Article(id=1212062365512765886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023099, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1655913600000, receivedDateStr=2022-06-23, revisedDate=1675785600000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786967, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786967, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062365785395660, articleId=1212062365512765886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the non-stationary characteristics of extreme storm surges along the Changjiang River Estuary, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of global climate change, the extreme storm surge events caused by tropical cyclones in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal area present non-stationary feature. In this study, a storm surge model for the Changjiang River Estuary was constructed using the ADCIRC model to reproduce the storm surges during 241 tropical cyclones affecting the Changjiang River Estuary from 1979 to 2019. By combining the non-stationary generalized extreme value distribution with the state space approach, a statistical model for capturing the non-stationarity of extreme storm surges was built to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the extreme storm surges in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent coastal area. The statistical model can well reproduce the non-stationary feature of extreme storm surges, which was mainly represented by the time-dependent location parameter. The time-dependent location parameters at the tidal gauge stations were stationary before 2008 and presented increasing trends afterwards, which was mainly caused by the increase of the annual second- and third-largest storm surges. The reoccurrence period of storm surge event with 100-year return period under the stationary assumption was reduced to around 40–80 years, indicating an increased flood risk in the Changjiang River Estuary. Combined with the changes in the intensity and path of the tropical cyclones that caused the annual second- and third-largest storm surges, it was concluded that the increasing trends of extreme storm surges were mainly caused by the increase in the intensity of the tropical cyclone that tracking northward to the offshore of the Changjiang River Estuary and veering eastwards.

, correspAuthors=Yongping Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dongmei Xie, Yongping Chen, Qianqian Yu, Li Sun, Chonglun Pan), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062369488966237, articleId=1212062365512765886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于ADCIRC构建适用于长江口的台风暴潮模型,对1979–2019年间长江口台风增水过程进行数值重构;结合非平稳广义极值分布和状态空间模型,构建适用于刻画长江口极端增水非平稳变化的频率统计模型,研判非平稳变化引起的极端增水量值调整情况。结果表明,长江口各验潮站处极端增水的非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数在2008年前表现为波动特征,2008年后呈现逐渐增大趋势。2008–2019年间各验潮站处极端增水时变位置参数的线性上升率介于0.8~1.2 cm/a之间。基于上述变化趋势,考虑极端增水非平稳变化时长江口各验潮站处百年一遇增水均大于基于平稳假定的推算结果,二者差值介于8~15 cm之间。经分析,2008年后北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的热带气旋强度有明显增强趋势,致使长江口各验潮站处年第二和第三大值增水增大,这是导致各验潮站处风暴增水极值分布位置参数出现趋势性增大的主要原因。

, correspAuthors=陈永平, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈永平,男,教授,主要从事风暴潮灾害预报预警与生态防护方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=CYbxLi7l2SUXb5ZyoZF6ww==, magXml=C6mwHWkYYg/s3q79BvXcqg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LBK7tRSrlWlin3fB93gCYw==, pdfFileSize=6566039, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=JQwOpXzq+ixlxodPTr/VCA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nhlrqAgE9rgYkDnCA6bVGg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谢冬梅(1988-),女,四川省德阳市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害与防灾减灾方面研究。E-mail:

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谢冬梅(1988-),女,四川省德阳市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害与防灾减灾方面研究。E-mail:

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谢冬梅(1988-),女,四川省德阳市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害与防灾减灾方面研究。E-mail:

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articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=极值统计), Keyword(id=1215323530267378648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=状态空间模型)], refs=[Reference(id=1215323533257916564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mawdsley R J, Haigh I D. 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Beijing: China Communications Press, 2015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215323533098533004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2600700);河海大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(B200204017);浙江省水利科技重大项目(RA2202);南京水利科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(Y223004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323525519426291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323525532009206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323525519426291, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京水利科学研究院 河流海岸研究所,江苏 南京 210029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323525624283899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323525632672508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323525624283899, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1River and Harbor Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323525787861765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323525792056070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323525787861765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323525867553545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323525875942155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323525867553545, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323525964022539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323525968216844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323525964022539, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323526052102927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323526064685841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323526052102927, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323526190514966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323526194709272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323526190514966, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 上海市水旱灾害防御技术中心,上海 200050)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323526257623834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323526312149789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, companyId=1215323526257623834, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Shanghai Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Shanghai 200050, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215323530447733732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Mesh and bathymetry for storm surge modeling

b and d are the zoom-in mesh and bathymetry within the purple rectangles in a and c, respectively

, figureFileSmall=dIWoedOMSCMXVYB7lzhX6A==, figureFileBig=fYvA+Xa8FgtMVHRiRP1UOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323530540008427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风暴潮模型网格布置及水深分布

b和d分别为a和c紫色框中网格和地形的局部放大图

, figureFileSmall=dIWoedOMSCMXVYB7lzhX6A==, figureFileBig=fYvA+Xa8FgtMVHRiRP1UOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323530640671727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Fitting results of the parameters of GEV distribution for the annual three-largest storm surges at the tide gauges

a. Locations of tide gauges within Changjiang Rvier Estuary and its adjacent area; b. location parameter; c. scale parameter; d. shape parameter

, figureFileSmall=yKdZ6vX3xddMFn39r+N72w==, figureFileBig=Xm+m+ZdFk7yHiqrdRWWubg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323530732946421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=图2, caption=年极端增水样本数r = 3时各验潮站处增水极值分布参数的拟合结果

a. 长江口及附近海域验潮站位置;b. 位置参数;c. 尺度参数;d. 形状参数

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a. Storm track and intensity; b. verification of different gale-force wind radii; c. verification of wind speed; d. verification of atmospheric pressure

