Article(id=1212062362966815694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023097, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666195200000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-20, revisedDate=1673020800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786360, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786360, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786360, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786360, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=126, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062364459987931, articleId=1212062362966815694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Temperature profile inversion in the South China Sea under the constraint of depth-fixed temperature, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to quickly obtain a large-scale, quasi-real-time internal structure of the ocean, sea surface remote sensing data are widely used to construct the vertical structure of the temperature profiles, but satellite remote sensing can only obtain relatively accurate ocean surface or near-surface data. In order to improve the accuracy of temperature profile inversion, this paper takes the depth-fixed temperature as the constraint, and the nonlinear mapping between the temperature profiles and the sea surface remote sensing data such as sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level anomaly (SLA) is generated through the radial basis function (RBF) neural network, and discuss the theoretical basis for constrained depth selection. The inversion results of the temperature profiles in the South China Sea show that the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) coefficient can characterize the vertical displacement of the thermocline. And there is a strong correlation between the temperature at the depth corresponding to the extreme point of the first EOF and the first EOF coefficient. Therefore, when the temperature at this depth is added as a constraint, the inversion accuracy of the thermocline is about 0.35℃ higher than that of only using sea surface remote sensing data, and the mean root mean square error of temperature profile inversion is about 0.33℃.

, correspAuthors=Yu Luo, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qianqian Li, Ziwen Wang, Jinlong Zhu, Zhihao Juan, Qi Li, Yu Luo), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062366926237814, articleId=1212062362966815694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=定深温度约束下的南海海域温度剖面反演, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为快速获取大范围、准实时的海洋内部结构,海面遥感数据被广泛应用于构建温度剖面垂直结构,但卫星遥感仅能获得较为准确的海洋表面或者近表层数据。为了提高全海深温度剖面的反演精度,本文以水下固定深度处温度为约束,通过径向基函数神经网络生成海表面温度和海平面高度异常等海表遥感数据与温度剖面之间的非线性映射,并对约束深度选取的理论依据进行讨论。南海海域温度剖面的反演结果表明,第1阶经验正交函数系数可以表征温跃层的垂直位移,而第1阶经验正交函数基函数极值点对应深度处的温度与第1阶经验正交函数系数之间具有强相关性。当增加该深度处温度为约束时,温跃层的反演精度比仅使用海面遥感数据约提高0.35℃,反演温度剖面的平均均方根误差约为0.33℃。

, correspAuthors=罗宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*罗宇(1974-),男,四川省成都市人,教授,主要从事声学信号处理、海洋测绘和声学检测等技术研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zKQllvSre2zrG3+oTfMUsQ==, magXml=Z0vOGOO6oFB9sB4Inkue4Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hxwrvbXfTCh8P3TashQK/A==, pdfFileSize=2781438, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=MIJQqZ1kv+H2klscxwNmyA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=fzmkYIMc+5oljgbOVoKnWw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李倩倩(1984-),女,山东省青岛市人,副教授,主要从事海洋环境声学反演和水下声源定位等水声逆问题研究。E-mail:

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2 哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001, bio={"content":"

李倩倩(1984-),女,山东省青岛市人,副教授,主要从事海洋环境声学反演和水下声源定位等水声逆问题研究。E-mail:

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李倩倩(1984-),女,山东省青岛市人,副教授,主要从事海洋环境声学反演和水下声源定位等水声逆问题研究。E-mail:

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The gray solid line represents the measured temperature profile, while the black solid line represents the average temperature profile

, figureFileSmall=yjLm4jcJ9GTY3xS/N6sgRQ==, figureFileBig=vTHg3n7Di1VpYW1c2vbkHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532473586638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=CN, label=图4, caption=训练集(a)、测试集(b)温度剖面及训练集和测试集平均温度剖面(c)

灰色实线为实测温度剖面,黑色实线为平均温度剖面

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a. Using position information and remote sensing data; b. constrained by T68 m; c. root mean square error with depth

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a. 使用位置信息和遥感数据;b. 以T68 m为约束;c. 均方根误差随深度的变化

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First six EOFs variance contribution and cumulative variance contribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EOF阶次训练集测试集
方差贡献率/
%
累计方差贡献率/
%
方差贡献率/
%
累计方差贡献率/
%
168.9968.9969.1569.15
212.0281.0111.8280.97
37.2488.257.8188.78
44.0592.303.9692.74
52.6494.942.5595.29
61.5596.491.9197.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535262797841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

