹏1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 崂山实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 汲雨(1997-),女,山东省菏泽市人,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
Early diagenetic processes and influencing factors of the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf
Yu Ji1, 2 , Bin Zhao1, 3, Kang Li1, 2, Lulu Han1, 2, Lin Chen1, 2, Peng Yao1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2023-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023127
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边缘海沉积物中的早期成岩作用是影响碳循环和埋藏的重要过程,目前对早期成岩过程及其影响因素的了解还不够深入。于2018年8月在长江口−东海内陆架采集了短柱状沉积物,对间隙水中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解无机氮(DIN)、二价铁(${\rm{Fe}}^{2+}$)、二价锰(${\rm{ Mn}}^{2+}$)和硫酸根(${\rm{SO}}^{2-}_4$)离子等参数进行了分析,并结合表层沉积物中粒度、比表面积、有机碳及稳定碳同位素组成和底层水环境参数,研究了不同沉积环境下沉积物中的早期成岩过程及其影响因素。结果表明,长江口−东海内陆架泥质区沉积物间隙水中DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的浓度随着深度的增加逐渐增大,且在其中心站位有较高的DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $产生通量(分别为4.03 mmol/(m2·d)和0.57 mmol/(m2·d))和${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $消耗通量(−4.56 mmol/(m2·d)),沉积物扰动深度为20~40 cm,自长江口向浙闽沿岸逐渐降低;而在砂质区,各溶质在剖面上均无明显变化,且通量较小(DIC: 0.60 mmol/(m2·d);${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $:−0.03 mmol/(m2·d);${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $:−1.05 mmol/(m2·d)),沉积物不存在扰动。扰动层厚度与沉积物间隙水中DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $等溶质通量呈正相关,表明沉积物的物理扰动是影响泥质区沉积有机碳再矿化的重要因素。综合上述结果,发现沉积有机碳在泥质区扰动层的降解方式以铁锰还原作用为主,扰动层以下以硫酸盐还原作用为主,而在砂质区的降解主要靠耗氧呼吸作用。本研究丰富了长江口及邻近海域沉积动力过程对早期成岩作用影响的认识,有助于深入理解大河河口及邻近海域有机碳的循环和埋藏。

长江口  /  沉积物间隙水  /  早期成岩过程  /  沉积物扰动  /  通量  /  有机碳降解

Early diagenesis in marginal sea sediments is an important process that affects carbon cycling and burial. Early diagenetic processes and influencing factors, however, remains poorly constrained. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), Fe2+, Mn2+, sulfate and other parameters in sediment porewaters of five short cores collected in August 2018 from the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf were analyzed. In combination with grain size composition, specific surface area, organic carbon concentrations and stable carbon isotopic composition in surface sediments and bottom water parameters, the early diagenetic processes and influencing factors in sediments under different sedimentary regimes were studied. Concentrations of DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ in sediment porewaters in the mud area gradually increase with depth, and relatively high production fluxes of DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ (4.03 mmol/(m2·d) and 0.57 mmol/(m2·d), respectively) and consumption fluxes of ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ (−4.56 mmol/(m2·d)) are observed at the center of the mud area, while in the sandy area, there are no obvious variations of these solutes, and the fluxes are lower compared with those in muddy sediments. According to the vertical distributions of these solutes in the sediment porewaters, the sediment disturbance depth in the mud area varies at 20−40 cm, and gradually decreases from the Changjiang River Estuary mud area to the Zhe-Min coast mud area, whereas in the sandy area, no sediment disturbance is found. The thickness of sediment disturbed layer is positively correlated with solute fluxes (e.g., DIC and ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $) in sediment porewaters, indicating that the physical reworking of sediments is an important factor affecting the remineralization of sedimentary organic carbon in the mud area. In general, the main decomposition pathway of the sedimentary organic carbon in the disturbed layer of the mud area is iron/manganese reduction, and below the disturbed layer the main pathway is the sulfate reduction, while in the sandy area, the main degradation pathway is aerobic respiration. This study enriches the understanding of the impact of sedimentary dynamic processes on early diagenesis in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent sea areas, and contributes to better understand the cycling and burial of organic carbon in the large-river estuary and adjacent sea areas.

