Article(id=1212062362371224502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1671206400000, receivedDateStr=2022-12-17, revisedDate=1673712000000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786219, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062362648048578, articleId=1212062362371224502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sediment provenances and environmental changes in the southeastern Scotia Sea, Antarctica, since the Last Glaciation, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rare earth elements (REE) and their relationships with biogenic silica (BSiO2), magnetic susceptibility, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in Core DC-11 were analyzed to reveal sediment provenances and transport history by iceberg-current-atmosphere since 34 ka BP in the southeastern Scotia Sea, Antarctica. Temporal variation of REE is similar to that of Al2O3, indicating they mainly occur in terrigenous detritus and BSiO2 has obvious dilution effect on them. Sediments with high REE concentration, flat shale-normalized pattern, weak positive Eu anomaly, and high LaN/YbN ratio during the last glacial period indicated they are transferred from the Weddell Sea and eroded from the bordering lands with relatively old crust. The increases in magnetic susceptibility, ΔAl2O3, TFe2O3/Eu ratio indicated an enhanced input of dust from South America during this period. In early Deglaciation (19.6−14.1 ka BP), increasing Eu positive anomaly and lower LaN/YbN ratio indicated the southern branch of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) strengthened and contributed more sediments from the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula due to the southward shifts of oceanic fronts, while decreasing magnetic susceptibility, ΔAl2O3, TFe2O3/Eu ratios showed rapid decrease in dust supply from South America. During the Antarctic Cold Reversal period (ACR, 14.1−12.9 ka BP), sediments from the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula decreased sharply due to cold condition and weakened ACC branch, the weakest Eu positive anomaly and highest LaN/YbN ratio indicated that the sediments from the Weddell Sea dominated in the core again, and the peak of ice raft debris indicated ice rafting is vital or dominant agent. In the late Deglaciation (12.9−11.7 ka BP), the return of ACC branch to the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula contributed more to the sediments in Core DC-11; in Holocene (11.7−0 ka BP), the ACC branch in the area between the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula was generally enhanced, and its contribution to core sediments increased to be roughly equivalent to the amount of sediments from the Weddell Sea.

, correspAuthors=Zhihua Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zongbao Feng, Zhihua Chen, Chunli Yang, Yuanhui Huang, Yingchun Cui, Zheng Tang, Yanguang Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062365349179399, articleId=1212062362371224502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=末次冰期以来南极斯科舍海东南部沉积物来源与环境变化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过南极斯科舍海东南部海域DC-11岩芯稀土元素(REE)特征及其与生源硅(BSiO2)、磁化率、Al2O3、Fe2O3的耦合关系,深入探讨了34 ka BP以来研究区沉积物的来源及冰山−海流−大气搬运历史。结果表明,DC-11岩芯沉积物REE含量变化与Al2O3相似,主要赋存于陆源碎屑之中,BSiO2对其有明显稀释效应。末次冰期REE含量高,页岩标准化模式平坦,Eu正异常弱,LaN/YbN比值较大,沉积物主要来源于地壳相对较老的威德尔海周边地区,磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值证实该时期沉积物中南美风尘物质多。冰消期早期(19.6~14.1 ka BP)气候快速回暖,西风带与海洋锋面南移,南美风尘输入迅速减弱,南极绕极流南部分支增强,导致南设德兰群岛−南极半岛的冰山及沉积物向东搬运至研究区,沉积物Eu正异常明显,LaN/YbN比值小,磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值降低。南极冷倒转期(14.1~12.9 ka BP),南极气温明显下降,海洋锋面小幅北移,来自南设德兰群岛−南极半岛沉积物减少,威德尔海沉积物在岩芯中占主导,沉积物Eu正异常弱,LaN/YbN比值接近于1,冰筏碎屑含量高;冰消期晚期(12.9~11.7 ka BP)海洋锋面再次南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量增强,对DC-11岩芯沉积物贡献加大;全新世(11.7~0 ka BP)气候温暖,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量总体增强,对岩芯沉积物贡献加大,与来自威德尔海的沉积物量大体相当。

, correspAuthors=陈志华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈志华,男,研究员,主要从事地球化学与极地海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=sfrWd1iXOWyT5q+7rVddCA==, magXml=7af3FkoHU7HO8hc9ab5lzw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=j8vvIK/1A5VUTyn039TI4g==, pdfFileSize=2554495, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gEuXO5wx5HwAf6oUtIUKvw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=wr+eEr75RpO+hEC7B9Wl2g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

冯宗保(1997-),男,广东省茂名市人,主要从事南极海洋地质学研究。E-mail:

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冯宗保(1997-),男,广东省茂名市人,主要从事南极海洋地质学研究。E-mail:

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SHW (gray arrow): the dominant direction of the Southern Hemisphere Westerlies; PF (red dashed line): the Polar Front; ACC (red arrow): the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; CDW (pink arrow): the Circumpolar Deep Water; SBACC (pink dotted line): the Southern Boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; WSBW (brown arrow): the Weddell Sea Bottom Water; WSDW (yellow arrow): the Weddell Sea Deep Water; WG (black dotted arrows): the Weddell Gyre; WSI (white fine dotted line) and SSI (white thick dashed line): the austral winter and summer sea ice limits, respectively; IA (gray belt): the iceberg alley; CoC (gray arrow): coastal current; ① South Shetland Islands; ② Bransfield Strait; ③ South Scotia Ridge

, figureFileSmall=FpZfNBDhXW0XUIQ7clJgVg==, figureFileBig=r+RkQSprF33WzT54DMIchA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534696562860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=图1, caption=斯科舍海地形图及站位、环流分布(据文献[2, 1519])

SHW(灰色箭头):南半球西风带;PF(红色虚线):极锋;ACC(红色箭头):南极绕极流;CDW(粉红色箭头):绕极深层水;SBACC(粉红色虚线):南极绕极流南边界;WG(黑色虚线箭头):威德尔涡流;WSBW(橘色箭头):威德尔海底层水;WSDW(黄色箭头):威德尔海深层水;WSI(白色细虚线)和SSI(白色粗虚线):南半球冬季和夏季海冰线;IA(灰色条带):冰山通道;CoC(灰色箭头):沿岸流;①南设德兰群岛;②布兰斯菲尔德海峡;③南斯科舍海脊

