Article(id=1212062361641423205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1663862400000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-23, revisedDate=1676822400000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907786044, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907786044, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907786044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907786044, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=69, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062361947607400, articleId=1212062361641423205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of occasional species in the Haizhou Bay based on species distribution model, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Occasional species are vulnerable to external threats such as environmental changes and human activities and have important values in biodiversity conservation. However, due to their limited availability of data and associated difficulties in statistical analysis, there are few studies on the spatial distribution and their relationships with environmental factors. In this study, based on the fishery resource surveys in the Haizhou Bay conducted from 2013 to 2019, we analyzed the relationships between the distribution and environmental factors for three occasional species, Coilia mystus, Odontamblyopus rubicundus and Erisphex pottii, using generalized additive model (GAM) and random forest (RF) model. The models were compared according to their goodness of fit and the predictive performances were evaluated using cross-validation. The results showed that depth was the most significant factor affecting the distribution of C. mystus and O. rubicundus in spring and autumn, the sea bottom temperature was the most important environmental factor influencing the distribution of E. pottii in autumn. The distribution model of C. mystus had the highest deviance explanation, followed by O. rubicundus, and E. pottii had the lowest deviance explanation. The deviance explanation by the distribution models of C. mystus, O. rubicundus and E. pottii were all lower in spring than in autumn. The cross-validation showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the three species ranged from 0.70 to 0.85, and only the AUC of C. mystus reached 0.9 in autumn; meanwhile, the AUC of the GAM prediction results were larger than those of the RF model, indicating that the prediction performance of the GAM was better than that of the RF model for the occasional species. This study would provide a reference for the selection of models for future studies of occasional species, and have guiding significance for the conservation of the occasional species.

, correspAuthors=Chongliang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao Zhang, Tianya Zhao, Jing Luan, Yunlei Zhang, Chongliang Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062362962628991, articleId=1212062361641423205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于物种分布模型分析环境因子对海州湾偶见种资源分布的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

偶见种易受环境变化和人类活动等外界威胁,在生物多样性保护中具有重要参考价值,但由于其数据量较少、分析困难,目前对分布特征的研究较少,其分布与环境因子的关系尚待探究。本研究基于2013–2019年海州湾渔业资源调查数据,分析了凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、红狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontamblyopus rubicundus)和虻鲉(Erisphex pottii)3种海州湾偶见种资源分布与环境因子的关系,并比较了广义可加模型(GAM)和随机森林(RF)模型对其资源分布的拟合效果,采用交叉验证的方法对模型的预测性能进行了评价。结果显示,水深是影响春、秋季凤鲚和红狼牙虾虎鱼资源分布的最显著因子,而底层水温仅在秋季是影响虻鲉资源分布的最重要环境因子。凤鲚分布模型的方差解释率最高,其次为红狼牙虾虎鱼,虻鲉模型方差解释率最低。凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉分布模型在春季方差解释率均低于秋季。交叉验证表明,3个物种预测结果的曲线下面积(AUC)值在0.70~0.85之间,仅秋季凤鲚的AUC值达到0.9;同时GAM预测结果的AUC值均大于RF模型,表明对于偶见种而言,GAM的预测性能优于RF模型。本研究为今后开展偶见种研究的模型选择提供了参考,对偶见种资源保护具有指导意义。

, correspAuthors=张崇良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估、生态系统模拟。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qDkSgIGjnfcx/1z5m5gQow==, magXml=YZsPaPVNLx3bCz7F2Zyjiw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=bdA/h+enNk3eAGbeqt/x6g==, pdfFileSize=1290938, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=5DqXAHm6xPRVFdNTRpqGWA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ym05G8YLm+5pV4ufsUdVzQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张涛(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。E-mail:

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Haiyang Xuebao, 2019, 41(12): 78−89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215323535799668767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904,2018YFD0900906)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323530078638912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323530095416128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, companyId=1215323530078638912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323530175107910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323530179302215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, companyId=1215323530175107910, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323530263188301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323530271576910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, companyId=1215323530263188301, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323530359657299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323530363851603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, companyId=1215323530359657299, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215323533132092396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sampling areas in the Haizhou Bay

The gray line is the isobath line

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灰色为等深线

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ns represent no significant difference (p > 0.05);** represent extremely significant difference (p < 0.01)