前6阶EOF方差贡献率及累计方差贡献率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EOF阶次训练集测试集
方差贡献率/
%
累计方差贡献率/
%
方差贡献率/
%
累计方差贡献率/
%
168.9968.9969.1569.15
212.0281.0111.8280.97
37.2488.257.8188.78
44.0592.303.9692.74
52.6494.942.5595.29
61.5596.491.9197.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535342489618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Influence of depth fluctuation on root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature profile inversion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验aRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
未考虑深度浮动0.555 30.367 4 0.948 30.3307
10.555 80.365 90.946 20.330 1
20.556 20.367 10.947 60.330 5
30.556 10.367 80.954 10.330 9
40.557 60.366 80.953 50.330 5
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535451541524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

深度浮动对反演温度剖面的均方根误差(RMSE)影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验aRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
未考虑深度浮动0.555 30.367 4 0.948 30.3307
10.555 80.365 90.946 20.330 1
20.556 20.367 10.947 60.330 5
30.556 10.367 80.954 10.330 9
40.557 60.366 80.953 50.330 5
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535548010520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Influence of temperature measurement error on root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature profile inversion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验bRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
10.573 70.364 7 0.959 50.329 0
20.557 70.366 30.949 70.330 1
30.555 80.367 50.948 30.330 8
40.554 90.366 90.947 00.330 3
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535652868123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

温度测量误差对反演温度剖面的均方根误差(RMSE)影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验bRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
10.573 70.364 7 0.959 50.329 0
20.557 70.366 30.949 70.330 1
30.555 80.367 50.948 30.330 8
40.554 90.366 90.947 00.330 3
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535799668764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Influence of depth fluctuation and temperature measurement error on root mean square error (RMSE) of temperature profile inversion

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验cRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
10.575 40.369 30.949 20.333 9
20.556 70.366 80.951 10.330 3
30.555 20.370 00.941 90.333 9
40.556 20.366 90.952 10.330 5
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535883554848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362966815694, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

深度浮动和温度测量误差对反演温度剖面的均方根误差(RMSE)影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验cRMSEnRMSEm
最大值平均值最大值平均值
10.575 40.369 30.949 20.333 9
20.556 70.366 80.951 10.330 3
30.555 20.370 00.941 90.333 9
40.556 20.366 90.952 10.330 5
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定深温度约束下的南海海域温度剖面反演
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李倩倩 1, 2 , 王子文 1 , 朱金龙 1 , 隽智昊 1 , 李琪 1 , 罗宇 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 126-136
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 126-136
定深温度约束下的南海海域温度剖面反演
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李倩倩1, 2 , 王子文1, 朱金龙1, 隽智昊1, 李琪1, 罗宇1, *
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 2 哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001
  • 李倩倩(1984-),女,山东省青岛市人,副教授,主要从事海洋环境声学反演和水下声源定位等水声逆问题研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*罗宇(1974-),男,四川省成都市人,教授,主要从事声学信号处理、海洋测绘和声学检测等技术研究。E-mail:
Temperature profile inversion in the South China Sea under the constraint of depth-fixed temperature
Qianqian Li1, 2 , Ziwen Wang1, Jinlong Zhu1, Zhihao Juan1, Qi Li1, Yu Luo1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023097
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为快速获取大范围、准实时的海洋内部结构,海面遥感数据被广泛应用于构建温度剖面垂直结构,但卫星遥感仅能获得较为准确的海洋表面或者近表层数据。为了提高全海深温度剖面的反演精度,本文以水下固定深度处温度为约束,通过径向基函数神经网络生成海表面温度和海平面高度异常等海表遥感数据与温度剖面之间的非线性映射,并对约束深度选取的理论依据进行讨论。南海海域温度剖面的反演结果表明,第1阶经验正交函数系数可以表征温跃层的垂直位移,而第1阶经验正交函数基函数极值点对应深度处的温度与第1阶经验正交函数系数之间具有强相关性。当增加该深度处温度为约束时,温跃层的反演精度比仅使用海面遥感数据约提高0.35℃,反演温度剖面的平均均方根误差约为0.33℃。

