Article(id=1212062361251352930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023115, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1667750400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-07, revisedDate=1677427200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766907785951, onlineDateStr=2025-12-28, pubDate=1688140800000, pubDateStr=2023-07-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766907785951, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766907785951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766907785951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212062359909168003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='194', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766907785632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924642173, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212133061404266736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1212062359909168003, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=55, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212062361540759908, articleId=1212062361251352930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analyze simulation errors of phytoplankton blooms in typical Arctic seas based on CMIP6 models, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Phytoplankton blooms in polar regions with seasonal sea ice cover show a unimodal seasonality. However, the bloom processes are controlled by multiple physical and biogeochemical factors, including sea ice, light availability, mixed layer depth, and nutrients; those may result in great uncertainties in simulating phytoplankton bloom by the Earth System Models (ESMs). In this study, the results of 11 Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase-6 (CMIP6) ESMs were analyzed and evaluated with various types of observational products in order to determine whether those ESMs can correctly model the phytoplankton blooms in three Arctic shelf seas, Barents Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Bering Sea. By calculating multiple indices that represent light and nutrient limitations, the error sources of simulated surface chlorophyll a concentrations were comprehensively analyzed. Our results show that the 11 ESMs can be divided into three groups based on ice-adjusted photoperiod, rate of change of mixed layer depth, and surface nitrate concentration. Some groups are characterized by the smallest bias between modeled indices and observation-based reference, and those ESMs perform best in simulating phytoplankton bloom characteristics. The other groups of ESMs differ significantly from the reference values in terms of surface nitrate and/or rate of change of mixed layer depth, resulting in delayed occurrences of annual chlorophyll a peak concentration and greater differences in corresponding peak values. In general, in addition to the two primary constraints of light and nutrients, the ESMs should also well represent the upper mixed layer controlled by temperature and salinity distributions, so as to accurately simulate the seasonal variation of surface chlorophyll a concentration. The above analyses indicate ESMs can be used in assessing polar planktonic ecosystems, and there is room for improving ecosystem-related parametrization in future ESM development.

, correspAuthors=Zhixuan Feng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meiqing Yang, Zhixuan Feng, Hongjun Song), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212062364237697413, articleId=1212062361251352930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于CMIP6模式分析北极典型海区浮游植物藻华模拟误差, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在海冰覆盖的极地海区,浮游植物季节性藻华变化呈现典型的单峰特征。由于藻华过程受控于海冰、光照、混合层深度和营养盐供给等多个因素,其发生时间和强度在地球系统模式模拟结果中存在较大的不确定性。本研究选取11种CMIP6地球系统模式结果,以多种类型的观测资料和产品作为判断参考值,评估各模式结果能否准确模拟北极典型海区(巴伦支海、楚科奇海及白令海)浮游植物藻华动态的变化规律。通过计算能表征光照和营养盐限制的多个指标,分析表层叶绿素a浓度模拟结果的误差来源。结果表明,依据冰下光照时长、混合层变化速率、表层硝酸盐指标将11种模式分为3组,与参考值指标差异较小组别中的模式在藻华模拟方面明显占优,而其余模式在表层硝酸盐或混合层变化的模拟上存在较大误差,导致表层叶绿素a浓度峰值的发生时间延后且峰值浓度误差大。总体而言,地球系统模式配置中除要考虑光照和营养盐这两种基础限制条件外,也需关注由温盐控制的上混合层深度,从而准确模拟出表层叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化规律,上述研究为地球系统模式中相关参数化方案的改进提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=冯志轩, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*冯志轩,男,研究员,从事海洋多尺度物理与生态耦合过程的观测和模拟研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7eGKTn65SZZ0dv7u67+rmA==, magXml=5JohRj/kINOAPVUDLQV2BA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=EVQletCq93ysVgR06gLDcw==, pdfFileSize=2207218, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=tzlQs8MpilyTvbMQQcES/Q==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=+XSFKEOqGrnI3f4AyXBBlg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨美晴(1998-),女,吉林省吉林市人,从事北冰洋生态系统过程与机制研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=杨美晴, 冯志轩, 宋洪军)}, authors=[Author(id=1215323527960511388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangmeiqing9@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528040203167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323527960511388, language=EN, stringName=Meiqing Yang, firstName=Meiqing, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528157643682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323527960511388, language=CN, stringName=杨美晴, firstName=美晴, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241, bio={"content":"

杨美晴(1998-),女,吉林省吉林市人,从事北冰洋生态系统过程与机制研究。E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

杨美晴(1998-),女,吉林省吉林市人,从事北冰洋生态系统过程与机制研究。E-mail:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323527385891695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527390086000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527385891695, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241)])]), Author(id=1215323528245724070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zxfeng@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528342193068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323528245724070, language=EN, stringName=Zhixuan Feng, firstName=Zhixuan, middleName=null, lastName=Feng, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528442856370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323528245724070, language=CN, stringName=冯志轩, firstName=志轩, middleName=null, lastName=冯, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
2 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 202162, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323527385891695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527390086000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527385891695, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527562052476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527570441086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527562052476, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 202162)])]), Author(id=1215323528526742456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528635794367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323528526742456, language=EN, stringName=Hongjun Song, firstName=Hongjun, middleName=null, lastName=Song, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215323528744846278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, authorId=1215323528526742456, language=CN, stringName=宋洪军, firstName=洪军, middleName=null, lastName=宋, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323527767573388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527775961998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527767573388, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1215323530238018517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Arctic Ocean), Keyword(id=1215323530338681821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=sea ice), Keyword(id=1215323530418373601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=phytoplankton bloom), Keyword(id=1215323530493871078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=upper mixed layer), Keyword(id=1215323530598728683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=earth system models), Keyword(id=1215323530657448946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=CMIP6), Keyword(id=1215323530758112250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=北冰洋), Keyword(id=1215323530821026814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=海冰), Keyword(id=1215323530925884418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=浮游植物藻华), Keyword(id=1215323531018158084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=上混合层), Keyword(id=1215323531106238476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=地球系统模式), Keyword(id=1215323531202707473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=第六次耦合模式比较计划)], refs=[Reference(id=1215323534671397033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱大勇, 赵进平, 史久新. 北极楚科奇海海冰面积多年变化的研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2007, 29(2): 25−33., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323534759477423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Dayong, Zhao Jinping, Shi Jiuxin. Study on the multi-year variations of sea ice cover of Chukchi Sea in Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2007, 29(2): 25−33., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323534885306551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hunt Jr G L, Blanchard A L, Boveng P, et al. The Barents and Chukchi Seas: comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2013, 109−110: 43−68., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323534981775550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Årthun M, Eldevik T, Smedsrud L H, et al. Quantifying the influence of Atlantic heat on Barents Sea ice variability and retreat[J]. Journal of Climate, 2012, 25(13): 4736−4743., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535082438852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李正, 沙龙滨, 刘焱光, 等. 末次盛冰期以来巴伦支海−喀拉海古海洋环境及海冰研究进展[J]. 海洋通报, 2021, 40(3): 241−253., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535212462284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Zheng, Sha Longbin, Liu Yanguang, et al. Research progress in the paleoceanography environment and sea ice around Barents-Kara Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2021, 40(3): 241−253., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535300542672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sorteberg A, Kvingedal B. Atmospheric forcing on the Barents Sea winter ice extent[J]. Journal of Climate, 2006, 19(19): 4772−4784., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535422177495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carmack E C, Macdonald R W, Perkin R G, et al. Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean: results from the Larsen-93 expedition[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1995, 22(9): 1061−1064., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535543812317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=McLaughlin F A, Carmack E C, Macdonald R W, et al. Physical and geochemical properties across the Atlantic/Pacific water mass front in the southern Canadian Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1996, 101(C1): 1183−1197., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535652864222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Coachman L K, Tripp R B. Currents north of Bering Strait in winter[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1970, 15(4): 625−632., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535803859171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=艾松涛, 陈一凡, 桂大伟, 等. 中国历次极地考察航线及破冰船航行特征分析(1984−2019)[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2021, 46(3): 1−9., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323535875162342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ai Songtao, Chen Yifan, Gui Dawei, et al. Characteristics analysis on polar voyage routes and navigation of Chinese icebreakers (1984−2019)[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2021, 46(3): 1−9., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536047128812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王锚婷, 王朝晖, 雷明丹, 等. 冰藻在北冰洋生态系统中的重要性及其对全球变暖的响应[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2021, 40(4): 550−554., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536139403508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Maoting, Wang Zhaohui, Lei Mingdan, et al. The importance of ice algae in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem and their responses to the global warming[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2021, 40(4): 550−554., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536219095290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song Hongjun, Ji Rubao, Jin Meibing, et al. Strong and regionally distinct links between ice-retreat timing and phytoplankton production in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2021, 66(6): 2498−2508., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536332341499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周天军, 邹立维, 陈晓龙. 第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)评述[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(5): 445−456., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536437199103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Tianjun, Zou Liwei, Chen Xiaolong. Commentary on the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6)[J]. Climate Change Research, 2019, 15(5): 445−456., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536563028224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sellar A A, Jones C G, Mulcahy J P, et al. UKESM1: description and evaluation of the U. K. Earth System Model[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(12): 4513−4558., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536651108613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Adcroft A, Anderson W, Balaji V, et al. The GFDL global ocean and sea ice model OM4.0: model description and simulation features[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(10): 3167−3211., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536743383306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Swart N C, Cole J N S, Kharin V V, et al. The Canadian earth system model version 5 (CanESM5.0. 3)[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2019, 12(11): 4823−4873., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536831463694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mulcahy J P, Johnson C, Jones C G, et al. Description and evaluation of aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2020, 13(12): 6383−6423., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536911155474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Yaman, Dong Xinyi, Wang Minghuai, et al. Analysis of secondary organic aerosol simulation bias in the Community Earth System Model (CESM2.1)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021, 21(10): 8003−8021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323536986652950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hague M, Vichi M. A link between CMIP5 phytoplankton phenology and sea ice in the Atlantic Southern Ocean[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45(13): 6566−6575., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537074733339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Names and Limits of Oceans and Seas[M]. Monaco: International Hydrographic Bureau, 2002., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537175396640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Polyakov I V, Bhatt U S, Walsh J E, et al. Recent oceanic changes in the Arctic in the context of long-term observations[J]. Ecological Applications, 2013, 23(8): 1745−1764., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537305420071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ziehn T, Chamberlain M A, Law R M, et al. The Australian earth system model: ACCESS-ESM1.5[J]. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, 2020, 70(1): 193−214., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537393500459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Danabasoglu G, Lamarque J F, Bacmeister J, et al. The community earth system model version 2 (CESM2)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(2): e2019MS001916., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537515135283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lovato T, Peano D, Butenschön M, et al. CMIP6 simulations with the CMCC earth system model (CMCC-ESM2)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2022, 14(3): e2021MS002814., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537586438457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Séférian R, Nabat P, Michou M, et al. Evaluation of CNRM earth system model, CNRM-ESM2-1: role of earth system processes in present-day and future climate[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(12): 4182−4227., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323537678713149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sospedra-Alfonso R, Merryfield W J, Boer G J, et al. Decadal climate predictions with the Canadian Earth system model version 5 (CanESM5)[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2021, 14(11): 6863−6891., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323538949587267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dunne J P, Horowitz L W, Adcroft A J, et al. The GFDL Earth System Model version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM 4.1): overall coupled model description and simulation characteristics[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(11): e2019MS002015., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539096387915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Boucher O, Servonnat J, Albright A L, et al. Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(7): e2019MS002010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539205439823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hajima T, Watanabe M, Yamamoto A, et al. Development of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2020, 13(5): 2197−2244., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539310297428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Müller W A, Jungclaus J H, Mauritsen T, et al. A higher-resolution version of the max planck institute earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-HR)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2018, 10(7): 1383−1413., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539419349334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Forster P M, Maycock A C, McKenna C M, et al. Latest climate models confirm need for urgent mitigation[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(1): 7−10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539511624025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Comiso J C, Meier W N, Gersten R. Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: results from different techniques[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(8): 6883−6900., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539620675936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maritorena S, Siegel D A. Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005, 94(4): 429−440., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539712950627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deser C, Walsh J E, Timlin M S. Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends[J]. Journal of Climate, 2000, 13(3): 617−633., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539826196842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taylor K E. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D7): 7183−7192., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539901694318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Yun, Ji Rubao, Jenouvrier S, et al. Synchronicity between ice retreat and phytoplankton bloom in circum-Antarctic polynyas[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43(5): 2086−2093., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323539985580405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=40, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Forsythe W C, Rykiel Jr E J, Stahl R S, et al. A model comparison for daylength as a function of latitude and day of year[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1995, 80(1): 87−95., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540090438013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=41, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peralta-Ferriz C, Woodgate R A. Seasonal and interannual variability of pan-Arctic surface mixed layer properties from 1979 to 2012 from hydrographic data, and the dominance of stratification for multiyear mixed layer depth shoaling[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 134: 19−53., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540170129793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=42, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=庞小平, 胡晓坤, 季青, 等. 北冰洋叶绿素a及初级生产力遥感反演研究进展[J]. 极地研究, 2022, 34(1): 1−10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540287570313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=43, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pang Xiaoping, Hu Xiaokun, Ji Qing, et al. Research progress on remote sensing retrieval of chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2022, 34(1): 1−10., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540367262093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=44, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈建芳, 金海燕, 白有成, 等. 北极快速变化的生态环境响应[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(10): 22−31., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540463731090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=45, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Jianfang, Jin Haiyan, Bai Youcheng, et al. Marine ecological and environmental responses to the Arctic rapid change[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(10): 22−31., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540572782999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=46, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lewis K M, Arrigo K R. Ocean color algorithms for estimating chlorophyll a, CDOM absorption, and particle backscattering in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(6): e2019JC015706., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540753138076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=47, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐秋栋. 应用多元统计分析[J]. 工业工程与管理, 2014, 19(1): 22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540841218463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=48, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu Qiudong. Applied multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Industrial Engineering and Management, 2014, 19(1): 22., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323540933493158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=49, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carranza M M, Gille S T. Southern Ocean wind-driven entrainment enhances satellite chlorophyll-a through the summer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2015, 120(1): 304−323., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541076099495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=50, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang S, Bailey D, Lindsay K, et al. Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity[J]. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11(17): 4713−4731., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541168374188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=51, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sallée J B, Shuckburgh E, Bruneau N, et al. Assessment of Southern Ocean water mass circulation and characteristics in CMIP5 models: historical bias and forcing response[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2013, 118(4): 1830−1844., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541269037490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=52, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fauchereau N, Tagliabue A, Bopp L, et al. The response of phytoplankton biomass to transient mixing events in the Southern Ocean[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(17): L17601., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541369700788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=46, rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cavanagh R D, Murphy E J, Bracegirdle T J, et al. A synergistic approach for evaluating climate model output for ecological applications[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017, 4: 308., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541474558393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Boyd P W. Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton processes in the Southern Ocean1[J]. Journal of Phycology, 2002, 38(5): 844−861., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541566833085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=柯长青, 金鑫, 沈校熠, 等. 南北极海冰变化及其影响因素的对比分析[J]. 极地研究, 2020, 32(1): 1−12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541659107780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=48, rfOrder=56, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ke Changqing, Jin Xin, Shen Xiaoyi, et al. Comparison of Antarctic and Arctic sea ice variations and their impact factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2020, 32(1): 1−12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541772353989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邱博, 张录军, 储敏, 等. 气候系统模式对于北极海冰模拟分析[J]. 极地研究, 2015, 27(1): 47−55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323541914960332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiu Bo, Zhang Lujun, Chu Min, et al. Performance analysis of Arctic sea ice simulation in climate system models[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2015, 27(1): 47−55., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323542024012241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏皓, 赵伟, 罗晓凡, 等. 北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟[J]. 海洋学报, 2019, 41(9): 65−79., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323542116286936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=50, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei Hao, Zhao Wei, Luo Xiaofan, et al. Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019, 41(9): 65−79., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323542200173018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin Meibing, Popova E E, Zhang Jinlun, et al. Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 934−948., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543445881310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=52, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cullen J J. The deep chlorophyll maximum: comparing vertical profiles of chlorophyll a[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1982, 39(5): 791−803., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543538156001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=53, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Martin J, Tremblay J É, Gagnon J, et al. Prevalence, structure and properties of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in Canadian Arctic waters[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2010, 412: 69−84., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543613653476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=54, rfOrder=64, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arrigo K R, Mills M M, van Dijken G L, et al. Late spring nitrate distributions beneath the ice-covered northeastern Chukchi Shelf[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2017, 122(9): 2409−2417., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543697539561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=65, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ardyna M, Babin M, Gosselin M, et al. Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(17): 6207−6212., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543802397165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=66, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Harrison W G, Cota G F. Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability[J]. Polar Research, 1991, 10(1): 87−104., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543907254769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=67, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stein R, MacDonald R W. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean[M]. New York: Springer, 2004., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323543995335157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=58, rfOrder=68, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ardyna M, Gosselin M, Michel C, et al. Environmental forcing of phytoplankton community structure and function in the Canadian High Arctic: contrasting oligotrophic and eutrophic regions[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2011, 442: 37−57., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323544091804151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=59, rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Michel C, Hamilton J, Hansen E, et al. Arctic Ocean outflow shelves in the changing Arctic: a review and perspectives[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 139: 66−88., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215323544171495930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=70, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tremblay J É, Anderson L G, Matrai P, et al. Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 139: 171−196., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215323534478459032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176225);上海市浦江人才计划(20PJ1403100);上海市“科技创新行动计划”自然科学基金(20ZR416300);上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(21JC402500)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215323527385891695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527390086000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527385891695, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527490749304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527499137912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527490749304, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527562052476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527570441086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527562052476, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 202162)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527666910084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527675298694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527666910084, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527767573388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527775961998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527767573388, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215323527864042389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215323527876625301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, companyId=1215323527864042389, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215323531395645469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Division of the study area, figureFileSmall=orMw2Gcra3AI2jVXiYcU+g==, figureFileBig=z9wjtcrXC/2ZNVdXCrpXlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531483725859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域划分, figureFileSmall=orMw2Gcra3AI2jVXiYcU+g==, figureFileBig=z9wjtcrXC/2ZNVdXCrpXlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531580194858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Technology road of this study, figureFileSmall=erbQEedc24D55JeKM3OpXg==, figureFileBig=TkLV8SjNmoPj2bWM+oRhZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531689246767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图2, caption=本研究的技术方法, figureFileSmall=erbQEedc24D55JeKM3OpXg==, figureFileBig=TkLV8SjNmoPj2bWM+oRhZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531773132851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Mean sea ice concentration in the Barents Sea, figureFileSmall=ga45Q3dF94v920IE6adyGQ==, figureFileBig=cEMmyWHjJVBa4LhLAC/cRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531836047416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图3, caption=巴伦支海多年平均海冰密集度分布, figureFileSmall=ga45Q3dF94v920IE6adyGQ==, figureFileBig=cEMmyWHjJVBa4LhLAC/cRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323531911544896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Mean sea ice concentration in the Chukchi Sea (65°−70°N) and Bering Sea (55°−65°N), figureFileSmall=Eslktzf46Dej5yvDZz/kqQ==, figureFileBig=d5FlMfeNIJBNdUKyDtxCYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532008013892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图4, caption=楚科奇海(65°~70°N)及白令海(55°~65°N)多年平均海冰密集度分布, figureFileSmall=Eslktzf46Dej5yvDZz/kqQ==, figureFileBig=d5FlMfeNIJBNdUKyDtxCYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532104482888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Taylor diagram of CMIP6 model simulations of 30-year seasonal mean sea ice distribution in the Barents Sea (a), Chukchi Sea (b), and Bering Sea (c), figureFileSmall=F+9OKWhFUmAmIlsGw/pAww==, figureFileBig=L+6JngsXlDW6t26MKQbIXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532179980367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图5, caption=CMIP6模式模拟巴伦支海(a)、楚科奇海(b)和白令海(c)30年平均海冰空间能力的泰勒图, figureFileSmall=F+9OKWhFUmAmIlsGw/pAww==, figureFileBig=L+6JngsXlDW6t26MKQbIXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532284837975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Monthly climatology of sea ice area, light duration under ice, mixed layer depth, surface nitrate concentration, and surface chlorophyll a concentration in the Barents Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Bering Sea, figureFileSmall=MBKKd0w8luZkalx6R+pUwQ==, figureFileBig=/1hPDpfqKIuGY1g+fXvypQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532360335449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图6, caption=海冰面积、冰下光照时长、混合层深度、表层硝酸盐浓度和表层叶绿素a浓度在巴伦支海、楚科奇海和白令海的气候态月平均曲线, figureFileSmall=MBKKd0w8luZkalx6R+pUwQ==, figureFileBig=/1hPDpfqKIuGY1g+fXvypQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532473581666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Simulation and grouping of earth system model parameters in the Barents Sea (a), Chukchi Sea (b), and Bering Sea (c), figureFileSmall=WXDy7pVWEmvts8FYbyInOg==, figureFileBig=2zQBK/bIyMnLVmVYRhVU0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532574244966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=图7, caption=巴伦支海(a)、楚科奇海(b)和白令海(c)地球系统模式参数模拟情况与分组, figureFileSmall=WXDy7pVWEmvts8FYbyInOg==, figureFileBig=2zQBK/bIyMnLVmVYRhVU0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215323532649742442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

