Article(id=1211432604683866307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023061, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659024000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-29, revisedDate=1669737600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757640286, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757640286, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757640286, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757640286, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432604927135955, articleId=1211432604683866307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Textural and trace elemental characteristics of sulfide from the Longqi hydrothermal field, Southwest Indian Ridge, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with the fast and intermediate spreading mid-ocean ridges, the hydrothermal fields forming at slow and ultra-slow mid-ocean ridges usually contain abundant metal sulfide resources. Previously statistical results suggested the gold concentrations in massive sulfide deposits decreases with the increase of spreading rate, and the hydrothermal fields, located in ultra-slow mid-ocean ridges, have the highest gold concentrations. Previous studies carried out detailed research on the tectonic environment and sulfide assemblage of the Longqi hydrothermal field, but the occurrence and precipitation mechanism of gold in the Longqi hydrothermal field still need further research. In this paper, the texture and trace element concentration of sulfides in the Longqi hydrothermal field are analyzed in order to investigate the occurrence and precipitation mechanism of gold. The sulfides in the Longqi hydrothermal field are mainly pyrite, along with chalcopyrite (isocubanite) and sphalerite. Minerals such as ferronatrite and native gold have also been observed. According to the mineral texture and morphology, pyrite is divided into two types the first type (Py1) is fine-grained or colloidal, while the other type (Py2) shows subhedral-euhedral with coarse grain. Py1 usually exists in Py2 or is surrounded by Py2 as inclusions, and Py2 coexists with euhedral-subhedral chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Native gold mainly exists in the internal pores of Py1, and minor grains exist between Py2 and other sulfides. Compared with Py2, Py1 contains higher trace element contents of Ni, Zn, Pb, Ba, Mn, V, Mg, U, Au, Ag, Cd, and lower contents of Co, Se, As, Sb. Under the physico-chemical conditions of the Longqi hydrothermal field, Au(HS) is the main existing form of Au. The decrease of HS concentration and the increase of pH value will promote the precipitation of gold. The mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater in the Longqi hydrothermal field results in an increase in pH values and a decrease in temperature, which can lead to pyrite crystallization and consequently decrease of sulfur fugacity of hydrothermal fluid. An increase in pH and decrease of sulfur fugacity both contributed to the precipitation of gold.

, correspAuthors=Huichao Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kean Chen, Huichao Zhang, Chunhui Tao, Jin Liang, Weifang Yang, Shili Liao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211432606994927962, articleId=1211432604683866307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区中硫化物的结构和微量元素特征, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

相比于快速和中速扩张洋中脊,慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊热液区通常含有丰富的金属硫化物资源。近年来的研究表明大洋中脊的扩张速率与矿石中金的品位呈明显的负相关,即超慢速扩张洋中脊热液区矿石中金的含量高。前人对龙旂热液区的构造环境以及硫化物组合进行了详细研究,但是对龙旂热液区硫化物中贵金属金的赋存形式和沉淀机制研究较少。本文对西南印度洋龙旂热液区中的硫化物进行了精细的矿物结构和微量元素分析,并探讨了金的赋存形式和沉淀机制。龙旂热液区的硫化物主要以黄铁矿为主,其次是黄铜矿和闪锌矿,黄铜矿普遍出溶等轴古巴矿,此外还观察到了少量的针钠铁矾和自然金等矿物。根据矿物结构和形态,黄铁矿明显被划分为两期,一期黄铁矿(Py1)自形度低,呈细粒状或胶状,内部多孔洞;二期黄铁矿(Py2)自形度高,呈自形−半自形,且粒径较大。Py1往往存在于Py2内部或以包体的形式被Py2所包裹,Py2则与自形−半自形黄铜矿和闪锌矿等矿物共生。自然金主要存在于Py1的内部孔洞之中,少量存在于Py2以及Py2与其他硫化物之间。相比于Py2,Py1含有更高的Ni、Zn、Pb、Ba、Mn、V、Mg、U、Au、Ag、Cd元素含量,更低的Co、Se、As、Sb元素含量。在龙旂热液区的物理化学条件下,热液流体中金的主要存在形式为Au(HS),HS浓度的降低和pH值升高均会促进金的沉淀。龙旂热液区早期热液流体与海水的混合造成热液流体pH值升高,而混合作用导致的热液流体温度降低会促使黄铁矿(Py1)的结晶,从而促使热液流体中HS浓度的降低,热液流体pH值升高和黄铁矿结晶(Py1)引起的硫逸度降低是龙旂热液区自然金沉淀的主要机制。

, correspAuthors=张慧超, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张慧超(1990-),男,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为热液金矿成矿作用。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MiPOySix4lIbKCc2Myp+yw==, magXml=xSDGBZnxOsEcs9Gn1O0EBQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cRjyZbfqnO7txD43KyvgOQ==, pdfFileSize=7099596, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rSghAN37Mm7rQ5EOSv0NHw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=YDTF0fD4Qltc2K2Wr4pftA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈柯安(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要研究方向为海底热液硫化物中金的成矿作用。E-mail:

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陈柯安(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要研究方向为海底热液硫化物中金的成矿作用。E-mail:

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陈柯安(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要研究方向为海底热液硫化物中金的成矿作用。E-mail:

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a−b: Fine-grained pyrite found in the euhedral pyrite; c−e: fine-grained pyrite inclusions; f: fine-grained pyrite is surrounded by euhedral pyrite; Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II, Sp: sphalerite, Ccp: chalcopyrite

, figureFileSmall=Myv8ihSgUJZRa4GvgVqI0A==, figureFileBig=1ILzvmDrxqZzc2lCJs10+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313892327211678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604683866307, language=CN, label=图3, caption=龙旂热液区黄铁矿显微照片(I)

a−b:存在于自形黄铁矿内部的细粒黄铁矿;c−e:细粒黄铁矿包体;f:细粒黄铁矿被自形黄铁矿包围;Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿,Sp:闪锌矿,Ccp:黄铜矿