, figureFileSmall=jEuOdvsxVa12np7on1Z9QQ==, figureFileBig=8jhQ75ZyqTfb61Wn1kPonQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531106238473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1909号超强台风“利奇马”期间风速和气压验证

a. 台风路径及强度;b. 风圈半径验证;c. 风速验证;d. 气压验证

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Bold fonts present trends passing 95% significance test

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加粗字体表示趋势通过95%显著性检验

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Track type 1: tropical cyclones track northwards until reaching near the Changjiang River Estuary and continue moving offshore; track type 2: tropical cyclones track northwards in the offshore of the Changjiang River Estuary; track type 3: tropical cyclones make landfall to the south of the Changjiang River Estuary; track type 4: tropical cyclones make landfall to the south of the Changjiang River Estuary and continue moving northwards to the west of the Changjiang River Estuary; track type 5: tropical cyclones make landfall at the Changjiang River Estuary; track type 6: tropical cyclones make landfall to the north of the Changjiang River Estuary; track type 7: tropical cyclones make landfall to the south of the Changjiang River Estuary and continue moving northward to the Changjiang River Estuary

, figureFileSmall=UO9WmGTqVbNK1AgdLBnWpw==, figureFileBig=Rxp+WkScYQ6gQh3foScfgg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532138037322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=图10, caption=热带气旋路径分类示意图

1号路径:热带气旋北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海;2号路径:热带气旋北向直行经过长江口外海;3号路径:热带气旋在长江口以南登陆;4号路径:热带气旋在长江口以南登陆并北上经过长江口西侧;5号路径:热带气旋直接登陆长江口;6号路径:热带气旋在长江口以北登陆;7号路径:热带气旋在长江口以南登陆并转向穿过长江口

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a, b. the annual largest storm surge; c, d. the annual second-largest storm surge;e, f. the annual third-largest storm surge;a, c, e. before the year 2008;b, d, f. after the year 2008

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a,b. 年第一大值;c,d. 年第二大值;e,f. 年第三大值;a,c,e. 2008年前;b,d,f. 2008年后

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Estimated parameters of the GEV distribution for the annual maxima storm surge under stationary assumption when r = 1, 2, 3, respectively

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站r取值位置参数 ± 标准误差/cm尺度参数 ± 标准误差/cm形状参数 ± 标准误差/cm
崇西闸165.9 ± 4.123.0 ± 3.10.1 ± 0.1
270.5 ± 3.623.7 ± 2.40.1 ± 0.1
371.5 ± 3.625.9 ± 2.20.0 ± 0.1
堡镇162.9 ± 3.921.4 ± 2.90.0 ± 0.1
266.7 ± 3.422.2 ± 2.10.0 ± 0.1
367.5 ± 3.323.6 ± 1.8−0.1 ± 0.1
高桥158.4 ± 3.619.7 ± 2.70.1 ± 0.1
261.9 ± 3.020.1 ± 2.00.1 ± 0.1
363.3 ± 3.223.0 ± 1.8−0.1 ± 0.1
吴淞口158.4 ± 3.620.0 ± 2.80.1 ± 0.1
262.2 ± 3.120.6 ± 2.10.1 ± 0.1
363.6 ± 3.323.5 ± 1.90.0 ± 0.1
金山嘴177.7 ± 5.530.0 ± 4.30.1 ± 0.1
282.2 ± 5.032.1 ± 3.40.1 ± 0.1
381.5 ± 4.733.7 ± 3.20.1 ± 0.1
芦潮港154.8 ± 3.418.0 ± 2.70.1 ± 0.2
258.3 ± 2.919.1 ± 2.00.1 ± 0.1
359.9 ± 2.920.9 ± 1.70.0 ± 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532473581668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

年极端增水样本数r取值为1、2和3情况下长江口各验潮站处增水的平稳估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站r取值位置参数 ± 标准误差/cm尺度参数 ± 标准误差/cm形状参数 ± 标准误差/cm
崇西闸165.9 ± 4.123.0 ± 3.10.1 ± 0.1
270.5 ± 3.623.7 ± 2.40.1 ± 0.1
371.5 ± 3.625.9 ± 2.20.0 ± 0.1
堡镇162.9 ± 3.921.4 ± 2.90.0 ± 0.1
266.7 ± 3.422.2 ± 2.10.0 ± 0.1
367.5 ± 3.323.6 ± 1.8−0.1 ± 0.1
高桥158.4 ± 3.619.7 ± 2.70.1 ± 0.1
261.9 ± 3.020.1 ± 2.00.1 ± 0.1
363.3 ± 3.223.0 ± 1.8−0.1 ± 0.1
吴淞口158.4 ± 3.620.0 ± 2.80.1 ± 0.1
262.2 ± 3.120.6 ± 2.10.1 ± 0.1
363.6 ± 3.323.5 ± 1.90.0 ± 0.1
金山嘴177.7 ± 5.530.0 ± 4.30.1 ± 0.1
282.2 ± 5.032.1 ± 3.40.1 ± 0.1
381.5 ± 4.733.7 ± 3.20.1 ± 0.1
芦潮港154.8 ± 3.418.0 ± 2.70.1 ± 0.2
258.3 ± 2.919.1 ± 2.00.1 ± 0.1
359.9 ± 2.920.9 ± 1.70.0 ± 0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532578439271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of M-K test of non-stationary location parameters at the tide gauges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站pz突变年份
崇西闸9.25 × 10−126.82008
堡镇1.61 × 10−127.12007
高桥1.72 × 10−116.72006
吴淞口1.26 × 10−116.82007
金山嘴1.41 × 10−85.72009
芦潮港6.99 × 10−106.22009
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532683296879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各验潮站处非平稳位置参数M-K检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站pz突变年份
崇西闸9.25 × 10−126.82008
堡镇1.61 × 10−127.12007
高桥1.72 × 10−116.72006
吴淞口1.26 × 10−116.82007
金山嘴1.41 × 10−85.72009
芦潮港6.99 × 10−106.22009
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532809126008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of storm surge levels with 100-year return period at the tide gauges