Changjiang River Estuary  /  sediment porewater  /  early diagenetic process  /  sediment rework  /  flux  /  organic carbon decomposition
汲雨, 赵彬, 李康, 韩露露, 陈霖, 姚鹏. 长江口−东海内陆架早期成岩过程及影响因素. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (8) : 73 -85 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023127
Yu Ji, Bin Zhao, Kang Li, Lulu Han, Lin Chen, Peng Yao. Early diagenetic processes and influencing factors of the Changjiang River Estuary and East China Sea inner-shelf[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (8) : 73 -85 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023127
陆架边缘海是有机碳的主要沉积汇,在全球碳的生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用[1]。但是,在某些沉积动力较强的河口,大部分有机碳并没有保存下来,而是在沉降过程中发生了降解,或在沉积后参与早期成岩过程而发生了再矿化分解[23]。早期成岩过程是沉积物在水体中经历的一系列化学、生物和物理过程的统称[4]。海洋沉积物的氧穿透深度往往只有几毫米到几十毫米,随着溶氧含量的降低,在微生物作用下,有机碳先后与O2${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $、铁锰氧化物和${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $等电子受体发生有氧或厌氧分解反应,同时伴随还原性产物,如${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $、Fe2+、Mn2+和HS及CH4的释放,有机碳本身则被分解形成溶解态的有机碳和无机碳,并释放出${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $等营养盐;当硫酸根被耗尽之后,无机碳还可能被还原形成 CH4[5]。早期成岩过程能够影响沉积有机碳的保存、沉积物−水界面碳通量、营养盐再生和自生矿物的生成[6]。在不同的边缘海环境,由于沉积动力、水动力、陆源输入、初级生产力等的不同,沉积物中的早期成岩作用也有很大差异。研究不同沉积环境下的早期成岩过程有助于深入认识和理解有机碳的降解机制和元素的地球化学循环。
大河主导的陆架边缘海通常具有沉积速率高、动力过程强的环境特点,存在移动泥区[7]。移动泥是河流泥沙在陆架边缘海沉积下来之后,在一定的动力条件下,如沿岸流、季风和潮汐等物理作用,发生间接性再悬浮和再移动的沉积物[7]。移动泥上部通常存在扰动层,这种现象在许多沉积体系中很常见[810]。与稳定沉积环境相比,扰动层的早期成岩过程显著不同,原本有序的早期成岩过程被打破[11]。例如,在亚马孙河口和飞河等沉积系统中,沉积物中同一深度会出现多种不同的早期成岩过程,且在深层沉积物中有较强的硫酸盐还原作用[1113]。沉积物的扰动是沉积物与上覆水之间物质交换和元素循环的重要驱动力,对上层水体氧的消耗、碳的源汇等关键生物地球化学过程有重要影响[1314]
长江是流入东海的最大河流,长江口及邻近海域不断地接收长江输送的大量陆源物质。长江口具有温度、浊度及营养盐浓度等多重环境梯度,较高的沉积速率,以及水动力条件复杂等环境特征[11, 15],前人的研究表明,长江口及邻近东海内陆架存在明显的移动泥区[1519]。过剩210Pb活度的结果表明,长江口表层沉积物扰动层厚度在5~30 cm之间变化[17]。不同半衰期的放射性核素的综合结果显示,长江口表层沉积物扰动的时间周期在几天到几周内变化[15]。针对长江口及邻近海域沉积物中的早期成岩过程,前人已经开展了一些研究。例如,早在1986年,鲍根德等[20]和邹建军等[21]的研究就表明,在微生物的作用下,长江口及邻近陆架的沉积物中的铁锰氧化物参与了有机碳降解的过程。进一步地分析表明,在内陆架沉积物中,特别是移动泥中,有机质矿化主要以铁氧化物为电子受体,而在外陆架沉积物中,有机质矿化主要以${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $为电子受体[2224]。然而,目前对长江口−东海内陆架不同沉积环境下沉积物中的早期成岩过程,特别是移动泥扰动程度对早期成岩过程的影响还不够了解,亟待进一步研究。
