Article(id=1212062362056651682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661788800000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-30, revisedDate=1668528000000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786144, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786144, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786144, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=168, endPage=182, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062362329281457, articleId=1212062362056651682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Component changes and control factors of detrital minerals in riverbed, estuary and beach of short source rivers: taking the Xin’an River in Shandong Peninsula as an example, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Most of the small rivers in the Shandong Peninsula have clear sediment sources and relatively small mineral deposition differentiation, and their study can provide regional similarities for the analysis of the sources of large rivers into the sea, as well as the characteristics of the material sources in the Shandong Peninsula for the deposition of the Yellow Sea shelf and Bohai Sea shelf. In this paper, the distribution patterns of detrital minerals in surface sediment samples taken from riverbeds, estuaries and beaches were analysed at multiple grain levels, taking the Xin’an River, a small short-source river in the northeastern part of the Shandong Peninsula, as an example. The study shows that the Xin’an River basin and beach sediments are mostly medium and fine sands, with moderate heavy mineral content in the whole sample, ranging from 1.47% to 8.19%. Twenty-seven heavy minerals and eight light minerals occur, with the main heavy minerals hornblende (41.7%), chlorite (16.7%), actinolite (10.6%) and limonite (6.7%) and the main light minerals quartz (49.0%), plagioclase (26.5%) and potassium feldspar (20.7%), which are much more abundant than the other detrital minerals in the riverbed, estuary and beach, and the mineral assemblage remains constant, with less significant variation in relative content between them, while there is a significant non-linear correlation between non-dominant mineral species and clastic grain size. Mineral species and content in the Xin’an River are controlled by the regional lithological sources, i.e. acidic and moderately acidic intrusive rocks and regional metamorphic rocks, and the relatively stable output of amphibole group minerals across the different features of the Xin’an River is responsible for their homogeneity. The short source rivers of the Shandong Peninsula are derived from similar geological features and rock types, although the types and content of detrital minerals vary. The main controlling factors for mineral composition variation are regional sources and particle size sorting, followed by sedimentary environmental differences. In contrast, the high content of mica group and carbonate minerals in a specific grain size and the low content of amphibole group minerals are the aspects that distinguish the Huanghe River from the river source materials in the northern and southern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula.

, correspAuthors=Bingfu Jin, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jian Yu, Bingfu Jin, Mengyao Wang, Xin Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062364959110130, articleId=1212062362056651682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=短源河流碎屑矿物在河道、河口和海滩的组分变化及其控制因素, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山东半岛诸多小河沉积物大多来源明确,矿物沉积分异相对较小,对其研究能为大河入海物源分析提供区域相似性,也可为黄、渤海陆架沉积提供山东半岛物质来源特征。本文以山东半岛东北部短源小河辛安河为例,对取自河床、河口、海滩的表层沉积样品的碎屑矿物分布规律进行了多粒级分析。研究表明,辛安河流域和海滩沉积物多为中砂和细砂,全样重矿物含量中等,在1.47%~8.19%之间。出现重矿物27种,轻矿物8种,主要重矿物为普通角闪石(41.7%)、绿帘石(16.7%)、阳起石(10.6%)和褐铁矿(6.7%),主要轻矿物为石英(49.0%)、斜长石(26.5%)和钾长石(20.7%),这些矿物的含量在河床、河口和海滩远高于其他碎屑矿物,且矿物组合保持不变,相对含量变幅不大;非主要矿物种类与碎屑粒径存在显著的非线性相关关系。辛安河矿物种类和含量受控于区域岩性物源,即酸性、中酸性侵入岩和区域变质岩。闪石族矿物在辛安河不同地貌中的相对稳定输出是其同宗同源属性所在,矿物组成变化主要受水动力控制下的粒度分选影响。山东半岛短源河流虽碎屑矿物种类和含量不尽相同,但它们来源于相似的地质地貌和岩石类型,矿物组成变化的主要控制因素为区域物源和粒度分选,其次为沉积环境差异。相比而言,黄河闪石族矿物的低含量、云母族和碳酸盐类矿物在特定粒级的高含量有别于半岛南北两侧的河源物质。

, correspAuthors=金秉福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*金秉福(1963-),男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:
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于健(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为河口海岸过程分析与应用。E-mail:

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于健(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为河口海岸过程分析与应用。E-mail:

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于健(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为河口海岸过程分析与应用。E-mail:

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Marine Sciences, 2017, 41(7): 94−104., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215323536080683246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41576057), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323527805322127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527813710736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, companyId=1215323527805322127, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 鲁东大学 资源与环境工程学院/海岸研究所,山东 烟台 246025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527889208214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527893402519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, companyId=1215323527889208214, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Institute of Coast/School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 246025, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323528342193067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323528350581677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, companyId=1215323528342193067, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华东师范大学 河口海岸科学研究院/河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323528447050676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323528451244981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, companyId=1215323528447050676, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Estuary and Coastal Research/State Key Laboratory for Estuary and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215323532284837974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Map of study area and sampling points

a. The topographic of the short-source rivers in the Shandong Peninsula; b. the geological sketch map of the Xin’an River basin

, figureFileSmall=gC3kyFJNKxa8X9aoMKsFKA==, figureFileBig=dx2wXnGA5CJq5RxvHSD3eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532364529755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区及采样站位

a. 山东半岛短源河流地形图;b. 辛安河流域地质示意图

, figureFileSmall=gC3kyFJNKxa8X9aoMKsFKA==, figureFileBig=dx2wXnGA5CJq5RxvHSD3eQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532490358883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Distribution curves of heavy mineral content with different grain classes of the Xin’an River, figureFileSmall=dSvgi6XUjZr67D+kImvBJQ==, figureFileBig=pRKe529kiPgUylXIa/Ii9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532582633577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图2, caption=辛安河重矿物在不同粒级中的变化与重矿物含量分布曲线, figureFileSmall=dSvgi6XUjZr67D+kImvBJQ==, figureFileBig=pRKe529kiPgUylXIa/Ii9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532679102575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Variation curves of heavy mineral groups in the Xin’an River at different sampling points, figureFileSmall=BL/pJyJgyoA7qrabwOopcQ==, figureFileBig=BkX3+cwIElNEeyhUsBBQuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532804931705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图3, caption=辛安河重矿物族类在不同取样点的变化曲线, figureFileSmall=BL/pJyJgyoA7qrabwOopcQ==, figureFileBig=BkX3+cwIElNEeyhUsBBQuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532901400700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Correlation coefficient of heavy mineral groups in the Xin’an River, figureFileSmall=emGbYtsWymoIS1i72Ok2DQ==, figureFileBig=gDJJesbNE3Iu9qIKcn9DAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323533010452614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图4, caption=辛安河重矿物族类相关系数, figureFileSmall=emGbYtsWymoIS1i72Ok2DQ==, figureFileBig=gDJJesbNE3Iu9qIKcn9DAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323533098533002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variation trend of detrital heavy mineral assemblies in main rivers from the Shandong Peninsula to sea in different sedimentary environments