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ns代表差异不显著(p > 0.05);**代表差异极显著(p < 0.01)

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Variance inflation factor of each environmental factor during spring and autumn in the Haizhou Bay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节水深底层温度底层盐度经度
春季2.291.581.671.41
秋季1.831.171.621.52
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535346683922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海州湾春、秋季各环境因子的方差膨胀系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节水深底层温度底层盐度经度
春季2.291.581.671.41
秋季1.831.171.621.52
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535455735830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Optimal model for three occasional species during spring and autumn

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节物种
模型
解释变量
AIC方差解释率/%
注:Depth、SBT、SBS和Longitude分别代表环境因子水深、底层温度、底层盐度和经度。
春季凤鲚C. mystusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBS69.6138.9
RFDepth+SBT+Longitude18.0
红狼牙虾虎鱼O. rubicundusGAMDepth+SBS+SBT83.0325.1
RFDepth+SBT+SBS5.0
虻鲉E. pottiiGAMDepth+SBT69.6318.2
RFDepth+SBS+SBT+Longitude7.5
秋季凤鲚C. mystusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBT51.3051.2
RFDepth+Longitude30.1
红狼牙虾虎鱼O. rubicundusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBS47.7946.2
RFLongitude+SBS+Depth7.7
虻鲉E. pottiiGAMSBT+SBS+Longitude100.3134.1
RFSBT+SBS+Longitude+Depth26.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215323535543816216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361641423205, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

春、秋季3个偶见种最优模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节物种
模型
解释变量
AIC方差解释率/%
注:Depth、SBT、SBS和Longitude分别代表环境因子水深、底层温度、底层盐度和经度。
春季凤鲚C. mystusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBS69.6138.9
RFDepth+SBT+Longitude18.0
红狼牙虾虎鱼O. rubicundusGAMDepth+SBS+SBT83.0325.1
RFDepth+SBT+SBS5.0
虻鲉E. pottiiGAMDepth+SBT69.6318.2
RFDepth+SBS+SBT+Longitude7.5
秋季凤鲚C. mystusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBT51.3051.2
RFDepth+Longitude30.1
红狼牙虾虎鱼O. rubicundusGAMDepth+Longitude+SBS47.7946.2
RFLongitude+SBS+Depth7.7
虻鲉E. pottiiGAMSBT+SBS+Longitude100.3134.1
RFSBT+SBS+Longitude+Depth26.4
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基于物种分布模型分析环境因子对海州湾偶见种资源分布的影响
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张涛 1, 2 , 赵天亚 1, 2 , 栾静 1, 2 , 张云雷 1, 2 , 张崇良 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 69-78
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 69-78
基于物种分布模型分析环境因子对海州湾偶见种资源分布的影响
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张涛1, 2 , 赵天亚1, 2, 栾静1, 2, 张云雷1, 2, 张崇良1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 张涛(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要从事渔业资源研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估、生态系统模拟。E-mail:
Analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of occasional species in the Haizhou Bay based on species distribution model
Tao Zhang1, 2 , Tianya Zhao1, 2, Jing Luan1, 2, Yunlei Zhang1, 2, Chongliang Zhang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023078
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偶见种易受环境变化和人类活动等外界威胁,在生物多样性保护中具有重要参考价值,但由于其数据量较少、分析困难,目前对分布特征的研究较少,其分布与环境因子的关系尚待探究。本研究基于2013–2019年海州湾渔业资源调查数据,分析了凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、红狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontamblyopus rubicundus)和虻鲉(Erisphex pottii)3种海州湾偶见种资源分布与环境因子的关系,并比较了广义可加模型(GAM)和随机森林(RF)模型对其资源分布的拟合效果,采用交叉验证的方法对模型的预测性能进行了评价。结果显示,水深是影响春、秋季凤鲚和红狼牙虾虎鱼资源分布的最显著因子,而底层水温仅在秋季是影响虻鲉资源分布的最重要环境因子。凤鲚分布模型的方差解释率最高,其次为红狼牙虾虎鱼,虻鲉模型方差解释率最低。凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉分布模型在春季方差解释率均低于秋季。交叉验证表明,3个物种预测结果的曲线下面积(AUC)值在0.70~0.85之间,仅秋季凤鲚的AUC值达到0.9;同时GAM预测结果的AUC值均大于RF模型,表明对于偶见种而言,GAM的预测性能优于RF模型。本研究为今后开展偶见种研究的模型选择提供了参考,对偶见种资源保护具有指导意义。