, figureFileSmall=FpZfNBDhXW0XUIQ7clJgVg==, figureFileBig=r+RkQSprF33WzT54DMIchA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534801420470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Concentration and characteristic parameters of rare earth elements (REE) in Core DC-11

a. δ18O from West Antarctica ice core WDC[25]; b. REE content of Core DC-11; c. Al2O3 content; d. BSiO2 content; e. LREEN/HREEN; f. δEu

, figureFileSmall=ygHQD3Y/S/e/JrH1gwq/Og==, figureFileBig=JC+sZNR8o6APZdN3+STpiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534914666683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=图2, caption=DC-11岩芯稀土元素(REE)含量及特征参数变化

a. 西南极冰芯δ18O记录[25];b. DC-11岩芯REE含量;c. Al2O3含量;d. BSiO2含量;e. LREEN/HREEN;f. δEu

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The data and references are shown in Table 1

, figureFileSmall=RedAXj4fvM4OvCPdWJ8zcQ==, figureFileBig=gy8Hch/qmxGc5QaJ7aebwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535300542671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=图4, caption=DC-11岩芯不同层段稀土元素PAAS标准化曲线及相关物源对比

数据来源及出处见表1

, figureFileSmall=RedAXj4fvM4OvCPdWJ8zcQ==, figureFileBig=gy8Hch/qmxGc5QaJ7aebwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535422177494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Geochemical discrimination for sediment provenances in Core DC-11

DC-11 (H, LD2, ACR, LD1, LG) data is by this study; data of the sediments along the southern branch of ACC are from reference [29]; data of the sediments along the circulation in the northwestern Weddell Sea are from reference [29]; data of loess in South America are from reference [32]; data of modern dust in South America are from reference [41]; data of lake sediments in East Antarctica are from reference [31]; data of soil and lake sediments near Great Wall Station are from reference [29]

, figureFileSmall=JCu2FNYLZ4577E9wBAl0/g==, figureFileBig=dO3Bi1pqP930AxEcMwsJ+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535522840793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=图5, caption=DC-11岩芯物源的地球化学判别

DC-11(H, LD2, ACR, LD1, LG)数据来源于本文;ACC南部环流区沉积物数据来源于文献[29];威德尔海西北部环流区沉积物数据来源于文献[29];南美黄土数据来源于文献[32];南美现代风尘数据来源于文献[41];东南极湖泊沉积物数据来源于文献[31];长城站土壤与湖泊沉积物数据来源于文献[29]

, figureFileSmall=JCu2FNYLZ4577E9wBAl0/g==, figureFileBig=dO3Bi1pqP930AxEcMwsJ+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535577366749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of paleo-records from Core DC-11 and Antarctic ice cores

a. δ18O from West Antarctica ice core WDC[25]; b. BSiO2 contents in Core DC-11; c. nssCa2+ flux from East Antarctica ice core EDML[46]; d. susceptibility of Core DC-11 (hereafter); e. ΔAl2O3; f. TFe2O3/Eu ratios; g. δEu; h. LaN/YbN ratios; i. mass percentage of >63 μm grain size

, figureFileSmall=bkCPDjWYvK60VMQwLN4X2w==, figureFileBig=cddgzEpjKZVpddZIIogYsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535657058527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=图6, caption=DC-11岩芯记录与南极冰芯记录的综合对比

a. 西南极冰芯WDC δ18O记录[25];b. DC-11岩芯BSiO2含量;c. 东南极冰芯EDML nssCa2+通量[46]; d. DC-11岩芯磁化率;e. DC-11岩芯ΔAl2O3值;f. DC-11岩芯TFe2O3/Eu比值;g. DC-11岩芯δEu;h. DC-11岩芯LaN/YbN比值;i. DC-11岩芯大于63 μm粒级质量百分数