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站崇西闸堡镇高桥吴淞口金山嘴芦潮港
极值I型/cm186159155163256152
平稳估计/cm187156153162260149
非平稳估计/cm200170166175268161
非平稳和平稳估计差值/cm12151312812
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532905595006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365512765886, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

长江口各验潮站处百年一遇风暴增水比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
验潮站崇西闸堡镇高桥吴淞口金山嘴芦潮港
极值I型/cm186159155163256152
平稳估计/cm187156153162260149
非平稳估计/cm200170166175268161
非平稳和平稳估计差值/cm12151312812
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长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征研究
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谢冬梅 1, 2, 3 , 陈永平 2, 3, * , 于茜倩 2, 3 , 孙丽 4 , 潘崇伦 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 25-39
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 25-39
长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征研究
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谢冬梅1, 2, 3 , 陈永平2, 3, * , 于茜倩2, 3, 孙丽4, 潘崇伦4
作者信息
  • 1 南京水利科学研究院 河流海岸研究所,江苏 南京 210029
  • 2 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 3 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 4 上海市水旱灾害防御技术中心,上海 200050
  • 谢冬梅(1988-),女,四川省德阳市人,高级工程师,主要从事海洋灾害与防灾减灾方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈永平,男,教授,主要从事风暴潮灾害预报预警与生态防护方面研究。E-mail:
Study on the non-stationary characteristics of extreme storm surges along the Changjiang River Estuary
Dongmei Xie1, 2, 3 , Yongping Chen2, 3, * , Qianqian Yu2, 3, Li Sun4, Chonglun Pan4
Affiliations
  • 1River and Harbor Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 3College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 4Shanghai Flood and Drought Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Shanghai 200050, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023099
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本文基于ADCIRC构建适用于长江口的台风暴潮模型,对1979–2019年间长江口台风增水过程进行数值重构;结合非平稳广义极值分布和状态空间模型,构建适用于刻画长江口极端增水非平稳变化的频率统计模型,研判非平稳变化引起的极端增水量值调整情况。结果表明,长江口各验潮站处极端增水的非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数在2008年前表现为波动特征,2008年后呈现逐渐增大趋势。2008–2019年间各验潮站处极端增水时变位置参数的线性上升率介于0.8~1.2 cm/a之间。基于上述变化趋势,考虑极端增水非平稳变化时长江口各验潮站处百年一遇增水均大于基于平稳假定的推算结果,二者差值介于8~15 cm之间。经分析,2008年后北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的热带气旋强度有明显增强趋势,致使长江口各验潮站处年第二和第三大值增水增大,这是导致各验潮站处风暴增水极值分布位置参数出现趋势性增大的主要原因。

长江口  /  极端增水  /  非平稳  /  极值统计  /  状态空间模型

Under the background of global climate change, the extreme storm surge events caused by tropical cyclones in the Changjiang River Estuary and adjacent coastal area present non-stationary feature. In this study, a storm surge model for the Changjiang River Estuary was constructed using the ADCIRC model to reproduce the storm surges during 241 tropical cyclones affecting the Changjiang River Estuary from 1979 to 2019. By combining the non-stationary generalized extreme value distribution with the state space approach, a statistical model for capturing the non-stationarity of extreme storm surges was built to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the extreme storm surges in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent coastal area. The statistical model can well reproduce the non-stationary feature of extreme storm surges, which was mainly represented by the time-dependent location parameter. The time-dependent location parameters at the tidal gauge stations were stationary before 2008 and presented increasing trends afterwards, which was mainly caused by the increase of the annual second- and third-largest storm surges. The reoccurrence period of storm surge event with 100-year return period under the stationary assumption was reduced to around 40–80 years, indicating an increased flood risk in the Changjiang River Estuary. Combined with the changes in the intensity and path of the tropical cyclones that caused the annual second- and third-largest storm surges, it was concluded that the increasing trends of extreme storm surges were mainly caused by the increase in the intensity of the tropical cyclone that tracking northward to the offshore of the Changjiang River Estuary and veering eastwards.