海州湾  /  偶见种  /  广义可加模型(GAM)  /  随机森林(RF)模型  /  交叉验证

Occasional species are vulnerable to external threats such as environmental changes and human activities and have important values in biodiversity conservation. However, due to their limited availability of data and associated difficulties in statistical analysis, there are few studies on the spatial distribution and their relationships with environmental factors. In this study, based on the fishery resource surveys in the Haizhou Bay conducted from 2013 to 2019, we analyzed the relationships between the distribution and environmental factors for three occasional species, Coilia mystus, Odontamblyopus rubicundus and Erisphex pottii, using generalized additive model (GAM) and random forest (RF) model. The models were compared according to their goodness of fit and the predictive performances were evaluated using cross-validation. The results showed that depth was the most significant factor affecting the distribution of C. mystus and O. rubicundus in spring and autumn, the sea bottom temperature was the most important environmental factor influencing the distribution of E. pottii in autumn. The distribution model of C. mystus had the highest deviance explanation, followed by O. rubicundus, and E. pottii had the lowest deviance explanation. The deviance explanation by the distribution models of C. mystus, O. rubicundus and E. pottii were all lower in spring than in autumn. The cross-validation showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of the three species ranged from 0.70 to 0.85, and only the AUC of C. mystus reached 0.9 in autumn; meanwhile, the AUC of the GAM prediction results were larger than those of the RF model, indicating that the prediction performance of the GAM was better than that of the RF model for the occasional species. This study would provide a reference for the selection of models for future studies of occasional species, and have guiding significance for the conservation of the occasional species.

