Article(id=1212062365063967735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023111, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1664553600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-01, revisedDate=1669996800000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786858, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786858, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786858, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786858, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062365324013573, articleId=1212062365063967735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Assimilation of combining satellite remote sensing and in-situ observation based on space-time four-dimensional multi-scale analysis method, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fully integrating the use of satellite remote sensing and in-situ observation information to build a high-quality underwater temperature and salinity fields is a frontier topic in the development of marine scientific research. Currently, the vast majority of assimilation systems use assimilation schemes that require the assumption that elements have some artificially predetermined relationship between the surface and underwater. As a result, the temperature and salinity analysis field was more man-made and could not objectively reflect the real state of the ocean. This paper proposed a scheme that did not make any relationship assumptions, only relied on the complementary effects of different types of observation data in time and space, and combined the satellite remote sensing and in-situ observations for spatio-temporal four-dimensional multiscale objective analysis. Compared with the experimental results of assimilating these two types of observation data separately, it was found that the method could not only obtain more accurate temperature and salinity profile structure characteristics, but also reflect the detailed information of the mesoscale changes in the sea surface, the multi-scale information in the observation data was extracted to the maximum, and the effect of “1 + 1 > 2” was realized, and constructed a completely objective temperature and salinity analysis field. The results also showed that assimilating satellite remote sensing sea surface salinity data can effectively improve the analysis of temperature and salinity, which proved that the role of satellite remote sensing sea surface salinity observation on temperature and salinity assimilation could not be ignored.

, correspAuthors=Wei Li, Guijun Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hanyu Liu, Wei Li, Guijun Han, Qi Shao, Kangzhuang Liang, Yan Hu, Ru Wang, Song Hu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062369677701368, articleId=1212062365063967735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于时空四维多尺度分析方法的卫星遥感和现场观测联合同化研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

充分融合使用卫星遥感与现场观测信息,构建高质量的水下温盐场是海洋科学研究发展的前沿课题。目前,绝大多数同化系统使用的同化方案,均需要假设要素在海表与水下存在某种人为预先设定的关系,从而导致得到的温盐分析场人为性较强,不能完全客观地反映真实的海洋状态。本研究提出了一种不做任何关系假设,仅依靠不同种类的观测资料在时间和空间上的相互补充作用,融合卫星遥感与现场观测资料,进行时空四维多尺度分析的方案。通过与分别单独同化这两类观测资料的试验结果相比,该方案既可以得到较精准的温盐剖面结构特征,又能够反映出海面中尺度变化的细节信息,最大化地提取了观测资料中的多尺度信息,实现了“1 + 1 > 2”的效果,构建了完全客观的温盐分析场。研究结果还表明,同化卫星遥感海表面盐度资料可以有效改善温度和盐度的分析,证明了海表面盐度观测在温盐同化中的重要性。

, correspAuthors=李威, 韩桂军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李威(1978—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,教授,主要从事海洋数值预报、海洋数值模拟等方向研究。E-mail:;
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=B51TFNkKwLbaXllWDV+zfQ==, magXml=2+LWMZB/UAP+REFQUED8yw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bRNTQmzUiJRrE1v9sG5wTA==, pdfFileSize=22748067, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Wc9Na4p1N2faTR6CTht/iQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gLAtLUtlcmfTId6kJYEDiA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘涵宇(1998-),女,黑龙江省双鸭山市人,主要从事海洋数据同化等方向研究。E-mail:

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刘涵宇(1998-),女,黑龙江省双鸭山市人,主要从事海洋数据同化等方向研究。E-mail:

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刘涵宇(1998-),女,黑龙江省双鸭山市人,主要从事海洋数据同化等方向研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 2020, 37(5): 841−855., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215323540144967831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(42376190);国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3101500,2022YFC3104800)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323530984608624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323530988802927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, companyId=1215323530984608624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院 天津市海洋环境与安全保障重点实验室,天津 300072)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323531072689016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323531081077626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, companyId=1215323531072689016, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Tianjin Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Research and Service, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323531181740927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323531190129537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, companyId=1215323531181740927, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 天津市海洋气象重点实验室,天津 300074)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323531286598534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323531294987144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, companyId=1215323531286598534, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215323535799668765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Distribution of observations of temperature and salinity and the cross-sectional location

The hollow circle represents a field observation point containing only temperature in the twin test, and the solid circle represents a field observation point containing both temperature and salinity. The green and black five-pointed stars correspond to the dotted lines in the salinity section of Figure 6

, figureFileSmall=P9qBWACt0M/hIO5KB+T7Bg==, figureFileBig=PoQv/gvaKdKPvgydCoxa3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535879360542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图1, caption=温、盐现场观测分布与断面位置

空心圆为孪生试验中仅含有温度现场观测点,实心圆为既含有温度又含有盐度现场观测点。绿色和黑色五角星分别对应图6盐度断面中的虚线位置

, figureFileSmall=P9qBWACt0M/hIO5KB+T7Bg==, figureFileBig=PoQv/gvaKdKPvgydCoxa3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536009383971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Temperature distribution of different depth layers of the real field and three sets of experimental schemes

a, e, i. The temperature fields of true fields in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; b, f, j. the temperature fields of Scheme 1 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; c, g, k. the temperature fields of Scheme 2 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; d, h, l. the temperature fields of Scheme 3 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively

, figureFileSmall=SjWRYaZTZinE85fCfBRwhg==, figureFileBig=w8yfwPxShlExxSImfiFO7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536093270056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图2, caption=真实场与3组试验方案的不同深度层温度分布

a、e、i分别为真实的10 m、100 m、200 m温度场;b、f、j分别为方案1的10 m、100 m、200 m温度场;c、g、k分别为方案2的10 m、100 m、200 m温度场;d、h、l分别为方案3的10 m、100 m、200 m温度场