温度剖面  /  径向基函数神经网络  /  经验正交函数  /  海表面温度  /  海平面高度异常  /  定深温度

In order to quickly obtain a large-scale, quasi-real-time internal structure of the ocean, sea surface remote sensing data are widely used to construct the vertical structure of the temperature profiles, but satellite remote sensing can only obtain relatively accurate ocean surface or near-surface data. In order to improve the accuracy of temperature profile inversion, this paper takes the depth-fixed temperature as the constraint, and the nonlinear mapping between the temperature profiles and the sea surface remote sensing data such as sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level anomaly (SLA) is generated through the radial basis function (RBF) neural network, and discuss the theoretical basis for constrained depth selection. The inversion results of the temperature profiles in the South China Sea show that the first empirical orthogonal function (EOF) coefficient can characterize the vertical displacement of the thermocline. And there is a strong correlation between the temperature at the depth corresponding to the extreme point of the first EOF and the first EOF coefficient. Therefore, when the temperature at this depth is added as a constraint, the inversion accuracy of the thermocline is about 0.35℃ higher than that of only using sea surface remote sensing data, and the mean root mean square error of temperature profile inversion is about 0.33℃.

temperature profile  /  radial basis function neural network  /  empirical orthogonal function  /  sea surface temperature  /  sea level anomaly  /  depth-fixed temperature
李倩倩, 王子文, 朱金龙, 隽智昊, 李琪, 罗宇. 定深温度约束下的南海海域温度剖面反演. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023097
Qianqian Li, Ziwen Wang, Jinlong Zhu, Zhihao Juan, Qi Li, Yu Luo. Temperature profile inversion in the South China Sea under the constraint of depth-fixed temperature[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023097
海水温度剖面与海洋热结构、水文动力过程、水团划分等密切相关,并且对水下声学(包括潜艇的定位和海底战力的部署等)具有重大的意义[1]。然而受到水体介质的非均匀性以及海洋独特的锋、涡、流等动力特性的影响,使得温度场呈现出复杂的时空随机起伏。因此如何快速、准确地获取近实时全海深温度剖面成为了一个重要的研究课题。