本研究对2018年夏季在长江口−东海内陆架不同区域采集的沉积物中比表面积(Specific Surface Area, SSA)、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon, TOC)及其稳定同位素、间隙水溶质剖面等进行了分析,并结合模型计算、统计分析等方法研究了扰动和非扰动情况下沉积物中早期成岩过程及溶质产生/消耗通量等的差异,以期深入认识该区域沉积物中的早期成岩过程及影响因素。
于2018年8月,搭乘“海力”号科学考察船,在长江口及邻近海域利用箱式采泥器采集了A6−3、C2、F2、H2和A6−7 5个站位的表层沉积物和短柱状沉积物样品(图1)。其中A6−3、C2、F2和H2站位在长江口−东海内陆架的泥质区,而A6−7站位在砂质区。表层沉积物(0~3 cm)采集后立即冷冻保存,带回实验室后用于总有机碳、粒度、比表面积等的测定。柱状沉积物在采集后立即使用Rhizon间隙水采集器进行间隙水的采集[25],间隙水在4°C冷藏条件下保存,每层沉积物采集两管间隙水,其中一管用于铁、锰离子(Fe2+和Mn2+)的测定,另一管用于溶解无机碳(Dissolved Inorganic Carbon, DIC)、溶解无机氮(Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen, DIN,包括${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $)和硫酸根(${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $)等的测定,样品带回实验室后在1个月内完成分析。
沉积物的粒度组成使用激光粒度分析仪(Mastersizer2000,Malvern,英国)进行分析[26],比表面积使用比表面及孔径分析仪(3H−2000PS4,北京贝世德仪器公司,中国)进行测定[19, 22]。利用冻干前后的质量差得到沉积物的孔隙度[27]。使用元素分析仪−稳定同位素比值质谱联用仪(vario MICRO cube EA−Isoprime IRMS,Elementar,美国)测定有机碳及稳定碳同位素含量,标准偏差分别为0.02%(TOC)和0.1‰(δ13C)[22]。在测定有机碳及稳定碳同位素丰度之前,样品需要酸熏12 h以去除无机碳。间隙水中的DIC浓度使用溶解无机碳分析仪(AS−C3,Apollo SciTech,美国)直接测定,检测限为0.2 μmol/L,重复测量相对标准偏差小于0.2%;间隙水中DIN浓度在稀释之后使用营养盐连续分析仪(Auto−Analyzer 3,Seal Analytical Ltd., 英国)测定,${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $的浓度检测限分别为0.04 μmol/L、0.005 μmol/L和0.02 μmol/L,多次测定相对标准偏差小于5%。间隙水中溶解的铁锰离子浓度使用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP−OES, iCAP6300, Thermo Fisher Scientific., 美国)测定[28],Fe2+和Mn2+浓度的检测限分别为0.01 μmol/L和0.02 μmol/L,多次测定的精密度为2%;${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $浓度使用离子色谱仪(ICS−3000, Dionex,美国)分析,检测限为0.02 mg/L,多次测定相对偏差小于1%[22]
沉积物间隙水中各溶质的产生/消耗通量通过 PROFILE 模型计算[29]。在本研究中,假设沉积物下层所处环境为稳态环境,间隙水溶质只受到扩散和反应的影响,所以计算时仅选取下层非扰动层数据进行计算。 PROFILE 模型中的计算式如下:
$ \frac{{{\rm{d}}}}{{{\rm{d}}x}}\left[\textit{φ}\left({{D}}_{{{\rm{S}}}}+{{D}}_{{{\rm{B}}}}\right)\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}x}}\right]+\textit{φα}\left({{C}}_{{0}}-C\right){+R=0} , $
式中,C 为间隙水中溶质的浓度;C0 为上覆水中溶质浓度;φ 为孔隙度;DS为溶质在海水中的扩散系数;DB为生物扰动系数;α 为灌溉系数;R 为单位体积沉积物内的净反应速率(正值代表溶质的产生,负值代表溶质的消耗)。本计算中假设 DBα 为 0[30]