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a−c, f: Chalcopyrite and sphalerite fill the pores of pyrite; d−e: the sphalerite contains chalcopyrite; Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II, Sp: sphalerite, Ccp: chalcopyrite

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a−c,f:黄铜矿和闪锌矿填充黄铁矿内部的孔洞;d−e:闪锌矿内部含有黄铜矿;Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿,Sp:闪锌矿,Ccp:黄铜矿

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a−b: Chalcopyrite occurs as annular aggregate; c: exsolution texture of isocubanite; d−f: coexistence of chalcopyrite and sphalerite symbiosis; Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II, Sp: sphalerite, Ccp: chalcopyrite, Iso: isocubanite

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a−b:以环状集合体形式出现的黄铜矿;c:黄铜矿出溶等轴古巴矿;d−f:和闪锌矿共生的黄铜矿;Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿,Sp:闪锌矿,Ccp:黄铜矿,Iso:等轴古巴矿

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a: Large aggregate of sphalerite; b−d: symbiosis of sphalerite and chalcopyrite; e−f: ferronatrite found near pyrite and sphalerite; Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II, Sp: sphalerite, Ccp: chalcopyrite, Iso: isocubanite, Frt: ferronatrite

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a:闪锌矿大块集合体;b−d:与黄铜矿共生的闪锌矿;e−f:存在于黄铁矿和闪锌矿附近的针钠铁矾;Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿,Sp:闪锌矿,Ccp:黄铜矿,Iso:等轴古巴矿,Frt:针钠铁矾

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a−c: Native gold found in pores of fine-pyrite and other minerals; d−e: native gold occurs in euhedral pyrite f: native gold found between pyrite and other mineral; Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II, Sp: sphalerite, Ccp: chalcopyrite, Au: gold

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a−c:存在于细粒黄铁矿和其他矿物溶蚀孔洞之中的自然金;d−e: 包裹于自形黄铁矿中的自然金;f:存在于黄铁矿和其他矿物之间的自然金;Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿,Sp:闪锌矿,Ccp:黄铜矿,Au:自然金

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Py1: pyrite I, Py2: pyrite II

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Py1:一期黄铁矿,Py2:二期黄铁矿

, figureFileSmall=mG3T1g3auW2Sc7IDj+6cWw==, figureFileBig=g/gcv9isGhxC91AKU6Lisg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894151733962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604683866307, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