, figureFileSmall=SjWRYaZTZinE85fCfBRwhg==, figureFileBig=w8yfwPxShlExxSImfiFO7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536206516267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Salinity distribution of different depth layers of the real field and three sets of experimental schemes

a, e, i. The salinity fields of true fields in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; b, f, j. the salinity fields of Scheme 1 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; c, g, k. the salinity fields of Scheme 2 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; d, h, l. the salinity fields of Scheme 3 in 10 m, 100 m and 200 m, respectively; points A and B are selected special observation points

, figureFileSmall=yqdDZG04RNpde8JxjxMP2A==, figureFileBig=lO3LpA/r8BWhM5dZPmX8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536349122609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图3, caption=真实场与3组试验方案的不同深度层盐度分布

a、e、i分别为真实的10 m、100 m、200 m盐度场;b、f、j分别为方案1的10 m、100 m、200 m盐度场;c、g、k分别为方案2的10 m、100 m、200 m盐度场;d、h、l分别为方案3的10 m、100 m、200 m盐度场;A、B两点为挑选出的特殊观测点

, figureFileSmall=yqdDZG04RNpde8JxjxMP2A==, figureFileBig=lO3LpA/r8BWhM5dZPmX8+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536441397302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Vertical root mean square error (RMSE) distribution of temperature and salinity, figureFileSmall=csW/N7KaSl5zR4bPmbuUrw==, figureFileBig=Qa+wW8ghExRQq5zDsAIh9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536630140987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图4, caption=温度和盐度垂向均方根误差(RMSE)分布, figureFileSmall=csW/N7KaSl5zR4bPmbuUrw==, figureFileBig=Qa+wW8ghExRQq5zDsAIh9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536747581503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Salinity profile at Point A (a) and Point B (b), figureFileSmall=wUrLw5y92zjHLgnuBv7A1Q==, figureFileBig=+GQ6+I5d2N85pJdbOB0j6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536835661892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图5, caption=A点(a)和B点(b)处的盐度剖面, figureFileSmall=wUrLw5y92zjHLgnuBv7A1Q==, figureFileBig=+GQ6+I5d2N85pJdbOB0j6A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536911159370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Cross-sectional view of salinity for different experimental schemes

a. Multi-year monthly average climatic salinity section; b. true salinity section; c−e. salinity section of scheme 1, 2 and 3

, figureFileSmall=+/hjjo17vizF6AJ2WJ8CyQ==, figureFileBig=13mMm8HJFC9IKDBJvLPNng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323536986656843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同试验方案盐度断面图

a. 多年月平均气候态盐度断面;b. 真实盐度断面;c−e分别为方案1、2、3的盐度断面图

, figureFileSmall=+/hjjo17vizF6AJ2WJ8CyQ==, figureFileBig=13mMm8HJFC9IKDBJvLPNng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537070542925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Location distributions of observations of temperature and salinity for each set of trials

The black hollow circle represents the observation of assimilation in the true test; the blue solid circle represents randomly selected independent observation locations that contain only temperature; the green solid circle represents randomly selected independent observation locations with both temperature and salinity

, figureFileSmall=Al/UevG/eXZ7wpRQoaOGJg==, figureFileBig=eIBmksAjIivaxBqzsZCmfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537137651793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图7, caption=每组试验的温盐现场观测位置分布

黑色空心圆圈表示真实试验同化的现场观测位置;蓝色实心圆圈表示随机抽取的仅包含温度的独立观测位置;绿色实心圆圈表示随机抽取的既有温度又有盐度的独立观测位置

, figureFileSmall=Al/UevG/eXZ7wpRQoaOGJg==, figureFileBig=eIBmksAjIivaxBqzsZCmfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537225732181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Scatter density plots of observation increment and analysis increment of different kinds for different experimental schemes

a, d, g, j, m, and p are the scatter density of the results of Scheme 1; b, e, h, k, n, and q are the scatter density of the results of Scheme 2; c, f, i, l, o, r are the scatter density of the results of Scheme 3

, figureFileSmall=A9FxNYAy/7CcV3Y4Sr1KSA==, figureFileBig=u7PMsvke5T7rP6O2XhhU3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537330589786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同试验方案的不同种类观测增量与分析增量的散点密度图

a、d、g、j、m、p 为方案1 结果的散点;b、e、h、k、n、q 为方案2 结果的散点;c、f、i、l、o、r 为方案3 结果的散点

, figureFileSmall=A9FxNYAy/7CcV3Y4Sr1KSA==, figureFileBig=u7PMsvke5T7rP6O2XhhU3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537401892960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Scatter density plots of observation increment and analysis increment for observations of independent temperature and salinity of schemes 4 and 5

a, b. The independent temperature analysis increment and observation increment scatter density of Scheme 4 and Scheme 5, respectively; c, d. the independent salinity analysis increment and observation increment Scatter density of Scheme 4 and Scheme 5, respectively

, figureFileSmall=YUZYbEK87opyTfvvm8ekVw==, figureFileBig=lovh4n7S5P16ApVo8l+Gdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537502556259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图9, caption=方案4 和方案5 独立的温盐现场观测的观测增量与分析增量的散点密度图

a、b 分别为方案4、5 的独立的温度分析增量与观测增量的散点密度;c、d 分别为方案4、5 的独立的盐度分析增量与观测增量的散点密度

, figureFileSmall=YUZYbEK87opyTfvvm8ekVw==, figureFileBig=lovh4n7S5P16ApVo8l+Gdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537582248039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Independent observation locations

The hollow circle is the temperature observation point, and the solid circle point is the temperature salt observation point, and the red cross is the extracted independent observation point

, figureFileSmall=g03buePglld2Fb2eR6JAyQ==, figureFileBig=8DTgOXMr9jDRhUnH0mOXeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323537703882862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图10, caption=独立观测位置

空心圆圈为温度观测点,实心圆点为温盐观测点,红色叉号为抽取的独立观测点

, figureFileSmall=g03buePglld2Fb2eR6JAyQ==, figureFileBig=8DTgOXMr9jDRhUnH0mOXeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323538937008241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Incremental cross-sectional views of temperature analysis for different schemes and the analysis error

