Article(id=1211432605594021953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658332800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-21, revisedDate=1667232000000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757640502, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757640502, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757640502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757640502, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432605849874513, articleId=1211432605594021953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the response of hydrodynamic force and sedimentation in mangrove zone to wharf construction by a coupled model based on remote sensing enhancement, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When the wharf project of Tieshan Port in Beibu Gulf was constructed, nearby mangrove plants were damaged. A coupled model of hydrodynamic force and sedimentation in the gulf including mangrove intertidal zone based on remote sensing enhancement was built. Impacts of the wharf on the tide, sediment transport, erosion and deposition in the mangrove zone were evaluated. Results showed that the model can make full use of the tidal simulation information in the South China Sea and can finely simulate the sediment transport principle nearby the wharf. In association with information fusion technology of remote sensing inversion of the cover probability of global surface water and local tidal levels, elevation data in mangrove zone were reliably obtained. The tides mainly in the southern of the mangrove zone were influenced by the wharf. The velocity decreased at the most rising tide, and that in the tidal channel increased at the most ebb tide. When the way to the wharf was transferred using a steel trestle, the velocity in the southeast of the mangrove zone increased slightly. During the construction period of the wharf, the increase of suspended sediment concentration varied from 20 mg/L to 50 mg/L in the range of 69% and 72% of the mangrove zone. Before the wharf construction, the average sediment deposition in the mangrove zone accounted for 0.27 cm/a. For two designed ways to the wharf, i.e. the road isolating tide and the steel trestle allowing tide passing, the average deposition accounted for 0.45 cm/a and 0.36 cm/a with the range of 96.6% and 89.3% in the mangrove zone respectively. Provided that the steel trestle to the wharf would be selected, the average increment of the deposition in the mangrove zone decreased by 50%. The conclusions can provide the scientific basis for the simulation of tide and sedimentation in intertidal zone and the decision of the mangrove protection.

, correspAuthors=Xinjun Tu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yusen Tang, Xinjun Tu, Ke Ma, Mei Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211432609402450112, articleId=1211432605594021953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于遥感增强嵌套模型红树林带水沙环境对码头建设的响应研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