, figureFileSmall=bkCPDjWYvK60VMQwLN4X2w==, figureFileBig=cddgzEpjKZVpddZIIogYsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323535808053476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistics and comparison for concentrations and characteristic parameters of rare earth elements (REE) in Core DC-11 (REE concentrations: ×10−6)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品参数LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuREEδCeδEuLREEN/
HREEN
DC-11岩芯
(n = 64)
最小值6.5214.241.626.191.240.431.160.201.220.240.730.110.760.1334.810.971.130.73
最大值27.8859.686.7525.224.971.224.580.744.470.882.590.402.620.41140.791.081.771.11
变异系数0.450.440.450.440.430.320.420.420.410.400.400.390.390.370.440.020.130.09
平均值15.2933.833.8314.752.910.792.670.442.650.531.520.241.560.2581.241.021.400.90
DC-11岩芯
分段平均值
H (n = 29)8.8219.812.248.701.740.551.620.271.650.330.970.151.010.1748.011.031.560.84
LD2 (n = 3)14.8632.663.8314.852.960.812.700.452.730.551.570.251.580.2680.061.001.350.90
ACR (n = 3)18.9841.194.7618.183.480.813.040.482.870.561.590.251.630.2698.081.001.181.08
LD1 (n = 14)17.4738.894.4017.103.380.933.140.513.130.621.770.281.830.2993.751.021.360.91
LGM (n = 3)25.1755.106.2723.974.771.164.340.714.330.852.460.382.480.40132.381.011.200.94
LG1 (n = 12)25.0954.926.1923.424.571.094.120.674.020.792.290.362.320.37130.231.021.181.00
布兰斯菲尔德海峡
表层沉积物 (n = 4) [26]
16.4236.004.9220.704.891.275.240.805.121.083.070.413.140.43103.490.931.170.61
澳大利亚后太古代页岩[24]38.2079.588.8333.905.551.084.650.784.680.992.840.412.820.44184.751.001.00
南大西洋巴西
海盆黏土(n = 7)[27]
48.53150.7112.6546.3710.182.359.781.328.201.544.250.593.990.58301.061.421.111.32
南印度洋硅藻[28]5.778.216.711.560.4041.781.690.9980.85927.98
ACC南部环流区
沉积(n=7)[29]
15.1432.144.0216.233.480.983.110.553.390.671.960.311.960.3284.250.961.430.62
威德尔海西北部
环流区沉积(n=6)[29]
28.6761.247.1826.995.181.204.550.744.430.842.430.392.440.39146.690.981.180.88
铁锰氧化物[30]16182636.715232.78.0639.26.232.96.1216.62.5315.42.221337.632.481.061.01
大西洋沉积有机质[30]19.1049.005.3520.804.090.853.450.482.640.491.301.110.15108.811.121.06
南设德兰群岛长城站
土壤/湖泊沉积物(n = 10)[29]
8.7421.242.9513.403.311.122.820.523.250.631.800.281.780.2962.130.971.780.57
东南极湖泊沉积(n = 4)[31]34.6077.157.7531.355.311.334.020.663.980.662.160.311.670.26171.211.081.361.65
巴塔哥尼亚黄土(n = 7)[32]23.8749.346.5023.344.781.124.200.643.700.762.090.342.190.32123.200.911.181.05
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535904522471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362371224502, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DC-11岩芯稀土元素含量、特征值统计与对比(稀土元素含量:×10−6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品参数LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLuREEδCeδEuLREEN/
HREEN
DC-11岩芯
(n = 64)
最小值6.5214.241.626.191.240.431.160.201.220.240.730.110.760.1334.810.971.130.73
最大值27.8859.686.7525.224.971.224.580.744.470.882.590.402.620.41140.791.081.771.11
变异系数0.450.440.450.440.430.320.420.420.410.400.400.390.390.370.440.020.130.09
平均值15.2933.833.8314.752.910.792.670.442.650.531.520.241.560.2581.241.021.400.90
DC-11岩芯
分段平均值
H (n = 29)8.8219.812.248.701.740.551.620.271.650.330.970.151.010.1748.011.031.560.84
LD2 (n = 3)14.8632.663.8314.852.960.812.700.452.730.551.570.251.580.2680.061.001.350.90
ACR (n = 3)18.9841.194.7618.183.480.813.040.482.870.561.590.251.630.2698.081.001.181.08
LD1 (n = 14)17.4738.894.4017.103.380.933.140.513.130.621.770.281.830.2993.751.021.360.91
LGM (n = 3)25.1755.106.2723.974.771.164.340.714.330.852.460.382.480.40132.381.011.200.94
LG1 (n = 12)25.0954.926.1923.424.571.094.120.674.020.792.290.362.320.37130.231.021.181.00
布兰斯菲尔德海峡
表层沉积物 (n = 4) [26]
16.4236.004.9220.704.891.275.240.805.121.083.070.413.140.43103.490.931.170.61
澳大利亚后太古代页岩[24]38.2079.588.8333.905.551.084.650.784.680.992.840.412.820.44184.751.001.00
南大西洋巴西
海盆黏土(n = 7)[27]
48.53150.7112.6546.3710.182.359.781.328.201.544.250.593.990.58301.061.421.111.32
南印度洋硅藻[28]5.778.216.711.560.4041.781.690.9980.85927.98
ACC南部环流区
沉积(n=7)[29]
15.1432.144.0216.233.480.983.110.553.390.671.960.311.960.3284.250.961.430.62
威德尔海西北部
环流区沉积(n=6)[29]
28.6761.247.1826.995.181.204.550.744.430.842.430.392.440.39146.690.981.180.88
铁锰氧化物[30]16182636.715232.78.0639.26.232.96.1216.62.5315.42.221337.632.481.061.01
大西洋沉积有机质[30]19.1049.005.3520.804.090.853.450.482.640.491.301.110.15108.811.121.06
南设德兰群岛长城站
土壤/湖泊沉积物(n = 10)[29]
8.7421.242.9513.403.311.122.820.523.250.631.800.281.780.2962.130.971.780.57
东南极湖泊沉积(n = 4)[31]34.6077.157.7531.355.311.334.020.663.980.662.160.311.670.26171.211.081.361.65
巴塔哥尼亚黄土(n = 7)[32]23.8749.346.5023.344.781.124.200.643.700.762.090.342.190.32123.200.911.181.05
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末次冰期以来南极斯科舍海东南部沉积物来源与环境变化
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冯宗保 1, 2 , 陈志华 1, 2, * , 杨春丽 3 , 黄元辉 1 , 崔迎春 4 , 唐正 1, 2 , 刘焱光 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 56-68
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 56-68
末次冰期以来南极斯科舍海东南部沉积物来源与环境变化
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冯宗保1, 2 , 陈志华1, 2, * , 杨春丽3, 黄元辉1, 崔迎春4, 唐正1, 2, 刘焱光1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 3 山东省煤田地质局第一勘探队, 山东 青岛 266500
  • 4 中国极地研究中心, 上海 200136
  • 冯宗保(1997-),男,广东省茂名市人,主要从事南极海洋地质学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈志华,男,研究员,主要从事地球化学与极地海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
Sediment provenances and environmental changes in the southeastern Scotia Sea, Antarctica, since the Last Glaciation
Zongbao Feng1, 2 , Zhihua Chen1, 2, * , Chunli Yang3, Yuanhui Huang1, Yingchun Cui4, Zheng Tang1, 2, Yanguang Liu1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3First Exploration Team of Shandong Coalfield Geology Bureau, Qingdao 266500, China
  • 4China Polar Research Center, Shanghai 200136, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023105
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本文通过南极斯科舍海东南部海域DC-11岩芯稀土元素(REE)特征及其与生源硅(BSiO2)、磁化率、Al2O3、Fe2O3的耦合关系,深入探讨了34 ka BP以来研究区沉积物的来源及冰山−海流−大气搬运历史。结果表明,DC-11岩芯沉积物REE含量变化与Al2O3相似,主要赋存于陆源碎屑之中,BSiO2对其有明显稀释效应。末次冰期REE含量高,页岩标准化模式平坦,Eu正异常弱,LaN/YbN比值较大,沉积物主要来源于地壳相对较老的威德尔海周边地区,磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值证实该时期沉积物中南美风尘物质多。冰消期早期(19.6~14.1 ka BP)气候快速回暖,西风带与海洋锋面南移,南美风尘输入迅速减弱,南极绕极流南部分支增强,导致南设德兰群岛−南极半岛的冰山及沉积物向东搬运至研究区,沉积物Eu正异常明显,LaN/YbN比值小,磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值降低。南极冷倒转期(14.1~12.9 ka BP),南极气温明显下降,海洋锋面小幅北移,来自南设德兰群岛−南极半岛沉积物减少,威德尔海沉积物在岩芯中占主导,沉积物Eu正异常弱,LaN/YbN比值接近于1,冰筏碎屑含量高;冰消期晚期(12.9~11.7 ka BP)海洋锋面再次南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量增强,对DC-11岩芯沉积物贡献加大;全新世(11.7~0 ka BP)气候温暖,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域南极绕极流分量总体增强,对岩芯沉积物贡献加大,与来自威德尔海的沉积物量大体相当。