the Changjiang River Estuary  /  extreme storm surges  /  non-stationary variation  /  extreme value statistics  /  state space model
谢冬梅, 陈永平, 于茜倩, 孙丽, 潘崇伦. 长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 25 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023099
Dongmei Xie, Yongping Chen, Qianqian Yu, Li Sun, Chonglun Pan. Study on the non-stationary characteristics of extreme storm surges along the Changjiang River Estuary[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 25 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023099
在全球气候变化背景下,台风等灾害性天气事件发生频次和强度均出现变化,导致沿海地区的极端增水呈现非平稳变化特征[1-2],是目前海洋灾害防御中需要重点关注的问题。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)最新发布的第6次评估报告[3],预计到2100年,一半以上沿海地区遭遇百年一遇风暴增水事件的时间间隔将会显著缩短。为了有效降低风暴潮带来的安全风险,有必要通过掌握极端增水的变化规律,构建合理的风暴增水频率统计分析方法,为建立相应的海洋防灾减灾预案提供技术支持。
近年来,国内外已有不少学者针对不同空间范围内极端增水的变化特征进行分析。基于准全球范围内实测水位数据的对比分析研究表明,极端增水事件的强度和发生频次存在周期性[1, 4-6]、趋势性[7-8]或突变性[9-10]的非平稳变化。例如,北海东部和北部的风暴增水强度呈现上升趋势,西部和南部则由年代际变化主导[11];英吉利海峡极端增水强度呈季节性到年代际的多时间尺度波动[12-13];欧洲南部沿海极端增水强度和发生频次的时间变化尺度在空间上表现出非一致性[14-17];在北大西洋和墨西哥湾沿岸,极端增水强度呈现年际和多年代际波动[18]。在我国沿海,侯京明等[19]对1949–2009年间主要台风风暴增水事件进行了分析,结果表明极端风暴增水发生频次呈上升趋势。与此同时,基于我国沿海实测水位资料分析的结果表明[20-21],极端增水强度的年代际波动显著,南部沿海个别验潮站处极端增水有趋势性上升。Oey和Chou[22]分析了中国沿海1950–2013年台风季期间的风暴增水特点,结果表明自1980年以来中国沿海风暴增水强度呈上升趋势。在针对我国局部海域的增水研究中,如我国渤海湾[23]、浙江沿海、福建沿海、部分广东沿海[24-29]、广西沿海[30],极端增水发生频次和强度变化同样显著。可见,环境变化下全球范围内极端增水非平稳变化特征明显,在进行极端增水频率分析时需要考虑这一因素。
由于非平稳性的存在,传统基于平稳假设的频率分析方法存在较大统计偏差,因此,有必要发展非平稳序列频率分析方法[31-32]。通过构造时变统计参数对传统极值频率分析方法进行改进,可以刻画非平稳序列的多时间尺度变化特征,但是时变参数构造方法对极端增水频率分析结果有较大影响[11, 33-34]。目前,常用的时变参数构造方法包括参数化和非参数化方法[35],这两类方法分别存在如下特点和缺陷:(1)参数化方法预设统计参数为与时间或相关协变量有关的低阶多项式形式,对极端事件的变化施加了一定的先验约束;然而,将序列的非平稳性描述为时间的函数很可能带来比平稳模型更大的不确定性[36];(2)非参数化方法多采用最大似然估计将观测到的极值经验分布调整为理论值,但在仅有少量观测样本的条件下,并不能确保收敛性。基于粒子滤波技术的状态空间模型(State Space Model)可以有效克服以上两种方法的不足[4]。状态空间模型不预设极端事件随时间的变化形式、允许数据缺口和采样不均匀性,同时收敛性强。因此,在非平稳极端增水频率分析中,将非平稳极值分布与状态空间模型相结合,可用于探究极端增水发生频率和强度随时间的变化规律。
在长江口海域,目前有关极端增水变化特征的研究较少。陈升等[37]基于数值模拟结果,对长江口海域1979–2019年间年极值增水进行分析,结果表明该海域年极值增水的趋势性变化并不显著,但是没有考虑极端增水发生频次的变化。同时,关于长江口海域非平稳变化引起的极端增水量值调整情况也有待进一步研究。
基于以上分析,本文以长江口为研究区域,通过数值模拟构建风暴增水数据集;在此基础上,结合非平稳广义极值分布和状态空间模型,构建考虑非平稳性的频率统计模型;利用该模型分析1979−2019年长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征,研判非平稳变化引起极端增水重现期的调整情况;通过与台风趋势性变化的关联分析,探讨长江口极端增水非平稳变化的主要原因。
本文采用ADCIRC(Advanced Circulation Model)二维模式[38-39]构建适用于长江口风暴增水模拟的水动力模型。采用“中心修正混合风场”方法[40],以再分析气象资料作为背景场、叠加台风模型计算结果推算热带气旋期间模型计算域内风场和气压场。
ADCIRC二维模式[38-39]通过求解垂向平均的连续方程和动量方程得到自由表面水位和垂向平均流速。ADCIRC二维模式在空间上采用有限单元法进行数值离散,可以适应复杂的边界条件;在时间上采用半隐式有限差分格式,兼顾计算效率和稳定性。为了避免伽辽金有限元离散可能出现的数值问题,如振荡、不守恒性等计算不稳定,ADCIRC二维模式采用广义波动连续性方程代替原有的连续方程。作为新一代海洋水动力计算模型,ADCIRC二维模式具有以下特点:(1)采用广义波动连续性方程与动量方程结合,基于伽辽金有限元方法进行数值求解,提高计算的精确性和稳定性;(2)采用非结构三角形网格,可灵活调整网格分辨率以刻画复杂的岸线和地形;(3)包含较多物理过程,如风、气压、天文潮、河流径流、海浪辐射应力等;(4)采用干湿法处理动边界,可以处理因水位涨落引起的水陆边界变化;(5)采用并行计算,可以显著提高计算效率。