南海北部湾铁山港码头建设期间,邻近区域红树林带植株出现受损死亡现象。本研究构建基于遥感增强包含红树林潮间带的海湾水沙嵌套模型,评估码头建设对红树林带潮流、泥沙输移及冲淤的影响。结果表明:海湾水沙嵌套模型可充分利用南海海流模拟信息,且精细化模拟了工程建设附近海域泥沙输移规律。采用全球地表水覆盖几率遥感反演数据与当地潮位的信息融合技术,为红树林带水沙模拟提供了可靠地形信息。码头建设主要影响红树林带南部潮流,涨急时流速减小,落急时部分潮沟通道流速增大。当进港方案更改为过水钢栈桥,红树林带东南部流速略有增加。码头施工期,红树林带69%~72%范围的悬浮泥沙浓度增量介于20~50 mg/L之间。码头建设前,红树林带泥沙平均冲淤量为0.27 cm/a;进港方案分别为不过水通道和过水钢栈桥,码头建设后红树林带淤积量增加的面积占比分别为96.6%和89.3%,平均冲淤量分别为0.45 cm/a和0.36 cm/a。过水钢栈桥替换不过水通道,红树林带冲淤增量下降了50.0%。研究结论可为潮间带水沙环境模拟和红树林带保护决策提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=涂新军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*涂新军(1972-),男,江西省余干市人,教授,博士,主要从事水文水资源方面研究。E-mail:
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唐榆森(1997-),男,广西壮族自治区梧州市人,主要从事水文水资源方面研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893795218104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Probabilities of water coverage (a) and established elevations in the intertidal zone (b), figureFileSmall=MdbM5Crn+p5b+YfvD3X1fQ==, figureFileBig=ZWk6gOBTdNZhUhrYn33V7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893870715581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图2, caption=潮间带水体覆盖几率(a)及构建的地形高程(b), figureFileSmall=MdbM5Crn+p5b+YfvD3X1fQ==, figureFileBig=ZWk6gOBTdNZhUhrYn33V7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893946213056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Curve of tidal level-water coverage area (a), verifications of tidal level based on the Landsat (b) and predicted tidal level based on the TPXO (c) in the intertidal zone, figureFileSmall=vGs6Mc+EmUH2qxEG7lrjCA==, figureFileBig=sjK9XtGppYAqXaIOXXqfgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894042682052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图3, caption=验证区域潮位−累积面积曲线(a)和基于Landsat(b)、TPXO模型预报(c)的潮位验证, figureFileSmall=vGs6Mc+EmUH2qxEG7lrjCA==, figureFileBig=sjK9XtGppYAqXaIOXXqfgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894139151049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Triangular mesh generalization and verification station for the hydrodynamic-sediment transport nested models, figureFileSmall=9g9qZ8QLEClTwqkZghacyw==, figureFileBig=8ToLm5+h/w3aljCllvUC+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894260785868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图4, caption=海湾水沙嵌套模型三角网格概化及验证站, figureFileSmall=9g9qZ8QLEClTwqkZghacyw==, figureFileBig=8ToLm5+h/w3aljCllvUC+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894365643473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Verification of tidal level, figureFileSmall=VWCi/o3nlnqJMCuFBFkpig==, figureFileBig=EQ9uDpCepNATd0gp/7h5ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894462112466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图5, caption=潮位验证, figureFileSmall=VWCi/o3nlnqJMCuFBFkpig==, figureFileBig=EQ9uDpCepNATd0gp/7h5ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894562775765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Verification of tidal velocity, tidal direction and suspended sediment concentration, figureFileSmall=3IRDUAK/NRadDdnOyVHDaw==, figureFileBig=nBp/CJY+8f6oPe27FYPTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894655050455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图6, caption=潮流流速、流向和悬浮泥沙浓度验证, figureFileSmall=3IRDUAK/NRadDdnOyVHDaw==, figureFileBig=nBp/CJY+8f6oPe27FYPTyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894789268187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Impact of the velocity at the most ebb and flow tide in mangrove zone from the wharf construction, figureFileSmall=Sua3F4UCTDsIQBl+9TAgfQ==, figureFileBig=G/lDXsHvhJ9RMoTPyqEtbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894885737182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图7, caption=码头建设对红树林带涨落急流速的影响, figureFileSmall=Sua3F4UCTDsIQBl+9TAgfQ==, figureFileBig=G/lDXsHvhJ9RMoTPyqEtbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894969623264, 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articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=图9, caption=红树林带及邻近海域的冲淤变化, figureFileSmall=9MBF0qQ1XaJb0nT3cTr0gA==, figureFileBig=KeUHmaLHSjmnY5V10dM6TQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313895397442283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial statistic distribution of the volume of erosion and deposition in mangrove zone

The maximum (a) and the average (b) for cumulative area percentage

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累积面积比例对应的最大冲淤量(a)和平均冲淤量(b)

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The maximum (a) and the average (b) increases for cumulative area percentage

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累积面积比例对应的最大冲淤增量(a)和平均冲淤增量(b)

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Simulation scenarios of engineering design schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
情景工程方案
工程建设前,原有不过水便道延伸至拟建码头处
施工期(停工时建设规模),进港方案为不过水通道
施工期(停工时建设规模),进港方案为过水钢栈桥
工程建成后,进港方案为不过水通道
工程建成后,进港方案为过水钢栈桥
), ArticleFig(id=1215313896118862589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

工程设计方案模拟情景

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情景工程方案
工程建设前,原有不过水便道延伸至拟建码头处
施工期(停工时建设规模),进港方案为不过水通道
施工期(停工时建设规模),进港方案为过水钢栈桥
工程建成后,进港方案为不过水通道
工程建成后,进港方案为过水钢栈桥
), ArticleFig(id=1215313896227914496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432605594021953, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Distribution of the range for individual concentration of suspended sediment in mangrove zone

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情景10~20 mg/L 20~50 mg/L 50~100 mg/L 100~150 mg/L
面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/%
0.48416.82.06971.90.32411.300
0.51818.0 1.99169.2 0.36612.7 0.0020.1
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红树林带悬浮泥沙增量的浓度区间分布