南极  /  斯科舍海  /  稀土元素  /  沉积物来源  /  环境变化

Rare earth elements (REE) and their relationships with biogenic silica (BSiO2), magnetic susceptibility, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 in Core DC-11 were analyzed to reveal sediment provenances and transport history by iceberg-current-atmosphere since 34 ka BP in the southeastern Scotia Sea, Antarctica. Temporal variation of REE is similar to that of Al2O3, indicating they mainly occur in terrigenous detritus and BSiO2 has obvious dilution effect on them. Sediments with high REE concentration, flat shale-normalized pattern, weak positive Eu anomaly, and high LaN/YbN ratio during the last glacial period indicated they are transferred from the Weddell Sea and eroded from the bordering lands with relatively old crust. The increases in magnetic susceptibility, ΔAl2O3, TFe2O3/Eu ratio indicated an enhanced input of dust from South America during this period. In early Deglaciation (19.6−14.1 ka BP), increasing Eu positive anomaly and lower LaN/YbN ratio indicated the southern branch of Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) strengthened and contributed more sediments from the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula due to the southward shifts of oceanic fronts, while decreasing magnetic susceptibility, ΔAl2O3, TFe2O3/Eu ratios showed rapid decrease in dust supply from South America. During the Antarctic Cold Reversal period (ACR, 14.1−12.9 ka BP), sediments from the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula decreased sharply due to cold condition and weakened ACC branch, the weakest Eu positive anomaly and highest LaN/YbN ratio indicated that the sediments from the Weddell Sea dominated in the core again, and the peak of ice raft debris indicated ice rafting is vital or dominant agent. In the late Deglaciation (12.9−11.7 ka BP), the return of ACC branch to the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula contributed more to the sediments in Core DC-11; in Holocene (11.7−0 ka BP), the ACC branch in the area between the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula was generally enhanced, and its contribution to core sediments increased to be roughly equivalent to the amount of sediments from the Weddell Sea.