在进行风暴增水数值重构时,目前常采用两种气象资料作为水动力模型的气象驱动条件:(1)全球或者区域性再分析气象资料;(2)由台风模型构建的气压场和风场。前者覆盖时间长、范围广,但是会对台风中心附近风速存在低估[41];后者能合理反演台风中心附近风场,但是对台风发生前后或离台风中心较远区域的风场刻画不准确[40]。鉴于此,本研究采用参考文献[40]提出的“中心修正混合风场”方法,以欧洲中期天气预报中心最新发布的ERA5全球再分析气象资料(https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5[42]作为背景风场和气压场,首先依据台风资料修正ERA5再分析气象资料中的台风中心位置,并通过台风模型局部修正台风影响范围内的风场和气压场,在此基础上构建台风暴潮模型计算域内混合风场和气压场,作为风暴潮模型输入条件。台风期间混合风场的计算表达式如下:
$ V_{ {{\rm{blend}} }}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}V_{{\rm{m o d}}} & r<R_{1} ,\\(1-\alpha) V_{{\rm{mod}}}+\alpha V_{{\rm{ERA5}}} & R_{1} \leqslant r \leqslant R_{2} ,\\V_{{\rm{E R A 5}}} & r> R_{2},\end{array}\right. $
$ \alpha=\frac{r-R_{1}}{R_{2}-R_{1}} \text{,} $
$ R_{1}=R_{{\rm{o p}}}-\beta R_{t} \text{,} $
$ R_{2}=R_{{\rm{o p}}}+(1-\beta) R_{t} \text{,} $
式中,r为计算点到台风中心的距离;Vblend为混合风场风速;Vmod为台风模型风速;VERA5为ERA5再分析风场风速;Rop为台风模型风场和ERA5再分析风场的最优组合半径,根据台风模型风场和ERA5再分析风场计算精度确定;Rt为混合风场过渡区宽度,取为1.2倍最大风速半径;β为经验系数,取为0.3;R1R2为混合风场过渡区的内外边界半径;构建混合风场时,在混合风场过渡区内边界半径R1内使用台风模型计算值,在过渡区外边界半径R2外使用ERA5再分析资料;α为过渡系数,表示混合风场过渡区内台风模型风速和ERA5再分析风场风速的权重。台风期间模型计算域内混合气压场与混合风场的构造方法相同。
在台风模型方面,Jelesnianski模型[43]在我国海域台风风场和气压场构造中得到广泛应用[27, 40, 44]。因此,本研究选用Jelesnianski模型[43],在此基础上叠加Jakobsen和Madsen[45]提出的台风移动风场计算结果,推算台风中心附近的台风风场和气压场。最大风速半径采用Knaff等[46]提出的经验计算方法推求。台风信息提取自中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据集[47-48]https://tcdata.typhoon.org.cn/zjljsjj_sm.html)。该数据集可提供1949年以来年西北太平洋海域热带气旋每6小时的位置和强度。2017年起,对于登陆我国的台风,在其登陆前24 h时段内,最佳路径时间频次加密为逐3 h一次。
风暴潮模型覆盖范围为14°~42°N,106°~144°E,网格尺寸由外海向近岸递减,外海处网格尺寸最大为141 km,近岸区域因岸线和地形条件复杂,网格尺寸最小为100 m;共125 975个网格节点,共241 732个网格单元(图1a图1b)。模型计算区域水深分布如图1c图1d所示,长江口及邻近海域近岸水深地形取自实测水深资料和海图,远海区域水深地形由全球海陆数据库[49](The General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans,GEBCO,https://www.gebco.net)提供。
外海开边界的各主要分潮(K1、O1、P1、Q1、M2、S2、N2、K2)的调和常数由全球潮汐模式TPXO[50]插值得到。长江上游径流采用大通站的逐时流量资料推算。陆边界采用不可入射条件,即取法向流速为0 m/s。
基于非平稳序列极值理论的研究表明,通过构造时变分布参数对传统极值模型进行改进,可以刻画非平稳时间序列的变化特征[7, 51-52]。本研究采用非平稳广义极值分布对长江口极端增水进行统计分析。对相互独立的非平稳年极值增水序列ztt = 1, 2, ···, M,其随时间变化的概率分布表达式如下:
$ G(z_t;\mu_t,\sigma_t,\xi_t) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{\rm{exp}}\left\{-\left[1+\xi_t\left(\dfrac{z_t-\mu_t}{\sigma_t}\right)\right]^{-1/\xi_t}\right\}&\xi_t\ne 0,\\ {\rm{exp}}\left\{-{\rm{exp}}\left[-\left(\dfrac{z_t-\mu_t}{\sigma_t}\right)\right]\right\}& \xi_t =0, \end{array}\right. $
式中,1 + ξtztμt)/σt > 0μt为时变位置参数;σt为时变尺度参数;ξt为时变形状参数。就非平稳增水序列而言,使用时间作为增水序列分布参数的解释变量可以比较直观地描述增水序列的变化,其中增水序列的趋势性变化主要由位置参数体现[31-32]
非平稳序列分位数为q的极值增水计算如下:
$ z_{q, t}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\mu_{t}-\dfrac{\sigma_{t}}{\xi_{t}}\left\{1-[-\ln (1-q)]^{-\xi_{t}}\right\} & \xi_{t} \neq 0 ,\\\mu_{t}-\sigma_{t} \ln [-\ln (1-q)] & \xi_{t}=0,\end{array}\right. $
式中,zq,t为发生重现期为1/q年的时变极值增水,0 < q < 1。
目前常采用的极值分析取样方法包括:(1)区组最大值(如年极值)法;(2)超阈值法(POT);(3)r大值法。为了增大数据分析样本和减小分析结果的不确定性,目前常采用非平稳广义极值分布结合r大值取样方法,开展非平稳时间序列极值分析[51-52]。在我国沿海增水极值分析中,r取值对结果可能产生较大影响[20]。因此,在采用r大值方法进行增水极值分析取样时,需要对r的取值进行敏感性分析。