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情景10~20 mg/L 20~50 mg/L 50~100 mg/L 100~150 mg/L
面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/% 面积/km2占比/%
0.48416.82.06971.90.32411.300
0.51818.0 1.99169.2 0.36612.7 0.0020.1
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基于遥感增强嵌套模型红树林带水沙环境对码头建设的响应研究
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唐榆森 1, 2 , 涂新军 1, 3, 4, * , 马克 1 , 李玫 5
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 25-35
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 25-35
基于遥感增强嵌套模型红树林带水沙环境对码头建设的响应研究
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唐榆森1, 2 , 涂新军1, 3, 4, * , 马克1, 李玫5
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学 土木工程学院 水资源与环境研究中心,广东 广州 510275
  • 2 珠江水利委员会珠江水利科学研究院,广东 广州 510611
  • 3 广东省华南地区水安全调控工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510275
  • 4 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室,广东 珠海 519000
  • 5 中国林业科学研究院 热带林业研究所,广东 广州 510520
  • 唐榆森(1997-),男,广西壮族自治区梧州市人,主要从事水文水资源方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*涂新军(1972-),男,江西省余干市人,教授,博士,主要从事水文水资源方面研究。E-mail:
Study on the response of hydrodynamic force and sedimentation in mangrove zone to wharf construction by a coupled model based on remote sensing enhancement
Yusen Tang1, 2 , Xinjun Tu1, 3, 4, * , Ke Ma1, Mei Li5
Affiliations
  • 1Center of Water Resources and Environment, School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 2Pearl River Water Resource Research Institute, Guangzhou 510611, China
  • 3Center of Water Security Engineering and Technology in Southern China of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510275, China
  • 4Guangdong Laboratory of Southern Ocean Science and Engineering, Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 5Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou 510520, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023059
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南海北部湾铁山港码头建设期间,邻近区域红树林带植株出现受损死亡现象。本研究构建基于遥感增强包含红树林潮间带的海湾水沙嵌套模型,评估码头建设对红树林带潮流、泥沙输移及冲淤的影响。结果表明:海湾水沙嵌套模型可充分利用南海海流模拟信息,且精细化模拟了工程建设附近海域泥沙输移规律。采用全球地表水覆盖几率遥感反演数据与当地潮位的信息融合技术,为红树林带水沙模拟提供了可靠地形信息。码头建设主要影响红树林带南部潮流,涨急时流速减小,落急时部分潮沟通道流速增大。当进港方案更改为过水钢栈桥,红树林带东南部流速略有增加。码头施工期,红树林带69%~72%范围的悬浮泥沙浓度增量介于20~50 mg/L之间。码头建设前,红树林带泥沙平均冲淤量为0.27 cm/a;进港方案分别为不过水通道和过水钢栈桥,码头建设后红树林带淤积量增加的面积占比分别为96.6%和89.3%,平均冲淤量分别为0.45 cm/a和0.36 cm/a。过水钢栈桥替换不过水通道,红树林带冲淤增量下降了50.0%。研究结论可为潮间带水沙环境模拟和红树林带保护决策提供科学依据。

嵌套模型  /  遥感增强  /  红树林  /  悬浮泥沙  /  冲淤  /  铁山港

When the wharf project of Tieshan Port in Beibu Gulf was constructed, nearby mangrove plants were damaged. A coupled model of hydrodynamic force and sedimentation in the gulf including mangrove intertidal zone based on remote sensing enhancement was built. Impacts of the wharf on the tide, sediment transport, erosion and deposition in the mangrove zone were evaluated. Results showed that the model can make full use of the tidal simulation information in the South China Sea and can finely simulate the sediment transport principle nearby the wharf. In association with information fusion technology of remote sensing inversion of the cover probability of global surface water and local tidal levels, elevation data in mangrove zone were reliably obtained. The tides mainly in the southern of the mangrove zone were influenced by the wharf. The velocity decreased at the most rising tide, and that in the tidal channel increased at the most ebb tide. When the way to the wharf was transferred using a steel trestle, the velocity in the southeast of the mangrove zone increased slightly. During the construction period of the wharf, the increase of suspended sediment concentration varied from 20 mg/L to 50 mg/L in the range of 69% and 72% of the mangrove zone. Before the wharf construction, the average sediment deposition in the mangrove zone accounted for 0.27 cm/a. For two designed ways to the wharf, i.e. the road isolating tide and the steel trestle allowing tide passing, the average deposition accounted for 0.45 cm/a and 0.36 cm/a with the range of 96.6% and 89.3% in the mangrove zone respectively. Provided that the steel trestle to the wharf would be selected, the average increment of the deposition in the mangrove zone decreased by 50%. The conclusions can provide the scientific basis for the simulation of tide and sedimentation in intertidal zone and the decision of the mangrove protection.