Antarctic  /  Scotia Sea  /  rare earth elements  /  sediment provenances  /  environmental changes
冯宗保, 陈志华, 杨春丽, 黄元辉, 崔迎春, 唐正, 刘焱光. 末次冰期以来南极斯科舍海东南部沉积物来源与环境变化. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023105
Zongbao Feng, Zhihua Chen, Chunli Yang, Yuanhui Huang, Yingchun Cui, Zheng Tang, Yanguang Liu. Sediment provenances and environmental changes in the southeastern Scotia Sea, Antarctica, since the Last Glaciation[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 56 -68 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023105
斯科舍海位处南美洲和南极半岛、东南太平洋和西南大西洋之间,构造背景与沉积环境复杂[1-4]。自西向东的南极绕极流(ACC)和顺时针方向运动的威德尔海环流在此交汇,使得威德尔海、大西洋、太平洋之间的物质和能量交换活跃,对全球大洋循环和气候变化具有重要影响[2, 5]。与此同时,高纬度地区特殊的冰−海−气相互作用使得沉积物的搬运方式多样、来源广泛、组成复杂、受控因素多[6-8],沉积记录的多解性问题突出。近年来,越来越多的研究发现,斯科舍海岩芯沉积物的磁化率与南极冰芯风尘记录之间具有很好的对应关系,它不仅被用来确定岩芯的年代框架[9-12],同时被用来揭示与风尘有关的生物地球化学过程[13],但是迄今尚未有明显的证据表明这些岩芯中存在风尘沉积,且风尘沉积决定了磁化率的变化,Shin等[14]的一项研究甚至提供了该地区沉积物磁化率主要来源于冰筏碎屑而非风尘的反证。本文针对研究区沉积物可能受冰山、海流和大气搬运的特点,通过DC-11岩芯稀土元素与邻区海洋沉积物、潜在源区沉积物的广泛对比,以及稀土元素与磁化率、Al2O3、Fe2O3的耦合关系,深入解析了末次冰期以来该地区陆源碎屑沉积物的来源、搬运路径及其演变历史。
斯科舍海西接德雷克海峡,是冈瓦纳大陆分裂最后阶段在南极半岛和南美洲之间形成的一个海盆;它南面为南斯科舍海脊、东面为南桑德威奇群岛、北面为南佐治亚群岛−北斯科舍海脊所环抱,其间海底地形起伏,分布着一系列的小海盆和海底浅滩[4, 15]
DC-11岩芯采集于斯科舍海东南部布鲁斯浅滩(Bruce Bank)与发现浅滩(Discovery Bank)之间的布鲁斯海道(Bruce Passage)。如图1所示,研究区位处南极极锋以南,南半球夏季海冰线以北,常年盛行西风[11]。来自威德尔海的深层水部分通过布鲁斯海道进入斯科舍海,随后汇入南极绕极流;部分绕过南奥克尼群岛,沿南斯科舍海脊西流进入太平洋[2, 15-16]。与此同时,受西风驱动的南极绕极流(ACC)经德雷克海峡向东进入斯科舍海,主流逐渐北移,其南边界(SBACC)则沿着南设德兰群岛−南斯科舍海脊向东通过研究区[17-19]图1)。来自南极半岛和威德尔海的物质使得该地区营养盐丰富,现代海洋生产力高[20-21]。第四纪冰期−间冰期海洋锋面、西风带、海冰的迁移及南极冰盖的消长制约着该地区沉积环境的演化[13, 22-23],复杂的海底地形地貌与底流导致沉积物分布不均匀,垂向上经常不连续[1-3, 8]
DC-11岩芯是2017−2018年“向阳红01”号船通过中国第34次南极考察航次获取的重力岩芯。该岩芯采自斯科舍海东南部陆隆区(60°24′39.340″S,37°04′52.356″W),取样水深为2 162 m,分析样品长度为256 cm。岩芯大致分3层:下部(256~195 cm)为灰色含硅质黏土,中部(195~117 cm)为绿灰色硅质黏土,上部(117~0 cm)为黄绿色黏土硅质软泥,硅藻较为丰富,未见有孔虫等钙质生物屑。岩芯底部日历年龄为34 ka BP,详细年代框架见文献[23]。
样品化学分析在自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室完成。生源硅(BSiO2)采用1 mol/L的氢氧化钠溶液(NaOH)提取,用钼蓝比色法测定,相对分析精度优于2%。Al2O3、TFe2O3通过电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定,相对标准偏差RSD < 5%。稀土元素(REE)通过电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS, X-series II)测定;仪器对稀土元素的检出限为10−9,相对标准偏差小于5%。
稀土元素统计分3组:La、Ce、Pr、Nd为轻稀土,用LREE表示;Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy为中稀土,用MREE表示;Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu为重稀土,用HREE表示。采用澳大利亚后太古代页岩平均值(PAAS)对稀土元素进行标准化[24],按如下公式计算出铈异常(δCe)、铕异常(δEu)和轻重稀土比值(LREEN/HREEN):
$ \delta {\rm{Ce}}= {\rm{Ce}}_{\rm{N}}/( {\rm{La}}_{\rm{N}}\times {\rm{Pr}}_{\rm{N}})^{1/2}\text{,} $
$ \delta {\rm{Eu}}= {\rm{Eu}}_{\rm{N}}/( {\rm{Sm}}_{\rm{N}}\times {\rm{Gd}}_{\rm{N}})^{1/2}\text{,} $
$\begin{split}{\rm{LREE}}_{\rm{N}}/{\rm{HREE}}_{\rm{N}}=&\ {({\rm{La}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Ce}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Pr}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Nd}}_{\rm{N}})}_{\rm{平均值}}/ \\&{({\rm{Ho}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Er}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Tm}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Yb}}_{\rm{N}}, {\rm{Lu}}_{\rm{N}})}_{\rm{平均值}} ,\end{split}$