对海洋学家来说,海上数据现场收集通常是一项非常昂贵和耗时的工作,通过CTD(Conductivity,Temperature,Depth)、XBT(Expendable Bathythermograph)等传统的测量方式进行现场采样,会耗费大量的时间和人力物力,因此很难获取长时序大范围的数据。海洋学家经常使用更容易获取的数据源,如卫星、浮标和系泊阵列等,通过客观分析、资料同化和数值模拟等方法实现对大范围海洋三维温度场建模[1]。其中,卫星遥感的手段得到广泛应用,利用辐射计和高度计等各种卫星传感器可以获取大范围、准实时的海洋表面信息[2],如海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)、海表面高度异常(Sea Level Anomaly,SLA)等。Guinehut 等[3]利用多元线性回归研究了高分辨率海平面高度和海表温度与200 m深度的温度场之间的关系,并实时反演了200 m深度处的温度场;Fujii和Kamachi[4]提出一种垂向耦合的温盐经验正交函数的三维变分方法,重构的热带太平洋温盐场较好地反映了厄尔尼诺及拉尼娜过程;邢霄波等[5]基于Argo剖面资料及海表面温度数据,通过分段拟合的方法得到连续的垂直温度变化,重构了西北太平洋三维温度场;Lapeyre和Klein [6]研究了表层密度异常与海洋内部位势涡度的关系,改进了表面准地转(Surface Quasi-Geostrophic,SQG)方程,利用海表面密度重建了海洋上层的三维平衡速度场;Lu 等[7]使用前馈神经网络的方法,结合海表面温度、海表面高度和海表风速观测数据等遥感数据反演了1 900 m以浅的三维温度场,并研究了基于神经网络和预聚类结合的方法对预测时空变化下的温度场的有效性。但卫星遥感仅能获得海洋表面或者近表层数据,利用表层信息反演得到的也仅是温度剖面的平均稳态场,反演精度较低。海洋声层析(Ocean Acoustic Tomography,OAT)是由Munk 和Wunsch [8]提出的一种通过声学手段对海洋环境动态、实时、大范围监测的技术,该技术能够利用声传播速度反演声场经过海域的平均温度剖面。但声层析方法获取的一般为传播路径上的平均温度,要想获取空间位置相关的精细结构比较困难[9-10]
随着科技水平的不断发展,水下自治机器人(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle,AUV)等水下移动平台越来越多地被应用于海洋特征观测。一般的AUV水下航行速度为1~2 m/s,部分仪器速度可达3 m/s[11],可以执行长达数小时甚至是数天的测量任务,AUV的多功能性使其可以在相当大的区域内测量海洋数据。同时AUV的定深航行精度可以达到分米级甚至厘米级,水下移动平台的快速发展使得直接测量任一深度处的水文参数成为可能[12-13]
将卫星遥感数据与海洋实测数据所表征的次表层信息相结合,建立由表层到水下的映射关系,是获得连续广域的三维温度场的有效途径[14]。本文结合海面遥感数据,以部分温度剖面(甚至一个深度处的温度)为约束,实现全海深温度剖面的反演。首先,利用经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)稀疏表示训练集中的温度剖面,通过若干组EOF正交基以及对应的投影系数,极大地减少了描述温度剖面垂直结构所需参数。利用SST和SLA等海表遥感数据和极少量的约束温度数据,基于径向基函数(Radial Basis Function,RBF)神经网络构建全海深温度剖面,分析讨论选取最优约束温度测量深度的依据,并对深度选取的物理原因进行讨论。本文研究结果对利用AUV等水下移动平台的离散观测量进行全海深温度剖面重构具有实际的指导意义。
经验正交函数方法又称主成分分析法,能够将样本数据的主要信息浓缩在几个主要分量上,研究表明,前几阶正交基函数就能有效地重构温度剖面[15]。假设有$N$个温度剖面$T = [{t_1},{t_2}, \cdots ,{t_N}]$,内插成为$M$个垂直标准层,得到温度矩阵${{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}}$
$ {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{t_1}(1)}&{{t_2}(1)}& \cdots &{{t_N}(1)} \\ {{t_1}(2)}&{{t_2}(2)}& \cdots &{{t_N}(2)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & & \vdots \\ {{t_1}(M)}&{{t_2}(M)}& \cdots &{{t_N}(M)} \end{array}} \right]\text{,} $
式中,每一列为一个温度剖面在标准深度上的取值,每一行为所有剖面在同一深度的温度。
$ N $条温度剖面的每一层进行平均,得到平均温度剖面${\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times 1}}$
$ {\overline{{\boldsymbol{T}}}}_{M\times 1}=\frac{1}{N}{\left[\begin{array}{cccc}\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{t}_{i}(1)& \displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{t}_{i}(2)& \cdots & \displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}{t}_{i}(M)\end{array}\right]}^{{\rm{T}}} . $
将平均温度剖面${\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times 1}}$进行扩展得到平均温度矩阵${\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}}$(矩阵的每一列都相等):