coupled model  /  remote sensing enhancement  /  mangrove  /  suspended sediment  /  erosion and deposition  /  Tieshan Port
唐榆森, 涂新军, 马克, 李玫. 基于遥感增强嵌套模型红树林带水沙环境对码头建设的响应研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 25 -35 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023059
Yusen Tang, Xinjun Tu, Ke Ma, Mei Li. Study on the response of hydrodynamic force and sedimentation in mangrove zone to wharf construction by a coupled model based on remote sensing enhancement[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 25 -35 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023059
潮间带介于平均低潮线和高潮线之间,属于海水周期性淹没的海陆过渡区域[1]。一方面,潮间带因具有利于海港建设以提升海陆交通能力等区位优势,其工程性土地资源利用规模不断扩大[2-3]。但由于局部岸线形态变化,也会对当地港湾潮流、泥沙冲淤变化以及海岸地貌演变等方面产生影响[4-7]。另一方面,潮间带常常分布着独特的湿地生态系统如红树林群落,具有极高的自然生态价值[8]。海岸工程建设对潮间带最直接的影响是占用宜林地[9-10]。受到工程扰动后的红树林生境,也将面临水环境质量恶化、淤积变化等破坏性威胁[11]
因此,海岸工程建设的水沙环境响应研究受到普遍关注,其中数值模拟是较为常见的研究方法。王晓明等[12]采用数值模拟方法研究填海工程对邻近海域的冲淤变化,认为工程实施后潮流波浪场发生改变进而导致海域底床冲淤特征重分布。Jiang等[13]基于二维泥沙冲淤模型,预测港口建设后邻近海域沉积环境的长期变化特征。王春玲等[14]利用MIKE 21水动力模型,分析了码头建设对附近海域波浪、潮流及泥沙输移的综合影响。Cheng等[15]建立三维河口水沙数值模型,研究结果表明围垦将造成河口局部区域的潮流动力和湍流混合增强,底床侵蚀加剧。蔡家新等[16]基于Delft3D模型,分析了围海工程引起的近岸海域滩地冲淤变化特征及其动力机制。
潮间带由于周期性淹没,其归属于陆地还是水域,以及如何获取可靠的地形信息等问题,使得潮间带水沙模拟存在较大困难。近些年来,随着遥感技术广泛应用,遥感影像、滩涂水边线和实测潮位等信息融合技术,为潮间带地形信息获取和增强数值模型建立提供了较好的解决方法[17-20]
南海北部湾铁山港在码头建设过程中,由于附近红树林群落出现了相继受损死亡现象而受到关注[21]。因此,本研究拟构建基于遥感增强包含潮间带的海湾水沙嵌套模型,模拟铁山港码头建设对红树林带水沙环境及冲淤变化的影响,为潮间带水沙环境数值模拟和红树林带保护决策提供技术支撑。
铁山港位于南海北部湾,是一个深入内陆台地溺谷型喇叭状海湾。由于建港条件优良,被定位为中国西南经济圈、泛珠江三角洲经济圈和东盟经济圈的中心枢纽之一。海港码头选址广西北海市铁山港区榄根村处,北侧邻近红树林带,其面积约为2.877 km2,如图1所示。
码头开工建设以来,邻近海域红树林群落出现了受损死亡现象,且受损面积逐年扩大,当地红树林保护工作形势严峻。为此,铁山港码头建设完成约65%时暂停施工,对其生态环境保护措施提出了更高要求。
(1)潮间带高程
基于遥感影像数据的潮间带水体覆盖几率,潮间带高程与平均高、低潮位具有很好的相关性,由此可获得潮间带在平均意义上的高程信息[22],即:
$ E(i,j) = [1 - O(i,j)] \times ({T_{\max }} - {T_{\min }}) + {T_{\min }} \text{,} $
式中,$ E(i,j) $为潮间带基于遥感数据在第i行和第j列的高程;$ O(i,j) $为第i行和第j列的水体覆盖几率;$ {T_{\max }} $$ {T_{\min }} $分别为多年平均高、低潮位。