Haizhou Bay  /  occasional species  /  generalized additive model (GAM)  /  random forest (RF) model  /  cross-validation
张涛, 赵天亚, 栾静, 张云雷, 张崇良. 基于物种分布模型分析环境因子对海州湾偶见种资源分布的影响. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023078
Tao Zhang, Tianya Zhao, Jing Luan, Yunlei Zhang, Chongliang Zhang. Analysis of the influence of environmental factors on the distribution of occasional species in the Haizhou Bay based on species distribution model[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 69 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023078
偶见种是指群落中个体数或出现频率较少的种类,容易受到外界威胁而处于濒危或灭绝状态[1]。群落中往往有较多的种类均属于偶见种[2],但每个物种的数据量较少、分析困难。在群落研究中往往只关注数量较多、优势度较大的优势种[3-4]和常见种等,而对于偶见种的研究比较少见。然而,偶见种是群落生物多样性的重要组分,对于群落的稳定性具有重要作用,对群落和生态系统中不同过程产生影响。因此,对偶见种栖息习性和资源状况的研究具有重要意义,可以为保护偶见种资源和生物多样性提供参考,但目前对于偶见种的研究多集中于植物学领域[5-7],海洋学领域对于偶见种的研究相对较少。
了解偶见种的栖息分布规律是对其开展保护和管理的基础。当前,物种分布模型(Species Distribution Model, SDM)[8]已成为生态学和应用保护生物学的重要方法[9]。随着技术的发展,基于回归模型和机器学习方法的物种分布模型在渔业领域的应用越来越广泛,应用物种分布模型分析物种的资源分布与环境因子的关系[10]更是研究的热点领域,如崔晏华等[11]利用随机森林(Random Forest, RF)模型分析了海州湾春季短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的栖息分布与环境因子的关系,纪毓鹏等[12]使用广义可加模型(Generalized Additive Model, GAM)分析了山东南部近海脊腹褐虾(Crangon affinis)的时空分布与水深、海水底层温度等环境因子间的关系。然而,受数据量的限制,针对偶见种的物种分布建模存在一定的困难,常见模型对偶见种的预测效果尚缺乏检验。有研究关注了偶见种建模时的过度拟合问题,如Lomba等[13]为解决稀少物种预测建模过程存在的“稀有物种建模悖论”,提出了一种针对稀有种的建模方法,以避免统计模型的过度拟合;Breiner等[14]为克服稀少物种建模的局限性,开发了一种使用小型模型集合的新策略,其表现出较传统物种分布模型更优越的性能。
为了深入探究SDM建模方法对于偶见种栖息分布分析的影响,本研究根据2013–2019年在海州湾进行的14个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查数据,采用GAM和基于机器学习的RF模型,分析了海州湾海域3种偶见种—凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、红狼牙虾虎鱼(Odontamblyopus rubicundus)和虻鲉(Erisphex pottii)的资源分布与环境因子的关系。研究采用交叉验证的方法对模型进行了评价,检验了渔业领域两种广泛应用的模型对于偶见种的拟合效果和预测性能。本研究结果可为偶见种的资源保护提供参考,为物种分布模型在偶见种方面的应用提供科学依据。
在海州湾海域采用分层随机取样的方法设计调查站位,调查范围为34°20′~35°40′N,119°20′~121°10′E。根据水深等环境特征将调查海域分为A−E共5个采样区(图1),并在每区按经纬度划分为10′×10′的采样小区。2013−2019年春季(4、5月)、秋季(9、10月)进行了14个航次的渔业资源底拖网调查,每个航次在各区域内随机选取约18个调查站位,7年间共调查248个站位。
调查船为单拖渔船,功率为220 kW,拖速在2~3 kn之间,每站拖网时间约为1 h。拖网时网口水平扩张宽度约为25 m,网囊网目约为17 mm。在每个调查站位捕获渔获物的同时,同步使用CTD温盐深仪进行相关环境参数的测定,包括水深、水温、盐度和叶绿素a浓度。样品的采集与处理均按照《海洋调查规范》(GB/T 1273.6−2007)[15]进行。