LA-ICP-MS analysis results of pyrite、chalcopyrite and sphalerite

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型样品编号含量/10−6
Cu(1σ)Zn(1σ)V(1σ)Mn(1σ)Co(1σ)Ni(1σ)As(1σ)Se(1σ)Mo(1σ)Ag(1σ)Sn(1σ)Sb(1σ)Ba(1σ)Au(1σ)Pb(1σ)U(1σ)
注:“—”代表含量在仪器检测限之下;1σ 为一倍标准偏差。
一期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-1173(6.76)4.55(1.33)0.45(0.04)124(7.63)0.43(0.10)138(5.11)0.25(0.29)7.15(0.95)8.23(0.71)1.34(0.11)5.43(0.27)0.05(0.03)1.68(0.19)76.0(7.21)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-2138(4.70)10.8(0.84)0.52(0.04)0.88(0.11)12.4(2.27)1.20(0.12)19.5(2.31)0.86(0.24)22.3(0.49)14.4(0.58)1.48(0.08)1.91(0.17)2.77(0.11)226(6.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1669(24.8)745(30.8)0.88(0.06)283(6.64)10.8(0.68)1.67(0.18)34.5(1.09)2.16(0.31)26.8(0.82)115(3.21)5.57(0.20)2.80(0.11)0.18(0.05)2.60(0.11)93.4(1.67)0.03(0.01)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-2365(16.6)181(10.0)0.62(0.04)174(7.51)282(16.2)0.81(0.12)39.8(1.22)3.79(0.50)15.4(0.70)57.8(2.39)3.86(0.18)2.38(0.13)0.12(0.03)1.58(0.10)63.2(2.15)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-3853(31.1)2497(80.8)1.05(0.12)647(21.2)2.38(0.12)0.87(0.11)29.0(0.91)2.79(0.43)16.8(0.62)143(6.14)4.47(0.18)3.96(0.24)0.34(0.07)1.79(0.09)117(3.94)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-41030(36.6)795(38.6)0.60(0.04)113(3.24)10.8(0.67)2.02(0.17)29.5(0.57)2.98(0.30)49.2(1.57)158(6.58)4.71(0.16)4.50(0.17)0.14(0.03)3.01(0.13)130(2.86)0.15(0.10)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-5414(15.7)4742(165)0.56(0.04)12.8(0.43)1.52(0.20)0.93(0.11)6.18(0.36)1.01(0.25)12.0(0.33)9.78(0.38)1.42(0.08)1.47(0.11)2.02(0.10)130(2.01)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-61563(86.3)2619(68.7)0.72(0.06)57.1(3.16)584(32.2)1.00(0.13)28.4(1.41)2.56(0.44)14.8(0.80)257(13.1)19.5(0.94)8.63(0.52)0.28(0.07)4.67(0.29)219(10.6)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-71685(66.7)2129(49.8)0.45(0.04)49.9(2.60)640(29.7)0.64(0.10)38.5(1.34)2.77(0.37)13.9(0.60)254(9.78)19.6(0.63)8.08(0.29)0.11(0.04)4.71(0.20)225(7.79)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-81217(68.3)387(13.1)0.71(0.05)313(10.5)856(32.1)1.39(0.13)28.7(0.73)4.69(0.48)37.2(1.79)131(5.84)8.91(0.34)4.04(0.22)0.11(0.03)3.57(0.19)138(5.25)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-9727(27.2)918(56.1)0.78(0.05)440(10.6)253(12.9)2.27(0.17)26.3(0.65)4.00(0.38)59.3(2.98)113(4.64)3.26(0.15)2.93(0.14)0.16(0.04)2.21(0.11)104(3.02)0.05(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-10465(15.1)212(13.1)0.45(0.04)236(8.80)1200(57.3)0.48(0.70)36.9(0.98)6.98(0.50)14.9(0.65)75.8(2.46)3.87(0.14)2.38(0.11)0.09(0.03)1.49(0.08)79.6(2.61)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-11602(21.9)784(32.7)0.72(0.05)420(14.1)31.2(2.40)0.95(0.10)25.5(0.74)3.87(0.38)25.8(0.98)88.6(3.33)3.74(0.18)2.87(0.16)0.14(0.04)1.61(0.10)94.6(3.50)0.02(0.00)
最大值168547421.0564712002.271386.9859.325719.68.630.344.712260.15
最小值1384.550.450.881.520.436.180.257.158.231.341.470.051.4963.20.01
平均值78213850.672293471.1641.73.0625.51136.844.10.162.661320.04
二期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-374.3(3.29)3.38(0.48)0.35(0.04)0.40(0.11)931(62.0)0.26(0.07)162(9.64)0.42(0.29)5.57(0.38)5.54(0.27)0.55(0.09)4.87(0.29)0.02(0.02)1.53(0.09)87.6(4.67)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-462.6(1.68)66.5(7.19)0.34(0.03)0.78(0.14)120(23.0)0.48(0.08)46.4(3.60)0.36(0.22)11.5(0.65)4.89(0.21)0.50(0.05)1.61(0.11)1.05(0.06)179(4.24)
二期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-566.0(3.82)7.15(1.53)0.30(0.03)0.38(0.09)1113(79.1)0.16(0.06)307(8.36)0.47(0.26)1.92(0.13)2.41(0.15)0.65(0.07)5.63(0.20)0.79(0.08)94.8(1.62)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-675.4(2.30)138(19.1)0.44(0.03)1.49(0.10)0.82(0.05)0.73(0.10)4.10(0.41)1.18(0.24)17.8(0.46)3.16(0.19)0.31(0.05)0.63(0.05)1.13(0.08)221(6.84)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-7181(5.51)4046(246)0.47(0.03)2.05(0.12)37.1(4.46)1.21(0.11)42.0(3.25)0.39(0.26)22.0(0.91)4.64(0.25)0.59(0.06)1.40(0.12)1.01(0.06)198(6.24)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-143.0(2.41)1.47(0.37)0.13(0.02)0.70(0.67)0.28(0.20)370(6.45)0.6(0.20)0.50(0.06)0.94(0.09)0.17(0.06)10.5(0.31)0.03(0.03)0.13(0.02)3.03(0.27)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-2122(5.80)44.7(5.41)0.24(0.02)0.09(0.08)0.29(0.05)0.16(0.10)65.2(2.18)0.31(0.05)6.58(0.36)0.67(0.06)16.3(0.60)0.34(0.03)5.16(0.23)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-3107(4.27)184(6.94)0.18(0.02)0.21(0.07)0.03(0.01)0.01(0.02)151(6.97)0.14(0.03)4.70(0.34)0.56(0.06)14.4(0.40)0.02(0.02)0.38(0.03)4.32(0.17)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1254.1(3.98)16.5(1.74)0.18(0.02)2702(84.5)342(8.81)22.6(0.88)0.22(0.04)2.02(0.17)0.37(0.05)5.52(0.21)0.15(0.02)6.67(0.36)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1331.6(1.38)1512(68)0.17(0.02)3269(83.0)0.04(0.03)327(5.84)24.7(1.33)0.20(0.04)1.69(0.11)0.09(0.04)5.77(0.17)0.06(0.01)1.12(0.06)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1462.7(5.43)17.0(1.80)0.17(0.03)0.17(0.08)2556(145)327(3.72)29.2(1.98)0.79(0.13)3.21(0.19)0.40(0.07)4.77(0.17)0.11(0.02)13.1(0.45)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1525.2(0.99)9.73(1.58)0.16(0.02)5534(267)0.02(0.03)326(7.54)45.6(1.94)0.35(0.05)0.80(0.07)0.04(0.05)6.94(0.22)0.09(0.02)1.91(0.22)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1621.5(1.00)13.5(1.43)0.17(0.03)0.08(0.07)5848(313)1.65(1.67)334(7.68)48.2(1.90)0.28(0.05)0.38(0.05)0.16(0.04)6.92(0.22)0.01(0.01)0.04(0.01)0.47(0.05)