根据铁山港潮位站石头埠站1980–2011年平均高、低特征潮位数据,多年平均高、低潮位分别为1.46 m、–1.07 m。遥感数据采用了1984–2015年全球地表水覆盖几率遥感反演数据[23]。当地潮间带及红树林区域的水体覆盖几率及构建的地形高程见图2。潮间带地形构建结果可真实反映原始潮滩的潮沟形态以及红树林区域的地貌变化。
(2)潮间带地形验证
受实地测量数据限制,本研究采用文献[22]提出的间接验证方法。首先基于构建的地形高程,绘制潮位站(石头埠站)实测的潮位−面积曲线,如图3a;其次收集反映潮间带水边线典型时空特征的Landsat遥感影像,经几何校正、辐射定标和大气校正后,计算归一化差异水体指数(Modification of normalized difference water index,MNDWI)[24] 及水面面积;最后使用该水面面积查询潮位−水面面积曲线获得相应时刻潮位,与实测潮位进行对比验证,如图3b。对于部分成像时刻实测潮位缺失的情况,将采用TPXO潮汐预报模型进行补充,如图3c
本研究收集12幅典型时刻的Landsat 5/7/8影像数据,通过间接验证方法得出的潮位与实测潮位对比验证,决定系数R2为0.93,精度良好,认为构建的潮间带地形高程是合理的。TPXO模型对石头埠站潮位有很好的预报精度,与实测潮位对比验证,决定系数R2为0.97,可用于补充石头埠站的缺失潮位数据。
(1)模型控制方程
潮流模拟采用垂向平均浅水流平面二维水动力方程组,连续性方程为
$ \frac{{\partial h}}{{\partial t}} + \frac{{\partial h\bar u}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial h\bar v}}{{\partial y}} = hS \text{,} $
动量方程为
$\begin{split} \frac{{\partial h\bar u}}{{\partial t}} +& \frac{{\partial h{{\bar u}^2}}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial h\bar v\bar u}}{{\partial y}} = f\bar vh - gh\frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial x}} - \frac{{h\partial {p_{\text{a}}}}}{{{p_0}\partial x}} + \frac{{g{h^2}\partial \rho }}{{2{\rho _0}\partial x}} + \frac{{{\tau _{{\text{s}}x}}}}{{{\rho _0}}} - \frac{{{\tau _{{{f}}x}}}}{{{\rho _0}}} - \\&\frac{1}{{{\rho _0}}}\left( {\frac{{\partial {s_{xx}}}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial {s_{xy}}}}{{\partial y}}} \right) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\left( {h{T_{xx}}} \right) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial y}}\left( {h{T_{xy}}} \right) + h{u_{\text{s}}}S\text{,}\\[-18pt]\end{split} $