$ {\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}} = \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}}_{M \times 1}}}&{{{\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}}_{M \times 1}}}& \cdots &{{{\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}}_{M \times 1}}} \end{array}} \right] . $
将温度矩阵与平均温度矩阵相减,得到每个剖面相对于平均剖面的扰动矩阵$\Delta {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}}$
$ \Delta {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}} = {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}} - {\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}}. $
扰动矩阵的协方差矩阵为
$ {{\boldsymbol{R}}_{M \times M}} = \frac{{\Delta {{\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}}\Delta {\boldsymbol{T}}_{M \times N}^{\boldsymbol{T}}}}{N}. $
特征分解有:
$ {{\boldsymbol{R}}_{M \times M}}{{\boldsymbol{F}}_{M \times M}} = {{\boldsymbol{D}}_{M \times M}}{{\boldsymbol{F}}_{M \times M}}, $
式中,${{\boldsymbol{D}}_{M \times M}}$表示特征值矩阵,由于特征值的大小对应重构温度剖面时信息的丰富度,因此将特征值按从大到小的顺序进行排列;${{\boldsymbol{F}}_{M \times M}}$为特征值对应的特征向量矩阵,即EOF基函数。
每一个特征向量对应的特征值表示此特征向量的权重,计算前$k$阶的贡献率:
$ Q=\sum_{i=1}^{k} D_{i} \Bigg/ \sum_{n=1}^{N} D_{n} . $
$Q \geqslant 0.95$时,可以认为前$k$阶经验正交函数能够表示当前海域内温度剖面的主要特征。因此,利用前$k$阶EOF即可完成测区内任一温度剖面的重构:
$ \widehat{T}(z)=\overline{T}(z)+\sum_{i=1}^{k} \alpha_{i} f_{i}(z) , $
式中,$\widehat T\left( z \right)$为重构的温度剖面;$z$为各层海水深度;$\overline {\boldsymbol{T}}\left( z \right)$为平均温度剖面;$k$为EOF阶次;${\alpha _i}$为重构系数;${f_i}\left( z \right)$为EOF基函数。通常情况下,利用训练集中的温度数据可以提取平均温度剖面和EOF基函数,若能够估计得到实时的EOF系数,利用式(8)就可以较为准确地估计测试集中的温度剖面。因此,重构后的温度剖面主要有3个误差来源:训练集分别与测试集平均温度剖面之间和EOF基函数之间的误差,反演方法估计得到的EOF系数的误差。
RBF神经网络是由Moody和Darken[16]于20世纪80年代末提出的一种神经网络结构,是一种性能良好的前馈式神经网络,具有较好的非线性映射能力。RBF神经网络结构由如图1所示的输入层、隐含层、输出层组成。
输入层到隐含层的输出为非线性激活函数,通常使用高斯函数:
$ {R_i}(x) = \exp \left( { - \frac{{{\text{||}}{x_k} - {c_i}|{|^2}}}{{2\sigma _i^2}}} \right) \text{,} $
式中,$i = 1,\;2,\; \cdots ,\;q$$q$为隐含层节点的数量;${x_k} = {x_1},\; {x_2},\; \cdots ,\;{x_n}$为输入层的$n$个输入,本文中输入数据为位置信息(LAT、LON)、遥感数据(SST、SLA)以及部分温度数据${T_p}$$ {c_i} $为隐含层第$i$个节点的基函数中心;$ {\sigma _i} $为第$i$个节点的宽度;$ {\text{||}}{x_k} - {c_i}|| $为两者之间的欧氏距离;${R_i}(x)$为隐含层第$i$个节点的输出。
RBF神经网络的输出为
$ {y}_{j}=\sum _{j=1}^{p}{\omega }_{ji}{R}_{i}\left(x\right)+{\theta }_{i} \text{,} $
式中,$ {\omega }_{ji} $为连接权值,$j = 1,\;2,\; \cdots ,\;m$$ {\theta _i} $为第$i$个输出节点的阈值;$ {y_j} $为第$j$个节点的实际输出值,本文的输出数据为前6阶EOF系数。