The solid black lines indicate the location of independent field observations. And e is the error improvement plot of the analysis error of Scheme 3 minus the analysis error of Scheme 1

, figureFileSmall=rnPI4xQy1NjrPNY1A2U99Q==, figureFileBig=Wps7C6kx+WeZzADFB5yL6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539096391796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同方案温度分析增量断面及分析误差

黑色实线表示独立现场观测的位置,e为方案3的分析误差减去方案1的分析误差得到的误差改进图

, figureFileSmall=rnPI4xQy1NjrPNY1A2U99Q==, figureFileBig=Wps7C6kx+WeZzADFB5yL6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539201249399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Distribution of the dynamic height anomaly analysis increment for different schemes

a. The dynamic height anomaly of true field; b−d. the dynamic height anomaly analysis increment of schemes 1, 2 and 3

, figureFileSmall=XRMwvnj8xJyDt5tclu1f5A==, figureFileBig=NMGPMWXlQ1C6SYUNFG2R1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539306107004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同方案海面动力高度异常分析增量分布

a. 动力高度异常真实场;b−d 分别为方案1、2、3 的动力高度异常分析增量图

, figureFileSmall=XRMwvnj8xJyDt5tclu1f5A==, figureFileBig=NMGPMWXlQ1C6SYUNFG2R1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539427741823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Distribution of the sea surface temperature analysis increment for different schemes

a. The sea surface temperature of true field; b−d. the sea surface temperature analysis increment of schemes 1, 2 and 3

, figureFileSmall=hkLd41rXUagZIfIiYi3CyA==, figureFileBig=3qEbK+aVeBLXyAIHMCB0DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539515822212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同方案的海面温度分析增量分布

a. 海面温度真实场;b−d分别为方案1、2、3的海面温度分析增量

, figureFileSmall=hkLd41rXUagZIfIiYi3CyA==, figureFileBig=3qEbK+aVeBLXyAIHMCB0DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323539620679815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test setting of twin test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案同化的观测资料分辨率 最密分析网格动力高度积分起始深度
TSSSHa、SST、 SSS网格重数格点数(经向 × 纬向 × 垂向)分辨率
方案1随机分布 8129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
方案20.25° 8 129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
方案3随机分布0.25°8129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
), ArticleFig(id=1215323539712954504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

孪生试验的试验设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案同化的观测资料分辨率 最密分析网格动力高度积分起始深度
TSSSHa、SST、 SSS网格重数格点数(经向 × 纬向 × 垂向)分辨率
方案1随机分布 8129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
方案20.25° 8 129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
方案3随机分布0.25°8129 × 129 × 33水平:0.11°1 500 m
), ArticleFig(id=1215323539813617807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test setting of real test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案观测数据分辨率 最密分析网格动力高度积分起始深度
T、SSSHa、SST网格重数格点数
(经向×纬向×垂向×时间)
分辨率
方案1随机分布 765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
方案2水平:0.25°;
时间:1 d
765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
方案3随机分布 水平:0.25°;
时间:1 d
765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
), ArticleFig(id=1215323539905892496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062365063967735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

真实试验的试验设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案观测数据分辨率 最密分析网格动力高度积分起始深度
T、SSSHa、SST网格重数格点数
(经向×纬向×垂向×时间)
分辨率
方案1随机分布 765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
方案2水平:0.25°;
时间:1 d
765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
方案3随机分布 水平:0.25°;
时间:1 d
765×65×33×3水平:0.23°;
时间:1周
1 500 m
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基于时空四维多尺度分析方法的卫星遥感和现场观测联合同化研究
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刘涵宇 1 , 李威 1, 2, * , 韩桂军 1, * , 邵祺 1 , 梁康壮 2 , 胡艳 1 , 王茹 1 , 胡松 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 110-125
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 110-125
基于时空四维多尺度分析方法的卫星遥感和现场观测联合同化研究
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刘涵宇1 , 李威1, 2, * , 韩桂军1, * , 邵祺1, 梁康壮2, 胡艳1, 王茹1, 胡松1
作者信息
  • 1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院 天津市海洋环境与安全保障重点实验室,天津 300072
  • 2 天津市海洋气象重点实验室,天津 300074
  • 刘涵宇(1998-),女,黑龙江省双鸭山市人,主要从事海洋数据同化等方向研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李威(1978—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,教授,主要从事海洋数值预报、海洋数值模拟等方向研究。E-mail:;
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
Assimilation of combining satellite remote sensing and in-situ observation based on space-time four-dimensional multi-scale analysis method
Hanyu Liu1 , Wei Li1, 2, * , Guijun Han1, * , Qi Shao1, Kangzhuang Liang2, Yan Hu1, Ru Wang1, Song Hu1
Affiliations
  • 1Tianjin Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Research and Service, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2Tianjin Key Laboratory for Oceanic Meteorology, Tianjin 300074, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023111
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充分融合使用卫星遥感与现场观测信息,构建高质量的水下温盐场是海洋科学研究发展的前沿课题。目前,绝大多数同化系统使用的同化方案,均需要假设要素在海表与水下存在某种人为预先设定的关系,从而导致得到的温盐分析场人为性较强,不能完全客观地反映真实的海洋状态。本研究提出了一种不做任何关系假设,仅依靠不同种类的观测资料在时间和空间上的相互补充作用,融合卫星遥感与现场观测资料,进行时空四维多尺度分析的方案。通过与分别单独同化这两类观测资料的试验结果相比,该方案既可以得到较精准的温盐剖面结构特征,又能够反映出海面中尺度变化的细节信息,最大化地提取了观测资料中的多尺度信息,实现了“1 + 1 > 2”的效果,构建了完全客观的温盐分析场。研究结果还表明,同化卫星遥感海表面盐度资料可以有效改善温度和盐度的分析,证明了海表面盐度观测在温盐同化中的重要性。