$\begin{split} \frac{{\partial h\bar v}}{{\partial t}} +& \frac{{\partial h{{\bar v}^2}}}{{\partial x}} + \frac{{\partial h\bar u\bar v}}{{\partial y}} = f\bar uh - gh\frac{{\partial \eta }}{{\partial y}} - \frac{{h\partial {p_{\text{a}}}}}{{{p_0}\partial y}} + \frac{{g{h^2}\partial \rho }}{{2{\rho _0}\partial y}} + \frac{{{\tau _{{\text{s}}y}}}}{{{\rho _0}}} - \frac{{{\tau _{{{f}}y}}}}{{{\rho _0}}} - \\&\frac{1}{{{\rho _0}}}\left( {\frac{{\partial {s_{yy}}}}{{\partial y}} + \frac{{\partial {s_{yx}}}}{{\partial x}}} \right) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial x}}\left( {h{T_{xy}}} \right) + \frac{\partial }{{\partial y}}\left( {h{T_{yy}}} \right) + h{v_{\text{s}}}S\text{,}\\[-18pt]\end{split} $
式中,总水头$h = \eta + d$$ \eta 、d $分别为海湾的底部高程、静水深;xy为笛卡尔坐标系;$ \overline{u}、\overline{v} $分别为xy方向上的平均流速;t为时间;地球自转偏转力$f = 2\varOmega \sin \phi $,其中$\varOmega $为转角速度,$\phi $为地理纬度;g为重力加速度;$\rho $为水体的密度;${\rho _0}$为水体的相对密度;${\tau }_{{f}x}、{\tau }_{{{f}}y}$分别为xy方向上的底部摩擦力、表面摩擦力和流动阻力的应力分量;$ {\tau }_{\text{s}x}、{\tau }_{\text{sy}} $分别为xy方向上由风引起的表面应力分量;$ {s}_{xx}、{s}_{xy}、{s}_{yx}、{s}_{yy} $分别为辐射应力在各方向上的分量;pa为大气压强;S为点源流量;$ {u}_{\text{s}}、{v}_{\text{s}} $为源汇项流速;$ {T}_{xx}、{T}_{xy} $${T_{yy}}$为侧向应力项,该项包括了黏性摩擦、湍流摩擦和差动平流。
泥沙输移模拟是基于水动力方程组中的对流扩散项,通用方程为
$ \frac{{\partial \bar c}}{{\partial t}} + \bar u\frac{{\partial \bar c}}{{\partial x}} + \bar v\frac{{\partial \bar c}}{{\partial y}} = \frac{1}{h}\frac{\partial }{{\partial x}} \left( {h{D_x}\frac{{\partial \bar c}}{{\partial x}}} \right) + \frac{1}{h}\frac{\partial }{{\partial y}} \left( {h{D_y}\frac{{\partial \bar c}}{{\partial y}}} \right) + {Q_{\text{L}}}{C_{\text{L}}}\frac{1}{h} - S \text{,} $
式中,$\bar c$为泥沙平均浓度;$ {D}_{x}、{D}_{y} $xy方向上的扩散系数;S为沉积或侵蚀项;${Q_{\text{L}}}$为平面单位面积上的源流量;${C_{\text{L}}}$为源浓度。
(2)嵌套模型及其参数设置
采用北部湾潮流模拟大模型和铁山港泥沙输移模拟小模型的嵌套模型,既可以充分利用南海海流模拟信息,又可以提高工程建设附近海域泥沙输移精细化模拟的计算效率。模拟区域均采用三角形网格概化,大、小模型网格分辨率分别约为8 000 m和500 m,红树林带分辨率则提升至30 m。北部湾及铁山港主槽海域的地形数据来源于国家海事局2019年版海图,码头邻近红树林带地形通过前述潮间带地形遥感增强方法获得。嵌套模型的网格划分及地形插值结果见图4
潮流模拟大模型包含3个开边界。北部湾涠洲岛东北侧为海洋开边界,由8种主要潮汐分潮的潮位强迫驱动。白沙河和铁山河为河流开边界,参照已有研究设定的入海径流分别为2 m3/s和16 m3/s[25]。模型干湿动边界的干出、半干和淹没的水深阈值分别为0.005 m、0.05 m和0.1 m。海湾底床糙率系数取值范围为0.015~0.050,为了反映红树林植株对水体流动的阻滞作用,红树林带糙率系数设定为0.145[26-27]