本文使用的SST资料来自于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)高级甚高分辨率辐射计(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer,AVHRR)的每日最优内插海面温度(Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature,OISST),网格分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。该数据由不同平台(卫星、船舶、浮标)的偏差调整后的观测数据在全球常规网格上进行组合,并通过内插法填补空白,描述了完整的海洋温度场[17]。SLA资料来自于AVISO(Archiving Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic)提供的月平均网格化数据,网格分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,该数据融合了TOPEX/POSEIDON、Jason-1/2和ERS-1/2等卫星资料[18]。温度剖面观测资料来自南海海洋断面科学考察项目于2009年春季、2010年秋季、2011年冬季、2012年夏季4个航次的CTD观测数据[19]
SST、SLA与实测温度数据空间分辨率不一致,因此在时间和空间上将CTD各站位实测温度剖面与SST和SLA网格数据进行匹配,本文采用最邻近匹配方法,即分别寻找测量当日以及测量当月的距离站点最近的网格数据作为该站点的遥感数据。图2为测量深度不浅于1 200 m的温度剖面,从图中可以看出,海水温度在800 m以深变化不大,同时,反演方法要求在温度剖面上进行相同的深度采样,当最大深度大于800 m时,剔除较浅的温度剖面会导致样本数量大量减少,为了保留尽可能多的温度剖面,本文选择800 m作为最大研究深度。
选取CTD实测深度不浅于800 m的站位并将实测温度剖面在深度上按1 m进行等间距插值。机器学习方法要求按照一定比例划分训练集和测试集,因此将训练集与测试集的比例大致设置为4∶1。本论文使用的实验数据为2009年春季、2010年秋季、2011年冬季、2012年夏季4个航次CTD观测数据。由于4次测量的季节不同,研究表明,这4组温度剖面存在明显的季节性变化,因此按照比例将每个季节的观测数据划分为训练集和测试集两部分。训练集包含测量数据169条,其中,2009年、2010年、2011年和2012年分别选取50条、43条、25条和51条数据;测试集包含测量数据43条,其中,2009年、2010年、2011年和2012年分别选取13条、11条、6条和13条数据。在空间上,尽量保证选取的测试集站位均匀分散于测量区域。图3为本次实验训练集和测试集站位的空间分布。
分别绘制训练集和测试集的温度剖面及其平均温度剖面,结果如图4a图4b所示。利用下式计算相关系数,判断两组数据的相关性,
$ {\rm{corr}}(X,Y) = \frac{{{{\rm{cov}}} (X,Y)}}{{\sqrt {{{\rm{var}}} [X]{{\rm{var}}} [Y]} }} \text{,} $
式中,${{\rm{cov}}} (X,Y)$$X$$Y$的协方差;${{\rm{var}}} [X]$$X$的方差;${{\rm{var}}} [Y]$$Y$的方差;图4c为训练集与测试集的平均温度剖面,两者之间的相关系数为0.99,该结果表明两者之间具有极强的相关性。因此,在进行温度剖面重构时,使用训练集的平均温度剖面不会带来明显的误差。
分别对训练集和测试集中的温度剖面进行EOF分解,表1为EOF分解后前6阶系数的方差贡献率和累计方差贡献率,可以看出,训练集的第1阶EOF重构温度剖面的方差贡献率为68.99%,在温度剖面重构中占据主导地位,前6阶EOF的累计方差贡献率可达96.49%;测试集的第1阶EOF重构温度剖面的方差贡献率为69.15%,前6阶EOF的累计方差贡献率可达97.20%。因此,使用前6阶EOF可以较好地表达当前研究区域温度剖面的主要特征。
分别绘制训练集和测试集前6阶EOF基函数,如图5所示,可以发现相同阶的EOF基函数变化趋势基本相同,利用式(11)分别计算训练集和测试集相同阶EOF基函数之间的相关系数,发现相关系数均大于0.8,具有强相关性,可以认为训练集的EOF基函数基本无代表性误差,使用训练集基函数代替测试集基函数进行温度剖面重构是可行的。
卫星遥感技术的发展为研究海洋表层温度场提供了完整的SST和SLA资料,遥感数据由于其快速、大面积同步观测的优点,被广泛应用于温度剖面的预报中。RBF神经网络可以通过其3层前馈网络实现构建位置信息、遥感数据与前6阶EOF系数之间的关系模型,结合训练集的平均温度剖面,通过式(8)完成测试集的温度剖面重构。本文采取均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)对重构结果精确度进行描述,RMSE值越小,温度剖面反演精度越高。对于每一条温度剖面的均方根误差计算公式为
$ {{\rm{R M SE}}}_{n}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M}\left[\widehat{T}_{n}(i)-T(i)\right]^{2}} , $