使用 Origin Lab 2016、Ocean Data View 和 Surfer 13 软件进行参数及站位的绘图。不同参数间的几何回归关系使用 Excel 2003 分析,冗余分析(Redundancy Analysis,RDA)使用 CANOCO5 软件进行。利用 RDA 可以把样本和环境因子显示在同一个图上,从图中可以直观地看出样本分布以及环境因子间的关系。
表1 所示,5个采样站位的水深在 13.7~47.0 m之间,平均水深为26.32 m,随着离岸距离增加而加深;底层水温在 21.1~27.3°C 之间,平均水温为 25.08°C,砂质区水温低于泥质区;底层水盐度在 28.0~34.1 之间,平均盐度为 31.12,浙闽沿岸泥质区盐度略高于其他区域;溶解氧(Dissplved Oxygen, DO)含量在 1.58~6.75 mg/L 之间,平均为 3.968 mg/L。表层沉积物以粉砂为主,中值粒径在 6.6~102 μm之间,平均值为 26.42 μm,砂质区远大于泥质区;表层沉积物中TOC的含量在 0.29%~0.69% 之间,平均值为 0.562%,泥质区显著高于砂质区;δ13C 值在 −22.96‰~−21.75‰ 之间,平均值为 −22.378‰;SSA 在 3.90~17.33 m2/g之间,平均值为 14.066 m2/g;TOC/SSA 比值在 0.34~0.74 mg/m2之间,平均为 0.45 mg/m2,砂质区显著高于泥质区。
长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中深度平均的 DIC 浓度在 2 203.3~9 080.7 µmol/L之间,平均浓度为3 644.6 µmol/L,砂质区显著低于泥质区。在剖面分布上,泥质区的 DIC 浓度随深度的增加而逐渐增大,在长江口和浙闽沿岸泥质区中心的 A6−3和 F2 站位 DIC 浓度增加的更为明显,而在砂质区的 A6−7 站位 DIC 浓度随深度无明显变化(图2)。由于 DIC 是有机质分解的直接产物,其在沉积物中的积累代表着有机质在发生持续的分解。因此,本文将沉积物间隙水中DIC 分布比较均匀的层次定义为扰动层,而其下逐渐积累的层次定义为非扰动层。在长江口泥质区的 A6−3 站位,扰动层厚度约为 42 cm;在浙闽沿岸泥质区的 C2、F2 和 H2 站位,扰动层厚度分别为 30 cm 和 20 cm(图2)。在离岸较远的 A6−7 站位没有发现明显的扰动层与非扰动层。这些扰动层厚度的分布与前人通过过剩 210Pb 活度等放射性核素得到的结果基本一致[1519]。例如,Xu 等[15]发现长江口泥质区扰动层厚度约在 30~50 cm 之间,浙闽沿岸泥质区扰动层厚度约在 10~30 cm 之间,砂质区无明显扰动层,这与本研究利用溶质剖面得到的扰动层厚度大致相符。
长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中深度平均的${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度在 3.8~867.8 μmol/L 之间,平均浓度为179.6 μmol/L,砂质区远小于泥质区。在剖面分布上,间隙水中${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的变化趋势与 DIC 类似,随深度的增加所有站位的${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度逐渐增大(图2)。长江口沉积物间隙水中深度平均的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度分别在 0.2~166.1 μmol/L 和 0.1~10.0 μmol/L 之间,平均浓度分别为 12.2 μmol/L 和 0.9 μmol/L。其中,浙闽沿岸泥质区的 F2 和 H2 站位以及砂质区沉积物间隙水中的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的平均浓度远小于长江口泥质区的 A6−3 和 C2 站位, 且剖面分布基本一致,变化较小,只是在沉积物−水界面附近具有相对较高的浓度,之后浓度变化不大。而在 A6−3 和 C2 站位 0~10 cm 的范围内,${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度存在峰值,随深度增加${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度逐渐增大,并且远高于其他站位,10 cm 之下${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的浓度迅速减小(图2)。