本研究聚焦海州湾偶见种,根据前期对海州湾偶见种的相关调查结果[16],选取凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉作为本研究的目标物种,其相对重要性指数(Index of Relative Importance,IRI)分别为2.73、1.67、4.06,较为少见。将偶见种的出现概率作为建模响应变量。若某站位捕获偶见种,其观测值取为1,未捕获则为0,利用偶见种出现/不出现的数据建立物种分布模型。在渔业领域中,物种分布模型在研究物种栖息分布方面有着较为广泛的应用,根据相关研究[17-19],本文采用两种应用广泛的建模方法—GAM和RF模型开展分析,评估其对于偶见种的预测性能。
GAM是广义线性模型的非线性拓展,是渔业领域最常用的物种分布模型之一,其特点在于可以通过引入平滑函数来反映响应变量与解释变量之间的非线性关系[20],模型由随机部分、系统(叠加)部分和联系两者的链接函数3部分组成[21]。本文中的GAM假设误差服从二项分布,取值为0或1时,方程左右两侧不能对应,为继续线性回归,采用logistic链接函数进行变换,分析偶见种的出现概率与环境因子的关系,其一般表达式为
$ {\rm{logit}}(P)=\alpha+ f_1(X_1)+f_2(X_2)+\cdots +\varepsilon\text{,} $
式中,logit( )为链接函数;P为偶见种在此站位点出现的概率;α为适合函数的截距;X为解释变量,即影响因子;f (X)为样条平滑函数;ε为随机误差项。
RF模型是一种基于分类回归树算法的机器学习算法[22],其原理是利用bootstrap重抽样方法从原始样本中随机抽取多个样本,通过这种方式生成成百上千棵分类回归树,然后综合分类回归树的预测,以投票或取均值的方法得出最终预测结果[23-24]。RF模型不仅对具有多维度变量的大数据处理较快,且具有较强的适应性,同时具有很高的分类精度、预测精度和较强的泛化能力[25],不容易出现过度拟合的现象,对量化复杂的非线性关系有较好的效果。
本文选取水深、表层温度(SST)、底层温度(SBT)、表层盐度(SSS)和底层盐度(SBS)作为主要环境因子,研究表明[16],海州湾偶见种在经度方向上的空间分布特征更为明显,因此选择经度作为空间因子进行建模分析。应用方差膨胀系数(Variance Inflation Factor, VIF)[26]对春、秋季的影响因子分别进行多重共线性检验,筛选适合加入模型的因子,VIF > 4的因子在建模之前予以去除。
在模型构建中,利用逐步回归法[27]进行因子的筛选,依照赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)[28]进行最优模型的建立,即在AIC值最小的模型中不断加入新的因子,直至所有因子添加完毕,从中筛选AIC最小的模型即为最优模型。AIC的一般表达式为
$ {\rm{AIC}}=2k-2\;{\rm{ln}}\;L\text{,} $
式中,k为参数的个数;L为似然函数。
应用AIC和方差解释率来检验和比较模型的拟合效果,即AIC值越小,累计方差解释率越大,则模型的拟合效果越好。
本文使用交叉验证法来检验和比较GAM和RF模型的预测性能。交叉验证过程首先在全部数据中随机选择60%的数据,作为训练数据建立模型,剩余40%的数据作为检验数据来评估模型的性能。使用受试者操作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)[29]曲线下面积(Area Under The Curve,AUC)作为模型预测性能的评价指标,其取值范围为0~1[30]。AUC值越大说明模型的预测性能越好,反之则越差,0表示模型的性能最差,无法进行有效预测;1表示模型的性能最好,存在至少一个阈值能得出完美预测,但一般来说不可能实现。将上述交叉验证过程重复100次,取平均值即为最终的AUC值,表征模型对偶见种预测的准确性。
本文中的模型构建和评估过程均通过R 4.0.3软件来完成,利用“mgcv”包进行GAM的构建,利用“randomForest”包进行RF模型的构建,利用“pROC”包进行模型预测性能评估,利用“ggplot2”包绘制交叉验证结果图。
应用VIF对春、秋季的影响因子分别进行多重共线性检验,将VIF大于4的表层温度、表层盐度去除,剩余因子的VIF均小于4(表1),检验后得到可以加入模型的因子包括:水深、底层温度、底层盐度和经度。
根据模型AIC和方差解释率的标准,GAM和RF模型分别筛选出最适因子,组成最优模型(表2)。在春季,凤鲚最优GAM的解释变量为水深、经度和底层盐度,其AIC值最小为69.61,方差解释率为38.9%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为18.0%。秋季,凤鲚最优GAM的解释变量为水深、经度和底层温度,其AIC值为51.30,方差解释率为51.2%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为30.1%。秋季凤鲚GAM和RF模型的方差解释率均较春季更大。
在春季,红狼牙虾虎鱼最优GAM的解释变量为水深、底层盐度和底层温度,其AIC值最小为83.03,方差解释率为25.1%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为5.0%。秋季,红狼牙虾虎鱼最优GAM的解释变量为水深、经度和底层盐度,其AIC值最小为47.79,方差解释率为46.2%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为7.7%。同样,秋季红狼牙虾虎鱼GAM和RF模型的方差解释率较春季更大。