Unstable minerals include amphiboles and epidotes; mica, stabilized and ferrous metal minerals are classified as in this paper; unmarked wide grain size Φ with 3 to 4; *data cited from reference [52]

, figureFileSmall=iFJDqyGbIBYzdD67aS7JvQ==, figureFileBig=QzHwvuayW/HO+u1TwzfqmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323533211779217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图5, caption=山东半岛主要河流碎屑重矿物组合在不同沉积环境的变化趋势

不稳定矿物包括闪石族和帘石族;云母族、稳定矿物和铁质金属矿物与文中分类相同;未标注广粒级的粒级Φ为3~4;*数据引自参考文献[52]

, figureFileSmall=iFJDqyGbIBYzdD67aS7JvQ==, figureFileBig=QzHwvuayW/HO+u1TwzfqmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534482653337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of heavy mineral assemblages of small rivers on the Shandong Peninsula and the Huanghe River before and after entering the sea

*The Huanghe River data are cited from references [7, 53] ; other river data are cited from reference [52]

, figureFileSmall=nespfPm1rbbpbsaR548+JQ==, figureFileBig=Ug1eKtNJbQ/rhSN3HfRNKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534566539423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=图6, caption=山东半岛入海小河和黄河重矿物组合入海前后对比

*黄河数据引自参考文献[7, 53];其他河流数据引自参考文献[52]

, figureFileSmall=nespfPm1rbbpbsaR548+JQ==, figureFileBig=Ug1eKtNJbQ/rhSN3HfRNKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323534683979947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sampling point location

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样点号经纬度位置地貌位置
XA0137°24′20″N,121°32′18″E辛安河大桥西北侧河床
XA0237°24′09″N,121°32′19″E辛安河大桥西北侧河床
XA0437°20′47″N,121°27′49″E北水桃林村桥下边滩
XA0537°26′15″N,121°33′12″E辛安河特大桥西南侧河口
XA0737°26′14″N,121°33′06″E辛安河特大桥西南侧河口
XA0837°26′30″N,121°32′59″E水下岸坡远处
XA1037°26′29″N,121°33′01″E海滩沿岸槽谷
XA1137°26′28″N,121°33′00″E海滩中滩面
XA1237°26′28″N,121°33′02″E海滩中滩面
XA1337°26′28″N,121°33′06″E海滩中滩面
XA1437°26′27″N,121°33′10″E海滩中滩面
), ArticleFig(id=1215323534780448947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样点位

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样点号经纬度位置地貌位置
XA0137°24′20″N,121°32′18″E辛安河大桥西北侧河床
XA0237°24′09″N,121°32′19″E辛安河大桥西北侧河床
XA0437°20′47″N,121°27′49″E北水桃林村桥下边滩
XA0537°26′15″N,121°33′12″E辛安河特大桥西南侧河口
XA0737°26′14″N,121°33′06″E辛安河特大桥西南侧河口
XA0837°26′30″N,121°32′59″E水下岸坡远处
XA1037°26′29″N,121°33′01″E海滩沿岸槽谷
XA1137°26′28″N,121°33′00″E海滩中滩面
XA1237°26′28″N,121°33′02″E海滩中滩面
XA1337°26′28″N,121°33′06″E海滩中滩面
XA1437°26′27″N,121°33′10″E海滩中滩面
), ArticleFig(id=1215323534889500856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Grain size parameters of the Xin’an River sediments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒度参数XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
平均粒径4.823.740.931.461.641.441.981.271.601.731.72
标准偏差0.951.731.650.910.680.560.620.650.580.540.56
偏态0.240.240.27−0.28−0.170.02−0.480.15−0.18−0.16−0.25
峰度1.041.141.310.840.800.761.030.80.730.430.21
), ArticleFig(id=1215323534985969855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

辛安河沉积物粒度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
粒度参数XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
平均粒径4.823.740.931.461.641.441.981.271.601.731.72
标准偏差0.951.731.650.910.680.560.620.650.580.540.56
偏态0.240.240.27−0.28−0.170.02−0.480.15−0.18−0.16−0.25
峰度1.041.141.310.840.800.761.030.80.730.430.21
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535090827464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Difference of heavy mineral content of different grain size fractions in the Xin’an River

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品位置样品
编号
广粒级重矿物在全样中的含量/%(加权值)Φ为3~4粒级含量/%Φ为3~4重矿物在全样中
的含量/%
(加权值)
Φ为3~4重矿物在该粒级
中的含量/%
河床XA012.012.980.073.92
XA024.0615.731.1227.65
XA042.511.860.218.29
河口XA056.110.630.111.88
XA078.190.370.050.62
水下岸坡XA082.590.080.010.69
海滩槽谷XA103.271.680.257.91
中滩面XA111.480.090.010.60
XA122.430.090.020.77
XA131.830.270.073.54
XA142.960.160.041.44
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535204073674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

辛安河不同粒级重矿物含量差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品位置样品
编号
广粒级重矿物在全样中的含量/%(加权值)Φ为3~4粒级含量/%Φ为3~4重矿物在全样中
的含量/%
(加权值)
Φ为3~4重矿物在该粒级
中的含量/%
河床XA012.012.980.073.92
XA024.0615.731.1227.65
XA042.511.860.218.29
河口XA056.110.630.111.88
XA078.190.370.050.62
水下岸坡XA082.590.080.010.69
海滩槽谷XA103.271.680.257.91
中滩面XA111.480.090.010.60
XA122.430.090.020.77
XA131.830.270.073.54
XA142.960.160.041.44
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535296348366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Heavy mineral weighted percentages for the Xin’an River sediments (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
注:“−”表示未测得数据,仅在某一粒级偶尔出现的矿物未作计算。
普通角闪石37.9644.5142.9334.3734.6951.2538.4542.8444.9147.3439.29
透闪石1.584.014.966.237.745.529.104.383.458.655.93
阳起石10.9610.0213.5912.3814.774.597.968.0410.349.7314.28
绿帘石20.3717.2013.8524.0416.0811.4423.2013.3614.6513.9715.26
黝帘石2.481.480.440.440.330.050.070.220.14
斜黝帘石9.444.461.781.381.610.090.550.170.410.440.61
黑云母0.580.270.200.230.290.040.01
白云母0.420.750.230.280.070.210.140.080.08
水黑云母0.101.062.380.233.332.331.813.773.093.283.04
石榴子石4.125.165.468.415.801.335.651.724.783.466.28
榍石5.615.123.953.944.580.931.240.551.271.393.78
磷灰石0.020.180.780.680.020.180.130.010.180.28
电气石0.140.230.150.540.101.100.500.851.160.430.78
锆石0.540.320.250.160.050.290.040.03
金红石0.370.190.030.09
透辉石0.180.870.150.170.80
钛铁矿1.531.180.790.491.290.040.210.310.160.180.40
磁铁矿0.240.730.651.161.190.030.100.030.370.060.83
褐铁矿2.351.434.933.853.6611.757.0113.3711.007.596.84
赤铁矿0.400.430.150.430.010.020.01
风化碎屑0.991.401.870.772.497.962.579.422.842.581.83
岩屑0.030.360.240.221.990.830.580.820.210.41
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535422177496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