长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中深度平均的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $浓度在13.40~24.21 mmol/L之间,平均浓度为20.49 mmol/L,长江口泥质区的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $浓度略低于砂质区。除A6−7站位外,其他站位间隙水中的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $随深度的增加逐渐减小,在长江口泥质区的减小更为明显(图2)。且4个泥质区站位从非扰动层开始,DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的浓度随深度的增加迅速的呈线性的增加或减小(图2)。长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中深度平均的Fe2+浓度要低于Mn2+的浓度,分别在0.15~215.36 μmol/L和0.71~178.67 μmol/L之间,平均浓度分别为24.58 μmol/L和46.61 μmol/L。其中,砂质区的Fe2+和Mn2+浓度远小于泥质区。在剖面分布上,大部分站位间隙水中的Fe2+和Mn2+浓度随着深度的增加,呈现出同步地先增大后减小的变化趋势。在C2站位的间隙水中,Fe2+和Mn2+浓度的峰值不同步,Mn2+浓度的峰值在10~20 cm之间,而Fe2+浓度的峰值在30~50 cm之间(图2)。
长江口−东海内陆架沉积物间隙水中不同溶质的产生/消耗通量见表2其中,沉积物 DIC 的产生通量在 0.45~4.03 mmol/(m2·d) 之间,平均值为 1.81 mmol/(m2·d)(标准偏差 σ = 1.69 mmol/(m2·d))。${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的通量在−0.03~0.57 mmol/(m2·d)之间,平均值为 0.206 mmol/(m2·d)(σ = 0.24 mmol/(m2·d))。${\rm{SO}}^{2-}_4$ 的通量在−4.56~−1.04 mmol/(m2·d)之间,平均值为−1.996 mmol/(m2·d)(σ = 1.51 mmol/(m2·d))。Fe2+和Mn2+的通量分别在 0~0.02 mmol/(m2·d) 和−0.03~0 mmol/(m2·d) 之间,平均值分别为 0.006 mmol/(m2·d) 和−0.01 mmol/(m2·d)(标准偏差均为0.01 mmol/(m2·d),表2)。在稳定沉积层,长江口−东海内陆架泥质区的A6−3 站位和 F2 站位具有较高的 DIC 和 ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的产生通量以及 ${\rm{SO}}^{2-}_4 $的消耗通量,而 Fe2+ 和 Mn2+ 的产生和消耗通量很小(表2)。砂质区的 A6−7 站位相比于泥质区,各溶质都有比较小的产生或消耗通量。结合Zhao等[19]2013年长江口附近的相关数据(重新用 PROFILE 模型计算,图3 灰色圆圈站位),可以看出泥质区较中心的 A6−3 站位和 F2 站位DIC 和 ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的产生通量较高,同时 ${\rm{SO}}^{2-}_4 $ 的消耗通量也较高,往外海方向通量逐渐降低(图3)。
综合长江口−东海内陆架的整体环境信息,我们对DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的通量做了RDA(图4)。结果发现,长江口泥质区的A6−3站位和靠近长江口泥质区的C2站位被划分在一个象限,浙闽沿岸泥质区的H2站位和F2站位被划分在一起,而砂质区的A6−7站位被单独划分在一个象限。与DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的产生通量相关性最强的参数是扰动层厚度,而与${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的消耗通量相关性最强的参数是沉积有机碳的δ13C。对于浙闽沿岸泥质区来说,相关性较强的环境因子是盐度;而对于砂质区来说,相关性较强的参数是沉积物的中值粒径。