式中,N代表PAAS标准化[24]
图2b图2d所示,DC-11岩芯REE含量的变化与Al2O3相似,与BSiO2含量变化相反;它们随南极温度的变化(图2a[25]大致可分为末次冰期(LG)、末次冰消期(LD)和全新世(H)3个阶段。岩芯及各分段稀土元素含量及特征参数统计见表1。岩芯REE含量介于34.81 × 10−6~140.79 × 10−6之间,平均值为82.09×10−6,与南极半岛东北侧的布兰斯菲尔德海峡表层沉积物相当[26],低于深海黏土[27]和澳大利亚后太古代页岩平均值(PAAS)[24],高于深海硅藻[28],体现出南极大陆边缘富硅藻冰海沉积物的特点。
从垂向分布来看(图2b图2d),末次冰期(33.9~19.6 ka BP)REE含量高,平均值达131.02×10−6;随南极温度的变化略有起伏,但变幅不大,高值出现在28~24 ka BP和22~19.6 ka BP(LGM),与Al2O3含量的高值和BSiO2含量的低值相对应。末次冰消期(19.6~11.7 ka BP)REE含量呈现出千年尺度的快速变化。冰消期早期(19.6~14.1 ka BP,LD1),随着南极气温的快速上升,REE含量从123.98 × 10−6下降至60.83 × 10−6,对应Al2O3含量从13.69%下降至5.87%,BSiO2含量从8.03%上升至46.30%。然后,随着南极气温回落进入南极冷倒转期(14.1~12.9 ka BP,ACR),岩芯REE和Al2O3含量明显抬升,出现显著峰值;BSiO2含量降低,出现小波谷。冰消期晚期(12.9~11.7 ka BP,LD2),南极气温再次上升,岩芯REE和Al2O3含量下降,BSiO2含量升高。全新世(11.7~0 ka BP)岩芯REE(34.81 × 10−6~69.11 × 10−6)和Al2O3含量(4.16%~6.65%)低,向上呈缓慢下降趋势;BSiO2含量高(47.81%~65.43%),向上呈平缓上升态势。
以BSiO2含量代表硅质生物屑,6.4倍的Al2O3代表陆源碎屑含量(上地壳平均值[24]),前者占DC-11岩芯沉积物质量的8.04%~65.49%,后者占26.61%~87.63%,两者之和占81.9%~101.8%,平均值达90.1%,可见岩芯总体以硅质生物屑和陆源碎屑为主,硅质生物屑贫稀土。据有限报道,硅藻的REE含量为28 × 10−6[28],约占岩芯平均值的1/3。如图3所示,岩芯REE含量与BSiO2呈显著负相关(R2 = 0.94),与Al2O3含量呈显著正相关(R2 = 0.96),可见REE主要赋存于陆源碎屑组分之中,而BSiO2对它们有明显的稀释效应。
海洋沉积物稀土元素页岩标准化模式是稀土元素成因的综合反映[29]。如图4所示,岩芯各层段的页岩标准化曲线大致平行,多富集重稀土(LREEN/HREEN介于0.73~1.11之间),Eu正异常明显(δEu值介于1.13~1.77之间),无Ce异常(δCe值介于0.97~1.08之间),总体上呈现出陆源碎屑的主控作用和BSiO2的稀释效应。
Ce的负异常是硅藻等生源组分的显著特征之一[28, 33],如图4a所示,DC-11岩芯沉积物虽然含有一定量的硅藻,但其页岩标准化模式缺失Ce负异常。考虑到硅藻可能对沉积物全样的稀土配分模式有一定影响,推测沉积物中可能存在某种或某几种具Ce正异常的物质来抵消硅藻的Ce负异常效应。海洋沉积物中常见的Ce正异常组分是铁锰氧化物−氢氧化物,它可以以结核−结壳、沉积物包裹膜等形式存在,对海水中的稀土元素特别是Ce(IV)离子及其水解产物具有很强的清扫效应,因而表现出稀土富集、Ce正异常显著(δCe值达2.5)的特点(图4a表1[28, 30, 33]。如图4a所示,DC-11岩芯沉积物的稀土含量介于硅藻和自生铁锰氧化物之间,既没有硅藻的Ce负异常,也没有铁锰氧化物的Ce正异常,不排除少量铁锰氧化物−氢氧化物的存在抵消了硅藻的Ce负异常。过去,人们认为海洋沉积有机质为Ce负异常,但新近发现在大西洋部分海域沉积有机质也表现出弱Ce正异常(图4a[30]。有机质对稀土元素具有很强的吸附能力[34],在特定条件下对水体中的Ce(IV)离子及其水解产物表现出与铁锰氧化物−氢氧化物相似的优先吸附特征[35]。DC-11岩芯沉积物中有机质以硅藻壳体包裹的海源有机质为主,与BSiO2同源性明显[23],不排除在沉降过程中部分硅藻壳体溶解,导致有机质被释放,在沉降过程中优先吸附Ce(IV)离子或水解产物,从而形成具弱Ce正异常的有机端元,并有效抵消了硅藻壳体的Ce负异常影响。
从上述分析来看,生源组分和自生组分对DC-11岩芯沉积物稀土页岩标准化模式的整体影响不明显,沉积物全样的页岩标准化模式或元素比值为陆源碎屑的成因解析提供了基础。如图4b所示,DC-11岩芯全新世沉积物与南极半岛北侧海/陆沉积物包括长城站周边土壤与湖泊沉积物[29]、布兰斯菲尔德海峡沉积物[26]和南设德兰群岛−南斯科舍海脊一带ACC南部环流区沉积物相似,表现出明显的轻稀土亏损和Eu正异常。Eu在风化和早期成岩作用过程中通常不发生迁移[24, 36],它在布兰斯菲尔德海峡及南设得兰群岛北部岛架−岛坡沉积物中的正异常与该地区中−新生代火山岩的发育有关[29]。末次冰期沉积物与威德尔海西北部环流区沉积物[29]、东南极湖泊沉积(71.347°S,13.440°E)[31]、南美巴塔哥尼亚黄土[32]相似,它们的稀土曲线趋于平坦,轻稀土含量明显抬升,Eu正异常较弱。末次冰消期沉积物介于全新世和末次冰期沉积物之间;其中,末次冰消期早期(LD1)与晚期(LD2)稀土曲线大致平行,与ACR期沉积物相比,它们的轻稀土明显亏损,Eu正异常也更显著(图4)。从垂向分布来看,DC-11岩芯LREEN/HREEN比值以ACR最高,末次冰期次之,全新世沉积物最低(图2e)。δEu值变化明显,末次冰期一直在1.2左右,冰消期早期迅速增大,至ACR期又突然变小,冰消期晚期至全新世逐渐变大(图2f)。