多尺度分析  /  卫星遥感  /  现场观测  /  多重网格四维变分方法

Fully integrating the use of satellite remote sensing and in-situ observation information to build a high-quality underwater temperature and salinity fields is a frontier topic in the development of marine scientific research. Currently, the vast majority of assimilation systems use assimilation schemes that require the assumption that elements have some artificially predetermined relationship between the surface and underwater. As a result, the temperature and salinity analysis field was more man-made and could not objectively reflect the real state of the ocean. This paper proposed a scheme that did not make any relationship assumptions, only relied on the complementary effects of different types of observation data in time and space, and combined the satellite remote sensing and in-situ observations for spatio-temporal four-dimensional multiscale objective analysis. Compared with the experimental results of assimilating these two types of observation data separately, it was found that the method could not only obtain more accurate temperature and salinity profile structure characteristics, but also reflect the detailed information of the mesoscale changes in the sea surface, the multi-scale information in the observation data was extracted to the maximum, and the effect of “1 + 1 > 2” was realized, and constructed a completely objective temperature and salinity analysis field. The results also showed that assimilating satellite remote sensing sea surface salinity data can effectively improve the analysis of temperature and salinity, which proved that the role of satellite remote sensing sea surface salinity observation on temperature and salinity assimilation could not be ignored.