最大值18140460.472.0558481.6537048.2226.580.6716.30.031.53221
最小值21.51.470.130.080.030.014.10.360.140.380.040.630.010.040.47
平均值75.36740.260.7118640.5121617.15.583.190.386.810.020.5669.2
闪锌矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-83358426262287(9.97)0.09(0.04)4.83(0.34)44.3(1.10)0.36(0.15)70.6(4.02)61.8(1.84)6.23(0.29)0.03(0.02)0.24(0.06)0.02(0.01)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-93366616154175(6.25)0.03(0.04)3.35(0.35)43.5(0.97)0.23(0.12)42.9(2.43)0.02(0.04)62.8(1.85)4.95(0.30)0.04(0.08)0.07(0.04)0.11(0.05)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-103242805933153(4.93)0.14(0.05)3.36(0.32)44.5(1.42)0.41(0.15)1.43(0.37)45.7(2.19)61.1(1.79)4.18(0.28)0.22(0.04)0.03(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-113456518092526(12.8)6.58(0.31)52.9(1.35)39.4(2.16)0.03(0.04)52.2(1.73)4.18(0.22)0.19(0.06)0.04(0.03)0.23(0.05)
闪锌矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-1233045151261054(23.1)0.11(0.04)7.88(0.34)59.4(1.39)0.27(0.13)34.6(2.07)52.1(1.32)4.91(0.24)0.09(0.06)0.13(0.03)0.05(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-133363515833479(10.0)0.05(0.03)6.15(0.32)53.1(1.24)0.47(0.11)1.12(0.40)44.3(2.29)48.3(1.09)4.03(0.22)0.29(0.07)0.01(0.01)0.18(0.04)0.22(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-143302085120133(3.77)5.01(0.26)52.6(1.27)61.9(2.82)59.3(1.39)7.01(0.32)0.06(0.06)0.02(0.03)0.26(0.04)0.13(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-153339725083137(4.73)0.14(0.04)5.01(0.29)45.3(0.96)0.29(0.13)69.7(2.91)65.5(1.66)7.66(0.30)0.16(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-163437044923144(4.58)0.02(0.03)5.13(0.31)47.7(0.97)0.15(0.13)0.74(0.36)59.6(2.84)0.06(0.03)61.1(1.34)5.04(0.28)0.06(0.06)0.20(0.04)0.09(0.04)0.01(0.00)
最大值34565110540.147.8859.40.471.4370.60.0665.57.660.290.070.260.220.02
最小值3242801330.023.3543.50.150.7434.60.0248.34.030.040.010.130.030.01
平均值3351863890.085.3249.70.311.0952.20.04585.440.130.040.20.110.02
黄铜矿19II-S7-TVG4-7-175793(97.9)6437601022056.8(1.20)8.32(0.25)0.03(0.01)9.44(0.39)1.66(0.37)388(5.60)4.08(0.16)4.80(0.22)0.37(0.03)553(8.40)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-183996(98.0)6449431065238.9(0.92)8.97(0.20)0.03(0.02)6.85(0.29)1.31(0.34)382(11.4)8.52(0.24)3.51(0.13)0.83(0.05)407(11.0)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-193452(58.8)6392191007830.4(0.56)9.63(0.23)0.04(0.03)7.72(0.27)1.33(0.30)209(4.56)11.7(0.21)3.08(0.11)0.01(0.01)0.45(0.04)209(4.58)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-205574(128)640315100630.04(0.02)65.1(1.51)8.90(0.20)8.3(0.30)460(5.07)4.13(0.20)11.3(0.50)0.70(0.04)439(3.88)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-214005(100)62502092350.07(0.02)56.6(1.19)0.43(0.06)0.06(0.04)0.49(0.16)1.16(0.28)1680(53.0)653(16.9)90.9(1.84)0.02(0.01)0.91(0.05)188(5.98)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-224416(57.8)6182201003137.6(0.56)18.3(0.28)5.77(0.30)1.02(0.30)158(3.03)39.2(0.63)11.1(0.22)0.01(0.01)0.18(0.02)59.9(4.46)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-236117(103)639676103430.02(0.01)36.6(0.73)9.65(0.26)0.05(0.03)8.79(0.30)1.81(0.30)418(8.79)73.6(1.03)20.4(0.47)0.50(0.04)268(7.03)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-244927(67.3)643376100090.04(0.02)32.8(0.72)9.24(0.26)0.09(0.03)6.56(0.29)0.48(0.31)0.01(0.01)452(7.19)33.5(0.92)8.52(0.28)0.53(0.04)159(4.38)
最大值61176449430.0765.118.30.099.441.810.01168065390.90.020.91553
最小值34526182200.0230.40.430.030.490.480.011584.083.080.010.1859.9
平均值47856357690.04459.220.056.391.230.01599148.524.80.010.56290
), ArticleFig(id=1215313894264980173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604683866307, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿的LA-ICP-MS分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型样品编号含量/10−6
Cu(1σ)Zn(1σ)V(1σ)Mn(1σ)Co(1σ)Ni(1σ)As(1σ)Se(1σ)Mo(1σ)Ag(1σ)Sn(1σ)Sb(1σ)Ba(1σ)Au(1σ)Pb(1σ)U(1σ)
注:“—”代表含量在仪器检测限之下;1σ 为一倍标准偏差。