List of eleven earth system models and their configuration characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称国家主要耦合模块网格数
(经向 × 纬向 × 垂向)
参考文献
ACCESS-ESM1-5澳大利亚大气、气溶胶、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 300 × 50Ziehn等[21]
CESM2美国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架320 × 384 × 60Danabasoglu[22]
CMCC-ESM2意大利大气、气溶胶、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 292 × 50Lovato等[23]
CNRM-ESM2-1法国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 294 × 75Séférian等[24]
CanESM5加拿大大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架360 × 290 × 45Sospedra-Alfonso等[25]
GFDL-ESM4美国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架720 × 576 × 75Dunne等[26]
IPSL-CM6A-LR法国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 332 × 75Boucher等[27]
MIROC-ES2L日本大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 256 × 63Hajima等[28]
MPI-ESM1-2-HR德国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化802 × 404 × 40Müller等[29]
MPI-ESM1-2-LR德国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化256 × 220 × 40Müller等[29]
UKESM1-0-LL英国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 330 × 75Froster等[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532716851315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所选取的11种地球系统模式及其配置特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式名称国家主要耦合模块网格数
(经向 × 纬向 × 垂向)
参考文献
ACCESS-ESM1-5澳大利亚大气、气溶胶、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 300 × 50Ziehn等[21]
CESM2美国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架320 × 384 × 60Danabasoglu[22]
CMCC-ESM2意大利大气、气溶胶、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 292 × 50Lovato等[23]
CNRM-ESM2-1法国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 294 × 75Séférian等[24]
CanESM5加拿大大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架360 × 290 × 45Sospedra-Alfonso等[25]
GFDL-ESM4美国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化、冰架720 × 576 × 75Dunne等[26]
IPSL-CM6A-LR法国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化362 × 332 × 75Boucher等[27]
MIROC-ES2L日本大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 256 × 63Hajima等[28]
MPI-ESM1-2-HR德国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化802 × 404 × 40Müller等[29]
MPI-ESM1-2-LR德国大气、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化256 × 220 × 40Müller等[29]
UKESM1-0-LL英国大气、气溶胶、大气化学、海洋、陆地、海冰、海洋生地化360 × 330 × 75Froster等[30]
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532830097531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Root mean square errors of monthly mean indices derived from CMIP6 ESMs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区模式名称冰下日照时长/h表层硝酸盐浓度/
(mmol·m−3
混合层变化速率/
(m·mon−1
表层叶绿素a浓度/
(mg·m−3
叶绿素a浓度峰值
出现月份
巴伦支海ACCESS-ESM1-50.5185.6337.950.477
CESM21.8781.1528.470.736−7
CMCC-ESM22.5681.5648.980.475
CNRM-ESM2-10.3495.3532.760.256
CanESM53.1903.5128.040.235
GFDL-ESM40.7891.0030.050.185
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.7691.4729.840.125
MIROC-ES2L0.9043.0151.430.406
MPI-ESM1-2-HR0.8881.1835.750.906−7
MPI-ESM1-2-LR0.8784.2138.910.495
UKESM1-0-LL4.5131.2938.360.266
楚科奇海ACCESS-ESM1-50.81916.8916.610.327
CESM20.8642.9511.870.786
CMCC-ESM22.5995.1112.920.756
CNRM-ESM2-11.5763.8111.200.467−8
CanESM53.0704.4310.760.186
GFDL-ESM42.0166.3310.251.766
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.6934.8010.730.249
MIROC-ES2L1.7763.0812.290.196
MPI-ESM1-2-HR1.0864.4611.331.567
MPI-ESM1-2-LR2.6546.2210.820.457
UKESM1-0-LL3.43819.0414.170.556
白令海ACCESS-ESM1-50.64213.3114.480.537
CESM21.3274.6112.421.335
CMCC-ESM21.4398.5815.950.365
CNRM-ESM2-10.6667.4814.380.205
CanESM51.8616.1516.560.404
GFDL-ESM40.6305.5711.760.515
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.8679.3011.870.285
MIROC-ES2L0.5254.5513.760.326
MPI-ESM1-2-HR0.4852.8614.551.816
MPI-ESM1-2-LR1.3403.9911.500.595
UKESM1-0-LL3.6359.0415.640.395
), ArticleFig(id=1215323532922372225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CMIP6地球系统模式月平均指标的均方根误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区模式名称冰下日照时长/h表层硝酸盐浓度/
(mmol·m−3
混合层变化速率/
(m·mon−1
表层叶绿素a浓度/
(mg·m−3
叶绿素a浓度峰值
出现月份
巴伦支海ACCESS-ESM1-50.5185.6337.950.477
CESM21.8781.1528.470.736−7
CMCC-ESM22.5681.5648.980.475
CNRM-ESM2-10.3495.3532.760.256
CanESM53.1903.5128.040.235
GFDL-ESM40.7891.0030.050.185
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.7691.4729.840.125
MIROC-ES2L0.9043.0151.430.406
MPI-ESM1-2-HR0.8881.1835.750.906−7
MPI-ESM1-2-LR0.8784.2138.910.495
UKESM1-0-LL4.5131.2938.360.266
楚科奇海ACCESS-ESM1-50.81916.8916.610.327
CESM20.8642.9511.870.786
CMCC-ESM22.5995.1112.920.756
CNRM-ESM2-11.5763.8111.200.467−8
CanESM53.0704.4310.760.186
GFDL-ESM42.0166.3310.251.766
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.6934.8010.730.249
MIROC-ES2L1.7763.0812.290.196
MPI-ESM1-2-HR1.0864.4611.331.567
MPI-ESM1-2-LR2.6546.2210.820.457
UKESM1-0-LL3.43819.0414.170.556
白令海ACCESS-ESM1-50.64213.3114.480.537
CESM21.3274.6112.421.335
CMCC-ESM21.4398.5815.950.365
CNRM-ESM2-10.6667.4814.380.205
CanESM51.8616.1516.560.404
GFDL-ESM40.6305.5711.760.515
IPSL-CM6A-LR0.8679.3011.870.285
MIROC-ES2L0.5254.5513.760.326
MPI-ESM1-2-HR0.4852.8614.551.816
MPI-ESM1-2-LR1.3403.9911.500.595
UKESM1-0-LL3.6359.0415.640.395
), ArticleFig(id=1215323533006258307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Grouping of CMIP6 ESMs based on K-means clustering and corresponding centroids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区组别模式质心坐标
巴伦支海第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR、
UKESM1-0-LL
(1.429,3.532,36.743)
第二组CMCC-ESM2、MIROC-ES2L(1.736,2.286,50.208)
第三组CESM2、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、
IPSL-CM6A-LR
(1.657,1.779,29.097)
楚科奇海第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、UKESM1-0-LL(1.432,4.035,11.725)
第二组CESM2、CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、IPSL-CM6A-LR、MIROC-ES2L、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR
(2.128,17.961,15.394)
第三组CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、
MPI-ESM1-2-LR
(2.583,5.523,10.615)
白令海第一组CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、
CanESM5、UKESM1-0-LL
(1.900,7.812,15.631)
第二组ACCESS-ESM1-5、IPSL-CM6A-LR(0.755,11.305,13.178)
第三组CESM2、GFDL-ESM4、MIROC-ES2L、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR
(0.861,4.318,12.798)
), ArticleFig(id=1215323533102727308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1212062361251352930, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

K均值聚类对CMIP6模式分组结果与相应质心

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海区组别模式质心坐标
巴伦支海第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR、
UKESM1-0-LL
(1.429,3.532,36.743)
第二组CMCC-ESM2、MIROC-ES2L(1.736,2.286,50.208)
第三组CESM2、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、
IPSL-CM6A-LR
(1.657,1.779,29.097)
楚科奇海第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、UKESM1-0-LL(1.432,4.035,11.725)
第二组CESM2、CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、IPSL-CM6A-LR、MIROC-ES2L、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR
(2.128,17.961,15.394)
第三组CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、
MPI-ESM1-2-LR
(2.583,5.523,10.615)
白令海第一组CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、
CanESM5、UKESM1-0-LL
(1.900,7.812,15.631)
第二组ACCESS-ESM1-5、IPSL-CM6A-LR(0.755,11.305,13.178)
第三组CESM2、GFDL-ESM4、MIROC-ES2L、
MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR
(0.861,4.318,12.798)
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1146441459026210850, delFlag=0, nameCn=海洋学报, nameEn=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4193, eissn=null, cn=11-2055/P, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=否, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1751262543687, updatedTime=1761729782936, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=H, firstLetterEn=H, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, subjectName=Natural Sciences, subjectCodeEn=Natural Sciences, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, picEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190344242636624294, language=CN, name=海洋学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, createdTime=1761729782971, updatedTime=1761729782971, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190344242712121767, language=EN, name=Haiyang Xuebao, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=http://www.aosocean.com/, createdTime=1761729782989, updatedTime=1761729782989, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/author/login.aspx, submissionEditorUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/login.aspx, submissionReviewUrl=http://www.hyxb.org.cn/aos/ch/auditor/login.aspx, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1149651085930835976, websiteList=[Website(id=1188165202219512001, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761210259251, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210330879, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=海洋学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166688563413602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210613623, updateTime=1761210613623, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688538247775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210613617, updateTime=1761210613617, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688529859166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210613615, updateTime=1761210613615, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688555024993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761210613621, updateTime=1761210613621, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688546636384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761210613619, updateTime=1761210613619, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688575996515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210613626, updateTime=1761210613626, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166688596968036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202219512001, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210613631, updateTime=1761210613631, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1188165202282426564, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1149651085930835976, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761210259266, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761210377920, updateBy=18614031015, name=海洋学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Haiyang Xuebao, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1188166798101856873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761210639739, updateTime=1761210639739, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798076691046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761210639733, updateTime=1761210639733, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798068302437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=BDEio/cxHnid8OD4QxrAYQ==, createTime=1761210639731, updateTime=1761210639731, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798093468264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761210639737, updateTime=1761210639737, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798085079655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761210639735, updateTime=1761210639735, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798106051178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761210639740, updateTime=1761210639740, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1188166798110245483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1188165202282426564, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761210639741, updateTime=1761210639741, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=海洋学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=http://www.hyxbocean.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Haiyang Xuebao, journalPhotoCn=uYi7hkkrve+l8pIcwqcaQQ==, journalPhotoEn=C0WLQb7uW3ok8EkkVOAGuw==, journalFirstLetter=H, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2023115, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/10.12284/hyxb2023115, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2023115, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/EN/PDF/10.12284/hyxb2023115, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
基于CMIP6模式分析北极典型海区浮游植物藻华模拟误差
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨美晴 1 , 冯志轩 1, 2, * , 宋洪军 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(7): 40-55
收起
收藏切换
海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(7): 40-55
基于CMIP6模式分析北极典型海区浮游植物藻华模拟误差
全屏
杨美晴1 , 冯志轩1, 2, * , 宋洪军3
作者信息
  • 1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 202162
  • 3 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 杨美晴(1998-),女,吉林省吉林市人,从事北冰洋生态系统过程与机制研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*冯志轩,男,研究员,从事海洋多尺度物理与生态耦合过程的观测和模拟研究。E-mail:
Analyze simulation errors of phytoplankton blooms in typical Arctic seas based on CMIP6 models
Meiqing Yang1 , Zhixuan Feng1, 2, * , Hongjun Song3
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China
  • 3Key Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
出版时间: 2023-07-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023115
文章导航
收藏切换

在海冰覆盖的极地海区,浮游植物季节性藻华变化呈现典型的单峰特征。由于藻华过程受控于海冰、光照、混合层深度和营养盐供给等多个因素,其发生时间和强度在地球系统模式模拟结果中存在较大的不确定性。本研究选取11种CMIP6地球系统模式结果,以多种类型的观测资料和产品作为判断参考值,评估各模式结果能否准确模拟北极典型海区(巴伦支海、楚科奇海及白令海)浮游植物藻华动态的变化规律。通过计算能表征光照和营养盐限制的多个指标,分析表层叶绿素a浓度模拟结果的误差来源。结果表明,依据冰下光照时长、混合层变化速率、表层硝酸盐指标将11种模式分为3组,与参考值指标差异较小组别中的模式在藻华模拟方面明显占优,而其余模式在表层硝酸盐或混合层变化的模拟上存在较大误差,导致表层叶绿素a浓度峰值的发生时间延后且峰值浓度误差大。总体而言,地球系统模式配置中除要考虑光照和营养盐这两种基础限制条件外,也需关注由温盐控制的上混合层深度,从而准确模拟出表层叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化规律,上述研究为地球系统模式中相关参数化方案的改进提供了参考。

北冰洋  /  海冰  /  浮游植物藻华  /  上混合层  /  地球系统模式  /  第六次耦合模式比较计划

Phytoplankton blooms in polar regions with seasonal sea ice cover show a unimodal seasonality. However, the bloom processes are controlled by multiple physical and biogeochemical factors, including sea ice, light availability, mixed layer depth, and nutrients; those may result in great uncertainties in simulating phytoplankton bloom by the Earth System Models (ESMs). In this study, the results of 11 Coupled Model Intercomparison Phase-6 (CMIP6) ESMs were analyzed and evaluated with various types of observational products in order to determine whether those ESMs can correctly model the phytoplankton blooms in three Arctic shelf seas, Barents Sea, Chukchi Sea, and Bering Sea. By calculating multiple indices that represent light and nutrient limitations, the error sources of simulated surface chlorophyll a concentrations were comprehensively analyzed. Our results show that the 11 ESMs can be divided into three groups based on ice-adjusted photoperiod, rate of change of mixed layer depth, and surface nitrate concentration. Some groups are characterized by the smallest bias between modeled indices and observation-based reference, and those ESMs perform best in simulating phytoplankton bloom characteristics. The other groups of ESMs differ significantly from the reference values in terms of surface nitrate and/or rate of change of mixed layer depth, resulting in delayed occurrences of annual chlorophyll a peak concentration and greater differences in corresponding peak values. In general, in addition to the two primary constraints of light and nutrients, the ESMs should also well represent the upper mixed layer controlled by temperature and salinity distributions, so as to accurately simulate the seasonal variation of surface chlorophyll a concentration. The above analyses indicate ESMs can be used in assessing polar planktonic ecosystems, and there is room for improving ecosystem-related parametrization in future ESM development.