泥沙输移模拟小模型的水动力参数项与潮流模拟大模型设置相同,港口开边界处潮位驱动由大模型提供。结合码头附近的地质勘测资料,设置了粒径小于0.063 mm的黏土粉砂和0.063~0.125 mm的非黏性细沙两种主要悬浮泥沙成分以及软泥层和硬泥层两个底床层。考虑黏土粉砂在沉降过程中絮凝作用,设置黏土粉砂的絮凝条件为0.01 kg/m3,细沙的平均沉降速度为0.012 m/s。结合水深分区,设定黏土粉砂和细沙临界沉积应力分别为0.02~0.11 N/m2和0.04~0.12 N/m2
(3)嵌套模型验证
潮位验证站为石头埠站和下泊站,潮流和悬浮泥沙浓度临时监测点为CS1~CS5(图4),验证期为2020年11月8日12时至9日13时,模拟精度评价系数采用Skill值。当Skill值分别为大于0.85、0.65~0.85、0.5~0.65和小于0.5时,认为模型可信度分别为极高、很高、高和一般[28-29]。验证结果如图5图6
潮位验证的Skill值均在0.96及以上,流速、流向和悬浮泥沙验证的Skill值分别为0.69~0.92、0.70~0.81和0.66~0.81,北部湾潮流模拟大模型及铁山港泥沙输移模拟小模型可信度均很高。
码头建设前,有一不过水便道延伸至拟建码头处。建设初期,陆域连接码头的进港方案延用了不过水通道。之后发现码头北侧红树林群落受损面积不断扩大时,经环境影响评价重新认证,进港方案的不过水通道更改为过水钢栈桥。因此,为了评估码头施工期、建成后及进港方案变化对附近红树林水沙环境的影响,共设计了5种模拟情景,如表1所示。情景一为码头建设前状态,呈现红树林带未受工程影响的水沙状况。情景二、三是码头施工期(停工时建设规模)进港方案分别为不过水通道和过水钢栈桥,以呈现码头建设过程中对红树林带的短期影响;情景四、五是码头工程建成后进港方案分别为不过水通道和过水钢栈桥,以呈现码头对红树林带的长期影响。
码头建设(情景二、三、四、五)相较于建设前(情景一),红树林带及邻近海域在涨急和落急的流速差分布如图7所示。红树林带南部潮流路径被码头阻断,流速发生明显变化,而红树林带北部流速影响很小。涨急时,进港方案为不过水通道,红树林带南部流速减小,减幅分别介于0.05~0.25 m/s(情景二)和0.05~0.46 m/s(情景四)之间,但部分红树林区潮沟通道的流速有所增加;进港方案替换为过水钢栈桥,红树林带东南部增加了潮流通道,流速略有增加,增幅介于0.05~0.10 m/s之间。落急时,码头附近水域流速有所减小,红树林带流速变化不明显。但在红树林带南部潮沟通道的流速增大,增幅介于0.10~0.34 m/s之间。
码头施工方案将溢流口设置在西南角,排放方式为最不利情况下的连续固定源。根据港池疏浚器械规格及已有悬浮泥沙源强量化方法[30],施工期悬浮泥沙源强为2.175 kg/s。在一个全潮周期内悬浮泥沙浓度增量分布如图8所示,各标准阈值的超标范围统计见表2
施工期,红树林带悬浮泥沙浓度增量介于10~150 mg/L之间,主要分布在20~50 mg/L之间。进港方案为不过水通道(情景二),20~50 mg/L的面积占比为71.9%,10~20 mg/L和50~100 mg/L区间的面积占比分别为16.8%和11.3%。进港方案替换为过水钢栈桥(情景三),20~50 mg/L的面积略有减少,为69.2%;10~20 mg/L和50~100 mg/L区间的面积占比略有增加,分别为18.0%和12.7%;另外有0.1%的面积,其浓度增量介于100~150 mg/L之间。
红树林带悬浮泥沙浓度增量基本上由南向北递减。南部的部分区域出现了红树林带悬浮泥沙浓度增量大于周边潮沟的现象,主要原因是红树林根系分布密集,对潮流造成滞缓作用,悬浮泥沙输移过程中受到根系截留[31]。潮水退出后,悬浮泥沙落淤在红树林根系附近,新一轮涨潮形成的潮波使泥沙再悬浮后与潮水携带的泥沙混合,进而出现短期内悬浮泥沙浓度明显增大的现象。在钢栈桥邻近区域,桥墩阻流使其周边局部区域流速减小,输移滞缓,悬浮泥沙浓度略有增加。
码头建成前后,红树林带及其邻近海域底床泥沙冲淤状况如图9所示。冲淤量为负值是冲刷、正值为淤积。码头西侧主航道呈现为冲刷,码头南侧以及北侧红树林带呈现淤积趋势。