陆源碎屑沉积物主要来源于周边大陆和岛屿。如图5a所示,DC-11岩芯沉积物的La/Y、Sm/Nd比值介于长城站土壤−湖泊沉积物与东南极湖泊沉积物之间,源区跨大洋岛弧、大陆岛弧和大陆边缘环境[37-39]。从LaN/YbNδEu、LaN/YbN−Sm/Nd图解(图5b图5c)来看,DC-11岩芯全新世沉积物与ACC南部环流区沉积物(南设德兰群岛−南斯科舍海脊)相似,它们的Eu正异常明显,LaN/YbN比值小,Sm/Nd比值大,说明沉积物多来源于地壳相对年轻、中−新生代岩浆活动较强的南设德兰群岛−南极半岛地区[29, 38]。DC-11岩芯ACR沉积物与威德尔海西北部环流区沉积物相似,其Eu正异常弱,Sm/Nd比值小,LaN/YbN比值接近于1,说明沉积物多来源于地壳相对较老、中−新生代火山岩分布较少的地区,如南奥克尼、东南极等变质岩区[29-39];与前人在该地区的矿物学示踪研究结果相一致[40]。这些地区沉积物经冰川刨蚀、搬运入海以后,可通过顺时针方向运动的冰山或威德尔海环流搬运至研究区并沉积下来[40]。DC-11岩芯末次冰期至冰消期早期沉积介于全新世沉积与ACR沉积之间,其LaN/YbN比值为0.75左右,δEu值为1.3左右,Sm/Nd比值为0.2左右,并与南美黄土[32]、现代风尘[41]投影区部分重叠,说明它们具有多源混合的特点,既有来自威德尔海−东南极、南极半岛−南设德兰群岛的物质,也不排除来自南美大陆的物质,这与前人研究结果相一致[6]。DC-11岩芯取样位置大致位于南设德兰群岛−南斯科舍海脊与南极半岛向北延长线的交点上。以南极半岛延伸线为界,西侧是ACC南部锋面(分支)区,南侧是威德尔海环流区,向北为ACC主流区[3, 16]。由于德雷克海峡ACC十分强劲,来自南美洲南部海岸的物质仅局限在斯科舍海北部,很少能越过ACC主轴进入到斯科舍海南部[6, 42-43],推测DC-11岩芯中南美源物质以风尘为主。大量研究表明,末次冰期至冰消期早期,来自南美巴塔哥尼亚的风尘物质远高于现代,它们通过大气(西风)搬运至南大洋和南极地区,在这些地区留下一致的记录,包括南大西洋的Fe记录[44]、斯科舍海的磁化率记录[9-11]、南极冰芯的nssCa2+与Fe通量记录等[45-46]
图3可见,大致以ACR为界,DC-11岩芯REE与Al2O3含量相关性可分为两段:全新世−ACR沉积物相对富REE,REE与Al2O3含量高度正相关(y = 15.222x −29.237,R² = 0.97);末次冰期至冰消期早期沉积物相对富Al2O3,REE与Al2O3含量的正相关性相对较弱(y = 9.550x + 7.077,R² = 0.87)。Al是主要造岩元素之一,海洋沉积物中Al的含量变化与沉积物粒度紧密相关,随沉积物粒度的变细和黏土矿物的增加而增加[47];稀土元素是典型的亲石性元素,其富集与陆源碎屑含量、来源及海水中自生组分、黏土组分等吸附有关[29]。从海水中沉积物颗粒反映的角度来看,海洋沉积过程似乎更有利于REE的富集;从海洋生源组分加入的角度来看,它们对REE和Al2O3的稀释效应是相同的,正如DC-11岩芯全新世−ACR段沉积物一样,BSiO2对REE和Al2O3的稀释并不影响两者的高度正相关。据此推断,造成DC-11岩芯上、下段沉积物REE与Al2O3分异的原因可能与ACR前后沉积物搬运方式的改变有关。研究表明,南极周边海洋沉积物以冰海沉积物为主,围绕南极呈环带状分布[48];冰海沉积物以冰筏碎屑为主,粗细混杂,分选差[40, 49]。除此之外,风尘沉积在冰期和冰消期不可忽视。风尘经过风的动力分选,将细粒物质(黏土和细粉砂)卷入大气并搬运至遥远的大洋和南极地区[43, 10],其信号在陆源碎屑本底极低的冰芯或开阔大洋沉积物中十分明显,但一旦与南极周边海域冰海沉积物混合,其粒度等信息则可能被掩盖。从矿物地球化学的角度来看,Al2O3偏向于在化学风化产物—黏土矿物中富集,REE偏向于在独居石、褐帘石、榍石等重矿物中富集[50],两者的差别可能使得细粒风尘物质相对富Al2O3,如南美黄土的Al2O3含量可达22%[51],REE含量[32]却低于DC-11岩芯末次冰期沉积物(表1)。以DC-11岩芯全新世−ACR段沉积物REE-Al2O3的线性关系为基础,计算得到南极冰海沉积物的Al2O3背景值(括号内项),进而求出风尘组分加入所导致的Al2O3增量:
$ \Delta {\rm{Al}}_2{\rm{O}}_3={\rm{Al}}_2{\rm{O}}_{3样品}-(0.063\;5\times {\rm{REE}}_{样品}+2.043\;1). $
图5d所示,DC-11岩芯末次冰期至冰消期早期沉积物ΔAl2O3高,且随着REE/Al2O3比值的变小而增大,说明沉积物中加入了一部分细粒富Al、贫REE的风尘组分。ACR以来沉积物ΔAl2O3值低,不随REE/Al2O3比值变化而变化,说明沉积物在搬运过程中没有明显的富黏土和分选趋势,搬运方式以冰筏为主,或受冰山和海流的双重影响。高磁化率是南大洋风尘的特征标志之一[6, 10]。如图5e所示,DC-11岩芯ΔAl2O3与磁化率呈显著正相关(y = 5.199 7x + 4.227 3,R2 = 0.583),这一方面说明ΔAl2O3值是可信的风尘指标,同时暗示风尘中富含细小的磁性矿物,可能类似黏土,以微米至亚微米级为主;尽管Kim等[52]和Shin等[14]的研究表明南斯科舍海和北鲍威尔海盆沉积物中磁化率随砂和粗粉砂粒级的含量增加而增加,不排除部分磁性矿物来源于冰筏碎屑,部分来源于风尘组分。磁性矿物多含铁[53],风尘也富铁[45],一个有趣的发现是:以Eu为标准扣除该地区火山物质对铁的影响,TFe2O3/Eu比值同样突显出末次冰期至冰消期早期铁的异常富集(图6)。如图5f所示,岩芯TFe2O3/Eu比值与磁化率呈正相关(y = 11.391x − 43.388,R2 = 0.418),说明风的侵蚀−搬运促进了细粒铁磁性矿物在风尘中的富集,Fe/Eu比值和ΔAl2O3值一样对该地区风尘有明确的指示意义。
从DC-11岩芯沉积物稀土元素及其与磁化率、ΔAl2O3值、TFe2O3/Eu比值的综合分析与判别来看,34 ka BP以来斯科舍海东南部沉积物主要来自西、南、北三面,涉及冰山、海流、大气等多种搬运方式。
末次冰期(34~19.6 ka BP)南极气温低(图6a),环南极冰盖−冰架−海冰发育,冰盖接地线向北迁移至陆架边缘,南极半岛北部地区包括南设德兰群岛岛架、布兰斯菲尔德海峡南北两侧等为冰盖所覆盖[54-55];DC-11岩芯位处终年海冰或密集海冰区,海洋生产力低,埋藏的生源硅含量也低(图6b[23]。该时期海洋锋面偏北,ACC南部分支很少越过南设德兰群岛−南斯科舍海脊进入南极半岛北部海域,不利于该地区冰山和沉积物的向东搬运,DC-11岩芯沉积物与威德尔海西北部表层沉积物相似,REE含量高(图2b),Eu正异常弱(图6g),LaN/YbN比值较大(图6h),主要来自威德尔海环流和冰山的搬运[6]。从大于63 μm冰筏碎屑含量来看,该时期沉积物粗组分含量不高,出现频率也不大(图6i),推测该时期南极地区冰盖−冰架处于一种相对稳定的状态,冰盖底部的沉积物多在冰盖接地线附近已卸载,从冰架前缘裂解下来的冰山含沉积物少,粒度也较细,类似于现代南威德尔海沉积组合[40, 56]。该时期南半球西风带靠北,南美巴塔哥尼亚地区风尘发育,大量的风尘通过大气搬运至南大洋和南极地区[57]。风尘的加入在一定程度上使DC-11岩芯沉积物变细,黏土和细粒磁性矿物增加,因而岩芯的磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值大(图6d图6f),与南极冰芯风尘记录相一致(图6c[46]