multi-scale analysis  /  satellite remote sensing  /  field observation  /  multi-grid four-dimensional variational method
刘涵宇, 李威, 韩桂军, 邵祺, 梁康壮, 胡艳, 王茹, 胡松. 基于时空四维多尺度分析方法的卫星遥感和现场观测联合同化研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 110 -125 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023111
Hanyu Liu, Wei Li, Guijun Han, Qi Shao, Kangzhuang Liang, Yan Hu, Ru Wang, Song Hu. Assimilation of combining satellite remote sensing and in-situ observation based on space-time four-dimensional multi-scale analysis method[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 110 -125 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023111
随着海洋观测技术的发展以及海洋数据通信保障技术的进步,世界各国已陆续建立了区域或全球性的海洋观测系统,积累了越来越多的不同类型和来源的海洋观测资料。但是,这些观测资料在时空上是不连续的,不足以构造一个实时的、大范围的高分辨率三维温盐场,无法满足当前海洋业务化应用和科学研究的需要。随着卫星遥感技术的发展,特别是卫星遥感海面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)和海面高度(Sea Surface Height,SSH)资料的日益增加,为海面监测提供了大量覆盖范围广、精度和空间分辨率较高、时间连续性较强的海洋表面实时和准实时监测信息,但这些卫星遥感资料监测仅局限于海洋表面的状态变化[1-3]。现有研究表明,卫星遥感资料的同化对ENSO的预测、季节信号的特征分辨等均可起到改进作用[4-6]。因此,如何有效地融合使用现场观测和卫星遥感资料,使二者能够优势互补,最大化地提取资料中的多尺度信息,是目前重建高质量、高分辨率三维温盐场亟需解决的主要问题。
自20世纪80年代起,发展出了很多利用海面信息与温盐现场观测重构温盐剖面的同化系统[7-8]。除了数据同化中普遍使用的“动力高度积分存在零流动层”这一基本假定之外,这些同化系统还额外增加了其他假定条件,下述列举几种发展较成熟的同化系统所预设的假定条件。
(1)假定要素在海表与水下存在线性关系
美国海军于20世纪80年代初提出了模块化海洋数据同化系统(Modular Ocean Data Assimilation System,MODAS)[9],其基本思路为:基于模块化设计,采用数据同化等技术,首先利用多年积累的温、盐剖面历史观测资料,建立海面环境状态信息与水下环境状态信息的映射关系,然后充分利用大量实时和准实时卫星遥感海面高度和海面温度信息,反演海洋内部温、盐剖面,再用最优插值法(Optimal Interpolation,OI)同化伪观测与XBT(Expendable Bathythermograph)、CTD(Conductance Temperature Depth)等现场观测资料,得到三维温、盐实况分析场。在MODAS系统的基础上,ISOP(Improved Synthetic Ocean Profile)系统进一步进行了改进,其同化的基本思路不变,但将海洋分为了3层,上下两层依旧使用统计方法,而在跃层使用变分方法进行同化[10]。王喜冬等[11]参考Fox等[12]和Guinehut等[13]采用的回归分析法,用EOF分析方法对缺失的温度剖面观测资料进行深度方向拓延,再用最小二乘回归法统计海表与水下的温盐关系,然后利用卫星遥感海面温度和海面高度信息重构时空高分辨率的三维温度场。法国全球海洋监测和预报中心(Monitoring and Forecasting Centers,MFC)用数学插值与统计方法,利用多重/简单线性回归方法和历史现场观测计算的协方差,从高度计和SST观测中推导出合成的温盐场,制作了周平均客观分析数据集ARMOR3D[14-15]
(2)假定要素的垂向背景场误差协方差矩阵
朱江等[16]提出的OVALS(Ocean Variational Analysis System)系统使用了三维变分同化方案(Three-Dimensional Variational data assimilation,3DVAR),该方案考虑了背景场误差的垂直相关性和非线性的温−盐关系,通过同化高度计资料直接调整模式的温度和盐度场。
(3)假定水体升降过程为绝热过程
Cooper和Haines[17]提出利用位涡守恒原理,对水体进行局部的垂直调整方案。如果模型海平面过高,模型水柱向上位移,一些浅的水面消失,被一些较密集的底水所取代。如果海平面过低,则降低水柱。模型温度和盐度剖面的增量由水柱降低或升高的数量定义。在同化海面高度后立即对温度和盐度场进行增量调整,然后对远离赤道的水流进行地转调整。欧洲中期数值预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)也采用Cooper和Haines[17]的方法,通过改变温盐垂向廓线来调整温盐场[18-20]
综上所述,绝大多数同化系统在卫星遥感反演的过程中,研究者依据历史数据和经验,用回归的基本思想主观地提供了一种预先设定的温盐垂向结构,忽略了现场观测已经提供的温盐结构信息,但这种温盐关系并不是在所有海区都成立的。此外,同化时使用的背景场误差协方差矩阵也是人为定义的,其他理想的假定条件也使分析结果无法客观反映真实的海洋状况,所以现有的做法不能得到完全客观的温盐分析场。卫星遥感虽然只观测海表面,不能直接观测水下,但能提供反映水下温盐结构的水平信息。而现场观测虽然分布极其不均匀,但给出了垂向结构。能否在不做任何假设的条件下,将两种资料结合起来,使两者的优势充分发挥出来,是本文重点要解决的一个问题。
多重网格三维变分方法是一种可以对观测数据进行时空多尺度分析的同化方法,该方法可以得到与传统的客观分析方法同样好的分析结果,而且明显优于传统的三维变分数据同化方法。美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)地球系统研究实验室(Earth System Research Laboratory,ESRL)发展了一套时空中尺度分析系统(Space-Time Mesoscale Analysis System,STMAS)。该系统就是使用多重网格三维变分数据同化方法,对地面观测数据进行时空多尺度分析[21-23]。本文便是利用该方法,进一步将多重网格三维变分拓展为四维,利用卫星遥感提供水平方向的约束,现场观测提供垂向约束,使两者有机结合,实现不同要素的观测资料之间优势互补,有效提取其中的时空多尺度观测信息,得到自适应的、更为客观合理的温盐分析场。
多重网格三维变分方法是一种可以从长到短依次对波长信息进行提取的多尺度数据分析方法,从一组由粗到细的网格上对观测增量进行分析,每次分析得到的分析结果作为下一层细网格的新背景场,因此每层网格得到的分析增量都是相对于该层的新背景场而言,最后得到的分析结果为各重网格分析增量的叠加结果[22-23]。对于本文时空四维的、同时融合多种观测资料进行客观分析的情况,将传统的多重网格三维变分目标函数改写成如下形式:
$ \begin{split} J\left( \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{(n)},\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{(n)} \right)^{{{(n)}}} =& \frac{1}{2}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_1}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{T}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right)^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}_1}^{{{{(n)}}}^{ - 1}}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_1}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{T}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_2}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\text{SST}}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right)^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}_2}^{{{{(n)}}}^{ - 1}}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_2}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( {\text{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{SST}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right) +\\ & \frac{1}{2}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_3}^{\left( n \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( n \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{S}}}^{\left( n \right)} \right)^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}_3}^{{{(n)}}^{ - 1}}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_3}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{\text{S}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right) + \frac{1}{2}\left( {{\boldsymbol{H}}_4}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\text{SSS}}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right)^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}_4}^{{{(n)}}^{ - 1}}\left( {{{\boldsymbol{H}}_4}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\text{SSS}}}}^{\left( {\text{n}} \right)}} \right) +\\ & \frac{1}{2}\left[ {{\boldsymbol{H}}_5}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}h\left( {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\text{b}} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( k \right)} ,\;{{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\text{b}} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( k \right)} \right)^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\text{SSHa}}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right]^{\text{T}}{{\boldsymbol{R}}_5}^{{{(n)}}^{ - 1}}\times\\ &\left[ {{\boldsymbol{H}}_5}^{\left( {{n}} \right)}h\left( {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\text{b}} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( k \right)} ,\;{{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\text{b}} + \sum\limits_{k = 1}^n \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( k \right)} \right)^{\left( {{n}} \right)} - {{\boldsymbol{Y}}_{{\text{SSHa}}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \right] + \frac{1}{2}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{{{\left( n \right)}^{\text{T}}}}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_1}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{t}}}^{\left( n \right)} + \frac{1}{2}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{{{\left( n \right)}^{\text{T}}}}{{\boldsymbol{S}}_2}\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}_{\text{s}}}^{\left( {{n}} \right)} \text{,}\end{split} $
式中,$ \delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}}_{\text{t}},\delta {{\boldsymbol{X}}}_{\text{s}} $为控制变量,分别表示温度和盐度分析增量;$ n $为网格的重数;${{\boldsymbol{R}}_{{i}}}$为不同观测资料对应的观测场误差协方差矩阵;$ {{\boldsymbol{H}}_{\text{i}}} $为从网格到不同观测资料观测点的双线性插值投影算符;${S_{{i}}}$为不同控制变量对应的平滑矩阵;$ h $为由温盐分析结果动力高度积分得到的海面高度异常;${{\boldsymbol{Y}}}_{\text{T}}、{{\boldsymbol{Y}}}_{\text{S}}、{{\boldsymbol{Y}}}_{\text{SST}}、{{\boldsymbol{Y}}}_{{\rm{SSS}}}、{{\boldsymbol{Y}}}_{\text{SSHa}}$对应温盐现场观测和卫星遥感海面温度、海面盐度和海面高度异常资料的观测增量;b表示背景场的物理量;t表示背景场温度;s表示背景场盐度。
海表面高度变化是由水下温度、盐度分布变化决定的,动力高度异常计算公式为
$ h = - \int_0^{{z_{\rm{m}}}} {\frac{{\rho \left( {P,\;T,\;S} \right) - \rho \left( {P,\;{T_{\rm{m}}},\;{S_{\rm{m}}}} \right)}}{{\rho \left( {P,\;{T_{\rm{m}}},\;{S_{\rm{m}}}} \right)}}} {\rm{d}}z \text{,} $
式中,$\rho \left( {P,\;T,\;S} \right)$为UNESCO(1981)海水密度状态方程;${T_{\rm{m}}}$${S_{\rm{m}}}$分别为由其他温盐历史资料计算得到的多年平均温度和平均盐度值;$ {z_m} $为参考深度;$ z $为垂向水深;$ P $为压力。
由于试验设置的分析网格在垂向上的分层具有不连续性,故将式(2)改写为
$ h = \sum\limits_{k = 1}^N {\frac{{\rho \left( {{P_k},\;{T_{\rm{B}}}_k,\;{S_{\rm{B}}}_k} \right) - \rho \left( {{P_k},\;{T_k},\;{S_k}} \right)}}{{\rho \left( {{P_k},\;{T_{\rm{B}}}_k,\;{S_{\rm{B}}}_k} \right)}}} \Delta {H_k} \text{,} $