辛安河沉积物重矿物加权百分数(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
注:“−”表示未测得数据,仅在某一粒级偶尔出现的矿物未作计算。
普通角闪石37.9644.5142.9334.3734.6951.2538.4542.8444.9147.3439.29
透闪石1.584.014.966.237.745.529.104.383.458.655.93
阳起石10.9610.0213.5912.3814.774.597.968.0410.349.7314.28
绿帘石20.3717.2013.8524.0416.0811.4423.2013.3614.6513.9715.26
黝帘石2.481.480.440.440.330.050.070.220.14
斜黝帘石9.444.461.781.381.610.090.550.170.410.440.61
黑云母0.580.270.200.230.290.040.01
白云母0.420.750.230.280.070.210.140.080.08
水黑云母0.101.062.380.233.332.331.813.773.093.283.04
石榴子石4.125.165.468.415.801.335.651.724.783.466.28
榍石5.615.123.953.944.580.931.240.551.271.393.78
磷灰石0.020.180.780.680.020.180.130.010.180.28
电气石0.140.230.150.540.101.100.500.851.160.430.78
锆石0.540.320.250.160.050.290.040.03
金红石0.370.190.030.09
透辉石0.180.870.150.170.80
钛铁矿1.531.180.790.491.290.040.210.310.160.180.40
磁铁矿0.240.730.651.161.190.030.100.030.370.060.83
褐铁矿2.351.434.933.853.6611.757.0113.3711.007.596.84
赤铁矿0.400.430.150.430.010.020.01
风化碎屑0.991.401.870.772.497.962.579.422.842.581.83
岩屑0.030.360.240.221.990.830.580.820.210.41
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535543812315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Weighted percentage of light minerals in the Xin’an River sediments (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
注:“−”表示未测得数据,仅在某一粒级偶尔出现的矿物未作计算。
石英66.3651.5641.8152.8246.7244.6047.0146.6745.3850.5846.89
斜长石18.0725.9529.1725.8329.5625.6227.1928.2829.8925.9726.65
钾长石11.8018.0923.4517.7317.5726.2622.8422.8322.1120.6924.35
白云母1.840.891.190.500.370.140.040.100.150.06
风化云母1.913.192.541.412.500.921.540.550.630.970.83
方解石0.010.010.050.100.020.050.200.13
岩屑0.010.251.121.331.902.261.221.271.261.330.85
风化碎屑0.010.070.720.391.230.050.360.430.050.25
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535661252833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

辛安河沉积物轻矿物加权含量百分数(%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
矿物XA01XA02XA04XA05XA07XA08XA10XA11XA12XA13XA14
注:“−”表示未测得数据,仅在某一粒级偶尔出现的矿物未作计算。
石英66.3651.5641.8152.8246.7244.6047.0146.6745.3850.5846.89
斜长石18.0725.9529.1725.8329.5625.6227.1928.2829.8925.9726.65
钾长石11.8018.0923.4517.7317.5726.2622.8422.8322.1120.6924.35
白云母1.840.891.190.500.370.140.040.100.150.06
风化云母1.913.192.541.412.500.921.540.550.630.970.83
方解石0.010.010.050.100.020.050.200.13
岩屑0.010.251.121.331.902.261.221.271.261.330.85
风化碎屑0.010.070.720.391.230.050.360.430.050.25
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535803859172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Clastics mineral factor load matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碎屑矿物因子1因子2因子3
普通角闪石−0.25−0.92−0.04
透闪石0.09−0.07−0.70
阳起石0.410.79−0.17
绿帘石0.63−0.19−0.58
黝帘石0.800.28−0.34
黑云母0.410.81−0.06
白云母−0.02−0.16−0.05
石榴子石−0.080.900.15
磷灰石−0.640.38−0.28
电气石−0.80−0.330.23
锆石−0.320.000.88
金红石0.560.200.11
透辉石0.760.45−0.11
自生碳酸盐−0.05−0.160.02
钛铁矿0.010.040.81
磁铁矿−0.36−0.110.80
褐铁矿−0.86−0.190.31
赤铁矿0.04−0.020.01
特征值6.783.652.62
累计贡献0.250.470.66
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535875162341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062362056651682, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

碎屑矿物因子载荷矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
碎屑矿物因子1因子2因子3
普通角闪石−0.25−0.92−0.04
透闪石0.09−0.07−0.70
阳起石0.410.79−0.17
绿帘石0.63−0.19−0.58
黝帘石0.800.28−0.34
黑云母0.410.81−0.06
白云母−0.02−0.16−0.05
石榴子石−0.080.900.15
磷灰石−0.640.38−0.28
电气石−0.80−0.330.23
锆石−0.320.000.88
金红石0.560.200.11
透辉石0.760.45−0.11
自生碳酸盐−0.05−0.160.02
钛铁矿0.010.040.81
磁铁矿−0.36−0.110.80
褐铁矿−0.86−0.190.31
赤铁矿0.04−0.020.01
特征值6.783.652.62
累计贡献0.250.470.66
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短源河流碎屑矿物在河道、河口和海滩的组分变化及其控制因素
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于健 1 , 金秉福 1, * , 王孟瑶 2 , 王昕 1
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023,45(7): 168-182
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023, 45(7): 168-182
短源河流碎屑矿物在河道、河口和海滩的组分变化及其控制因素
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于健1 , 金秉福1, * , 王孟瑶2, 王昕1
作者信息
  • 1 鲁东大学 资源与环境工程学院/海岸研究所,山东 烟台 246025
  • 2 华东师范大学 河口海岸科学研究院/河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062
  • 于健(1996-),男,山东省青岛市人,研究方向为河口海岸过程分析与应用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*金秉福(1963-),男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:
Component changes and control factors of detrital minerals in riverbed, estuary and beach of short source rivers: taking the Xin’an River in Shandong Peninsula as an example
Jian Yu1 , Bingfu Jin1, * , Mengyao Wang2, Xin Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of Coast/School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai 246025, China
  • 2Institute of Estuary and Coastal Research/State Key Laboratory for Estuary and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023055
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山东半岛诸多小河沉积物大多来源明确,矿物沉积分异相对较小,对其研究能为大河入海物源分析提供区域相似性,也可为黄、渤海陆架沉积提供山东半岛物质来源特征。本文以山东半岛东北部短源小河辛安河为例,对取自河床、河口、海滩的表层沉积样品的碎屑矿物分布规律进行了多粒级分析。研究表明,辛安河流域和海滩沉积物多为中砂和细砂,全样重矿物含量中等,在1.47%~8.19%之间。出现重矿物27种,轻矿物8种,主要重矿物为普通角闪石(41.7%)、绿帘石(16.7%)、阳起石(10.6%)和褐铁矿(6.7%),主要轻矿物为石英(49.0%)、斜长石(26.5%)和钾长石(20.7%),这些矿物的含量在河床、河口和海滩远高于其他碎屑矿物,且矿物组合保持不变,相对含量变幅不大;非主要矿物种类与碎屑粒径存在显著的非线性相关关系。辛安河矿物种类和含量受控于区域岩性物源,即酸性、中酸性侵入岩和区域变质岩。闪石族矿物在辛安河不同地貌中的相对稳定输出是其同宗同源属性所在,矿物组成变化主要受水动力控制下的粒度分选影响。山东半岛短源河流虽碎屑矿物种类和含量不尽相同,但它们来源于相似的地质地貌和岩石类型,矿物组成变化的主要控制因素为区域物源和粒度分选,其次为沉积环境差异。相比而言,黄河闪石族矿物的低含量、云母族和碳酸盐类矿物在特定粒级的高含量有别于半岛南北两侧的河源物质。