一期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-1173(6.76)4.55(1.33)0.45(0.04)124(7.63)0.43(0.10)138(5.11)0.25(0.29)7.15(0.95)8.23(0.71)1.34(0.11)5.43(0.27)0.05(0.03)1.68(0.19)76.0(7.21)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-2138(4.70)10.8(0.84)0.52(0.04)0.88(0.11)12.4(2.27)1.20(0.12)19.5(2.31)0.86(0.24)22.3(0.49)14.4(0.58)1.48(0.08)1.91(0.17)2.77(0.11)226(6.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1669(24.8)745(30.8)0.88(0.06)283(6.64)10.8(0.68)1.67(0.18)34.5(1.09)2.16(0.31)26.8(0.82)115(3.21)5.57(0.20)2.80(0.11)0.18(0.05)2.60(0.11)93.4(1.67)0.03(0.01)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-2365(16.6)181(10.0)0.62(0.04)174(7.51)282(16.2)0.81(0.12)39.8(1.22)3.79(0.50)15.4(0.70)57.8(2.39)3.86(0.18)2.38(0.13)0.12(0.03)1.58(0.10)63.2(2.15)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-3853(31.1)2497(80.8)1.05(0.12)647(21.2)2.38(0.12)0.87(0.11)29.0(0.91)2.79(0.43)16.8(0.62)143(6.14)4.47(0.18)3.96(0.24)0.34(0.07)1.79(0.09)117(3.94)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-41030(36.6)795(38.6)0.60(0.04)113(3.24)10.8(0.67)2.02(0.17)29.5(0.57)2.98(0.30)49.2(1.57)158(6.58)4.71(0.16)4.50(0.17)0.14(0.03)3.01(0.13)130(2.86)0.15(0.10)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-5414(15.7)4742(165)0.56(0.04)12.8(0.43)1.52(0.20)0.93(0.11)6.18(0.36)1.01(0.25)12.0(0.33)9.78(0.38)1.42(0.08)1.47(0.11)2.02(0.10)130(2.01)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-61563(86.3)2619(68.7)0.72(0.06)57.1(3.16)584(32.2)1.00(0.13)28.4(1.41)2.56(0.44)14.8(0.80)257(13.1)19.5(0.94)8.63(0.52)0.28(0.07)4.67(0.29)219(10.6)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-71685(66.7)2129(49.8)0.45(0.04)49.9(2.60)640(29.7)0.64(0.10)38.5(1.34)2.77(0.37)13.9(0.60)254(9.78)19.6(0.63)8.08(0.29)0.11(0.04)4.71(0.20)225(7.79)0.01(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-81217(68.3)387(13.1)0.71(0.05)313(10.5)856(32.1)1.39(0.13)28.7(0.73)4.69(0.48)37.2(1.79)131(5.84)8.91(0.34)4.04(0.22)0.11(0.03)3.57(0.19)138(5.25)0.02(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-9727(27.2)918(56.1)0.78(0.05)440(10.6)253(12.9)2.27(0.17)26.3(0.65)4.00(0.38)59.3(2.98)113(4.64)3.26(0.15)2.93(0.14)0.16(0.04)2.21(0.11)104(3.02)0.05(0.00)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-10465(15.1)212(13.1)0.45(0.04)236(8.80)1200(57.3)0.48(0.70)36.9(0.98)6.98(0.50)14.9(0.65)75.8(2.46)3.87(0.14)2.38(0.11)0.09(0.03)1.49(0.08)79.6(2.61)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-11602(21.9)784(32.7)0.72(0.05)420(14.1)31.2(2.40)0.95(0.10)25.5(0.74)3.87(0.38)25.8(0.98)88.6(3.33)3.74(0.18)2.87(0.16)0.14(0.04)1.61(0.10)94.6(3.50)0.02(0.00)
最大值168547421.0564712002.271386.9859.325719.68.630.344.712260.15
最小值1384.550.450.881.520.436.180.257.158.231.341.470.051.4963.20.01
平均值78213850.672293471.1641.73.0625.51136.844.10.162.661320.04
二期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-374.3(3.29)3.38(0.48)0.35(0.04)0.40(0.11)931(62.0)0.26(0.07)162(9.64)0.42(0.29)5.57(0.38)5.54(0.27)0.55(0.09)4.87(0.29)0.02(0.02)1.53(0.09)87.6(4.67)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-462.6(1.68)66.5(7.19)0.34(0.03)0.78(0.14)120(23.0)0.48(0.08)46.4(3.60)0.36(0.22)11.5(0.65)4.89(0.21)0.50(0.05)1.61(0.11)1.05(0.06)179(4.24)
二期黄铁矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-566.0(3.82)7.15(1.53)0.30(0.03)0.38(0.09)1113(79.1)0.16(0.06)307(8.36)0.47(0.26)1.92(0.13)2.41(0.15)0.65(0.07)5.63(0.20)0.79(0.08)94.8(1.62)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-675.4(2.30)138(19.1)0.44(0.03)1.49(0.10)0.82(0.05)0.73(0.10)4.10(0.41)1.18(0.24)17.8(0.46)3.16(0.19)0.31(0.05)0.63(0.05)1.13(0.08)221(6.84)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-7181(5.51)4046(246)0.47(0.03)2.05(0.12)37.1(4.46)1.21(0.11)42.0(3.25)0.39(0.26)22.0(0.91)4.64(0.25)0.59(0.06)1.40(0.12)1.01(0.06)198(6.24)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-143.0(2.41)1.47(0.37)0.13(0.02)0.70(0.67)0.28(0.20)370(6.45)0.6(0.20)0.50(0.06)0.94(0.09)0.17(0.06)10.5(0.31)0.03(0.03)0.13(0.02)3.03(0.27)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-2122(5.80)44.7(5.41)0.24(0.02)0.09(0.08)0.29(0.05)0.16(0.10)65.2(2.18)0.31(0.05)6.58(0.36)0.67(0.06)16.3(0.60)0.34(0.03)5.16(0.23)
19II-S7-TVG4-6-3107(4.27)184(6.94)0.18(0.02)0.21(0.07)0.03(0.01)0.01(0.02)151(6.97)0.14(0.03)4.70(0.34)0.56(0.06)14.4(0.40)0.02(0.02)0.38(0.03)4.32(0.17)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1254.1(3.98)16.5(1.74)0.18(0.02)2702(84.5)342(8.81)22.6(0.88)0.22(0.04)2.02(0.17)0.37(0.05)5.52(0.21)0.15(0.02)6.67(0.36)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1331.6(1.38)1512(68)0.17(0.02)3269(83.0)0.04(0.03)327(5.84)24.7(1.33)0.20(0.04)1.69(0.11)0.09(0.04)5.77(0.17)0.06(0.01)1.12(0.06)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1462.7(5.43)17.0(1.80)0.17(0.03)0.17(0.08)2556(145)327(3.72)29.2(1.98)0.79(0.13)3.21(0.19)0.40(0.07)4.77(0.17)0.11(0.02)13.1(0.45)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1525.2(0.99)9.73(1.58)0.16(0.02)5534(267)0.02(0.03)326(7.54)45.6(1.94)0.35(0.05)0.80(0.07)0.04(0.05)6.94(0.22)0.09(0.02)1.91(0.22)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-1621.5(1.00)13.5(1.43)0.17(0.03)0.08(0.07)5848(313)1.65(1.67)334(7.68)48.2(1.90)0.28(0.05)0.38(0.05)0.16(0.04)6.92(0.22)0.01(0.01)0.04(0.01)0.47(0.05)
最大值18140460.472.0558481.6537048.2226.580.6716.30.031.53221
最小值21.51.470.130.080.030.014.10.360.140.380.040.630.010.040.47
平均值75.36740.260.7118640.5121617.15.583.190.386.810.020.5669.2