Arctic Ocean  /  sea ice  /  phytoplankton bloom  /  upper mixed layer  /  earth system models  /  CMIP6
杨美晴, 冯志轩, 宋洪军. 基于CMIP6模式分析北极典型海区浮游植物藻华模拟误差. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (7) : 40 -55 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023115
Meiqing Yang, Zhixuan Feng, Hongjun Song. Analyze simulation errors of phytoplankton blooms in typical Arctic seas based on CMIP6 models[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (7) : 40 -55 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023115
近年来随着北极气候的快速变化,北大西洋和北太平洋的洋流和热量输运对北极海冰分布影响显著。巴伦支海、楚科奇海与白令海作为北极受外来暖水影响最显著的海区,对全球气候变化的响应十分敏感[1-4]。巴伦支海、楚科奇海与白令海都具有强烈的平流机制,季节性融冰、温暖的亚北极入流水等共性特征,使其具有相似的浮游植物生长环境[2, 5-8]。同时,巴伦支海、楚科奇海与白令海作为重要的入流型高纬度海区,也是近年来北极科考重点关注的海域。在北极快速变化的背景下,北极典型陆架海区生态系统如何快速响应和反馈,是当前全球变化研究的前沿问题,也是社会经济发展的热点问题[2, 9]
浮游植物初级生产力是维持海洋生态系统运转的基石。作为初级生产者,浮游植物是大多数海洋生物食物网的基础,对于北极生态系统中高营养级的生存和发展具有重要影响[10]。考虑到地域差异性、季节变化以及气体和水体交换等多重因素,现场观测很难全面掌握北冰洋的浮游植物生产状况,而地球系统模式与卫星遥感和再分析数据资料是进行浮游植物藻华分析的重要手段之一[11]
在世界气候研究计划(World Climate Research Program, WCRP)的推动下,参与第六次耦合模式比较计划(Coupled Model Intercomparision Project Phase 6, CMIP6)的众多地球系统模式发展迅速。各模式在时空分辨率、理化参数方案、耦合器技术和并行计算能力等方面有显著提高,为开展极地海域浮游植物生长与海冰变化过程的研究分析提供了可能[12]。目前,CMIP6地球系统模式在极地海冰动力过程模拟方面运用不同复杂程度的海冰模块,而生物地球化学循环也是CMIP6模式重点拓展的功能模块之一[13-15]。其中,不同时空尺度下的生物地球化学循环模型依赖于海洋食物链关系,而浮游植物作为初级生产者,其提供的生物量是生态系统运转的基础。诸多模式在一定程度上可以模拟出浮游植物与所处环境间的相互作用,这对预测北冰洋生态系统如何快速响应气候变化具有重要意义[16-17]
多源卫星遥感技术与观测再分析资料的应用,为海洋信息的反演获取、指标评估、过程和机理研究提供了便利,也有助于改进地球系统模式的海冰、海洋、生物地球化学等模块。在南极毗邻大西洋海域,Hague和Vichi[18]结合卫星资料与11种CMIP5地球系统模型结果,探讨了季节性海冰以及混合层偏差对该海域浮游植物物候的影响,为南大洋浮游植物的变化研究提供了重要的推理假说。但是,由于海洋动力过程复杂多变,海冰分布、混合层、营养盐等多个因素的地域性差异明显,导致地球系统模式对浮游植物藻华的模拟结果也存在较大差别。因此,本文通过获取同时模拟海冰、海洋环流和生物地球化学循环的11种CMIP6地球系统模式模拟结果,将不同类型的观测资料作为参考,判断不同地球系统模式能否准确表征北极典型海区(包括巴伦支海、楚科奇海与季节性海冰覆盖的白令海中北部)的浮游植物藻华规律,并且评估不同地球系统模式在模拟海冰分布、海冰面积、冰下光照时长、混合层深度、表层叶绿素a浓度和营养盐浓度等参数上的表现,据此推断浮游植物藻华模拟的误差来源,为地球系统模式在北极海域的模拟研究提供参考。
本文分别选取位于大西洋和太平洋一侧的北极典型海区作为研究对象,由季节性海冰延伸海域范围决定选取楚科奇海与白令海中北部,海区范围参考文献[19],海洋环流参考文献[20],具体位置如图1所示。
本文以多种公开获取的海洋数据产品为参考,来对比分析地球系统模式结果在光照与营养盐限制条件和混合层变化率三方面与参考值的差异,计算了海冰面积、冰下光照时长、混合层变化速率、表层叶绿素a浓度和表层硝酸盐浓度等指标,最后运用K均值聚类分析方法,综合分析了浮游植物藻华模拟的潜在误差来源。本文采用CMIP6中10个地球系统模式总计11种实验结果,包括ACCESS-ESM1-5、CESM2、CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、IPSL-CM6A-LR、MIROC-ES2L、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR和UKESM1-0-LL。其中,MPI-ESM1-2-LR和MPI-ESM1-2-HR为同一种地球系统模式在粗细两种网格分辨率的计算结果。本文所采用的海洋数据包括:美国冰雪中心(National Snow and Ice Data Center, NSIDC)的逐日海冰密集度产品、美国国家海洋数据中心(National Oceanographic Data Center, NODC)的WOA18(World Ocean Atlas 2018)产品、欧洲航天局的GlobColour多源融合水色卫星产品。具体技术方法如图2所示。
本文采用了11种CMIP6模式结果,所选取的地球系统模式在大气、陆地、海冰和海洋环流这些基础模块之外,还包含海洋生物地球化学循环过程模块,因此可用于分析物理和生物耦合过程对于浮游植物藻华的影响,表1总结了各模式的主要配置特点。历史后报实验为1850−2014历史时期的全强迫模拟,CMIP6所有模式中历史气候实验为统一标准下的模拟强迫实验[12]。考虑到模式复杂程度和时空分辨率等因素,本文采用月平均数据资料,选取历史实验最近30年(1985−2014年)的输出结果进行分析。由于不同模式之间的网格配置和空间分辨率差异很大(表1),所有待分析的变量首先插值到0.5° × 0.5°的规则网格上,再进行后续计算。用于后续计算的模式输出变量包括:海冰密集度、海水温度、盐度、表层硝酸盐浓度和表层叶绿素a浓度。
海冰数据是由美国冰雪中心提供的1985−2014年每日海冰密集度产品(https://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0079/versions/3)。该产品的空间分辨率约为25 km,由美国国家航空航天局(NASA)研发的Bootstrap算法计算得出[31]。海冰密集度数据用于海冰覆盖面积(Sea Ice Area,SIA)与冰下光照时长I的计算。
理化观测数据为美国国家海洋数据中心新一代海洋气候态数据集WOA18产品。WOA18通过对多个数据源进行客观插值平均,提供了全球范围内规则网格下的逐月海洋数据产品。本文采用WOA18中1°分辨率的逐月海洋数据产品,选取包括温度、盐度和海水硝酸盐浓度(垂向57层),并以此为参考标准对CMIP6模拟结果进行评估。
叶绿素数据采用欧洲航天局GlobColour项目公开发布的水色卫星资料(http://hermes.acri.fr)。该产品融合多源水色卫星(包括SeaWIFS、MODIS、MERIS和VIIRS),得到全球范围内1997年至今的多种时间分辨率(每天、每8天和每月)、空间分辨率(4 km、25 km和100 km)的水色产品[32]。利用1998−2014年间每8天和100 km水平分辨率的412 nm、443 nm、490 nm、510 nm和555 nm 5个可见光波长的归一化反射率数据,计算海表叶绿素a浓度及其月平均气候态,并与11种地球系统模式结果进行对比分析。
根据Deser等[33]的海冰季节划分方法,本文定义北半球冬季为1−3月,春季为4−6月,夏季为7−9月,秋季为10−12月。对于1985−2014年间的逐月海冰密集度数据,按照季节和海域进行分析,包括3个典型海区在30年间的平均海冰分布,季节性海冰分布与卫星资料进行了标准差、相关系数的计算,归一化处理后绘制泰勒图[34],以此评估不同CMIP6模式对该海域海冰分布的模拟能力。同时通过1985−2014年间逐日海冰密集度与对应网格面积的乘积之和,计算各模式在两个海域的月平均气候态海冰面积,以及多模式集合平均,以折线图表示。
浮游植物的生长离不开光照,而高纬度海区的光照条件很大程度上受海冰调节,本研究通过计算冰下光照时长I来评估光限制对浮游植物的影响。本文参照Li等[35]冰下光照参数的计算方法,首先通过海冰密集度识别出该时间段的无冰网格点:
$ \alpha=\left\{\begin{array}{cc}1, & \phi <75 \text{%} \text {且 } h < 2\;000\;\mathrm{m} \text{,}\\0, & \text {其他}\text{,}\end{array}\right. $
式中,$ \phi $为该网格点的海冰密集度;h为对应大陆架的深度。
同时,考虑海冰覆盖和极昼−极夜的纬度地带性对有效光照的影响,引入冰下光照时长($ I_{\mathrm{s}} $)代表该位置的有效光照条件。通过冰下光照时长($ I_{\mathrm{s}} $)与日照时长($ I_{0} $)的关系式,计算得到该网格点的冰下光照时长[24]
$ I_{\mathrm{s}}=I_{0}(1-\phi) . $
I0参考Forsythe等[36]给出的固定时间和纬度的日照时长方程式:
$ \theta=0.216\;310\;8+2 {\rm{arc}} \tan \{0.967\;139\;6 \tan [0.008\;60 \times(J-186)]\} \text{,} $
$ \delta=\sin ^{-1}(0.397\;95 \cos \theta) , $
$ I_{0}=24-\dfrac{24}{\text{π}}{\rm{arc}} \cos \left(\dfrac{\sin \dfrac{p {\text{π}}}{180}+\sin \dfrac{L {\text{π}}}{180} \sin \delta}{\cos \dfrac{L {\text{π}}}{180} \cos \delta}\right) , $