在春季,虻鲉最优GAM的解释变量为水深和底层温度,其AIC值最小为69.63,方差解释率为18.2%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为7.5%。秋季,虻鲉最优GAM的解释变量为底层温度、底层盐度和经度,其AIC值最小为100.31,方差解释率为34.1%。RF模型的方差解释率偏低,为26.4%。秋季虻鲉GAM和RF模型的方差解释率也均大于春季。
交叉验证表明,春季凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉GAM的AUC值均大于RF模型(图2),分别为0.85 ± 0.05、0.78 ± 0.08和0.77 ± 0.10。秋季凤鲚和虻鲉GAM的AUC值大于RF模型,分别为0.90 ± 0.08和0.81 ± 0.05,而红狼牙虾虎鱼GAM的AUC值小于RF模型,其GAM和RF模型的AUC值分别为0.79 ± 0.12和0.81 ± 0.11。t检验结果表明,秋季凤鲚和春季红狼牙虾虎鱼GAM的AUC值均显著大于RF模型(p < 0.01),而其余模型比较均不显著。
由于GAM的拟合和预测性能较RF模型更好,因此以GAM最优模型分析偶见种资源分布与环境因子的关系。
在春、秋两季,凤鲚的分布与水深因子显著相关(图3)。春季时,在20 m以浅,其出现概率随水深的变化较为平缓,水深大于20 m,出现概率随水深的增加呈现较为明显的下降;秋季其出现概率随水深的增加呈现直线下降的趋势。凤鲚分布其次受到经度的影响,出现概率随经度的增大而缓慢上升。在春季,凤鲚的出现概率随盐度的变化呈现先升高后下降的趋势;秋季,凤鲚的出现概率与底层温度呈现较高相关性,随底层温度的增加,其出现概率也逐渐上升。
春、秋季红狼牙虾虎鱼的出现概率均随水深的增加呈现减小的趋势。春季其出现概率随底层盐度和底层温度的增加呈现一直减小的状态,而在秋季经度成为影响红狼牙虾虎鱼的出现概率的重要因子,其出现概率在120.6°E达到最大;同时,随底层盐度先上升,在29.5后开始下降(图4)。
影响虻鲉春、秋季分布的环境因子差别较大(图5)。在春季,虻鲉的分布与水深因子显著相关,其出现概率随水深的增加呈现上升的趋势;其次为底层温度,其出现概率随底层温度的增加而上升。在秋季,虻鲉的分布受底层温度的影响最显著,在19℃后随底层温度的增加迅速下降。秋季虻鲉的分布还与底层盐度和经度具有较高相关性,在底层盐度达到31.0前,其出现概率呈现上升的趋势,然后开始小幅下降;其出现概率随经度的增加而上升,变化较为平缓。
本文针对凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉3种偶见种,分别比较了其GAM和RF模型的拟合效果和预测性能。从整体来看,凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉的GAM最优模型的方差解释率均大于RF最优模型的方差解释率,红狼牙虾虎鱼的方差解释率差距尤为明显,在春、秋两季GAM最优模型的方差解释率分别为25.1%和46.2%,RF最优模型的方差解释率则分别为5.0%和7.7%,GAM的方差解释率均远远大于RF模型。因此,可以认为在偶见种模型构建中,GAM的拟合效果较RF模型更好,这与栾静等[31]和倪一卓等[32]的研究结果一致。其原因可能是,作为一种传统的物种分布模型,GAM通过建立回归方程来表示分布与环境因子的关系,其定义的平滑函数可能使模型更好地服从偶见种的存在−不存在数据结构,模型本身的解释能力较好[20];另一方面,GAM应用AIC准则构建最优模型,这可能会高估参数数量的影响[31],导致GAM可能会选择更复杂的模型[33],需要注意GAM可能会对数据出现过度拟合的现象。RF模型的原理是对数据和变量进行随机筛选,生成很多的分类回归树,最后汇总分类回归树的结果来得到结论,其优点是可以很大程度上提高模型的预测性能,同时避免模型过度拟合,但缺点是可能会降低模型对训练数据集的拟合效果,降低其模型解释率。综合以上两点,我们认为在数据量较少的偶见种的物种分布模型研究中,广义可加模型的拟合效果会强于随机森林模型。
本文中使用交叉验证得到AUC值来表征模型的预测性能,其AUC值多在0.70~0.85之间,仅秋季凤鲚GAM的AUC值达到0.9。AUC的数值越大,表征预测结果越精确,其中0.7~0.8表明模型预测性能一般,0.8~0.9表明模型预测性能良好,0.9~1.0表明模型预测性能优秀[34]。因此对于偶见种而言,传统SDM的预测性能尚有待提升。此外,除秋季红狼牙虾虎鱼GAM的AUC值略小于RF模型,其余物种的GAM的AUC值均略高于RF模型(图2),且t检验结果显示,秋季凤鲚和春季红狼牙虾虎鱼GAM的AUC值均显著大于RF模型(p < 0.01)。这表明在数据量较少的偶见种的物种分布模型研究中,GAM的预测性能强于RF模型,这与栾静等[31]和Li等[35]针对常见种的研究结论不符。物种分布模型受数据观测误差的影响较大,由于偶见种的特点,在数据量较少的情况下测量误差可能会较大,从而影响建模效果。有研究表明,如果不能很好地控制测量误差,机器学习的预测性能甚至不如常见的传统统计模型[36],这与本研究的结论一致。因此,本研究认为由于偶见种本身的数据量较小,观测误差可能是导致广义可加模型的预测性能强于随机森林模型的主要原因。