闪锌矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-83358426262287(9.97)0.09(0.04)4.83(0.34)44.3(1.10)0.36(0.15)70.6(4.02)61.8(1.84)6.23(0.29)0.03(0.02)0.24(0.06)0.02(0.01)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-93366616154175(6.25)0.03(0.04)3.35(0.35)43.5(0.97)0.23(0.12)42.9(2.43)0.02(0.04)62.8(1.85)4.95(0.30)0.04(0.08)0.07(0.04)0.11(0.05)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-103242805933153(4.93)0.14(0.05)3.36(0.32)44.5(1.42)0.41(0.15)1.43(0.37)45.7(2.19)61.1(1.79)4.18(0.28)0.22(0.04)0.03(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-113456518092526(12.8)6.58(0.31)52.9(1.35)39.4(2.16)0.03(0.04)52.2(1.73)4.18(0.22)0.19(0.06)0.04(0.03)0.23(0.05)
闪锌矿19II-S7-TVG4-2-1233045151261054(23.1)0.11(0.04)7.88(0.34)59.4(1.39)0.27(0.13)34.6(2.07)52.1(1.32)4.91(0.24)0.09(0.06)0.13(0.03)0.05(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-133363515833479(10.0)0.05(0.03)6.15(0.32)53.1(1.24)0.47(0.11)1.12(0.40)44.3(2.29)48.3(1.09)4.03(0.22)0.29(0.07)0.01(0.01)0.18(0.04)0.22(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-143302085120133(3.77)5.01(0.26)52.6(1.27)61.9(2.82)59.3(1.39)7.01(0.32)0.06(0.06)0.02(0.03)0.26(0.04)0.13(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-153339725083137(4.73)0.14(0.04)5.01(0.29)45.3(0.96)0.29(0.13)69.7(2.91)65.5(1.66)7.66(0.30)0.16(0.04)
19II-S7-TVG4-2-163437044923144(4.58)0.02(0.03)5.13(0.31)47.7(0.97)0.15(0.13)0.74(0.36)59.6(2.84)0.06(0.03)61.1(1.34)5.04(0.28)0.06(0.06)0.20(0.04)0.09(0.04)0.01(0.00)
最大值34565110540.147.8859.40.471.4370.60.0665.57.660.290.070.260.220.02
最小值3242801330.023.3543.50.150.7434.60.0248.34.030.040.010.130.030.01
平均值3351863890.085.3249.70.311.0952.20.04585.440.130.040.20.110.02
黄铜矿19II-S7-TVG4-7-175793(97.9)6437601022056.8(1.20)8.32(0.25)0.03(0.01)9.44(0.39)1.66(0.37)388(5.60)4.08(0.16)4.80(0.22)0.37(0.03)553(8.40)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-183996(98.0)6449431065238.9(0.92)8.97(0.20)0.03(0.02)6.85(0.29)1.31(0.34)382(11.4)8.52(0.24)3.51(0.13)0.83(0.05)407(11.0)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-193452(58.8)6392191007830.4(0.56)9.63(0.23)0.04(0.03)7.72(0.27)1.33(0.30)209(4.56)11.7(0.21)3.08(0.11)0.01(0.01)0.45(0.04)209(4.58)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-205574(128)640315100630.04(0.02)65.1(1.51)8.90(0.20)8.3(0.30)460(5.07)4.13(0.20)11.3(0.50)0.70(0.04)439(3.88)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-214005(100)62502092350.07(0.02)56.6(1.19)0.43(0.06)0.06(0.04)0.49(0.16)1.16(0.28)1680(53.0)653(16.9)90.9(1.84)0.02(0.01)0.91(0.05)188(5.98)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-224416(57.8)6182201003137.6(0.56)18.3(0.28)5.77(0.30)1.02(0.30)158(3.03)39.2(0.63)11.1(0.22)0.01(0.01)0.18(0.02)59.9(4.46)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-236117(103)639676103430.02(0.01)36.6(0.73)9.65(0.26)0.05(0.03)8.79(0.30)1.81(0.30)418(8.79)73.6(1.03)20.4(0.47)0.50(0.04)268(7.03)
19II-S7-TVG4-7-244927(67.3)643376100090.04(0.02)32.8(0.72)9.24(0.26)0.09(0.03)6.56(0.29)0.48(0.31)0.01(0.01)452(7.19)33.5(0.92)8.52(0.28)0.53(0.04)159(4.38)
最大值61176449430.0765.118.30.099.441.810.01168065390.90.020.91553
最小值34526182200.0230.40.430.030.490.480.011584.083.080.010.1859.9
平均值47856357690.04459.220.056.391.230.01599148.524.80.010.56290
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西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区中硫化物的结构和微量元素特征
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陈柯安 1 , 张慧超 1, 2, * , 陶春辉 2, 3 , 梁锦 2 , 杨伟芳 2 , 廖时理 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 93-108
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 93-108
西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区中硫化物的结构和微量元素特征
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陈柯安1 , 张慧超1, 2, * , 陶春辉2, 3, 梁锦2, 杨伟芳2, 廖时理2
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 海洋学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 海底科学实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240
  • 陈柯安(1998-),男,河南省商丘市人,主要研究方向为海底热液硫化物中金的成矿作用。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张慧超(1990-),男,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为热液金矿成矿作用。E-mail:
Textural and trace elemental characteristics of sulfide from the Longqi hydrothermal field, Southwest Indian Ridge
Kean Chen1 , Huichao Zhang1, 2, * , Chunhui Tao2, 3, Jin Liang2, Weifang Yang2, Shili Liao2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Nature Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023061
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相比于快速和中速扩张洋中脊,慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊热液区通常含有丰富的金属硫化物资源。近年来的研究表明大洋中脊的扩张速率与矿石中金的品位呈明显的负相关,即超慢速扩张洋中脊热液区矿石中金的含量高。前人对龙旂热液区的构造环境以及硫化物组合进行了详细研究,但是对龙旂热液区硫化物中贵金属金的赋存形式和沉淀机制研究较少。本文对西南印度洋龙旂热液区中的硫化物进行了精细的矿物结构和微量元素分析,并探讨了金的赋存形式和沉淀机制。龙旂热液区的硫化物主要以黄铁矿为主,其次是黄铜矿和闪锌矿,黄铜矿普遍出溶等轴古巴矿,此外还观察到了少量的针钠铁矾和自然金等矿物。根据矿物结构和形态,黄铁矿明显被划分为两期,一期黄铁矿(Py1)自形度低,呈细粒状或胶状,内部多孔洞;二期黄铁矿(Py2)自形度高,呈自形−半自形,且粒径较大。Py1往往存在于Py2内部或以包体的形式被Py2所包裹,Py2则与自形−半自形黄铜矿和闪锌矿等矿物共生。自然金主要存在于Py1的内部孔洞之中,少量存在于Py2以及Py2与其他硫化物之间。相比于Py2,Py1含有更高的Ni、Zn、Pb、Ba、Mn、V、Mg、U、Au、Ag、Cd元素含量,更低的Co、Se、As、Sb元素含量。在龙旂热液区的物理化学条件下,热液流体中金的主要存在形式为Au(HS),HS浓度的降低和pH值升高均会促进金的沉淀。龙旂热液区早期热液流体与海水的混合造成热液流体pH值升高,而混合作用导致的热液流体温度降低会促使黄铁矿(Py1)的结晶,从而促使热液流体中HS浓度的降低,热液流体pH值升高和黄铁矿结晶(Py1)引起的硫逸度降低是龙旂热液区自然金沉淀的主要机制。