式中,J为年日(1~365);$ \theta $$ \delta $分别为该日的地球自转角度与太阳高度角;L表示纬度;p表示日照系数,这里选取日出和日落时刻为太阳顶部与地平线平齐的定义,对应p值为0.833 3。通过计算网格点的每月平均日长(I0),从而得到对应格点的月平均冰下光照时长($ I_{\mathrm{s}} $)。
最后,得到特定海域范围内的月平均冰下光照时长(I):
$ I=\sum\left(\alpha I_{{\rm{s}}}\right) \left/ \sum \alpha .\right. $
得到的冰下日照时长用季节性折线图表示,计算季节变化均方根误差,以此来评估不同CMIP6模式的光照条件对于其浮游植物藻华的影响。
混合层深度是评判海洋上层垂向混合强度的重要指标,直接影响浮游植物生长量变化和营养盐供给。本研究选用CMIP6模式输出的温度和盐度计算混合层深度。以WOA18的三维规则网格(360 × 180 × 57)为标准,将所有模式的温度和盐度插值到该三维网格上,然后计算每个网格点的势密度垂向分布。虽然有些CMIP6模式中有直接输出的混合层深度变量,但考虑到不同模式的计算方法或标准未必一致,所以本文参考Peralta-Ferriz和Woodgate[37]的混合层定义:认为比海表层势密度增加0.1 kg/m3的深度即为混合层底部。此方法虽然简单,但已被证明能很好地刻画北冰洋各个海区的混合层深度[36]。通过上述方法计算得到基于WOA18参考资料和11种CMIP6模式结果及多模式集合平均的混合层深度,进而计算混合层的月变化速率。
WOA18硝酸盐产品采用三维规则网格,垂向有57个数据层,本文只选取其中的表层硝酸盐浓度数据,将11种CMIP6模式的输出变量插值到0.5° × 0.5°的规则网格之上,通过逐月数据计算得到的表层月平均硝酸盐浓度,与混合层深度季节性变化一起进行分析。
叶绿素a浓度能反映浮游植物光合作用的强弱和生物群落的生长状况[38],是浮游植物藻华的重要指标,其变化与海洋环境条件密切相关,如水体分层、光照、营养条件、浮游动物摄食等因素都能导致叶绿素a浓度的改变[39]。本研究选取欧洲航天局提供的GlobColour多源卫星融合的归一化遥感反射率来反演北冰洋叶绿素a浓度,反演算法采用Lewis和Arrigo[40]针对北冰洋开发的半解析模型算法(AO.GSM)和参数化方案。这种当地算法具有更高的叶绿素a浓度反演精度,相较于GlobColour的全球叶绿素a产品而言,能更好地反映北冰洋水体所特有的光学特性[40]
具体反演算法如下:
$ R_{\rm{RS}}=0.544\left[\dfrac{f(\lambda)}{Q(\lambda)}\right]\left\{ \dfrac{b_{\rm{bw}}(\lambda)+b_{\rm{bp}}(\lambda_0)\times \left(\dfrac{\lambda}{\lambda_0}\right)^{-S_{\rm{bbp}}}}{b_{\rm{bw}}(\lambda)+b_{\rm{bp}}(\lambda_0)\times\left(\dfrac{\lambda}{\lambda_0}\right)^{-S_{\rm{bbp}}}+a_{\rm{w}}(\lambda)+{\rm{Chl}}\;a\times a^*_{\rm{ph}}(\lambda)+a_{\rm{dg}}(\lambda_0)^{[-S_{\rm{dg}}(\lambda-\lambda_0)]} }\right\} \text{,} $
式中,0.554为海气界面的透射和反射率常数;$ f(\lambda) / Q(\lambda) $为辐射分布因子,GSM公式中取值为0.0949 sr−1$ b_{\mathrm{bw}}(\lambda) $$ a_{\rm{w}}(\lambda) $表示纯水的两项系数;$b_{\mathrm{bp}}(\lambda_0)$表示水体中各种粒子后向散射系数的总和;$a_{\rm{dg}}(\lambda_0)$表示叶绿素水体颗粒物的吸收系数;$ S_{\rm{bbp }} $为后向散射系数;$ S_{\rm{dg }} $是水体颗粒物的光谱衰减系数;$ a_{\rm{ph}}^{*} $为叶绿素a吸收系数;$ \lambda_0$为参考波段(选取为443 nm)。这里,$ S_{\rm{bbp }}$$ S_{\rm{dg }}$$ a_{\rm{ph}}^{*} (\lambda)$为GSM算法给定常数,利用$ R_{\rm{RS}}$在412 nm、443 nm、490 nm、510 nm和555 nm这5个波段的反射率,带入式(7)即可求解出叶绿素a浓度、$b_{\mathrm{bp}}(\lambda_0)$$ a_{\rm{dg}}(\lambda_0)$3个未知量。利用上述算法,得到海表叶绿素a浓度参考值,与CMIP6模式输出的表层叶绿素a浓度一同插值到0.5° × 0.5°规则网格,计算两个海域的月平均值,绘制季节性折线图,并结合冰下光照日长、营养盐、混合层等指标对11种地球系统模式进行综合分析,推测浮游植物藻华模拟的误差来源。
由于浮游植物藻华指标与光照、营养盐、混合层等多个因子密切相关,本文首先将CMIP6模式的冰下光照时长、表层硝酸盐浓度、混合层变化速率等指标的均方根误差进行排序,然后利用K均值聚类算法对其进行分组,以此说明不同模式对浮游植物藻华模拟的潜在误差来源。
K均值聚类算法是根据给定的n个数据对象的数据集,构建k个划分聚类的方法,每个划分聚类即为一个簇。具体算法如下:随机选择k个数据对象,每个数据对象代表一个簇中心,即选择k个初始中心;对剩余的每个对象,根据其与各簇中心的相似度(距离),将它赋给与其最相似的簇中心对应的簇;然后重新计算每个簇中所有对象的平均值,作为新的簇中心。重复迭代上述过程,直到准则函数收敛,也就是簇中心不发生明显的变化。这种算法的优点显著,能够根据较少的已知聚类样本的类别确定样本的分类,同时具有优化迭代功能,并对小样本数据具有针对性[41]
海冰密集度是地球系统模式最重要的参数之一,其反映的海冰分布则是极地海区相关研究的基础,对于海域内海洋动力过程和生态系统等的模拟都起到至关重要的作用[42-43],所以海冰分布的准确性将直接影响其他物理和生物地球化学过程的模拟效果。图3图4分别为卫星和11种CMIP6模式所反映的巴伦支海、楚科奇海及白令海中北部海域多年平均气候态(1985−2014年)海冰分布状况。卫星资料显示,由于大西洋入流暖水的影响,巴伦支海的海冰主要分布在72°N以北区域,72°~80°N为季节性海冰,而80°N以北主要是多年冰,同一纬度海冰密集度差异不明显。在巴伦支海,CNRM-ESM2-1、MPI-ESM1-2-HR和MPI-ESM1-2-LR模式能够很好地模拟出海冰分布的气候态特征。在楚科奇海与白令海中北部,季节性海冰的纬度跨度较大,且海冰密集度分布不均匀,具体呈现北方海冰密集,南方稀疏的分布特征。各个地球系统模式在该海域的差异不明显。大部分模式能模拟出该海区的海冰分布特征,但部分模式存在显著的低估(如CMCC-ESM2和CNRM-ESM2-1)或高估(如UKESM1-0-LL和CanESM5)。
同一地球系统模式结果在不同海域的模拟表现可能有所不同。图5为3个海区的春季和夏季海冰模拟能力的泰勒图(图中标准差数值已归一化处理)。巴伦支海域,海冰分布特征整体表现较好的模式有:CNRM-ESM2-1、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR,与观测数据的偏差相对较小,相关系数都较高,在0.9以上,同时归一化后的标准差在1.0附近,这3种地球系统模式的数据离散程度与参考海冰分布数据相似,有较高的海冰分布模拟准确度。但同时CMCC-ESM2模式明显低估了巴伦支海域的海冰密集度,与参考资料的相关性较低,标准差较大。CanESM5和UKESM1-0-LL模式则明显高估了巴伦支海的海冰分布,与参考资料的海冰密集度空间分布数值范围内不吻合。在楚科奇海域与白令海域(图5b图5c),结合对应泰勒图可以发现,两个海域海冰密集度空间分布较好的模式分别为MPI-ESM1-2-HR与ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、GFDL-ESM4。结果发现,所选取模式无法准确模拟出近大西洋所选海域的夏季海冰分布,存在较大误差,同时由于楚科奇海域季节性海冰存在时长较久,横跨春、秋、冬3季,导致大部分海区均被海冰覆盖,模式在模拟中无法准确描述中高浓度海冰具体分布,与参考海冰密集度在标准差方面存在较大差异。在季节性海冰覆盖的白令海区,模式在春、冬季海冰分布模拟较为准确,夏季则较差。总体来讲,在楚科奇海与白令海,CMCC-ESM2模式仍然明显低估了观测的海冰密集度,CanESM5和UKESM1-0-LL模式也与观测有较大偏差,明显高估了海域内的海冰密集度分布。
在巴伦支海,虽然多数模式模拟的海冰面积与参考值相比存在一定的偏差,但都在3月达到极大值,9月达到极小值,与参考资料的季节性变化规律一致(图6a)。其中,UKESM1与CanESM5模拟的海冰面积在所有季节均偏大,而CMCC-ESM2模拟的海冰面积显著偏小,在巴伦支海域有4个月的夏季无冰期。从海冰面积季节性变化的均方根误差来看,对巴伦支海的季节性变化模拟最好的模式为MPI-ESM1-2-HR和MPI-ESM1-2-LR,其均方根误差分别为0.49 × 105 km2与0.59 × 105 km2,同时CNRM-ESM2-1的均方根误差也较小,季节性变化模拟较准确,多模式平均与这3种模式较为接近。整体而言,相较于巴伦支海,11种CMIP6模式对楚科奇与白令海中北部海区的海冰面积模拟效果更好(图6b图6c)。其中,GFDL-ESM4模拟最好,表现为均方根误差最小,其次为IPSL-CM6A-LR、CNRM-ESM2-1,多模式集合平均与实际海冰面积也较为接近。
在邻近大西洋的巴伦支海、太平洋一侧的楚科奇海和白令海,冰下光照时长的极大值分别出现在8月、7月与6月(图6d图6f)。在巴伦支海(图6d),除CMCC-ESM2显著高估了春夏两季的平均冰下光照时长,CanESM5、CESM2和UKESM1由于高估了海冰密集度,导致夏秋两季的光照时长偏低,其余模式与参考值相比误差均较小,大多在5−9月与参考值有些偏差,其中CNRM-ESM2-1与参考值的均方根误差仅为0.35 h,季节性变化的模拟效果最好,同时多模式集合平均与参考的差异也较小。在楚科奇海与白令海(图6e图6f),部分模式冰下光照时长与参考值存在一定误差,其中CMCC-ESM2(CanESM5和UKESM1-0-LL)在两个海域表现一致,都明显高估(低估)了海域内平均冰下光照时长。总体而言,在冰下光照时长模拟方面,白令海与楚科奇海表现较好的模式有MPI-ESM1-2-HR、ACCESS-ESM1-5与MIROC-ES2L,而多模式集合平均与参考值也较为吻合。