长江口−东海内陆架强烈的物理扰动影响了沉积物的沉积环境,从而改变了早期成岩过程。在长江口及浙闽沿岸泥质区的沉积物间隙水中DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的浓度随着深度的增加逐渐增大,尤其在非扰动层迅速的增长(图2),说明沉积有机碳发生了显著的再矿化作用,且DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $在深层次有稳定的累积[27]。其中,在长江口泥质区中心的A6−3站位和浙闽沿岸泥质区中心的F2站位在非扰动层DIC浓度和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度相关性较显著,且线性斜率也更大(图5),这表明在越靠近泥质区中心的地方,非扰动层DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的积累更快速且稳定。研究表明,长江口泥质区的沉积速率显著高于浙闽沿岸泥质区和外海砂质区,较高的沉积速率和较强的有机碳的再矿化作用导致大量溶质(如DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $)在这些站位的沉积物间隙水中积累[11]。而在砂质区的A6−7站位,DIC浓度和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度的相关性和线性斜率都较小,说明没有DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的积累。这可能是因为在砂质区表层沉积有机碳的含量较小,沉积环境较稳定,有机碳的降解作用较弱,没有产生较多的DIC和NH$_4^+ $[19]。此外,还可能是由于砂质区沉积物的粒径较大(表1),沉积物颗粒之间有较大的空隙,可渗透性较大,导致间隙水的流动性增强,沉积物上下层物质交换频繁[3132],沉积有机碳降解产生的DIC 和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $可能会随着底层海水的冲刷作用进入到上层水体中,所以不会在间隙水中稳定的积累。
在表层沉积物间隙水中发现较低的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度,一方面可能是由于长江口底层水中${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $浓度较低[33],沉积物和水体的交换影响了间隙水中${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $的浓度,另一方面更大的可能是有机碳的分解作用消耗了本就浓度较低的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $,这可以从表层沉积物间隙水中高含量的DIC看出来(图2f),特别是离河口较近的A6−3和C2站位;随着分解作用加强,有机物释放出了${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {NH}}_4^+}$的好氧氧化导致了${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度的升高,即发生了硝化作用,这些产生的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $进一步在反硝化作用下转变成N2被去除。李佳霖等[34]对长江口沉积物硝化作用的研究中也发现,在长江入海口(A6−3站位附近)和杭州湾出口(C2站位附近)的沉积物中具有较多的硝化细菌。在其他站位,大部分沉积物间隙水中都具有较低的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $浓度,这表明在表层沉积物中有机碳的降解可能从好氧呼吸作用直接进入到反硝化作用,快速地消耗了间隙水中的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $。总体来看,在长江口及浙闽沿岸沉积物中存在短暂且较强的反硝化作用,早期成岩过程会迅速进入到下一个阶段。
在长江口−东海内陆架泥质区的沉积物间隙水中,Fe2+和Mn2+的浓度随着深度的增加迅速升高(图2),表明铁锰还原作用是沉积有机碳的重要矿化路径[8]。长江每年会携带大量铁锰氧化物进入东海[8, 35],并且沉积物的扰动也会加强铁锰的氧化还原循环[3637]。前人的研究表明,夏季间隙水中铁锰离子浓度较高,是由于藻类暴发使大量活性有机碳沉积下来,并且有机碳的降解消耗了沉积物中的氧气,提供了低氧或无氧的环境,从而提高了铁和锰的还原作用[38]。Fe2+和Mn2+的高浓度和快速增长的深度基本都在0~30 cm;但扰动层中(19~42 cm)的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $浓度随深度并没有特别明显的减弱(图2),这可能是因为在铁锰氧化物较多的的环境中铁锰还原菌相比于硫酸盐还原菌会更快地利用有机碳,从而使硫酸盐还原受到抑制作用[39]。Zhu等[24]在东海内陆架泥质区沉积物的研究中发现了高浓度的铁氧化物和低浓度的固相硫化物,也表明了硫酸盐还原反应相对较弱。然而在扰动层以下,${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $浓度随深度迅速减小(图2),且与DIC浓度存在较高的负相关性(图5),表明扰动层下硫酸盐还原作用较显著。也有研究发现,在移动泥环境下的成岩过程中,多种不同的早期成岩过程会在同一深度被发现,且此时的硫酸盐还原产物容易被O2或铁锰氧化物氧化为${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}}$[11]。这表明在非扰动层,硫酸盐还原作用可能是沉积有机碳的主要降解方式。