采用状态空间模型推算非平稳广义极值分布时变参数。状态空间模型是一类用于描述可观测变量与不可观测变量之间相互传递关系的随机模型,以贝叶斯滤波为理论基础,借助统计计算模拟方法,为处理广泛的线性和非线性时间序列问题提供统一的分析框架[53]。由于系统非线性演化下其概率分布函数不存在解析表达,不能用贝叶斯滤波算法求出精确解,目前已经发展基于蒙特卡罗算法的粒子滤波技术,寻求系统非线性演化下贝叶斯滤波的近似解[54-56]。状态空间模型由状态方程和观测方程两部分组成,其中状态方程是表示相邻时刻的状态转移变化规律,观测方程表示观测信息和状态之间的关系,表达式如下:
$ x_{t} \sim f_{\theta}\left(x_{t} \mid x_{t-1}\right) \text{,} $
$ y_{t} \sim g_{\theta}\left(y_{t} \mid x_{t}\right) \text{,} $
式中,xt是状态变量;yt是观测量;fθ是状态转移函数;gθ为观测函数;θ为满足模型需要而引入的参数。
非平稳增水序列的广义极值分布包含3个时变分布参数,分别是位置参数μt、尺度参数σt和形状参数ξt,理论上均可能存在非平稳性,可作为状态变量进行估计。在已有的水文序列非平稳性研究中,通常认为水文序列随时间变化的趋势体现在位置参数上,尺度参数和形状参数对于同一研究地区或较短的研究年限来说可以看作稳定变量[4]。本研究首先基于非参数逼近方法,使用滑动窗口(25年)进行有限样本的极值分布拟合,初步分析位置参数、尺度参数和形状参数的变化特征。在此基础上,采用状态空间模型,对呈现非平稳变化特征的分布参数作为状态变量进行估计。图2b图2d为年极端增水样本数r = 3(r取值将在第4节中具体论证)时长江口各验潮站处(图2a)3个极值分布参数的拟合结果随滑动窗口的变化过程,其中位置参数存在显著的上升趋势,尺度参数和形状参数则基本平稳。因此,本研究仅将位置参数μt作为状态变量进行估计,尺度参数和形状参数均认为是不随时间变化的量。
参考Marcos等[4]应用于极端水位非平稳性研究的状态空间模型,本研究中状态转移方程和观测方程表达式分别为
$ \mu_{t+1}=\mu_{t}+\omega_{t} , $
$ \left(z_{1, t},\; z_{2, t},\; z_{3, t} \mid \mu_{t}\right) \sim G\left(\mu_{t},\; \sigma,\; \xi\right) , $
式中,状态变量μt为时变位置参数;观测数据($z_{1, t},\; z_{2, t},\; z_{3, t} $)为某验潮站处第t年前三大值增水;ωt为状态转移噪声,满足ωtN(0, q);σ为尺度参数;$\xi $为形状参数。
本研究旨在根据极端增水样本推断时变位置参数,即得到时变位置参数后验分布pμ1∶T| z1,1∶T, z2,1∶T, z3,1∶T)。由于状态转移噪声的方差q未知,因此实际求解时需要得到时变位置参数和状态转移噪声方差的联合后验分布pμ1∶T, q|z1,1∶T, z2,1∶T, z3,1∶T)。同时,鉴于本研究建立的状态空间模型具有非线性特征,采用Lindsten等[55]提出的PGAS(Particle Gibbs with Ancestor Sampling)算法对模型进行求解。具体计算时,采用逆Gamma先验分布对状态转移噪声的方差q进行估计,并采用重采样方法解决粒子退化问题。具体参数设置时,采用粒子数N = 500,迭代次数为2 000,选择最后500次迭代数据为分析样本。
首先采用状态空间模型对合成的位置参数序列进行估计,验证模型和算法的合理性。采用随机游走生成一个满足状态转移过程的时长为150年的位置参数序列(图3中的黑色曲线),设定尺度参数σ和形状参数ξ已知,结合位置参数序列生成满足非平稳广义极值分布的虚拟样本数据,数据时长为150年,每年各3个样本数据。使用PGAS算法依据样本数据对时变位置参数进行估计(图3中的红色曲线)。对比图中位置参数的真实值与估计值可知,位置参数的估计值和真实值之间的拟合较好,表明基于PGAS算法的状态空间模型可用于非平稳位置参数估计。
首先对采用本文方法构建的台风风场进行检验。为了合理评估构建台风风场的准确度,采用相关系数(ρ)、均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)3个指标对实测和模拟结果进行对比分析:
$ \rho=\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}-\bar{x}\right)\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)}{\sqrt{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}-\bar{x}\right)^{2}} \sqrt{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\bar{y}\right)^{2}}} \text{,} $
$ {\rm{RMSE}}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(x_{i}-y_{i}\right)^{2}} \text{,} $
$ {\rm{MAE}}=\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left|x_{i}-y_{i}\right| \text{,} $
式中,$ {{x}}_{{i}} $$ {{y}}_{{i}} $分别为实测和模拟数据;$ \bar{{x}} $$ \bar{{y}} $分别为实测和模拟数据的平均值;n为数据个数;相关系数描述了实测和模拟数据的拟合程度;均方根误差和平均绝对误差描述了实测和模拟数据的偏差程度。
图4为1909号超强台风“利奇马”期间实测和模拟生成台风风场的比较结果。其中,实测台风风圈半径(30节和50节风圈半径)资料由IBTrACS(International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship)热带气旋最佳路径数据[57-58]https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/international-best-track-archive/)提供。在超强台风“利奇马”期间,模拟与实测30节和50节风圈半径的相关系数均大于0.90;30节风圈半径的均方根误差为37.0 km,平均绝对误差为31.8 km;50节风圈半径的均方根误差为24.9 km,平均绝对误差为22.1 km。在大戢山和九段沙气象站处,模拟和实测风速的相关系数均不小于0.90,均方根误差均不大于2.0 m/s,平均绝对误差均不大于为1.5 m/s。在大戢山和高桥气象站处,模拟和实测气压的相关系数均大于0.90,均方根误差均不大于6.0 hPa,平均绝对误差均不大于5.1 hPa。可见,采用本文方法生成的台风风场结果与实测值吻合良好,可用作风暴潮模型驱动风场。