混合层深度是评判海洋上层混合强度的重要指标,也与浮游植物生物量的累积和消退过程密切相关。有研究发现,地球系统模式在混合层深度的模拟上差异较大,而混合层偏浅与过量的淡水输入有关,这往往会阻碍冬季的深层对流[44]。混合的减弱也会直接影响浮游植物叶绿素a浓度的模拟,因为光照和营养盐在很大程度上受水体混合的控制[45-47]。无论是巴伦支海还是楚科奇海或是白令海(图6g图6i),WOA18的混合层深度都在3月达到峰值后显著下降,7月达到谷值后缓慢上升。相比较而言,MIROC-ES2L、ACCESS-ESM1-5、CMCC-ESM2在两个海域都明显高估了混合层深度。绝大多数CMIP6模式的混合层深度在参考值变化范围内,但不能模拟出混合层随时间剧烈变化的趋势,例如CNRM-ESM2-1模式与参考值的均方根误差最小,但混合层深度在4月达到极值,5月快速下降,与参考值曲线在3月后剧烈下降的趋势不一致,混合层变浅月份的延后有可能导致浮游植物藻华爆发时间的推迟。多模式集合平均在一定程度上减少了模拟误差,与参考值趋势一致。
在光照充足的条件下,营养盐是浮游植物初级生产的主要限制因子。本文主要考虑的限制营养盐为硝酸盐(图6j图6l)。WOA18参考曲线在巴伦支与楚科奇海区的变化规律是,表层硝酸盐浓度从3−4月开始下降,在7−8月几乎消耗殆尽。具体到巴伦支海,UKESM1、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、CESM2与参考资料的数值范围较为接近;而ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、MIROC-ES2L、MPI-ESM1-2-LR则明显高估了表层硝酸盐浓度,即使是夏季仍有硝酸盐存留表层,同时季节性变化规律与参考值也存在较大差异(图6j)。CanESM5表层硝酸盐浓度随时间变化并不明显,在巴伦支海一直处在较低水平(小于2 mmol/m3),而楚科奇海与白令海的表层硝酸盐浓度略高,也有一定的季节性波动。ACCESS-ESM1-5模拟的楚科奇海与白令海表层硝酸盐浓度一直处于高位,全年都在20 mmol/m3左右(图6k图6l)。大部分模式在上半年均高估了表层硝酸盐浓度,同参考资料之间存在系统性偏差,同时模拟得出的季节性变化规律与参考资料也不一致。对于表层硝酸盐的模拟,CMIP6模式间的差异很大,多模式集合平均能一定程度上消除模拟误差。在楚科奇海与白令海,多模式集合平均与参考曲线相比仍有较大差异。
海表叶绿素a浓度能反映浮游植物光合作用强弱和生物量状况,而受到海冰和极夜的影响,水色卫星无法探测到11月至翌年2月的叶绿素a浓度。对已有的卫星数据做月平均折线图可以发现(图6m图6o),在巴伦支海与白令海,表层叶绿素a浓度在5月达到峰值,分别为1.3 mg/m3与1.15 mg/m3,楚科奇海域则在6月到达峰值,为0.95 mg/m3。在对表层叶绿素a浓度的峰值模拟上,部分CMIP6模式在数值方面与参考值有较大偏差,其他模式则在峰值出现月份上与参考值有所不同。在巴伦支海,CMCC-ESM2、MPI-ESM1-2-LR、GFDL-ESM4、ACCESS-ESM1-5、CanESM5与参考值一致,均在5月达到峰值,但数值有所偏差。ACCESS-ESM1-5峰值并不明显,CNRM-ESM2-1全年未见明显峰值,MIROC-ES2L模拟的浮游植物则暴发晚于5月,峰值也偏小。CESM2、MPI-ESM1-2-HR模式的叶绿素a浓度峰值出现月份较参考值晚,但数值偏大。总体而言,如果仅考虑曲线相似性和季节性变化规律,CanESM5与IPSL-CM6A-LR、UKESM1对于楚科奇海与白令海表层叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化模拟较为准确,其分别在6月与5月达到峰值。最后,多模式集合平均的表层叶绿素a浓度数值范围与参考资料虽然存在一定偏差,但对于消除各模式在表层叶绿素a浓度模拟上的系统误差作用明显,得到的季节性变化趋势与参考资料基本一致。
为了对所有CMIP6模式的指标进行综合评估,表2显示了各模式对3个典型海区的光照、营养盐、混合层变化速率、叶绿素a浓度等指标与参考资料对比得到的均方根误差,并进行排序与峰值分析(如相邻月份间的叶绿素a浓度峰值差异小则由其共同表示)。结果表明,ACCESS-ESM1-5在光照的季节性变化方面模拟能力较好,但对表层硝酸盐与混合层变化速率的模拟能力较差,而CESM2模式则在光照、表层叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化模拟方面较差,但其余两个指标的模拟较好。同一模式不同指标模拟能力不同在3个海域中都有体现。如对巴伦支海与白令海光照模拟较好的ACCESS-ESM1-5,则对楚科奇海的模拟效果很差,无法准确模拟出该指标的季节性变化规律。
通过K均值聚类分析对11种CMIP6模式在巴伦支海(图7a)、楚科奇海(图7b)、白令海(图7c)的模拟结果进行分组,对应质心与组别见表3。结果表明,对巴伦支海,11种地球系统模式可以分为3组,第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR、UKESM1-0-LL模式在冰下光照时长的模拟上偏差较小,表层硝酸盐浓度误差较大,同时混合层变浅速率模拟上也有较大偏差,该组对应的质心坐标为(1.429,3.532,36.743);第二组包括CMCC-ESM2、MIROC-ES2L模式,在混合层变化速率方面都有较大偏差,其对应质心为(1.736,2.286,50.208);第三组CESM2、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、IPSL-CM6A-LR模式均有较相似的混合层变化速率,在表层硝酸盐浓度及冰下光照时长的模拟上与参考值有较小差异,对应质心坐标为(1.657,1.779,29.097)。
楚科奇海与白令海的模式分组结果相似,楚科奇海第二组与白令海的第一、二组模式均在冰下光照时长、表层硝酸盐和混合层变化速率方面与参考值差异显著。K均值聚类得到楚科奇海第一、三组模式ACCESS-ESM1-5、UKESM1-0-LL、CMCC-ESM2、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、MPI-ESM1-2-LR与白令海第三组模式CESM2、GFDL-ESM4、MIROC-ES2L、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR有一定重合,该类模式的共同点为在冰下光照时长、表层硝酸盐浓度与混合层变浅速率方面均与参考值具有较小误差。
本研究对11种CMIP6地球系统模式结果及多模式集合平均,与观测资料数据产品进行了定量评估分析,分别计算了巴伦支海、楚科奇海、白令海的海冰覆盖面积、冰下光照时长、混合层深度、混合层变化速率、表层硝酸盐浓度、表层叶绿素a浓度等指标参数。从参数比较的结果来看,不同地球系统模式对同一研究区的参数模拟能力存在显著差异;同时,对某种模式的一种特定参数而言,对不同海区的模拟能力也不尽相同。因此,在运用CMIP6地球系统模式对特定海区进行科学研究时,首先要评估该模式对相关变量的模拟水平优劣,需选取能够抓住关键的物理和生物地球化学过程的模式。
在海冰分布的地域性差异与海冰面积季节性变化方面,同一模式在3个典型海区的表现较为类似,表现共同高估或低估其海冰分布。其中,对巴伦支海平均海冰分布模拟较准确的模式有:MPI-ESM1-2-HR与MPI-ESM1-2-LR,其海冰面积季节性均方根误差较小(图3图5)。而在楚科奇海与白令海情况类似,海冰分布与季节性变化模拟都较准确的模式有:ACCESS-ESM1-5、MIROC-ES2L 、IPSL-CM6A-LR和MPI-ESM1-2-HR(图4图5)。另外,GFDL-ESM4模式在白令海海冰季节性变化与参考值误差最小,但在楚科奇海误差较大。季节性海冰分布会直接影响冰下光照条件,考虑光照的纬度地带性分布和模式得到的海冰密集度来计算冰下光照时长,结果表明,巴伦支海CNRM-ESM2-1模拟效果较好,而CanESM5与UKESM1明显高估了海冰分布,CMCC-ESM2显著低估了边缘冰区的范围,导致海域内光照模拟不准确(图3图6)。其他研究也证实这3种模式结果明显高估或低估了北极海冰分布[48-49],在海冰动力学和热力学过程及相关参数化方案上有待提高。在楚科奇海,冰下光照时长与海冰面积呈现相反的趋势,在7月分别达到最大值与最小值(图6b图6e),ACCESS-ESM1-5、MIROC-ES2L、IPSL-CM6A-LR和MPI-ESM1-2-HR模拟较好,其他模式与参考有较大误差。白令海中,参考资料的冰下光照时长由4月至6月显著增大,在6月达到峰值。总体而言,在冰下光照时长的模拟上,多模式平均可以消除不同模式间的差异,与参考值更为接近。对于表层硝酸盐浓度季节性变化规律,CESM2与MPI-ESM1-2-HR在3个海域的模拟与参考资料较为一致,能够模拟出表层硝酸盐浓度的季节性变化趋势,且数值差异较小(图6j图6l)。CNRM-ESM2-1在对研究区域的混合层模拟效果较好,与参考数值和季节性变化趋势上都较为吻合。值得注意的是,对于混合层深度和表层硝酸盐浓度,由于北冰洋海区的观测资料少,特别是在夏季以外的时间,这导致WOA18构建的规则网格参数本身存在一定系统误差和随机测量误差,多数CMIP6模式无法反映WOA18所揭示的混合层深度变化,而多模式集合平均可以在一定程度上降低模式模拟的误差(图6g图6i)。
通过对多源卫星融合资料分析发现,巴伦支海、楚科奇海与白令海的表层叶绿素a浓度峰值主要出现在5月或6月(图6m图6o),这与前人研究结果一致[50-51],且大西洋一侧巴伦支海的平均叶绿素a浓度高于太平洋一侧的楚科奇海与白令海。这符合我们认知中的高纬海区夏季浮游植物藻华规律:在冬季有极夜且海冰覆盖的情况下,光照是浮游植物生长的主要限制因素;随着极夜向极昼转变且冰雪开始融化,浮游植物可利用的光照增强,而混合层变浅,表层浮游植物生物量迅速增加,与此同时营养盐被浮游植物生产逐渐消耗,浓度降低,5−6月达到浮游植物生物量顶峰;直到营养盐匮乏后,初级生产力处于较低水平,夏季浮游动物摄食导致浮游植物生物量逐渐下降[52-55]。所以,处理好光照限制和营养盐限制条件是准确模拟浮游植物季节性变化的关键。
另外,卫星反演的叶绿素a浓度季节变化曲线还显示,两个典型海区除了夏季浮游植物藻华暴发外,在秋季也有小幅度的升高,在9月达到第二个暴发点,这也证实了由于结冰期推迟和海表风应力增强,导致某些北极海区浮游植物的二次暴发,即秋季藻华[55]。这一现象与结冰前的风致混合和自下而上的营养盐补充有关,而此时的光照仍可被浮游植物获得。但是大多数CMIP6模式只模拟出典型的单峰特征,只有个别模式如CMCC-ESM2、GFDL-ESM4、UKESM1有秋季藻华产生(图6m图6o),这与生长季营养盐的消耗速率和夏季藻华后的营养盐存量有关。只有在夏季表层营养盐耗尽,而秋季尚有光照且有营养盐适当补充的条件下,才能出现一年内的第二次浮游植物藻华暴发,但大多数模式无法准确模拟出这种变化过程和规律。