长江口−东海内陆架泥质区在稳定沉积层整体都有较高的${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $消耗通量以及较低的Fe2+和Mn2+的产生和消耗通量(表2),这进一步表明在长江口−东海内陆架硫酸盐还原作用可能是非扰动层沉积有机碳的主要降解方式。前人的研究表明,长江口和浙闽沿岸泥质区铁锰还原作用通常发生在上层沉积物中(小于25 cm)[19],而本研究中沉积物非扰动层通常在30 cm以下,所以在长江口−东海内陆架非扰动层间隙水中Fe2+和Mn2+浓度较低,铁锰还原作用较弱。由于砂质区的A6−7站位的扰动相对较小,所以各溶质都有较小的产生或消耗通量。通过长江口−东海内陆架的环境因子对DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $通量的RDA发现(图4),C2站位的环境与长江口附近更为相似。对于DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+}$的产生通量,影响最大的因素是扰动层厚度,这与对剖面分布的分析结果一致。将DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的产生通量与扰动层厚度作图,可以看到随着扰动层厚度的增加,DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的产生通量有一个明显增长的趋势(图6),表明扰动的强度越大,DIC和${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的累积以及沉积有机碳的降解越显著。这种影响在长江口泥质区中心区的A6−3站位和C2站位最大,其次是浙闽沿岸泥质区的H2站位和F2站位。与${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的通量相关性最大的参数是沉积有机碳的δ13C,随δ13C的降低,${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的消耗通量升高。在长江口泥质区,沉积速率相对较高(大于1.5 mm/a),且陆源物质(δ13C偏低)是沉积物的主要来源(大于75%)[40]。较高的沉积速率以及较强的扰动作用进而影响了${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $的通量升高。沉积有机碳的来源与组成的不同对有机碳的降解也有一定的影响。通常,海源有机碳较陆源有机碳更易降解,而对于陆源有机碳来讲,陆地植物来源的有机碳较土壤和化石来源有机碳更易降解[41]。前期的研究表明,长江来源的陆源有机碳主要沉积在东海内陆架泥质区,其比例由河口向浙闽沿岸方向逐渐降低,而砂质区则以海源有机碳为主[14, 42]。但是,有机碳的降解不仅与其组成有关,还受到沉积动力过程的影响。长江口泥质区频繁的物理扰动不仅造成氧化还原条件的变动,还可以使较多新鲜的海源有机碳进入到深层沉积物中,提供更多高活性有机碳,通过激发效应加速总有机碳的降解[6, 19]。沉积物单位比表面积的有机碳含量(TOC/SSA)可以用来指示有机碳的保存效率,TOC/SSA比值越小,表明保存效率越低[43]。尽管长江口泥质区的陆源有机碳含量高于外海砂质区,但长江口泥质区的TOC/SSA也显著小于砂质区,即存在扰动作用的泥质区有机碳更难保存下来[22]。实际上,扰动层的厚度对于全球生物地球化学循环有着深远的影响[38]。最近的研究发现,由于扰动会刺激沉积物中氧化作用,促进有机物分解,全球范围内近海有机碳累积率和TOC/SSA比值与扰动层厚度呈反比关系[44]。这些结果都证实了沉积物扰动对有机碳再矿化的促进作用。对浙闽沿岸泥质区来说,影响最大的环境因子是盐度,这可能是因为夏季台湾暖流增强,浙闽沿岸会受其外侧影响,温度和盐度相对较高,初级生产较强,可能会有更多的海源有机碳进入到沉积物[18]。对砂质区来说,相关性较强的参数是沉积物的中值粒径,这是因为砂质区的粒径远大于泥质区。与此同时,砂质区的沉积环境比较稳定,几乎没有扰动层,且距离河口较远导致陆源较少,所以与其他参数都没有相关性。这也进一步解释了砂质区的A6−7站位各溶质在剖面上都没有明显的变化。总之,在不同沉积环境中,有机碳的降解和保存状态和影响因素各不相同。