龙旂热液区  /  矿物结构  /  微量元素  /  金的赋存形式  /  沉淀机制

Compared with the fast and intermediate spreading mid-ocean ridges, the hydrothermal fields forming at slow and ultra-slow mid-ocean ridges usually contain abundant metal sulfide resources. Previously statistical results suggested the gold concentrations in massive sulfide deposits decreases with the increase of spreading rate, and the hydrothermal fields, located in ultra-slow mid-ocean ridges, have the highest gold concentrations. Previous studies carried out detailed research on the tectonic environment and sulfide assemblage of the Longqi hydrothermal field, but the occurrence and precipitation mechanism of gold in the Longqi hydrothermal field still need further research. In this paper, the texture and trace element concentration of sulfides in the Longqi hydrothermal field are analyzed in order to investigate the occurrence and precipitation mechanism of gold. The sulfides in the Longqi hydrothermal field are mainly pyrite, along with chalcopyrite (isocubanite) and sphalerite. Minerals such as ferronatrite and native gold have also been observed. According to the mineral texture and morphology, pyrite is divided into two types the first type (Py1) is fine-grained or colloidal, while the other type (Py2) shows subhedral-euhedral with coarse grain. Py1 usually exists in Py2 or is surrounded by Py2 as inclusions, and Py2 coexists with euhedral-subhedral chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Native gold mainly exists in the internal pores of Py1, and minor grains exist between Py2 and other sulfides. Compared with Py2, Py1 contains higher trace element contents of Ni, Zn, Pb, Ba, Mn, V, Mg, U, Au, Ag, Cd, and lower contents of Co, Se, As, Sb. Under the physico-chemical conditions of the Longqi hydrothermal field, Au(HS) is the main existing form of Au. The decrease of HS concentration and the increase of pH value will promote the precipitation of gold. The mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater in the Longqi hydrothermal field results in an increase in pH values and a decrease in temperature, which can lead to pyrite crystallization and consequently decrease of sulfur fugacity of hydrothermal fluid. An increase in pH and decrease of sulfur fugacity both contributed to the precipitation of gold.