式中,${\rm{RMSE}}_n$为第$n$条温度剖面的均方根误差;$M$为温度剖面纵向层数;${\widehat T_n}(i)$为第$i$层的重构温度;$T(i)$为第$i$层的实测温度。
同时,为了研究温度剖面反演误差在深度上的变化,逐层计算其均方根误差,计算公式为
${\rm{ RMSE}}_{m}=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{N}{\left[{\widehat{T}}_{j}(m)-{T}_{j}\right]}^{2}} , $
式中,${\rm{RMSE}}_m$为温度剖面第$m$层的均方根误差;$N$为温度剖面数;${\widehat T_j}(m)$为第$j$条温度剖面的预测温度;${T_j}$为第$j$条温度剖面的实测温度。
利用式(12)计算测试集各站位温度剖面反演的均方根误差${\rm{RMSE}}_n$,结果如图6所示,平均均方根误差为0.44℃,最大均方根误差为0.75℃。
图6的实验结果来看,只使用位置信息和遥感数据能够基本描述整条温度剖面变化趋势,但反演精度不高,因此考虑使用少量的定深温度数据作为约束,将位置信息、遥感数据和定深温度数据作为RBF输入层,通过局部逼近的方式构建其与EOF系数关系模型,提高温度剖面反演精度。随着科技水平的不断发展,AUV等水下移动平台因其灵活性被越来越多地应用于海洋特征观测,通过AUV等可以实现对任一深度处的温度探测。由于本次实验缺少定深测量数据,因此使用测试集中的CTD数据进行仿真,将其固定深度处温度数据作为约束温度。为了寻找最优测量深度,将约束温度的深度从海面依次设置到800 m,深度间隔为1 m,结合位置信息和遥感数据,采用RBF神经网络构建全海深温度剖面。由于各数据具有不同的取值范围,无法直观的进行对比评价,为了使数据具有相同的度量尺度,利用下式将不同数据归一化处理至0到1范围内,
$ y = \frac{{x - {x_{\min }}}}{{{x_{{\text{max}}}} - {x_{{\text{min}}}}}} \text{,} $
式中,$ y $为归一化后的值;${{{x}}_{\min }}$为原始数据的最小值;${{{x}}_{\max }}$为原始数据的最大值。对不同约束温度下的温度剖面重构误差和第1阶EOF基函数分别进行归一化处理,如图7所示,横坐标为约束温度对应深度,纵坐标为归一化后的数值,蓝色实线为归一化后的平均均方根误差,红色虚线为归一化后的第1阶EOF基函数,灰色虚线为第1阶EOF基函数极值点对应的深度,即68 m。从图中可以看出温度剖面的反演误差随着约束温度的深度变化,当约束温度的测量深度位于68 m时,平均均方根误差最小,而此深度恰好为第1阶极值点对应的深度。那么这样的结果是巧合吗?接下来我们将给出证明。
从一般性的数学分析看,第1阶EOF基函数在温度扰动方差最大的深度处取得极值点,即68 m深度。图8a绘制了训练集和测试集第1阶EOF基函数,图8b绘制了训练集和测试集温度数据的方差,绿色虚线对应68 m深度,从图8a图8b中可以看出第1阶EOF基函数的极值点与方差最大深度是一致的。同时,由于温度剖面反演误差与实际温度场扰动情况相关,温度剖面扰动越大的深度,该位置处的反演难度越大,如图8c所示。图8c绘制了使用遥感数据和位置数据反演得到的温度剖面随深度变化的均方根误差。因此从数学分析来看,若是以历史温度剖面扰动最大深度处的温度值作为现场数据,将会有助于提升整个温度剖面的反演精度。
从温度剖面数据来看,表1表明,第1阶EOF的方差贡献率接近70%,在所有模态中所占权重最高,在重构温度剖面中起主导作用,因此第1阶EOF系数可以近似反映海水水层的变化趋势。如图9所示,将第1阶EOF系数与各剖面68 m深度处的温度${T_{68\;{\rm{m}}}}$进行归一化,从图中发现两者变化趋势相似,相关系数为0.93,可以认为第1阶EOF系数与该深度处的温度具有强相关性。因此当增加该深度处温度为约束时,全海深温度剖面的反演精度最高。图9同时绘制了归一化的24.5℃等温线,该温度为第1阶EOF基函数极值点出现深度处对应的训练集平均温度剖面温度。可以注意到第1阶EOF系数与24.5℃等温线的变化趋势相似,相关系数为0.91,这说明两者具有强相关。该现象也可以解释为,第1阶EOF系数的取值可以表征温跃层的垂直位移[20]图9中3条曲线的强相关意味着第1阶EOF基函数极值点出现深度处的温度具有丰富的信息,以该深度处的温度数据作为约束能够最高精度的重构温度剖面。因此在选取定深温度时,可以对第1阶EOF基函数极值点对应深度进行实际温度测量,用于提升温度剖面反演精度。
使用RBF神经网络建立位置信息、遥感数据、T68 m与前6阶EOF系数之间的关系模型,反演整条温度剖面,利用式(12)计算RMSEn,结果如图10所示,其中,蓝色星号为使用位置信息和遥感数据的反演误差,红色三角为添加T68 m数据的反演结果。添加T68 m数据后的均方根误差最大值为0.56℃,平均均方根误差为0.37℃。可以看出,加入T68 m数据后大部分测试集的温度剖面反演误差减小,平均均方根误差也有一定程度的降低,因此,加入T68 m数据的反演结果能够更好的描述温度剖面的变化趋势。