碎屑矿物  /  广粒径多粒级分析法  /  矿物分布  /  沉积环境  /  辛安河  /  山东半岛

Most of the small rivers in the Shandong Peninsula have clear sediment sources and relatively small mineral deposition differentiation, and their study can provide regional similarities for the analysis of the sources of large rivers into the sea, as well as the characteristics of the material sources in the Shandong Peninsula for the deposition of the Yellow Sea shelf and Bohai Sea shelf. In this paper, the distribution patterns of detrital minerals in surface sediment samples taken from riverbeds, estuaries and beaches were analysed at multiple grain levels, taking the Xin’an River, a small short-source river in the northeastern part of the Shandong Peninsula, as an example. The study shows that the Xin’an River basin and beach sediments are mostly medium and fine sands, with moderate heavy mineral content in the whole sample, ranging from 1.47% to 8.19%. Twenty-seven heavy minerals and eight light minerals occur, with the main heavy minerals hornblende (41.7%), chlorite (16.7%), actinolite (10.6%) and limonite (6.7%) and the main light minerals quartz (49.0%), plagioclase (26.5%) and potassium feldspar (20.7%), which are much more abundant than the other detrital minerals in the riverbed, estuary and beach, and the mineral assemblage remains constant, with less significant variation in relative content between them, while there is a significant non-linear correlation between non-dominant mineral species and clastic grain size. Mineral species and content in the Xin’an River are controlled by the regional lithological sources, i.e. acidic and moderately acidic intrusive rocks and regional metamorphic rocks, and the relatively stable output of amphibole group minerals across the different features of the Xin’an River is responsible for their homogeneity. The short source rivers of the Shandong Peninsula are derived from similar geological features and rock types, although the types and content of detrital minerals vary. The main controlling factors for mineral composition variation are regional sources and particle size sorting, followed by sedimentary environmental differences. In contrast, the high content of mica group and carbonate minerals in a specific grain size and the low content of amphibole group minerals are the aspects that distinguish the Huanghe River from the river source materials in the northern and southern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula.