本研究对11种CMIP6地球系统模式的光照限制、营养盐限制和垂向混合的指标计算,以巴伦支海、楚科奇海及白令海为例,通过K均值聚类方法阐明了模式对表层浮游植物藻华模拟的误差来源。考虑到硝酸盐是北冰洋浮游植物营养水平的主控因子,以及与季节和纬度有关的冰下光照可以调节每个区域内的初级生产力速率[56-57],而这些关键因素(即营养盐和光照)又受到混合和层化等物理过程的作用以及海冰的影响,并最终改变浮游植物的动态[58-59]。所以我们充分考虑了浮游植物藻华暴发的多种控制因素,将其分为营养盐限制、冰下光照限制以及混合层垂向变化影响三方面,在巴伦支海,将11种地球系统模式分为3组。第一组ACCESS-ESM1-5、CNRM-ESM2-1、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR、UKESM1-0-LL模式有以下共同点:在表层硝酸盐浓度和混合层深度变化速率的模拟上具有特定偏差,具体数据表现为与参考值的均方根误差较大,结合叶绿素a浓度的季节性表现可发现,该组模式模拟结果在巴伦支海域的表层叶绿素a浓度峰值与参考(5月)相比有所延后,而浮游植物藻华暴发推迟的原因与光照或营养盐的模拟误差有关,在恰当的时间模式中没有充足的光照或额外的营养盐将导致浮游植物无法进行有效的生物量积累[60]。同时,表层叶绿素a浓度季节性变化模拟数值误差偏大。第二组模式(CMCC-ESM2与MIROC-ES2L)与其他组别相比存在所选参量均有较大的季节性偏差,导致浮游植物藻华暴发时间推后(MIROC-ES2L),或是叶绿素a浓度数值与参考值相比较高(CMCC-ESM2)。由于混合层深度变化与实际不符,表层硝酸盐供给不均,这种情况将造成海域内水体模拟混合不均,水柱内光照不足,导致浮游植物藻华暴发时间的推迟[60]。第三组的多个模式(CESM2、CanESM5、GFDL-ESM4、IPSL-CM6A-LR)在垂向混合方面变化类似,在光照与营养盐的模拟上与参考值未有较大的差异。对比发现,该组模式除CESM2外均能够准确模拟浮游植物藻华的暴发时间,及较为准确的叶绿素a浓度,包括季节性变化峰值出现月份及数值上的相似。CESM2为CMIP6中网格分辨率较低的模式,在该海区与同组其他模式相比,在冰下光照时长的模拟上与参考值的差异更大,低估了海冰下可利用光照强度,而造成浮游植物藻华的延后。
同样,在楚科奇海与白令海,K均值聚类方法得到的分组与巴伦支海有相似规律,楚科奇海的第二组模式质心坐标为(2.128,17.961,15.394);白令海第一、二组模式质心坐标分别为(1.900,7.81215.631)、(0.755,11.30513.178)。在两个北极太平洋典型海区,以上组别在营养盐与混合层深度变化两方面均与参考值差异显著,直接影响了该海域浮游植物暴发时间与叶绿素a浓度的模拟准确性。其中,ACCESS-ESM1-5中表层硝酸盐浓度基本没有季节性变化,叶绿素a浓度也没有明显峰值,这是由于在模拟进程中浮游植物生长所消耗的硝酸盐仅占其存量的一小部分,导致结果模拟不准确[58]。ACCESS-ESM1-5模式混合层深度模拟中下降时间与参考值相比有所延后,导致水柱混合不充分,表层叶绿素a浓度峰值的模拟也有所推迟。同时,MIROC-ES2L模式表层硝酸盐浓度季节性变化误差较大,下降时间与参考值有所延后,消耗速率较小,反映在浮游植物藻华模拟上即暴发时间有所推迟,峰值不明显。而楚科奇海第一、三组模式:ACCESS-ESM1-5、UKESM1、CESM2、CMCC-ESM2、CNRM-ESM2-1、CanESM5、IPSL-CM6A-LR、MIROC-ES2L、MPI-ESM1-2-HR与白令海第三组模式:CESM2、GFDL-ESM4、MIROC-ES2L、MPI-ESM1-2-HR、MPI-ESM1-2-LR,在垂向混合方面与参考贴近,营养盐的模拟上与参考值也未有较大的差异。对比发现,以上组别模式也能够准确模拟浮游植物藻华的暴发,及较为准确的叶绿素a浓度。在楚科奇海与白令海,K均值聚类分组得到的情况与巴伦支海基本一致,混合层变化和营养盐对浮游植物的暴发起到重要作用。当某一重要参数与实际相差过大,浮游植物生长与光合作用很有可能被北冰洋模拟的模式配置所改变,导致浮游植物物候模拟产生较大误差。
本文通过选取3个季节性海冰覆盖的北极典型海区,分析了11种CMIP6地球系统模式结果对浮游生态系统模拟结果表明:当模式中表层硝酸盐浓度与混合层深度变化模拟差异较大时会导致浮游植物藻华暴发的时间推迟及表层叶绿素a浓度峰值模拟结果的偏高。同时,印证了受水体温度和盐度控制的混合层深度变化对于浮游植物生长的限制,除营养盐和光照是控制模拟浮游植物增长变化模型中最重要的决定性因素外,也要充分考虑混合层变化情况。总体而言,除了个别模式以外,通过K均值聚类分析得到的模拟营养盐及混合层变化误差小的组别中模式可以更准确地模拟出表层叶绿素a浓度的季节性变化,这种浮游植物相关参数的模拟能力能够在一定程度上反映模式能否准确模拟浮游植物物候。
本文通过对于包括生化模块的地球系统模式在北极重要典型海区的浮游植物相关参数的分析,发现了模式模拟浮游植物物候的主要误差来源除了光照与营养盐以外,还有混合层变化速率的影响。虽然在观测资料的准确性等方面有所限制,但能够为北极典型海区域未来直接或间接利用地球系统模式的生态研究提供客观的评估结果。从地球系统模式发展的角度来看,我们需要在提高模式精准度的同时,更需要关注生物地球化学的耦合作用优化方案的改进,尤其是聚焦由温度和盐度控制的混合层深度的参数配置,从而更准确地进行北极海域的浮游植物物候的模拟预测。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176225);上海市浦江人才计划(20PJ1403100);上海市“科技创新行动计划”自然科学基金(20ZR416300);上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(21JC402500)。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
朱大勇, 赵进平, 史久新. 北极楚科奇海海冰面积多年变化的研究[J]. 海洋学报, 2007, 29(2): 25−33.
Zhu Dayong, Zhao Jinping, Shi Jiuxin. Study on the multi-year variations of sea ice cover of Chukchi Sea in Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2007, 29(2): 25−33.
2
Hunt Jr G L, Blanchard A L, Boveng P, et al. The Barents and Chukchi Seas: comparison of two Arctic shelf ecosystems[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2013, 109−110: 43−68.
3
Årthun M, Eldevik T, Smedsrud L H, et al. Quantifying the influence of Atlantic heat on Barents Sea ice variability and retreat[J]. Journal of Climate, 2012, 25(13): 4736−4743.
4
李正, 沙龙滨, 刘焱光, 等. 末次盛冰期以来巴伦支海−喀拉海古海洋环境及海冰研究进展[J]. 海洋通报, 2021, 40(3): 241−253.
Li Zheng, Sha Longbin, Liu Yanguang, et al. Research progress in the paleoceanography environment and sea ice around Barents-Kara Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2021, 40(3): 241−253.
5
Sorteberg A, Kvingedal B. Atmospheric forcing on the Barents Sea winter ice extent[J]. Journal of Climate, 2006, 19(19): 4772−4784.
6
Carmack E C, Macdonald R W, Perkin R G, et al. Evidence for warming of Atlantic water in the southern Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean: results from the Larsen-93 expedition[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 1995, 22(9): 1061−1064.
7
McLaughlin F A, Carmack E C, Macdonald R W, et al. Physical and geochemical properties across the Atlantic/Pacific water mass front in the southern Canadian Basin[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1996, 101(C1): 1183−1197.
8
Coachman L K, Tripp R B. Currents north of Bering Strait in winter[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 1970, 15(4): 625−632.
9
艾松涛, 陈一凡, 桂大伟, 等. 中国历次极地考察航线及破冰船航行特征分析(1984−2019)[J]. 测绘地理信息, 2021, 46(3): 1−9.
Ai Songtao, Chen Yifan, Gui Dawei, et al. Characteristics analysis on polar voyage routes and navigation of Chinese icebreakers (1984−2019)[J]. Journal of Geomatics, 2021, 46(3): 1−9.