式中,$ k $为垂向深度层数;$ N $为参考深度所在深度层数;${T_{\rm{B}}}$$S_{\rm{B}}$为背景场温度、盐度值;$ \Delta H $为相邻两个深度层之间的深度差。
本研究使用改写的多重网格四维分析方法,联合卫星遥感与现场观测资料进行同化。设置孪生试验和真实试验,使用的数据分述如下。
本文孪生试验中使用的历史温、盐剖面及海面高度异常资料,均来自于西北太平洋CORA(China Ocean ReAnalysis, CORAv1.0)再分析数据(http://mds.nmdis.org.cn/pages/dataView.html?type=2&id=a5da2a0528904471b3a326c3cc85997d),该产品中的全球海洋再分析产品水平分辨率为(1/2)°~(1/8)°网格,垂向分为35层,时间范围为1958年1月至2017年12月,时间分辨率为日平均。该产品基于并行化的普林斯顿广义坐标系海洋模型(Princeton Ocean Model with Generalized Coordinate System,POMGCS),采用多重网格三维变分方法来同化卫星遥感海面温度和海面高度异常资料,以及Argo、XBT、CTD等温盐现场观测[24-25]。本文研究海区选择的经纬度范围为10°~25°N,105°~120°E,时间范围为1958年1月1日至2017年12月15日的数据,采用双线性插值方法,将原始数据分别处理成水平分辨率0.25°×0.25°,垂向分层同孪生试验最密分析网格垂向分层的日平均、累年周平均、累年月平均和年平均数据。具体观测数据的设置详见3.1节。
本文真实试验中使用的温盐剖面观测数据来自EN4数据集(https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/en4/download-en4-2-2.html),其数据来源于Argo、ASBO项目(the Arctic Synoptic Basin-wide Oceanography)、GTSP项目(the Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Plan)和WOD18(World Ocean Database 2018)[26],选取2008年南海海域(10°~25°N,105°~120°E)的剖面资料,并对这些资料进行筛选[27]。温盐背景场选用CORA再分析数据的累年月平均数据,将其处理成与最密分析网格相同的时空分辨率,即水平分辨率为0.23°×0.23°,时间分辨率为1周。
本文真实试验中使用的卫星遥感海面高度异常(Sea Surface Height anomaly,SSHa)资料来自哥白尼海洋环境监测中心(CMESE)项目提供的数据集产品(https://data.marine.copernicus.eu/products),该产品提供了全球海面高度的实时观测数据集和不同时间尺度的客观分析网格场,选择空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为逐日。试验中的动力高度积分起始深度取1 500 m,故在此使用水深大于1 500 m海域范围的卫星遥感SSHa观测资料。本文使用的卫星遥感SST资料来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/data-access/satellite-data-access-datasets),选用空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°,时间分辨率为1 d的网格化观测资料。
真实的海洋现场观测分布是不均匀、不规则的,且盐度现场观测资料的数量少于温度现场观测。在本研究中,我们选择1998年6月20日的CORA日平均温盐数据模拟真实的现场观测分布,进行三维的理想试验。选取1998年6月20日的CORA再分析表层温度和表层盐度数据分别作为(SST)观测数据和海面盐度(SSS)观测数据。由于海面高度不仅由海水热胀冷缩决定,其中还存在正压信号,受海表风应力的作用、海底地形地貌特征、内波运动等多种因素影响,所以为了达到理想条件,需要筛选水深超过1 500 m的温盐资料进行动力高度积分,再减去背景值,最终得到SSHa的观测增量,作为SSHa的观测数据。将CORA累年月平均数据作为背景场,分辨率同最密分析网格。
对于分析网格的设置,我们采用二分法逐层加密分析网格,因此每层网格的格点数应满足$ {2}^{(n-1)}+1 $的关系(n为网格重数)。试验中水平网格与时间网格均匀加密,垂向网格取上密下疏的变网格形式,分为2.5 m、5 m、10 m、30 m、50 m、100 m、150 m、200 m、250 m、300 m、350 m、400 m、450 m、500 m、550 m、600 m、650 m、700 m、750 m、800 m、850 m、900 m、950 m、1 000 m、1 100 m、1 200 m、1 300 m、1 400 m、1 500 m、1 800 m、2 000 m、2 250 m、2 500 m共33层。具体试验设置如表1,随机选择的温盐现场观测位置如图1所示。
通过比较3种方案在不同深度层的温盐分布(图2图3)可以看出:方案1在不同深度层的分析结果均与真实场较为相似,误差不会随着深度变化而大幅度变化;方案2可以较好地反映上混合层内的温、盐分布特征,但不能体现混合层以下的温盐结构变化,海面温度和海面盐度在反演水下温盐场的映射作用上限在100 m以上;而方案3既保留了方案1得到的温盐水下结构特征,又在跃层以上的分析结果中增加了许多中尺度变化信息,精度更高。但由于盐度现场观测资料少于温度现场观测,且温盐之间未做任何关系假设,互为独立资料,因此方案1得到的盐度分析误差较大,一些特征信息不能清晰地表现出来。
从温度、盐度垂向均方根误差(RMSE)分布图(图4)可以看出,方案1和方案3温、盐RMSE的垂向分布非常相近。深度100 m以上,方案3的误差改善效果显著,温、盐RMSE较方案1分别平均减小了0.143℃、0.065。深度100 m以下,方案3较方案1温度RMSE高0.001℃,盐度RMSE低0.005。
在200 m深度的盐度分布图中,寻找到两个观测点A和B(图3),这两点处仅有温度观测,但不同试验方案的盐度分析结果却有显著差异。图5中可以看出,A、B两点处方案1的盐度垂向廓线趋势与真实趋势大致吻合,但无法反映海表由于水量收支等因素引起的盐度变化;方案2海面的盐度反演结果几乎贴近真实值,但水下盐度完全偏离真实盐度分布,误差最大达到0.3;方案3中,原本相互独立的温度和盐度现场观测,由于联合了卫星测高资料而存在了线性关系,使得盐度分析受到了温度现场观测以及卫星测高资料的约束,因此,尽管没有盐度现场观测资料,在联合了温度现场观测和卫星观测进行分析之后,盐度分析结果却得到了明显的改善。
进而选取一条海面起伏变化比较明显的断面(图1),对盐度进行分析。图6可以直观地看出不同试验方案得到的盐度垂向结构差异。断面中标注的绿色和黑色虚线位置分别存在气漩涡和反气漩涡特征。可以发现,绿色虚线位置处在海面高度较低的冷涡区域,存在低温高盐特征,且该点附近存在盐度现场观测,因此3种试验方案的分析结果中均再现了该处等盐线的凸起,但黑色虚线对应断面位置周围不存在盐度现场观测,只有使用到卫星遥感数据的试验方案反映出了等盐线下凹的反气漩涡特征。从整体看,方案3的盐度断面不仅可以反映出由海洋动力过程引起的等盐线起伏变化,且整体的分析误差更小,海面附近的分析结果与真实场也更吻合。
使用2008年4月1日至7月28日的EN4数据进行时空四维真实试验。由于使用的真实卫星遥感数据为17周的日平均资料,水平分辨率为0.25°,数据量远多于温盐现场观测,在目标函数中所占权重过大,程序运行耗时过长。为了平衡各类观测在目标函数中的权重占比,提高程序运行效率,我们将每次试验的时间维度缩短为3周,水平方向最密分析网格格点数缩减为孪生试验网格的1/2,垂向分层同孪生实验,进行多次试验结果统计,试验设置如表2。每次试验随机抽取20%的现场观测资料作为独立观测,不参与同化,进行独立性检验,独立观测位置如图7
取显著水平为0.05,确定通过检验的相关系数临界值为0.062,对3种方案的分析增量与观测增量进行相关性检验。从图8可以看出,在仅同化温盐现场观测得到的结果中,对于已同化的温盐现场观测(图8m图8p),其散点的拟合性非常强,相关系数分别高达0.949和0.968,均方根误差仅有0.327℃和0.044。在独立的温盐观测处(图8g图8j),其散点的拟合性不如已同化的温盐现场观测,但依旧有明显的拟合趋势,温度散点相关系数达到0.568,盐度散点相关系数达到0.703。而对于海面高度异常和海表温度的分析结果(图8a图8d),其散点完全没有拟合趋势,相关性均未通过检验,甚至海面高度异常增量的散点呈负相关,均方根误差高达0.232 m和1.878℃。从图7中可以看出,真实的现场观测数量较少,平均每组试验仅有6组剖面资料,且分布极其不均匀。从卫星高度计结果所示,南海中小尺度涡信息比较丰富,想要准确解析这些涡旋特征,至少要保证每个涡旋附近均要存在现场观测资料,以现有的剖面资料数量和分布情况来看,仅同化现场观测无法提取出这些中小尺度的涡旋信息,因而得到的海面分析结果较差。