detrital minerals  /  multiple-window grain size strategy  /  mineral distribution  /  sedimentary environment  /  the Xin’an River  /  Shandong Peninsula
于健, 金秉福, 王孟瑶, 王昕. 短源河流碎屑矿物在河道、河口和海滩的组分变化及其控制因素. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 168 -182 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023055
Jian Yu, Bingfu Jin, Mengyao Wang, Xin Wang. Component changes and control factors of detrital minerals in riverbed, estuary and beach of short source rivers: taking the Xin’an River in Shandong Peninsula as an example[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 168 -182 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023055
碎屑矿物的种类和含量可以解读其源岩成分和构造背景,对源区的自然地理环境、泥沙运移和沉积的水动力状况以及沉积后的成分变化具有鲜明的指示作用[1]。对碎屑矿物组成特征及影响因素的分析是反演区域构造机制和沉积环境的重要方法[2-3]。尤其在矿物种类多、影响因素复杂的地区,碎屑矿物的组合研究更能作为沉积环境和物质来源的指示剂[4]。中国东部边缘海的沉积组成主要受外流河输入物质的影响,既包括长江、黄河等大河,也包括入海的诸多中小河流[5-6]。陆源碎屑沉积物是近海陆架的沉积主体,其物源识别要求对重要入海河流的矿物组成做出详细全面的端元特征构建。目前,国内较多学者对入海大河的碎屑矿物进行了系统研究,分析黄河重矿物含量和碎屑矿物组合变化[7-11];探究长江碎屑矿物的特征及其对物源追溯的意义[12-15]。国外学者多对河流沉积物进行矿物学特征研究[16-18],讨论河流沉积物地球化学和矿物组合变化等[19-21]。但与大河研究相比,对于中小河流的研究就略显薄弱。虽然已经有学者开始研究入海中小河流的碎屑矿物的示踪意义[22-23],但对于中小河流在不同地貌间的矿物组分变化和内在联系方面的探究仍有待发展。小河由于其流域面积较小,岩性复杂程度较低,自然条件相对单一,碎屑矿物组分变异性小,水动力环境识别度高等原因,易于进行在有限边界条件下的矿物沉积分异规律性分析,探索在同一物源供给下,不同地貌位置和不同水动力环境下沉积组成的异同,为复杂的大中河流物源研究提供特定区域的相似型。
山东半岛周围海域作为我国东部边缘陆海相互作用的重要场所,其复杂的沉积环境和沉积物多物源的沉积特征,使得该海域一直是我国现代海洋沉积研究的热点区域。目前,黄河物质从渤海入海后,在沿岸流作用下经由北黄海向南黄海输送已经被众多学者论证[24-27],即黄河是此区域的主要陆源物质提供者。同时,在山东半岛也有十几条入海短小河流,它们均起源于山东半岛低山丘陵区,流域岩石特征相近,每年尤其是洪水期都会携带大量中细砂质碎屑注入黄渤海海域,是该区域沉积物不可或缺的提供者。
辛安河流域位于山东半岛东北部,自南向北流入黄海,全长43.5 km,支流少,流域面积约为315 km2,年平均径流量为5582万m3,在山东半岛众多小河中处于中等。流域范围内地质类型虽然简单但具有代表性,中上游主要分布岩浆岩(黑云母花岗岩和少量安山岩)和区域变质岩(黑云片岩、片麻岩、变粒岩、透辉岩、大理岩)[28],下游主要被第四系的松散沉积物所覆盖。本文选取辛安河作为山东半岛入海河流的代表,对辛安河河床、河口和海滩的沉积物采用广粒级碎屑矿物分析,通过挖掘辛安河河床、河口和海滩之间的矿物组分在不同粒度间的构成与分异规律,进而归纳山东半岛类似河流在入海前后碎屑矿物分布的共性,总结入海小河碎屑矿物的端元特征,建立起非黄河质入海泥沙与黄渤海海底沉积物之间的源汇联系,为山东半岛近海碎屑沉积物的物源探究提供实验数据和辨识依据。
本实验样品于2018年3月中旬枯水期,在辛安河中游边滩、河口和海滩位置,通过手持GPS定位,采用表层取样的方式,样方为20 cm × 20 cm,深度为5~10 cm,均匀取样约2 kg(剔除较大砾石),密封带回实验室进行实验分析。本研究共选取了11个样品,采样点如图1表1所示。
将采取的样品搅拌均匀后,按照海洋地质实验规范要求取样[29],烘干称重。将样品加入10%双氧水去除样品中的有机质,然后加入0.5 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠,使样品颗粒彼此分散,用玻璃棒搅拌均匀后静置24 h,待水清亮后去除上层清液。按照沉降分析原理,以Φ = 1为间隔,提取出Φ为5~6的沉积物;留在Φ = 5筛中的部分再依次通过粒级间隔为Φ = 0.5、孔径不同的标准筛,将样品分成Φ为5.0~4.5、4.5~4.0、4.0~3.5、3.5~3.0、3.0~2.5、2.5~2.0、2.0~1.5、1.5~1.0、1.0~0.5以及小于0.5多个粒级(若有),然后再进行冲洗、收集、烘干和称重,计算每个粒级区间的质量百分比。
本研究采用广粒径多粒级矿物分析法,此方法是指在Φ为1~5的范围内,以Φ=0.5为间隔分筛,若有Φ为5~6和小于1粒级,可把每个样品分为7~9个分样,测试统计可进行矿物鉴定的轻重矿物相对含量[30]。辛安河属于入海短河,沉积物中重矿物在粒级中的分布有一定跨度,粗粒级(Φ小于1)沉积物中重矿物所占权重很小,含量极少,可以忽略不计。分离实验前将每个试样搅匀、均分取出2 g左右或全部(小于2 g)试样,利用三溴甲烷重液(2.89 g/cm3)进行浮选分离,静置8 h后回收样品烘干(80℃),称重并计算轻、重矿物百分比含量,天平仪精度为0.000 1 g。主要采用体视显微镜和油浸法偏光显微镜相结合的方法[31],对矿物的风化程度、颜色、形状进行鉴定和描述,每个试样的轻、重矿物鉴定多为300~500颗。鉴定完成后计算各矿物百分比含量。
在河流沉积物的分析中,粒度特征既能表征碎屑物的组成和结构,又能作为判断自然地理环境和流体动力条件的良好标志,是物质来源、沉积区水动力环境、沉积物输移能力和输移路线的综合反映[32],尤其是粒度较粗的短源小河,其粒度对不同碎屑矿物种类的含量具有强烈的控制作用。本文粒度参数的求解方法为图解法,图解法能够更好地反映出沉积物沉积环境的水动力条件变化。用频率累积曲线上对应的5%、16%、25%、50%、75%、84%、95%的粒径值来获取粒度参数,使用福克(Folk)和沃德(Ward)图解公式计算,分别求取粒度的平均粒径、标准偏差、偏态和峰度(表2[33]