为了更好地定量分析红树林泥沙冲淤的空间分布特征,红树林带计算网格上的年冲淤量从小到大排列,按红树林带整体范围的1%成组,并根据网格面积加权计算每组泥沙冲淤均值,可得到累积面积比例对应的临界最大冲淤量和平均冲淤量,如图10所示。码头建设前(情景一),红树林带泥沙冲淤量介于0.06~1.98 cm/a之间,平均冲淤量为0.27 cm/a。码头建设后的冲淤量明显增加,进港方案为不过水通道(情景四)和过水钢栈桥(情景五)的冲淤量,分别介于0.24~2.31 cm/a和0.10~2.36 cm/a之间,平均冲淤量分别为0.45 cm/a和0.36 cm/a,分别增加了66.7%和33.3%。进港方案替换为过水钢栈桥,红树林带泥沙冲淤量在空间上的变幅略有增加,但平均冲淤量下降了20%。
相较于码头建设前(情景一),两种进港方案(情景四、五)的冲淤增量空间分布如图11图12所示。红树林带有少部分地区的淤积量减少,面积占比分别为3.4%(情景四)和10.7%(情景五),主要出现在红树林带的沟槽和过水钢栈桥附近。其余96.6%(情景四)和89.3%(情景五)的范围泥沙淤积量增加。进港方案为不过水通道(情景四)和过水钢栈桥(情景五)的冲淤增量,分别介于–0.55~1.31 cm/a和–0.41~1.30 cm/a之间,平均冲淤增量分别为0.18 cm/a和0.09 cm/a。进港方案替换为过水钢栈桥,平均冲淤增量下降50.0%。
(1)构建的北部湾潮流模拟大模型和铁山港泥沙输移模拟小模型的嵌套模型,既可以充分利用南海海流模拟信息,又可以精细化模拟码头建设附近海域泥沙输移规律并提高计算效率。采用全球地表水覆盖几率遥感反演数据和当地特征潮位信息融合技术构建的红树林潮间带地形,既克服因遥感影像时间尺度带来的误差影响,也为红树林带水沙模拟提供了可靠的地形基础。
(2)码头建设对红树林带南部区域的潮流产生影响。涨急时,红树林带南部区域流速减小,进港方案采用过水钢栈桥替换为不过水通道,东南部流速略有增加。落急时,码头附近水域流速有所减小,红树林带南部部分潮沟通道流速增大。
(3)施工期,红树林带悬浮泥沙浓度增量介于10~150 mg/L之间,且由南向北递减。进港方案为不过水通道,10~20 mg/L、 20~50 mg/L和50~100 mg/L的红树林带范围(面积占比)分别为16.8%、71.9%和11.3%,替换为过水钢栈桥则分别18.0%、69.2%和12.7%。
(4)码头建设前,红树林带泥沙平均冲淤量为0.27 cm/a。建成后的冲淤量明显增加,进港方案为不过水通道和过水钢栈桥的平均冲淤量分别为0.45 cm/a和0.36 cm/a,且淤积量增加的面积占比分别为96.6%和89.3%。将过水钢栈桥替换不过水通道,平均冲淤增量下降50.0%。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51879288);广东省水利科技创新项目(2020-27)。
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2023年第45卷第6期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023059
  • 接收时间:2022-07-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-21
  • 修回日期:2022-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(51879288);广东省水利科技创新项目(2020-27)。
作者信息
    1 中山大学 土木工程学院 水资源与环境研究中心,广东 广州 510275
    2 珠江水利委员会珠江水利科学研究院,广东 广州 510611
    3 广东省华南地区水安全调控工程技术研究中心,广东 广州 510275
    4 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室,广东 珠海 519000
    5 中国林业科学研究院 热带林业研究所,广东 广州 510520

通讯作者:

*涂新军(1972-),男,江西省余干市人,教授,博士,主要从事水文水资源方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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