西南极地区末次冰消期大致始于20 ka BP[25]。冰消期早期(19.6~14.1 ka BP)气候快速回暖(图6a),环南极海冰消退,DC-11岩芯位置从终年海冰或密集海冰区变为季节性海冰区,海洋生产力增大,沉积物中生源硅含量增加(图6b[23]。与此同时,西风带南移,风尘源区的变化使南大洋与南极地区接受的风尘大为减少[58],DC-11岩芯磁化率、ΔAl2O3、TFe2O3/Eu比值等风尘指标迅速下降,至15 ka BP前后已接近全新世水平(图6d图6f)。随着海面上升和海洋锋面的南移[59, 22],温暖的绕极深层水上涌至南极特别是南极半岛东北部陆架,使该地区冰架快速解体,冰流加快,冰盖后退,冰山携带大量沉积物入海,DC-11岩芯19.6~18.5 ka BP的冰筏碎屑峰在时间上与南极半岛冰盖的开始后退相对应[60],17~15.5 ka BP的冰筏碎屑峰与布兰斯菲尔德海峡地区的冰盖退缩相对应[61]图6i)。另一方面,随着ACC南部绕极深层水越过南设德兰群岛和南斯科舍海脊进入南极半岛北部海域,该地区表层流系大体与ACC平行,从而促使该地区冰山和沉积物向东搬运至研究区,拉低了威德尔海冰山和环流对沉积物的贡献,导致DC-11岩芯Eu正异常值增大(图6g)。
进入ACR(14.1~12.9 ka BP),南极气温明显下降(图6a),南大洋总体变冷[11];海冰向北扩张,导致生产力下降,DC-11岩芯生源硅含量小幅降低(图6b[11, 23];同时,海洋锋面小幅北移,导致南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域ACC分量变小,加之冰架−海冰增生,致使表层流减弱,不利于该地区冰山和沉积物向东搬运,所以岩芯中来自威德尔海的物质重新占主导,其Eu正异常弱(图6g),LaN/YbN比值接近于1(图6h),Sm/Nd比值小,与现代威德尔海西北部表层沉积物特征基本一致(图5)。该时期岩芯大于63 μm冰筏碎屑含量极高(图6i),与Weber等[22]的结果相似,可能与南极地区大规模的冰筏碎屑事件及冰融水排放有关,但也不排除随着南极气温的下降,局部冰盖扩张,导致冰缘区沉积物再侵蚀,并随冰山入海。ACR冰川扩张在南美等中−高纬度地区十分普遍[62],但在南极地区鲜有报道,仅见于阿蒙森海的盖茨冰架[63]
冰消期晚期(12.9~11.7 ka BP),南极气温再次回升,海冰减弱,生产力提高,岩芯生源硅含量升高(图6b[23]。与此同时,海洋锋面南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域ACC分量增强,有利于该地区冰山和沉积物的向东搬运,DC-11岩芯沉积物的LaN/YbN比值迅速降低(图6h),Eu正异常增大(图6g);温暖的绕极深层水上涌,使南极半岛两侧冰架解体,冰盖退缩,大量冰山入海[22],岩芯沉积物中含有较多的冰筏碎屑(图6i)。
进入全新世(11.7~0 ka BP),南极气候趋于平稳,大体与现在相当(图6a),研究区生产力缓慢上升(图6b[23]。向南侵入的绕极深层水越过南设德兰群岛进入南极半岛海域[17],使得该地区ACC分量增强,促使该地区沉积物向东搬运,导致DC-11岩芯沉积物Eu正异常明显(图6g),LaN/YbN比值小(图6h),Sm/Nd比值大,地球化学属性介于长城站周边土壤−湖泊沉积物与威德尔海西北部沉积物之间(图5),说明该时期ACC南部环流对DC-11沉积物的贡献大体与威德尔海环流相当。从大于63 μm组分来看,全新世早期冰山较多,10 ka BP以来总体较少,对沉积物搬运的贡献相对较弱(图6i)。
(1)南极斯科舍海东南部海域DC-11岩芯沉积物REE含量分布与Al2O3含量相似,与BSiO2含量变化相反,主要赋存于陆源碎屑之中,明显受BSiO2稀释。
(2)岩芯沉积物与周边海洋、陆地沉积物稀土元素页岩标准化模式、特征参数及比值等对比揭示DC-11岩芯沉积物主要有3种来源:一是来自西面的南设德兰群岛−南极半岛地区,沉积物Eu正异常明显,LaN/YbN比值小,其贡献在冰消期或暖期较大,随着ACC南边界的南移,该地区ACC分量增加,有利于冰山和沉积物向东搬运;二是来自南面的威德尔海,沉积物REE含量高,页岩标准化模式平坦,Eu正异常弱,LaN/YbN比值较大,其贡献在ACR期最大,末次冰期次之,在冰消期早期和晚期明显降低,在全新世最小,沉积物的搬运与威德尔海冰山通道和威德尔海环流密不可分;三是来自南美巴塔哥尼亚的风尘,主要局限在末次冰期和冰消期早期;它通过大气搬运,在一定程度上导致沉积物中黏土和某些细粒磁性矿物增加,使得沉积物磁化率高,ΔAl2O3与TFe2O3/Eu比值大。
(3)34 ka BP以来研究区沉积环境与气候变化具有阶段性。末次冰期(34~19.6 ka BP),环南极冰盖−冰架−海冰发育,沉积物主要来自威德尔海地区;同时西风带靠北,南美风尘发育。末次冰消期早期(19.6~14.1 ka BP)风尘指标迅速减弱,海洋锋面南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域ACC分量增强,对冰山和沉积物搬运的贡献加大。ACR期间(14.1~12.9 ka BP),南极气温明显下降,冰盖局部扩张,海洋锋面小幅北移,来自南设德兰群岛−南极半岛沉积物减少,加之风尘极少,来自威德尔海的沉积物占主导。冰消期晚期(12.9~11.7 ka BP)海洋锋面再次南移,南设德兰群岛−南极半岛海域ACC分量增强,对岩芯沉积物的贡献加大。全新世气候温暖(11.7~0 ka BP),海洋锋面缓慢南移,更多的绕极深层水通过南设德兰群岛进入布兰斯菲尔德海峡,使得该地区ACC分量继续增强,对DC-11岩芯沉积物的贡献加大,大体与威德尔海环流相当。
致谢:感谢中国第34次南极科学考察队及“向阳红01”号考察船人员为样品的采集付出的艰辛的劳动。感谢极地沉积物样品库提供样品。感谢自然资源部、国家海洋局极地考察办公室、中国极地研究中心给予项目支持和帮助。
  • 南极重点海域对气候变化的响应与影响(IRASCC2020-2022-01-03, 02-03);国家自然科学基金(41676191)。
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023105
  • 接收时间:2022-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-12-17
  • 修回日期:2023-01-15
基金
南极重点海域对气候变化的响应与影响(IRASCC2020-2022-01-03, 02-03);国家自然科学基金(41676191)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    3 山东省煤田地质局第一勘探队, 山东 青岛 266500
    4 中国极地研究中心, 上海 200136

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*陈志华,男,研究员,主要从事地球化学与极地海洋地质学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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