沉积环境对沉积物的粒度特征的改造主要表现为沉积物原有组分丢失或者新组分的加入。筛析法可以得到沉积物质量百分数,即各样品各粒级沉积物质量分别占总重的百分比。将数据经归一化计算后,得到辛安河沉积物粒度数据(表2)。由表2可见,辛安河碎屑矿物样品中,沉积物粒径整体差异较大,平均粒径最大和最小的样品都位于河床位置,河口和海滩的平均粒径都位于Φ为1~2之间,变化幅度较小、多属于细砂和中砂。辛安河样品标准偏差变化范围为0.54~1.73,河床样品分选较差,河口和海滩分选中等,河床样品都为正偏,河口和海滩样品整体为负偏,整体偏度位于−0.48~0.27之间。
河流中矿物沉降与其密度、水流状况、体积等因素有关。重力越大的矿物沉降速度越快,如考虑体积的影响,密度大的矿物如果要与密度小的矿物一起沉降,则其体积会小,而密度小则相反。泥沙在搬运过程中不断沉积分异,不同粒级的碎屑矿物组成会有一定幅度的变化。前人认为重矿物分析要考虑到沉积物的等效沉积效应和水动力影响等因素,故选择沉积物的某一粒级来分析碎屑矿物的变化规律[34]。但实际上,单一粒级只能代表狭窄粒级范围的沉积属性,不能反映分选差的样品的整体特征,而广粒级的重矿物组分是在大的粒级范围进行检测,矿物组分极少溢出沉积系统之外,每种矿物含量变化要比单一粒级来的更小,加权值更接近实际矿物含量[35-36]。因此本文根据河床、河口和海滩11个样品的重矿物和轻矿物的分离实验,将沉积物的全部粒级重矿物与重矿物分析传统方法,即小区间Φ为3~4粒级的重矿物进行比较分析,运用加权计算方法(辛安河各粒级百分比含量与相应的重矿物百分比含量的乘积、Φ为3~4粒级百分比含量与Φ为3~4重矿物百分比含量的乘积)得出辛安河重矿物变化(表3)。
表3可见,辛安河重矿物所占百分比都较低,其中河口重矿物占百分比达到7.2%,是辛安河中重矿物含量最高的地方。河床和海滩的重矿物百分比分别为2.8%和2.4%,含量较低。尽管河口重矿物含量最高,但是Φ为3~4粒级占比平均仅为1.2%,海滩该粒级仅为2.5%。河床的Φ为3~4粒级占比最高,平均值达到了13.3%。整体而言,河床、河口和海滩的重矿物在该粒级占比都不高。由此可见,作为入海小河的辛安河,即使搬运距离近,重矿物组分在单一粒级中的变化仍然很明显。从Φ为3~4占比与广粒级的对比情况可以看出,尽管单一粒级在整个矿物粒级中所占比重很小,辛安河整个广粒级中Φ为3~4占比最多仅为15.7%,其他样点都在3%以下,但重矿物在该粒级中百分含量有明显增多。因此,不论是单一粒级还是广粒级分析都有利于表现出碎屑矿物的增减变化,应该根据样品数据选择合适的粒级分析。
本文对辛安河碎屑矿物分析采用广粒级加权计算的方法,对辛安河碎屑矿物数据进行归一化处理得到表4表5,加权计算公式为[37]
$ T_i = \sum _{j=1}^{n}{Z}_{j}{H}_{j}{Q}_{ij} , $
式中,Ti是样品广粒级中某种重矿物(i)的含量;Zj是粒级(j)的百分比;Qij是该重矿物(i)在粒级(j)中的百分比;n是粒级的数量。每种矿物结果的合计值用作样品的重矿物统计数据。统计发现存在于整个辛安河流域的重矿物共有27种,包括普通角闪石、透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、黝帘石、斜黝帘石、黑云母、白云母、水黑云母、石榴子石、榍石、磷灰石、电气石、锆石、金红石、透辉石、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿、赤铁矿等。其中,普通角闪石、绿帘石、阳起石和褐铁矿在辛安河碎屑重矿物中占主要部分,每种重矿物所占百分数在10%以上,4种矿物占总矿物的百分数超过70%。
从河床到海滩矿物百分含量有明显变化。海滩处褐铁矿含量上升,成为优势矿物。优势重矿物中,普通角闪石作为辛安河流域占比最高的重矿物,多数呈柱状,少量粒状、绿色,次棱角状,少量风化较强;河床角闪石平均占比41.8%,河口处占比34.5%,海滩处占比44.1%,从河床到海滩占比轻微上升但变化不显著。阳起石多数呈柱状,次棱角状,浅绿色或浅灰绿色;河床占比11.5%,河口占比13.5%,海滩占比9.2%,从河床到海滩总体趋势先升后降。绿帘石多数呈粒状,柱状,次棱角状,黄绿色、浅黄色或淡黄色;绿帘石河床占比17.1%,河口占比20.1%,海滩占比15.3%,从河床到海滩绿帘石含量略有下降。褐铁矿多数呈粒状,黄褐色或红褐色,具有弱磁性;河床和河口的褐铁矿百分比都在10%以下,在海滩处褐铁矿含量较高,能达到13.4%。
河床样品中,共检测出6种轻矿物,其中,优势矿物有石英、斜长石和钾长石,平均体积分数为1%~10%的有白云母和风化云母,平均含量小于1%的为方解石。在河口样品中,共检测出7种轻矿物,其中,优势矿物有石英、斜长石和钾长石,平均体积分数为1%~10%的有白云母和风化云母,平均含量小于1%的有方解石和绿泥石。在海滩样品中,共检测出8种轻矿物,其中,优势矿物有石英、斜长石和钾长石,平均体积分数1%~10%的为风化云母,平均含量小于1%的有白云母、方解石、白云石、绿泥石。
综上所述,辛安河流域除风化碎屑和岩屑外共有8种轻矿物,从河床到海滩矿物种类有所增加。而流域内的优势矿物为石英、斜长石和钾长石,3种矿物占比超过90%。从河床到海滩的轻矿物种类较少,组分无明显变化,因此下文着重分析辛安河重矿物变化规律。
根据矿物的理化性质将矿物分为闪石族(普通角闪石、阳起石、透闪石)、帘石族(绿帘石、黝帘石、斜黝帘石)、云母族(黑云母、白云母、水黑云母)、稳定矿物类(电气石、锆石、金红石、石榴子石、榍石、磷灰石)和铁质金属类(褐铁矿、赤铁矿、钛铁矿、磁铁矿)。计算获得矿物族类百分比,做出辛安河取样点重矿物在不同粒级中的变化与重矿物含量分布图(图2)。
通过图2可以看出,样品内部不同粒级控制下的重矿物组合基本相同,但非主要矿物含量存在明显差异。云母族在河床和河口样品中占比都在10%以下。河床3个样品中,位于中游的XA04样品中白云母在Φ为4~5粒级出现增多,而在下游的XA01和XA02样品中,云母族从粗粒级到细粒级逐渐减少。河口两个样品中云母族从粗粒级到细粒级变化不明显,但在XA07样品中水黑云母粗粒级明显多于细粒级。海滩大部分样品(除XA08)的云母族都是富集在粗粒级中,并且水黑云母占云母族90%以上,粒径Φ小于3的云母族占比极低。闪石族在辛安河重矿物中含量最高,平均每个样品的闪石族都达到了重矿物含量的50%以上。普通角闪石在闪石族中含量超过60%,与阳起石之间呈现出一定的此消彼涨变化,河床和河口样品表现在细粒级范围,海滩样品主要体现在Φ为1~2之间。帘石族在重矿物中占比为10%~40%,河床3个样品中帘石族含量较高,斜黝帘石在Φ为4~5粒级占比增高,导致河床的帘石族在细粒级有一定增长。海滩样品中,绿帘石含量占帘石族的95%以上,从粗粒级到细粒级呈现明显增多的趋势。稳定类矿物占比都在20%以下,石榴子石和榍石是稳定类矿物的主要成分。海滩样品的稳定类矿物含量从粗粒级到细粒级出现显著的增加,而河床稳定类矿物随粒级变化并不明显,河口XA07样品稳定类矿物开始出现从粗粒级到细粒级增长的趋势。铁质金属类矿物在辛安河中矿物种类变化最明显。河床XA04样品中褐铁矿占主要部分,赤铁矿含量较高,钛铁矿含量最低,而XA01和XA02样品中钛铁矿明显增多,赤铁矿几乎消失。河口样品中磁铁矿出现显著增长,赤铁矿和钛铁矿含量变少。海滩样品中,褐铁矿含量占稳定金属类矿物的80%以上,成为主要矿物且多分布在粗粒级中,细粒级中钛铁矿和磁铁矿含量较高。