本研究显示,凤鲚的分布主要受到水深的影响,主要在水深小于40 m的海域中出现,且春季主要分布在水深小于35 m的海域中,在水深20 m的海域出现概率达到峰值(图3),这可能与其短距离洄游产卵的习性有关。凤鲚是一种河口性的洄游鱼类,以浮游生物为食,而海州湾丰富的饵料资源可为其产卵和生长提供丰富的物质基础。凤鲚每年春季都会从海中向河口区域洄游产卵[37],这可能导致春季凤鲚在35 m以深的海域没有捕获。此外,盐度对鱼类的分布有重要的影响[38],在本文中,春季凤鲚在底层盐度30~32.5之间的出现概率最大,据此推测春季凤鲚在海州湾洄游产卵期的最适宜底层盐度范围为30~32.5。
水深对春、秋季红狼牙虾虎鱼的分布均有明显的影响(图4),其出现概率与水深呈负相关关系。红狼牙虾虎鱼喜爱栖息于浅海及河口附近泥沙中,常在泥沙中钻穴营居[39],这与本文中红狼牙虾虎鱼分布于10~35 m水深海域的结论一致。此外,底层盐度也是影响红狼牙虾虎鱼分布的重要条件,本研究表明海州湾红狼牙虾虎鱼在春、秋季的适盐范围大致相同,在30~32之间。目前国内对红狼牙虾虎鱼的研究较少,对海州湾此类鱼种的研究更是匮乏,该结论还待进一步验证。
影响虻鲉春、秋季分布的环境因子差异较大(图5),春季主要受到水深的影响,其出现概率与水深呈正相关关系,这也符合虻鲉喜爱栖息于较深海域的习性。而春、秋季底层水温对虻鲉的影响则差异较大,春季虻鲉栖息于较深的海区,其栖息水温较低,适宜的底层水温在9~16℃之间;但在秋季,底层水温取代水深成为影响虻鲉分布的显著因素,夏、秋季海州湾的温度较春季高,因此秋季虻鲉的适宜水温较春季更高,在秋季十分集中地分布在19~22℃之间,据此推测秋季温度的变化对于虻鲉种群动态具有重要影响,在生物多样性的保护当中应予以关注。
比较发现,各偶见种在秋季最优模型的方差解释率均较春季更大,这表明秋季环境因子对其资源分布的影响更显著。同时,春、秋两季中各偶见种不同模型对环境因子的选择均较为相似(表2),除秋季虻鲉的主要因子为底层水温外,其余季节凤鲚、红狼牙虾虎鱼和虻鲉中各最优模型筛选的主要影响因子均为水深。需要说明的是,水深因子作为一种综合性的环境因子[40],它可以通过影响温度和盐度等因子而间接影响生物的分布。在本研究中,水深因子作为模型中的主要因子,更多是直接反映了凤鲚和红狼牙虾虎鱼适宜生活在浅海的生活习性。
物种分布模型在生态学研究和生物保护方面发挥了重要作用,但每个模型各有优缺点和适用对象[41]。为了探究不同情景下的模型适用情况,模型间的比较研究也越来越受到关注[42]。保护生物学家对稀有物种更为关注,探索保护和修复的科学方法[43],但这些物种通常具有有限的可用数据,为准确选择物种分布模型带来了挑战[44]。本研究聚焦于海州湾偶见种,比较了两种模型对偶见种的预测效果,表明传统的GAM和RF模型在偶见种的预测方面仍存在一定局限。由于偶见种个体数或出现频率较小,导致其0值较多,因此本文采用0~1数据模式即缺失/存在数据模式,在本研究中,缺失0和存在1数据均作为有效数据参与建模,但大量0值的存在可能会导致较大的测量误差,从而影响模型的结果[36],因此未来研究偶见种的建模还需探索更多物种分布模型的适用性,如两阶段广义可加模型(two-stage Generalized Additive Model)[45]、Tweedie-GAM[46]和最大熵模型(MaxEnt Model)均对0值稍多的物种表现出相对较好的模型效果,但偶见种数据中的0值占比远大于上述研究物种,所以此类模型对于偶见种的使用效果尚不得而知,未来可以进一步展开研究。随着人类活动和气候变化等的影响,对稀有种、偶见种和生物多样性的研究保护越来越受到重视,而本文作为一个案例,可为偶见种的资源保护以及建立海洋保护区提供参考。未来需要探究更多模型以改进偶见种的建模方法,在更大的空间和时间尺度上开展偶见种栖息分布研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904,2018YFD0900906)。
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2023年第45卷第7期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023078
  • 接收时间:2022-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-23
  • 修回日期:2023-02-20
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900904,2018YFD0900906)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003

通讯作者:

*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估、生态系统模拟。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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