对天文潮位和风暴增水的模拟结果进行验证。图5为2017年10月16−29日间金山嘴、芦潮港、绿华山和洋山港验潮站位置处的天文潮位验证过程。与此同时,选取2019年在长江口海域产生较大增水的3场台风,包括1909号超强台风“利奇马”、1917号台风“塔巴”和1918号台风“米娜”,对风暴增水模拟结果进行验证。考虑文章篇幅,仅在图6中列出1909号超强台风“利奇马”期间高桥、吴淞口和芦潮港验潮站处的增水验证结果。
在各验潮站处,模拟与实测天文潮位的相关系数均不小于0.99,均方根误差不大于0.10 m,平均绝对误差不大于0.08 m。就风暴增水而言,1909号超强台风“利奇马”、1917号台风“塔巴”和1918号台风“米娜”在吴淞口验潮站处生成的最大风暴增水值分别为0.95 m、0.92 m和1.18 m,模拟最大增水值与实测值相差不超过0.07 m。此外,各验潮站处模拟风暴增水与实测值的相关系数达到0.80左右,均方根误差不超过0.09 m,平均绝对误差不超过0.07 m。由此可见,验证时段内模拟结果与实测值吻合良好,说明风暴潮模型能够很好地复演长江口的历史潮位过程和风暴增水过程。
在风暴潮模型验证的基础上,以吴淞口验潮站处增水作为标准,结合中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据[47-48],对1979–2019年间西北太平洋海域热带气旋进行遴选,共筛选出241场对长江口有显著影响的热带气旋。采用“中心修正混合风场”方法,结合ERA5全球再分析气象资料和中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径资料,对筛选出的241场热带气旋期间模型计算域内混合风场和气压场进行构造,输入风暴潮模型,构建该241场热带气旋期间长江口风暴增水数据集,作为长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征分析的基础。
如2.2节中介绍,年极端增水样本数r取值对极值分布拟合结果可能产生较大影响,因此需要进行敏感性分析。长江口及相邻外海各验潮站处(图2a)每年受热带气旋影响多达7次,少至3次。鉴于此,对年极端增水样本数r取值为1、2和3时进行分析。图7为长江口及相邻外海各验潮站处年第一、第二和第三大值增水的时间序列及相应趋势。各验潮站年第一大值增水的趋势性并不显著,仅崇西闸、高桥、金山嘴和芦潮港这4个验潮站有0.1~0.3 cm/a的增长趋势,但是没有通过95%显著性检验。年第二和第三大值增水的线性趋势均较年第一大值增水明显,各验潮站处增水线性趋势介于0.3~0.8 cm/a之间。因此,仅采用年极值作为样本,对于极端增水非平稳性研究并不合适。
采用平稳的广义极值分布分别对各验潮站处年极端增水样本数r取值为1、2和3情况下的位置参数μ,尺度参数σ和形状参数ξ进行拟合,通过拟合结果进一步分析r的取值(表1)。对比同一验潮站处参数拟合结果可以发现,r = 2和r = 3情况下的位置参数结果十分接近,r = 1情况下的位置参数结果小于r = 2和r = 3的情况;r = 1和r = 2情况下的尺度参数结果十分接近,小于r = 3情况下的尺度参数;r取值1、2和3情况下的形状参数结果基本相同。再结合标准误差来看,r = 3情况下的标准误相对于r = 1和r = 2来说更小。综合以上分析,同时实现最大化利用样本数据,应采用r = 3即每年前3个相互独立的极端增水作为数据样本开展长江口极端增水非平稳变化研究。
以长江口各验潮站年前三大增水序列作为极值分析样本,采用状态空间模型对非平稳极端增水极值分布的时变位置参数进行模拟。由于尺度参数σ和形状参数ξ随时间变化较小,采用表1r = 3时平稳极值分布的拟合结果。
长江口各验潮站极端增水非平稳广义极值分布的时变位置参数如图8所示。可以看出,各验潮站处位置参数在2008年前基本保持平稳,与基于平稳假设的估计结果相近,2008年后位置参数有明显的上升趋势。结合第4节对年前三大值增水的分析结果,可知各验潮站处年第一大值增水的趋势变化不明显,年第二和第三大值有较明显的线性趋势。可见,长江口极端增水在2008年前后的趋势性增大主要由年第二和第三大值增水增大贡献。
采用Mann-Kendall(简称M-K)法[59]对时变位置参数的变化进行进一步检验,结果如表2所示。首先根据p值确定是否存在单调趋势(大于0.05是没有单调趋势),然后根据z值符号判断是增大趋势或减小趋势。由表可知,长江口各验潮站处时变位置参数在2008年前后出现单调增加的趋势。对2008–2019年间长江口各验潮站处极端增水非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数的线性上升率进行检验,结果表明,长江口内堡镇验潮站处时变位置参数的线性上升率最大,约为1.2 cm/a;在崇西闸、高桥和吴淞口验潮站处,极端增水时变位置参数的线性上升率约为1.0 cm/a;在长江口以南的金山嘴和芦潮港验潮站处,时变位置参数的线性上升率略小,约为0.8 cm/a。
为了验证广义极值分布在长江口增水频率分析中的适用性,采用现行《港口与航道水文规范》(JTS 145−2015)[60]推荐的极值I型分布对长江口各验潮站处年极值增水序列进行频率分析,与年极端增水样本数r = 3时的平稳和非平稳广义极值分布拟合结果进行对比,结果列于表3。可以看出,r = 3时平稳广义极值分布推算的百年一遇增水与极值I型分布计算结果十分接近。在各验潮站处,基于两种极值分布推算的百年一遇风暴增水值相差不超过4 cm,说明r = 3时的平稳广义极值分布在长江口运用效果与极值I型分布一致。表3同时列出基于平稳假设推算和非平稳极值统计模型推算(采用2019年的位置参数估计值)的长江口各验潮站处百年一遇增水值。由计算结果可知,考虑极端增水非平稳变化时长江口百年一遇增水值均大于基于平稳假定的推算结果:在堡镇验潮站处,两种方法推算的百年一遇增水差值最大,为15 cm;在金山嘴验潮站处,两种方法推算的百年一遇增水差值最小,为8 cm。相应地,在考虑非平稳性情况下,原平稳假设下百年一遇增水事件发生重现期将缩短:在堡镇验潮站处,原平稳假设下百年一遇增水事件发生重现期将缩短至约40年;在金山嘴验潮站处,原平稳假设下百年一遇增水事件发生重现期将缩短至约80年;在其余验潮站处,原平稳假设下百年一遇增水事件发生重现期将缩短至约50~60年(图9)。由此可知,长江口风暴潮风险可能会显著增大。