从重矿物含量和矿物种类关系来看,河床和河口重矿物主要分布在Φ为2.5~3.5,而海滩主要分布在Φ为3~4。海滩样品中,重矿物含量越高,重矿物种类越多,成分越复杂。海滩粗粒级重矿物占比较小,成分简单,矿物组合主要为普通角闪石+绿帘石+褐铁矿+水黑云母。整个辛安河从粗粒级到细粒级重矿物种类逐渐增多,如稳定类矿物中金红石、锆石、磷灰石等多在细粒级中出现。海滩与河床和河口的重矿物分布存在明显的差异,尤其是云母族、稳定类矿物和铁质金属矿物。
矿物对物源和水动力有明显的指示作用,不同的矿物组合能反映物质来源的不同和沉积动力的差异[38]。辛安河流经区域主要由元古代的花岗岩和区域变质岩组成,变质岩系的岩石组合具有中−高级变质程度的各种成分的片岩、片麻岩、变粒岩、浅粒岩、麻粒岩和斜长角闪岩,角闪岩相组合和麻粒岩相组合丰富[39]。流域内的碎屑矿物分布特征与大多数河流相同,都是以轻矿物为主,重矿物含量较低。重矿物主要以普通角闪石、绿帘石、阳起石和褐铁矿为主;轻矿物主要以石英和长石为主。
辛安河虽是小河,但与其他大河一样,碎屑矿物种类都繁杂多样,变量多。主成分分析法中的因子分析能够在多个变量之间构建线性关系,从众多变量中提取出具有代表性的因子。因此,运用因子分析可以突出辛安河河床、河口和海滩不同位置的主要碎屑矿物组合[40]。由于研究区内因子种类多,交叉性强,因此采取更加合理的R型因子分析法[41],对较常见的重矿物如:普通角闪石、透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、黝帘石、黑云母、白云母、石榴子石、磷灰石、电气石、锆石、金红石、透辉石、自生碳酸盐、钛铁矿、磁铁矿、褐铁矿、赤铁矿进行计算,其主因子荷载矩阵见表6
因子1解释了碎屑矿物25%的信息,主要荷载矿物是绿帘石、黝帘石和透辉石,属于帘石类矿物和辉石类矿物,该类矿物主要产自花岗闪长岩和交代变质岩中。说明因子1反映了辛安河源岩对其碎屑矿物组分的影响。因子2解释了碎屑矿物22%的信息,主要荷载矿物为阳起石、石榴子石、黑云母,主要产自酸性、中酸性岩浆岩和变质岩中。根据辛安河的地质背景,元古代区域变质岩主要分布于辛安河中游部分,花岗岩则位于上游部分。说明因子2反映了物质来源和水动力对辛安河碎屑矿物组分的影响。因子3解释了碎屑矿物19%的信息,主要荷载矿物为锆石、钛铁矿、磁铁矿,矿物抗侵蚀和风化能力较强,自身较为稳定。因子3反映了辛安河水动力分选对碎屑矿物组分的影响。
从辛安河碎屑矿物分布和组合特征来看,碎屑矿物组合变化主要受到水动力分选和源岩的影响,但在不同沉积环境下受到影响的程度不同,这与大河或者海洋表层的沉积物矿物组合变化受到的影响因素相一致[7, 23]
矿物成熟度是指以碎屑岩中最稳定组分的相对含量来标志其成分的成熟程度。石英与长石+岩屑的比值被认为是碎屑矿物成熟度的一个重要标志[42]
经过计算发现辛安河流域矿物成熟度在0.79~2.22之间波动,平均值为1.14,总体而言成熟度不高,河床平均成熟度为1.40,河口的平均成熟度为1.10,海滩的平均成熟度为0.93。一般情况下,随着河流搬运距离越远,水动力对碎屑矿物分选越好,矿物成熟度越高。而对于辛安河这类入海小河,河流多发源于丘陵,流程短。不论是洪水期还是枯水期,水动力对矿物成熟度的影响都不高。辛安河从河床到海滩碎屑矿物粒径逐渐趋于细砂部分,而河流中的长石主要富集在细砂粒级,因此出现了海滩的矿物成熟度反而最低的情况,这说明辛安河的矿物成熟度受到粒度的影响要大于水动力的分选。
稳定矿物(SM)包括磷灰石、榍石、锆石、金红石、电气石、石榴子石等化学性质稳定、抗磨蚀能力强、不易被风化的矿物;不稳定矿物(UM)包括闪石族、云母族和透辉石等化学性质不稳定、易发生蚀变的矿物[43]。UM/SM能够反映出辛安河流域的矿物分布。一般而言,随着河流向下游搬运,稳定组分留存较多,不稳定组分变少。也有学者认为河流中不稳定组分在经历流水搬运时并没有显著减少[44],即流水对砂粒的矿物组分、大小、磨圆都没有明显的改造作用。通过辛安河UM/SM的分析我们可以看出,辛安河作为入海小河,虽然搬运距离短,但稳定组分和不稳定组分仍然有明显的变化,河床和河口位置的UM/SM比值分别为5.56和4.66,而海滩位置的UM/SM比值为11.84,其海滩不稳定组分相较于河口明显增多。这是因为在广粒级范围内,辛安河稳定矿物与不稳定矿物的粒度变化与重矿物含量呈现出一定的相关性,中上游碎屑重矿物多在中砂粒级沉积物中,海滩重矿物多在细砂粒级沉积物中。由图2可以看出,海滩稳定矿物在中砂粒级部分明显减少,而不稳定矿物变化较小,因此导致海滩位置出现UM/SM比值增高现象。
辛安河作为山东半岛入海小河的典型河流,矿物特征指数如矿物成熟度和UM/SM,会出现与一般理论不同甚至相反的现象,其主要原因是河流短小,矿物指数变化并不与风化程度完全对应,而主要与粒度和水动力分选有关。
根据闪石族、帘石族、云母族、稳定矿物类和铁质金属类重矿物含量,计算获得自河床至海滩重矿物族类变化(图3),并结合相关系数分析做出重矿物族类相关系数图(图4)。
通过图3我们发现,闪石族的含量在50%~65%之间波动,在所有族类中占比最高,普通角闪石在闪石族含量最高。河床到海滩闪石族单矿物变化明显但闪石族含量的波动较小。帘石族在河床和河口处占比为11%~32%。到海滩占比明显下降,主要是因为黝帘石和斜黝帘石的减少。稳定矿物含量从河床到海滩逐渐减少与榍石的减少密不可分。铁质金属矿物从河床到海滩有明显增多的趋势。其中,褐铁矿变化最为明显,从河床的2%升高至海滩的13%。云母族中水黑云母从河床到海滩的增多带动云母族含量上升。
通过图4我们可以看到,云母族和帘石族、稳定矿物和铁质金属矿物呈现出明显的负相关关系,相关系数分别为−0.81和−0.80。铁质金属矿物和帘石族也有较强的负相关关系,相关系数达到了−0.74。稳定矿物和帘石族、铁质金属矿物和云母族则有轻微的正相关关系。
结合图3图4可以得出,辛安河矿物种类虽然少,但是单矿物从河床到海滩依然有明显的增减变化,这种现象主要与碎屑矿物粒度由粗变细的变化有关。高含量的闪石族从河床到海滩变化较小,输出稳定。百分含量小的矿物族类有显著增减变化并且族类之间呈现出一定的相关关系。
河流流经区所在的源岩类型和环境差异影响了流域内碎屑矿物种类和含量。不同气候环境和地质背景下,碎屑矿物的组合特征、形态特征及矿物地球化学含量都会存在一定差异[45]。辛安河作为区域小河流,其流域内气候条件一致,母岩风化程度无明显差异,决定碎屑矿物种类组成的主要因素为源区母岩类型。其中,重矿物对母岩类型具有良好的继承性,因此它作为一种物源敏感性因素被广泛应用于反映源区母岩性质和类型上[46]。辛安河流域中广粒级重矿物组合为普通角闪石 + 绿帘石 + 褐铁矿,其中角闪石和绿帘石作为主要造岩重矿物,在我国中高纬度河流沉积物中分布广泛[47];褐铁矿是一种常见的次生矿物,火成岩和变质岩中的铁镁矿物风化后均能形成褐铁矿[48]