对比世界典型河口和海洋环境沉积物间隙水中 DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 的产生和消耗通量(表3),可以发现同一区域所采用沉积物原位培养实验得到的通量结果要远大于使用各种模型计算所得到的通量结果。这可能是因为在使用模型计算时,我们模拟了一个稳态的沉积环境,而实际的沉积环境却复杂得多。例如,生物扰动和灌溉作用会显著提高溶质的通量[45]。综合多种方法所得通量,我们发现长江口及浙闽沿岸沉积物间隙水中各溶质的通量要高于波罗的海深水区域、北极的拉普捷夫海和新不列颠海沟,与刚果河口研究结果相当,但是显著低于亚马孙河口、波罗的海等大陆边缘海区域以及热带雨林气候的阿鲁海[9, 12, 19, 4659]。这表明沉积物间隙水中各溶质的通量会受到不同环境因素的影响。其中,温度就是一个很重要的影响因素[5759]。在温度较低的区域,沉积有机碳的降解作用会减弱,间隙水中溶质的产生和扩散通量相应减小。这是由于沉积有机碳的降解是在微生物作用下进行的,而温度的升高会提升微生物的活性,从而促进有机碳的降解[6061]。例如,在深海海沟和北极的环境中,最低温度在 2°C 和 −1.2°C 左右[5759],扩散通量显著低于温度在 10~27°C 的热带和亚热带河口[59]。另外,研究区域的动力学环境也是影响溶质通量大小的一个重要因素。世界大河河口,如亚马孙河口,存在明显的移动泥区,沉积物间隙水受强烈扰动影响而充分混合,从而促进有机碳降解,因而具有较高的产生和消耗通量[48]。然而,在陆架和深海,动力学环境较稳定且温度较低,导致有机碳降解较弱,消耗通量要小于河口和近海[50, 5759]。除此之外,冬季风暴等现象会加强沉积物的物理扰动[17, 6263],在冬季使含有更多 DIC 的深层次沉积物暴露出来[27]。季节的变化(如夏季和冬季)对于扰动层厚度以及早期成岩过程的影响还需要深入研究。
受不同沉积动力过程的影响,长江口−东海内陆架泥质区和砂质区存在不同的早期成岩过程。在泥质区,沉积物间隙水中 DIC 和 ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ 的浓度随深度的增加而增大,且具有较高的 DIC、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ 产生通量和 ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 消耗通量。而在砂质区各溶质在剖面上没有明显的变化,且通量较小。RDA 表明,扰动层厚度是影响泥质区 DIC 和 ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ 通量的主要因素,沉积有机碳的来源是影响 ${{\rm {SO}}_4^{2-}} $ 消耗通量的主要因素。长江口存在较高的铁锰氧化物的输入、活性有机碳输入和移动泥季节性扰动等特点,加强了沉积物中的铁锰氧化物还原过程,使得长江口−东海内陆架泥质区扰动层中的主要降解方式为铁锰还原作用;但在非扰动层,沉积有机碳的主要降解方式以硫酸盐还原作用为主;而在砂质区,主要降解方式为耗氧呼吸作用。本研究进一步证明了河口移动泥较强的沉积动力过程对有机碳降解的促进作用,今后的研究需要更多关注移动泥扰动层的季节变化及其对早期成岩过程的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076034,42006041)
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2023年第45卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023127
  • 接收时间:2022-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-04
  • 修回日期:2023-03-14
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国家自然科学基金(42076034,42006041)
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2 中国海洋大学 化学化工学院,山东 青岛 266100
    3 崂山实验室 海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237

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*姚鹏(1977-),男,山东省菏泽市人,教授,主要从事海洋有机生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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