为明晰长江口极端增水非平稳变化的成因,本文对引起年前三大值增水的热带气旋路径和强度进行分析。1979–2019年间引起长江口年前三大值增水的热带气旋路径分类见图10。以崇西闸验潮站为例,图11为年第一、第二和第三大值增水所对应的热带气旋强度和路径频率统计结果。2008年前,引起崇西闸验潮站处年第一大值增水的热带气旋以在长江口以北登陆的超强台风、在长江口以南登陆并北上经过长江口西侧的台风以及直接登陆长江口的强台风为主;2008年后引起崇西闸验潮站处年第一大值增水的超强台风占比有显著增加,由34%增加到58%,台风和强台风的占比有所减小。超强台风占比的增加主要来源于在长江口以南登陆并北上经过长江口西侧和直接登陆长江口热带气旋的增强。2008年前引起崇西闸验潮站处年第二大值增水的热带气旋以台风、强台风和超强台风为主,路径类别较多;2008年后引起崇西闸验潮站处年第二大值增水的热带气旋更集中于强台风和超强台风,相比2008年前占比增加26%和18%,其中以北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的强台风和超强台风占比增加为主。2008年前引起崇西闸验潮站处年第三大值增水的热带气旋也以台风、强台风和超强台风为主,路径类别较多;但2008年后的热带气旋以超强台风为主,其中北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的超强台风占比的显著增加。其余验潮站处相应热带气旋的路径和强度频率统计结果与崇西闸较为一致,限于文章篇幅不再列出。
综上,2008年后引起年第二大值和第三大值增水的热带气旋强度相比于2008年之前有显著增强,超强台风占比显著增加,且主要由北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的热带气旋贡献。此外,2008年后热带气旋路径类别相比之前变得较为集中。由于长江口极端增水2008年后趋势性增大主要受年第二和第三大值增水的影响,可以明确长江口极端增水的非平稳变化主要是由北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的超强台风增多引起。
本文基于ADCIRC构建了适用于长江口的风暴潮模型,对1979–2019年间长江口历史台风暴潮增水进行数值重构。结合非平稳广义极值分布和状态空间模型,搭建适用于长江口非平稳极端增水频率分析的数学统计模型,探究长江口极端增水非平稳变化特征。基于极端增水非平稳广义极值分布的研究结果表明,长江口极端增水非平稳变化主要体现在位置参数上,形状参数和尺度参数随时间变化不明显。长江口各验潮站处极端增水的非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数在2008年前表现为波动特征,之后呈现趋势性增大。2008–2019年间各验潮站处极端增水非平稳广义极值分布时变位置参数的线性上升率介于0.8~1.2 cm/a之间。相应地,考虑极端增水非平稳变化时长江口百年一遇增水值均大于基于平稳假定的推算结果,二者差值介于8~15 cm之间。对各验潮站处年第一、第二和第三大值增水时间序列的趋势性分析结果表明,风暴增水极值分布位置参数的趋势性增大主要由年第二和第三大值增水增大导致。基于上述趋势性变化,长江口各验潮站处基于平稳假设的百年一遇增水在非平稳估计下的发生重现期显著缩短,在堡镇验潮站处缩短至约40年,在金山嘴验潮站处缩短至约80年。
对极端增水非平稳变化的原因进行分析,结果表明2008年后引起年第二和第三大值增水的热带气旋强度相比之前显著增强,超强台风占比显著增加,其中以北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的超强台风占比增加为主。结合2008年后长江口极端增水非平稳极值分布位置参数趋势性增大主要受年第二和第三大值增水影响的结论,可以明确长江口极端增水2008年后的趋势性增大主要由北上到长江口附近海域再转向外海的超强台风增多引起。
本研究聚焦长江口区域的极端增水非平稳变化特征,这一特征在长江口表现出空间一致性。未来可以将本文构建的方法推广到中国沿海其他区域的极端增水非平稳变化特征及规律研究中,加深对不同区域极端增水非平稳变化的时空差异性及成因认识。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2600700);河海大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(B200204017);浙江省水利科技重大项目(RA2202);南京水利科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(Y223004)
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023099
  • 接收时间:2022-06-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-06-23
  • 修回日期:2023-02-08
基金
国家重点研发计划(2021YFB2600700);河海大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项(B200204017);浙江省水利科技重大项目(RA2202);南京水利科学研究院中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(Y223004)
作者信息
    1 南京水利科学研究院 河流海岸研究所,江苏 南京 210029
    2 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    3 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
    4 上海市水旱灾害防御技术中心,上海 200050

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*陈永平,男,教授,主要从事风暴潮灾害预报预警与生态防护方面研究。E-mail:
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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