辛安河不同沉积位置中普通角闪石含量均在40%左右,其流域中上游主要分布岩浆岩和区域变质岩,普通角闪石是变质岩和岩浆岩的主要造岩矿物之一,故而在重矿物中含量最高。河床样品中帘石族含量(23.8%)相较于河口(21.9%)和海滩(15.8%)样品较高,原因在于流域所在母岩类型为元古界荆山群片岩、片麻岩、变粒岩、透灰岩和大理岩等变质岩区,出露面积较大[49],绿帘石、黝帘石和斜黝帘石作为蚀变矿物在变质岩中含量较高。辛安河中石榴子石含量也比较高,平均占比达到5.8%,并在各样品粒级中广泛存在,是辛安河指示变质源岩的特征矿物。辛安河上游主要为黑云母花岗岩和安山岩为主的岩浆岩,河床上含有相对较高含量的榍石,占比为4.6%,榍石是火成岩中分布较广的副矿物,特别在酸性岩、碱性岩比如花岗岩、闪长岩、正长岩、粗面岩、安山岩中,与锆石、磷灰石和磁铁矿共生[50]。河床和河口样品中碎屑重矿物组成及含量特征比较相似,两者与海滩存在一定差异,原因在于海滩的是在海浪和潮汐等多种动力下沉积的,存在扰动和混层。另外,海滩样品中含有相对较高的褐铁矿(9.6%),其中部分粗颗粒褐铁矿呈皮壳状,是受海水电化学作用下Fe元素以氢氧化物的形式沉淀下来的[51],而非水动力搬运而来,故而这部分褐铁矿是次生或者自生的。
山东半岛各河流域地质背景虽然相近,但也有差异。乳山河主要受到白垩系火山岩和元古代胶南群变质岩的影响,作为变质岩和岩浆岩的主要造岩矿物之一的普通角闪石,在该河流中含量最高[52]。大沽河主要流经区域为第四系的松散沉积物,因此河流当中云母族含量较高,上游到入海云母族有增多的趋势[52]。五龙河上游主要为白垩系火山岩和荆山群变质岩,因此河床位置帘石族的含量比其他河流略高,而闪石族含量较少[52]。虽然地质条件略有差异,但同作为山东半岛的入海小河,碎屑矿物变化存在共性。因此,我们选取辛安河及大沽河、乳山河和五龙河的不同粒级碎屑重矿物,对比分析粒度控制之下碎屑重矿物入海前后特征。根据闪石族、帘石族、稳定矿物、铁质金属矿物和云母族矿物制成的三角图(图5)可以看出,山东半岛的入海小河中,闪石族和帘石族在碎屑重矿物中含量最高,不论是河床还是河口其含量都在65%以上,其中,闪石族是碎屑重矿物中含量最多的族类。根据辛安河的广粒级和Φ为3~4对比数据可以看出,云母族类不论是河床还是海滩位置的碎屑重矿物中不同粒级差别明显,Φ为3~4粒级云母族百分含量远小于广粒级。而稳定矿物和铁质金属矿物在河床位置不同粒级内含量差别不大,但是在海滩位置Φ为3~4和广粒级中百分含量有明显变化。Φ为3~4粒级中铁质金属矿物和稳定矿物百分含量明显增多。
广粒级的辛安河河床到海滩碎屑重矿物组合并无明显差别,三角图内两者几乎重叠。但Φ为3~4粒级从河床到海滩的碎屑重矿物组合有明显变化。铁质金属矿物和稳定矿物的百分含量增多是造成差异的根本原因。同样的大沽河、五龙河和乳山河在该粒级由于铁质金属矿物和稳定矿物减少,导致河床到入海后的碎屑重矿物组合存在差异。
山东半岛入海小河从河床到海滩在广粒级范围内虽然单矿物百分含量会发生变化,但是重矿物族类以及重矿物组合并不会有明显波动。而在传统Φ为3~4粒级范围内,河床到海滩过程中,含量较少的云母族和稳定矿物以及铁质金属矿物的百分含量则会发生明显增减。即山东半岛入海小河的碎屑矿物组分变化受控于矿物粒级变化,单一粒级碎屑矿物在受到水动力分选后,百分含量越小的矿物种类变化越明显,而广粒级范围内矿物组合相对稳定。
黄河于山东半岛西北处流入渤海,其碎屑物质多数来源于黄土高原,相较于其他大河粒度较细,以粉砂为主,易于随流水搬运[53],因此不可避免的会与来自山东半岛的碎屑物质在周围海域发生混合。通过对比黄河物质和山东半岛入海河流碎屑矿物,有利于为山东半岛周围海域碎屑沉积物的物源探究提供辨识依据。
山东半岛河流多发源于低山丘陵区,搬运距离短,与黄河物质相比沉积物较粗,磨圆度差。山东半岛入海河流的典型重矿物为闪石族类矿物,其中普通角闪石是山东半岛岩浆岩和变质岩地质背景下的主要造岩矿物。除此之外,还有绿帘石、榍石、石榴子石和锆石等受到源岩影响显著的矿物组分。同时,黄河与山东半岛入海河流从河床到入海后的碎屑重矿物组分也存在着明显的差异。根据山东半岛小河和黄河Φ为3~4粒级重矿物含量作两者在入海前后的对比图(图6)可以看出,山东半岛小河流碎屑重矿物组合变化较小,不管是在河床还是在入海以后,闪石族与帘石族占比都位于60%~80%之间,是重矿物的主要成分,而黄河重矿物组合变化明显,其闪石族和帘石族矿物仅在下游位置有较高的含量[8, 53]。其次,山东半岛入海小河的矿物成熟度等数值都明显偏低,而黄河的矿物成熟度不论是在河床还是入海后都明显高于山东半岛小河。此外,黄河碎屑矿物中含有较高含量的碳酸盐类矿物[4, 54],而半岛小河中碳酸盐类矿物含量很低。
整体而言,黄河经山东入海,矿物种类要远高于山东半岛入海小河,主要矿物虽然含量较低,但变化明显。源岩对山东半岛河流的影响更为明显,而沉积环境对黄河的影响要高于山东半岛河流。再者,黄河其流经黄土高原,携带大量云母类矿物入海,与山东半岛小河较少的云母类矿物含量形成明显对比。
(1)辛安河流域沉积物以中砂和细砂为主,碎屑矿物相对简单,鉴定出轻矿物8种,以石英、斜长石、钾长石为主;重矿物含量在1.47%~8.19%之间,鉴定出重矿物27种,主要为普通角闪石、绿帘石和褐铁矿,常见石榴子石、榍石、锆石、钛铁矿、磁铁矿等稳定矿物随沉积物粒度变细(极细砂至粗粉砂)呈显著的富集趋势。
(2)河床、河口和海滩不同地貌位置主要碎屑矿物种类和基础含量主要受控于流域基岩(中酸性深成侵入岩和区域变质岩);矿物含量的变幅则受水动力影响下的粒度控制和沉积环境影响,河床与河口相对富集帘石族和稳定重矿物类,而海滩相对富集普通角闪石和褐铁矿。整体而言,闪石族矿物广泛存在且含量变化较小,其矿物标型可作为源汇辨识的基石。
(3)山东半岛入海短河虽地质背景、沉积环境不尽相同,但河流入海前后的碎屑重矿物近乎同宗同源,矿物组合变化主要受控于区域岩性和碎屑矿物粒度变化,不同河流具有差异性特征矿物,沉积环境对矿物组分影响并不明显。高含量的闪石族和较低含量的云母族和碳酸盐类矿物是山东半岛小河在其周围海域区别于黄河物质的主要判别指征。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41576057)
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023055
  • 接收时间:2022-08-30
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-30
  • 修回日期:2022-11-16
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    1 鲁东大学 资源与环境工程学院/海岸研究所,山东 烟台 246025
    2 华东师范大学 河口海岸科学研究院/河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200062

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*金秉福(1963-),男,教授,主要从事海洋沉积学研究。E-mail:
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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