在仅同化卫星遥感资料得到的结果中,海面高度异常散点与海表温度散点均高度拟合(图8b图8e),相关系数分别高达0.987和0.946,均方根误差仅有0.012 m和0.340℃。而对于水下的温度分析增量与观测增量的散点(图8h图8n),其相关性未通过检验,均方根误差为1.420℃。水下盐度增量的相关系数也仅略大于相关系数临界值(图8k图8q),相关性较弱,均方根误差达到了0.222。在海面信息具备某一种构型的情况下,水下分布是有多种可能性的。卫星遥感资料反演过程中,在时间和空间上均优先提取大尺度信息,优先修正时间方向、水平方向和垂向的温盐整体升高或降低的大尺度信号。在海表面以下,由于缺乏水下温盐观测信息的支持,无法分析出水下包含的第一模态或第二模态甚至更高模态的中小尺度温盐信号,因此得到的温盐剖面较平滑。这表明在真实的海洋环境中,缺乏水下温盐观测的支持,仅依靠卫星遥感观测资料“反演”,而没有额外的水下结构的支持与约束,是无法得到高质量的三维温盐场的。
在联合同化方案得到的结果中,其海面高度异常(图8c)、海面温度(图8f)和已同化的温盐观测(图8o图8r)的散点拟合度均较高,独立的温盐观测(图8i图8l)散点的拟合性虽不如已同化的温盐观测散点拟合性强,但也具有明显的拟合趋势。相比仅同化卫星遥感资料方案,海面动力高度的均方根误差与其接近,海面温度的均方根误差较其低0.012℃,相关系数提高了0.004。由此可见,融入温盐现场观测对海面温度的分析具有一定幅度的改善效果。在已同化的温盐观测处,由于本方法中在同化SSHa资料时,仅考虑了海面高度资料中包含的海水热胀冷缩的斜压信号,而未考虑其中包含的正压信号,因此得到的温盐分析剖面与真实观测剖面存在一定的偏差,但该偏差量很小,与仅同化现场观测方案得到的结果相比,均方根误差与相关系数的差异基本可忽略。而在独立的温盐观测处,联合同化的温度分析结果与仅同化现场观测方案的分析结果相比,平均均方根误差改进了0.022℃,相关系数提高了0.017。而此处的盐度分析的改善效果略差,平均均方根误差提高了0.005,相关系数降低了0.012。我们考虑这可能是因为在同化卫星遥感SSHa资料对剖面整体进行调整时,温度分析增加了SST观测资料的约束,而盐度分析缺少SSS资料的约束,因此盐度配合温度进行正向调整,而忽略了自身结构,导致盐度分析结果恶化。
为评估SSS资料对水下温盐结构的调整能力,增加试验方案4和方案5:在方案2和方案3试验设置的基础上,分别增加SSS观测资料进行联合同化。由于没有找到较好的卫星遥感SSS资料,我们取所有盐度现场观测的最表层观测代替。对方案4和方案5在独立温盐观测处的温盐分析结果进行相关性检验。从图9来看,同化海表盐度观测对温度和盐度分析结果的改善效果是非常显著的。对于温度,方案4的分析结果(图9a)较方案2的结果(图8h)总体RMSE降低了0.136℃,相关系数提高了0.131,相关性从负相关转变为勉强满足相关性检验。方案5的分析结果(图9b)较方案3的结果(图8i)改善幅度较小,RMSE仅降低了0.001℃,相关系数增加了0.001,但也表明了增加卫星遥感SSS资料,对温度的分析具有正向调整作用。对于盐度,方案4(图9c)和方案5(图9d)的RMSE相较未同化海表盐度资料的方案2(图8k)和方案3(图8l)均减小了约0.037和0.022,相关系数分别增加了0.137和0.096。且方案5的结果与仅同化温盐现场观测方案相比,在独立观测处,温、盐分析误差均得到修正,温度RMSE降低了0.023℃,相关系数提高了0.018,盐度RMSE降低了0.018,相关系数提高了0.084。这表明在本研究提出的同化方法中,卫星遥感海表盐度资料对于温度和盐度的分析具有重要意义,增加稀疏的盐度现场观测表层盐度进行同化,对分析结果已经有如此显著的改善效果,如若使用与海表温度资料时空分辨率相同的高质量海表盐度资料,我们相信同化结果将会得到进一步提升。
总体来看,多源观测联合同化方案既可以捕捉到海表信号,又可以反映水下温盐结构特征。同化的观测资料越多,分析结果越好,尤其在独立观测处的同化结果,更能体现出卫星遥感资料与现场观测资料之间互相补充的效果。但由于所抽取的独立观测附近均存在已同化的温度现场观测,使得独立观测处的分析可以获得足够的现场观测支撑,因此,相对方案1的结果来说,方案3与方案5中同化卫星遥感资料对于温度的改善作用并不显著。
为更直观地反映出联合同化中卫星遥感资料起到的作用,在6月3−17日这组试验中,连续抽取出一段温盐现场观测作为独立观测,构成独立断面,观测位置如图10
图11给出了不同试验方案的独立温度断面垂向分布情况。方案2仅依靠海表信息反演,得到的温度垂向梯度变化幅度小,没有明显的垂向结构,整体温度偏低。受断面两端同化的温度现场观测约束,方案1的温度断面呈“高−低−高”3层分布,方案3保留了方案1得到的温度垂向结构特征,且从图11e中可以看出同化卫星遥感资料得到的温度场整体误差更小。
将得到的温盐分析结果进行动力高度积分得到海面高度异常的分析场(图12),从图12图13可以看出,尽管方案1得到的水下温盐结构比较准确,但是分析出的海表状态极差,而方案3在保证水下温盐分布准确度的同时,还可以完美地反映出海表冷涡和暖涡的分布,得到与卫星遥感资料匹配得上的海表信息。
当前同化系统使用的同化方案不能充分提取观测资料中所包含的信息,造成了观测信息的浪费,且人为性较强,不能得到客观的温盐分析场。本文提出了一种基于多尺度四维分析方法,融合使用卫星遥感和现场观测同时同化的方案。首先利用再分析资料模拟真实观测分布,进行多尺度三维客观分析。试验结果表明,在没有假设任何关系、没有结合任何模式的条件下,依旧可以通过不同观测资料之间的互相补充作用对水下温盐结构进行调整。尤其通过卫星遥感SSHa资料间接构建的温盐线性关系,使得盐度反演时,受到温度和SSHa观测的约束,整个剖面得到正向调整,弥补了盐度现场观测资料稀少的不足。进一步增加时间维度进行真实试验。卫星观测资料数量剧增,极大地补充了现场观测时间上不连续、空间上分布零散的资料缺失。在同化时,现场观测之间、卫星遥感资料之间以及现场观测与卫星遥感资料之间时空维度上互相补充,能够得到水下与海面相匹配的分析结果,使得同化达到“1 + 1 > 2”的效果。从试验结果来看,联合卫星遥感与现场观测同时同化的方案,既可以得到较准确的水下温盐结构,又可以反映出精准的海表信息。在代入零散的盐度表层观测作为SSS观测后,盐度的分析得到了极大的改善,同时正向调整了温度廓线,证明卫星遥感SSS观测资料在温盐数据同化中起到的作用是不可忽略的,对我国卫星遥感海面盐度观测技术提出了更高的要求。
仅联合卫星遥感的海面高度异常资料就可以对水下温盐剖面起到一定的调整作用,如果再丰富其他海洋观测信息,对水下温盐的分析过程增加约束,那么将进一步修正三维温盐场。充分利用卫星观测信息还可以减少部分现场观测的投放,节省在海洋观测方面的资金投入。
在下一步的研究中,我们将在同化方法中融入更多的观测资料,比如高质量的海面盐度、水声资料等,扩大研究范围至全球,进而得到完全客观的、水下与海面信息自洽的全球三维温盐场,为三维温盐数值预报提供精准的初始场。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42376190);国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3101500,2022YFC3104800)。
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023111
  • 接收时间:2022-10-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-01
  • 修回日期:2022-12-03
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42376190);国家重点研发计划(2021YFC3101500,2022YFC3104800)。
作者信息
    1 天津大学 海洋科学与技术学院 天津市海洋环境与安全保障重点实验室,天津 300072
    2 天津市海洋气象重点实验室,天津 300074

通讯作者:

*李威(1978—),男,内蒙古自治区通辽市人,教授,主要从事海洋数值预报、海洋数值模拟等方向研究。E-mail:;
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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