10
王锚婷, 王朝晖, 雷明丹, 等. 冰藻在北冰洋生态系统中的重要性及其对全球变暖的响应[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2021, 40(4): 550−554.
Wang Maoting, Wang Zhaohui, Lei Mingdan, et al. The importance of ice algae in the Arctic Ocean ecosystem and their responses to the global warming[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2021, 40(4): 550−554.
11
Song Hongjun, Ji Rubao, Jin Meibing, et al. Strong and regionally distinct links between ice-retreat timing and phytoplankton production in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Limnology and Oceanography, 2021, 66(6): 2498−2508.
12
周天军, 邹立维, 陈晓龙. 第六次国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)评述[J]. 气候变化研究进展, 2019, 15(5): 445−456.
Zhou Tianjun, Zou Liwei, Chen Xiaolong. Commentary on the coupled model intercomparison project phase 6 (CMIP6)[J]. Climate Change Research, 2019, 15(5): 445−456.
13
Sellar A A, Jones C G, Mulcahy J P, et al. UKESM1: description and evaluation of the U. K. Earth System Model[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(12): 4513−4558.
14
Adcroft A, Anderson W, Balaji V, et al. The GFDL global ocean and sea ice model OM4.0: model description and simulation features[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(10): 3167−3211.
15
Swart N C, Cole J N S, Kharin V V, et al. The Canadian earth system model version 5 (CanESM5.0. 3)[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2019, 12(11): 4823−4873.
16
Mulcahy J P, Johnson C, Jones C G, et al. Description and evaluation of aerosol in UKESM1 and HadGEM3-GC3.1 CMIP6 historical simulations[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2020, 13(12): 6383−6423.
17
Liu Yaman, Dong Xinyi, Wang Minghuai, et al. Analysis of secondary organic aerosol simulation bias in the Community Earth System Model (CESM2.1)[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021, 21(10): 8003−8021.
18
Hague M, Vichi M. A link between CMIP5 phytoplankton phenology and sea ice in the Atlantic Southern Ocean[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2018, 45(13): 6566−6575.
19
Names and Limits of Oceans and Seas[M]. Monaco: International Hydrographic Bureau, 2002.
20
Polyakov I V, Bhatt U S, Walsh J E, et al. Recent oceanic changes in the Arctic in the context of long-term observations[J]. Ecological Applications, 2013, 23(8): 1745−1764.
21
Ziehn T, Chamberlain M A, Law R M, et al. The Australian earth system model: ACCESS-ESM1.5[J]. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science, 2020, 70(1): 193−214.
22
Danabasoglu G, Lamarque J F, Bacmeister J, et al. The community earth system model version 2 (CESM2)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(2): e2019MS001916.
23
Lovato T, Peano D, Butenschön M, et al. CMIP6 simulations with the CMCC earth system model (CMCC-ESM2)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2022, 14(3): e2021MS002814.
24
Séférian R, Nabat P, Michou M, et al. Evaluation of CNRM earth system model, CNRM-ESM2-1: role of earth system processes in present-day and future climate[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2019, 11(12): 4182−4227.
25
Sospedra-Alfonso R, Merryfield W J, Boer G J, et al. Decadal climate predictions with the Canadian Earth system model version 5 (CanESM5)[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2021, 14(11): 6863−6891.
26
Dunne J P, Horowitz L W, Adcroft A J, et al. The GFDL Earth System Model version 4.1 (GFDL-ESM 4.1): overall coupled model description and simulation characteristics[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(11): e2019MS002015.
27
Boucher O, Servonnat J, Albright A L, et al. Presentation and evaluation of the IPSL-CM6A-LR climate model[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2020, 12(7): e2019MS002010.
28
Hajima T, Watanabe M, Yamamoto A, et al. Development of the MIROC-ES2L Earth system model and the evaluation of biogeochemical processes and feedbacks[J]. Geoscientific Model Development, 2020, 13(5): 2197−2244.
29
Müller W A, Jungclaus J H, Mauritsen T, et al. A higher-resolution version of the max planck institute earth system model (MPI-ESM1.2-HR)[J]. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 2018, 10(7): 1383−1413.
30
Forster P M, Maycock A C, McKenna C M, et al. Latest climate models confirm need for urgent mitigation[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2020, 10(1): 7−10.
31
Comiso J C, Meier W N, Gersten R. Variability and trends in the Arctic Sea ice cover: results from different techniques[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2017, 122(8): 6883−6900.
32
Maritorena S, Siegel D A. Consistent merging of satellite ocean color data sets using a bio-optical model[J]. Remote Sensing of Environment, 2005, 94(4): 429−440.
33
Deser C, Walsh J E, Timlin M S. Arctic sea ice variability in the context of recent atmospheric circulation trends[J]. Journal of Climate, 2000, 13(3): 617−633.
34
Taylor K E. Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2001, 106(D7): 7183−7192.
35
Li Yun, Ji Rubao, Jenouvrier S, et al. Synchronicity between ice retreat and phytoplankton bloom in circum-Antarctic polynyas[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43(5): 2086−2093.
36
Forsythe W C, Rykiel Jr E J, Stahl R S, et al. A model comparison for daylength as a function of latitude and day of year[J]. Ecological Modelling, 1995, 80(1): 87−95.
37
Peralta-Ferriz C, Woodgate R A. Seasonal and interannual variability of pan-Arctic surface mixed layer properties from 1979 to 2012 from hydrographic data, and the dominance of stratification for multiyear mixed layer depth shoaling[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 134: 19−53.
38
庞小平, 胡晓坤, 季青, 等. 北冰洋叶绿素a及初级生产力遥感反演研究进展[J]. 极地研究, 2022, 34(1): 1−10.
Pang Xiaoping, Hu Xiaokun, Ji Qing, et al. Research progress on remote sensing retrieval of chlorophyll a and primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2022, 34(1): 1−10.
39
陈建芳, 金海燕, 白有成, 等. 北极快速变化的生态环境响应[J]. 海洋学报, 2018, 40(10): 22−31.
Chen Jianfang, Jin Haiyan, Bai Youcheng, et al. Marine ecological and environmental responses to the Arctic rapid change[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2018, 40(10): 22−31.
40
Lewis K M, Arrigo K R. Ocean color algorithms for estimating chlorophyll a, CDOM absorption, and particle backscattering in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2020, 125(6): e2019JC015706.
41
徐秋栋. 应用多元统计分析[J]. 工业工程与管理, 2014, 19(1): 22.
Xu Qiudong. Applied multivariate statistical analysis[J]. Industrial Engineering and Management, 2014, 19(1): 22.
42
Carranza M M, Gille S T. Southern Ocean wind-driven entrainment enhances satellite chlorophyll-a through the summer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2015, 120(1): 304−323.
43
Wang S, Bailey D, Lindsay K, et al. Impact of sea ice on the marine iron cycle and phytoplankton productivity[J]. Biogeosciences, 2014, 11(17): 4713−4731.
44
Sallée J B, Shuckburgh E, Bruneau N, et al. Assessment of Southern Ocean water mass circulation and characteristics in CMIP5 models: historical bias and forcing response[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2013, 118(4): 1830−1844.
45
Fauchereau N, Tagliabue A, Bopp L, et al. The response of phytoplankton biomass to transient mixing events in the Southern Ocean[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011, 38(17): L17601.
46
Cavanagh R D, Murphy E J, Bracegirdle T J, et al. A synergistic approach for evaluating climate model output for ecological applications[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017, 4: 308.
47
Boyd P W. Environmental factors controlling phytoplankton processes in the Southern Ocean1[J]. Journal of Phycology, 2002, 38(5): 844−861.
48
柯长青, 金鑫, 沈校熠, 等. 南北极海冰变化及其影响因素的对比分析[J]. 极地研究, 2020, 32(1): 1−12.
Ke Changqing, Jin Xin, Shen Xiaoyi, et al. Comparison of Antarctic and Arctic sea ice variations and their impact factors[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2020, 32(1): 1−12.
49
邱博, 张录军, 储敏, 等. 气候系统模式对于北极海冰模拟分析[J]. 极地研究, 2015, 27(1): 47−55.
Qiu Bo, Zhang Lujun, Chu Min, et al. Performance analysis of Arctic sea ice simulation in climate system models[J]. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2015, 27(1): 47−55.
50
魏皓, 赵伟, 罗晓凡, 等. 北冰洋浮游生物空间分布及其季节变化的模拟[J]. 海洋学报, 2019, 41(9): 65−79.
Wei Hao, Zhao Wei, Luo Xiaofan, et al. Simulation of spatial distribution and seasonal variation of plankton in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2019, 41(9): 65−79.
51
Jin Meibing, Popova E E, Zhang Jinlun, et al. Ecosystem model intercomparison of under-ice and total primary production in the Arctic Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 2016, 121(1): 934−948.
52
Cullen J J. The deep chlorophyll maximum: comparing vertical profiles of chlorophyll a[J]. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1982, 39(5): 791−803.
53
Martin J, Tremblay J É, Gagnon J, et al. Prevalence, structure and properties of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in Canadian Arctic waters[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2010, 412: 69−84.
54
Arrigo K R, Mills M M, van Dijken G L, et al. Late spring nitrate distributions beneath the ice-covered northeastern Chukchi Shelf[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2017, 122(9): 2409−2417.
55
Ardyna M, Babin M, Gosselin M, et al. Recent Arctic Ocean sea ice loss triggers novel fall phytoplankton blooms[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2014, 41(17): 6207−6212.
56
Harrison W G, Cota G F. Primary production in polar waters: relation to nutrient availability[J]. Polar Research, 1991, 10(1): 87−104.
57
Stein R, MacDonald R W. The Organic Carbon Cycle in the Arctic Ocean[M]. New York: Springer, 2004.
58
Ardyna M, Gosselin M, Michel C, et al. Environmental forcing of phytoplankton community structure and function in the Canadian High Arctic: contrasting oligotrophic and eutrophic regions[J]. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 2011, 442: 37−57.
59
Michel C, Hamilton J, Hansen E, et al. Arctic Ocean outflow shelves in the changing Arctic: a review and perspectives[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 139: 66−88.
60
Tremblay J É, Anderson L G, Matrai P, et al. Global and regional drivers of nutrient supply, primary production and CO2 drawdown in the changing Arctic Ocean[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2015, 139: 171−196.
2023年第45卷第7期
PDF下载
682
564
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023115
  • 接收时间:2022-11-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-28
  • 出版时间:2023-07-01
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-11-07
  • 修回日期:2023-02-27
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176225);上海市浦江人才计划(20PJ1403100);上海市“科技创新行动计划”自然科学基金(20ZR416300);上海市科学技术委员会重点项目(21JC402500)。
作者信息
    1 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2 华东师范大学 崇明生态研究院,上海 202162
    3 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 海洋生态环境科学与技术重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061

通讯作者:

*冯志轩,男,研究员,从事海洋多尺度物理与生态耦合过程的观测和模拟研究。E-mail:
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hyxb/CN/10.12284/hyxb2023115
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