为了进行更加详细的分析,图11绘制了测试集中所有温度剖面反演误差随深度的分布,其中,图11a为仅使用位置信息和遥感数据反演温度剖面的残差,可以看出,在50~80 m附近残差较大,最大值约为3℃。图11b为添加T68 m温度为约束的反演温度剖面的残差,在60~80 m附近误差明显降低。利用式(13)计算随深度变化的均方根误差RMSEn,结果如图11c所示,其中蓝色实线为仅使用位置信息和遥感数据的均方根误差,红色虚线为以T68 m数据为约束的均方根误差,绿色虚线对应68 m深度。结果表明,仅使用位置信息和遥感数据反演的温度剖面均方根误差随深度的增加先减小后增加,在41~87 m深度范围内均方根误差超过1℃,然后随着深度增加不断减小,最后趋于稳定。海面处精度略低是由海洋上层温度扰动较大所导致的,深海处精度高且反演结果稳定是由于该深度处温度剖面变化较小,而精度最低的深度范围对应温跃层所在深度。加入T68 m数据后,温跃层所在深度处的精度得到显著提升,最大均方根误差由1.30℃降低到0.95℃,平均均方根误差由0.37℃降低到0.33℃。
使用AUV进行定深温度测量时,主要存在两个误差来源,一是AUV定深航行时上下浮动导致温度测量的误差,二是搭载的温度传感器测量温度时仪器精度问题导致的误差。接下来讨论温度测量的误差对重构温度剖面的影响。
由于AUV的深度跟踪精度可以达到分米级甚至厘米级,为研究AUV在定深航行时因浮动导致的温度测量误差对重构温度剖面的影响,以0.1 m为定深航行时的最大浮动值,生成一组均值为68 m,方差为0.1 m的随机深度,通过对每条温度剖面插值获取对应深度处的温度数据,结合位置信息和遥感数据,采用RBF神经网络构建全海深温度剖面。为减小随机产生深度扰动时的偶然误差,重复上述实验4次。利用式(12)和式(13)分别计算RMSEn和RMSEm表2为考虑深度浮动后,反演温度剖面的均方根误差。与未考虑深度浮动的情况比较发现,AUV在深度跟踪时上下浮动导致的温度测量误差对温度剖面反演产生的影响较小。
由于AUV的温度测量精度可以达到0.01℃,为研究温度传感器的测量误差对重构温度剖面的影响,以0.01℃为温度测量时的最大误差,随机生成一组温度为T68 m ± 0.01℃内的仿真数据。为减小偶然误差,重复上述实验4次,表3为温度测量误差对反演温度剖面的均方根误差影响,结果表明,温度测量误差对温度剖面反演产生的影响较小。
当以上两种误差同时存在时,重复上述实验,表4为相应的反演温度剖面的均方根误差。结果表明,当两种误差同时存在时,温度剖面反演精度相较于前两组实验略有降低,但总体来说不会对温度剖面反演产生显著影响。
综上所述,AUV进行定深温度测量时的误差不会对温度剖面反演精度造成显著影响,因此认为本文提出的添加一个定深温度为约束,以此来提高温度剖面反演精度的方法具有较好的稳定性。
本文基于RBF神经网络,提出一种联合海表面遥感数据和水下固定深度处温度的温度剖面垂直结构反演方法。就南海海域的实验结果来看,使用经纬度数据和遥感数据的反演结果能够基本描述整条温度剖面的变化趋势,但在温跃层附近的反演结果较差;添加第1阶EOF基函数极值点出现深度处的温度数据后,温跃层所在深度处的精度得到显著提升,最大均方根误差由1.30℃降低到0.95℃,平均均方根误差由0.37℃降低到0.33℃。本文对定深温度数据深度选择的理论依据也进行了证明,结果表明第1阶EOF系数的取值可以表征温跃层的垂直位移,而第1阶EOF基函数极值点出现深度处的温度与第1阶EOF系数之间具有强相关性,因此以历史温度剖面第1阶EOF基函数极值点深度处的温度值作为现场数据,能够在采样深度为一个的前提下最大精度的重构温度剖面,当然可以预见的是随着实时观测数据的增加,温度剖面的反演精度也会随之提升。定深温度测量主要存在两方面误差:AUV定深航行时浮动以及温度传感器导致的定深温度测量误差,本文就两种误差对反演精度的影响进行了讨论,验证了本文提出的新方法的稳定性。
  • 山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MA051);中国博士后科学基金(2020M670891);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划(2019TDJH103);山东省高等学校青年创新团队人才引育计划(卫星定位导航研究创新团队);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020MA090)
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023097
  • 接收时间:2022-10-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-20
  • 修回日期:2023-01-07
基金
山东省自然科学基金面上项目(ZR2022MA051);中国博士后科学基金(2020M670891);山东科技大学科研创新团队支持计划(2019TDJH103);山东省高等学校青年创新团队人才引育计划(卫星定位导航研究创新团队);山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020MA090)
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
    2 哈尔滨工程大学 水声工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150001

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*罗宇(1974-),男,四川省成都市人,教授,主要从事声学信号处理、海洋测绘和声学检测等技术研究。E-mail:
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