Longqi hydrothermal field  /  mineral texture  /  trace element  /  occurrence of gold  /  precipitation mechanism
陈柯安, 张慧超, 陶春辉, 梁锦, 杨伟芳, 廖时理. 西南印度洋中脊龙旂热液区中硫化物的结构和微量元素特征. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 93 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023061
Kean Chen, Huichao Zhang, Chunhui Tao, Jin Liang, Weifang Yang, Shili Liao. Textural and trace elemental characteristics of sulfide from the Longqi hydrothermal field, Southwest Indian Ridge[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 93 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023061
自20世纪70年代科学家首次在海底发现热液喷口以来,迄今已经发现了300多个热液喷口[1]。前人对海底热液喷流形成的热液多金属硫化物矿床进行了详细的矿物学、地球化学和年代学等方面的研究[2-3],认为海底断裂深部中被加热的海水萃取了洋壳的金属元素,并在喷口处与冷的海水混合沉淀,从而形成多金属硫化物矿床[4-5]。单个硫化物矿床的资源量甚至可以达到十万吨至数百万吨,其主要成矿元素为Cu、Zn、Fe和S等[1]。除了主要的Cu、Zn、Fe和S元素外,近年来海底硫化物矿床中金的赋存形式和沉淀机制受到了格外关注[6-7]。金具有很高的经济价值,在人们的经济生活中占有重要地位,因此研究海底硫化物中金的赋存形式和沉淀机制具有重要的理论和实际意义。海底多金属硫化物是金的重要载体,广泛存在于火山弧和大洋中脊热液系统中。前人的研究认为火山弧环境下中酸性岩浆的参与有助于金的富集[8-9],但是对于缺乏中酸性岩浆供给的大洋中脊热液系统,金的赋存形式和沉淀机制还需要深入研究。
洋中脊环境中,被加热的海水持续不断地将地壳甚至上地幔中的金运移到海底表面,所以洋中脊热液系统中的金很可能成为未来重要的金供给源之一[10]。在洋中脊系统中,快速、中速、慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊中均含有热液喷口[11-12],但是快速和中速扩张的洋中脊,其频繁的火山和构造活动导致热液区发育程度低,金属资源量低[13],慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊的火山和构造活动相对稳定,热液区内形成的金属资源量大[14]。前人统计表明慢速和超慢速扩张洋中脊中金属资源量占整个洋中脊资源量的86%[9]。近年来的研究表明,大洋中脊的扩张速率与矿石中金的品位呈明显的负相关,即超慢速扩张的洋中脊热液区硫化物矿石中金的品位是最高的[7, 9]。对于超慢速扩张洋脊中超基性岩赋存的硫化物矿石,由于超基性岩广泛存在的蛇纹石化反应会导致其体积膨胀,孔隙增多[15],增大了热液流体和围岩发生反应的机会,从而能够从围岩中淋滤出更多的金[9]。此外,超基性岩蛇纹石化过程中产生的H2有利于金的沉淀[16],因此,超慢速扩张洋脊中超基性岩赋存的硫化物矿石金品位很高[17]。而超慢速扩张洋中脊基性岩赋存的硫化物矿石中金的富集沉淀机制还不清晰,需要继续深入研究。
2007年在印度洋热液活动科学考察中,我国科学家发现了西南印度洋的首个热液活动区,命名为龙旂热液区(37.8°S,49.6°E)。前人已经对该热液区海底多金属硫化物的矿物学和地球化学等方面进行了研究。龙旂热液区主要的硫化物为黄铁矿、黄铜矿、闪锌矿和等轴古巴矿,成矿温度在200~340°C之间[18-19]。龙旂热液区金的品位大多数都落在2.0×10–6~12.5×10–6的范围内[6, 20],平均值为3.97×10–6N = 27),而根据Mercier-Langevin等[21]对VMS矿床的分类,当金含量大于3.46×10–6时就被认为是含金热液区。虽然前人报道过龙旂热液区金的赋存形式,但是对金的富集沉淀机制讨论较少,因此龙旂热液区作为超慢速扩张洋脊中基性岩赋存的含金热液区,研究该热液区金的赋存形式和富集沉淀机制有助于理解超慢速扩张洋脊热液区金的成矿作用。
印度洋中脊呈“入”字形展布,包括中印度洋中脊、东南印度洋中脊和西南印度洋中脊三部分(图1a),其中西南印度洋中脊的大致走向为NE−SW向,东起罗德里格斯三联点(Rodrigues Triple Junction,RTJ),西至布维三联点(Bouvet Triple Junction,BTJ),全长约8 000 km,是非洲板块和南极洲板块的分界线[22-23]。西南印度洋中脊属于典型的超慢速扩张洋中脊,全段的扩张速率基本一致,为14~16 mm/a[24]。西南印度洋中脊中央裂谷地形和构造环境复杂,纵向上起伏非常大,轴部最大水深超过5 km,并且存在一系列N−S向的大型转换断层[23]。自西向东共有Bouvet FZ、Islas Orcadas FZ、Shaka FZ等9个大型转换断层。由于大规模转换断层的存在,会导致地幔物质(蛇纹石化橄榄岩)直接出露于洋底[25]。从20世纪90年代起,科学家们就在西南印度洋中脊发现了多处热液异常。例如1997年来自日本的“Fuji”航次在西南印度洋中脊东部发现了6处热液异常,而2000年的R/V“Knorr”航次在西南印度洋中脊西部发现了8处热液异常[2,26]。2007年1月,我国开启了对西南印度洋中脊的调查航次,发现了世界上第一个被确认的超慢速扩张洋中脊活动热液区—龙旂热液区[27-28]。2008−2010年,中国大洋航次又先后在西南印度洋中脊发现了7处热液异常。
龙旂热液区位于Indomed(46.0°E)转换断层和Gallieni(52.0°E)转换断层之间(图1b),处于西南印度洋中脊第28脊段,水深约为2 755 m,周围地势高低起伏(图1c),基岩主要为玄武岩,热液区可见黑烟囱和倒塌的黑烟囱残骸。自8~10 Ma以来,西南印度洋中脊49°~52°E段之间的岩浆供应量突然增加,致使龙旂热液区的洋壳厚度相比于周边区域明显增大,局部岩浆供应量充足[19]。该热液区周边区域的洋壳厚度较薄,由于低角度拆离断层大量发育,导致洋底普遍出露下地壳和上地幔物质,形成海底核杂岩[20,30]。目前在龙旂热液区已经发现了多个热液喷口区,热液活动影响范围大,其低磁区域面积达到9×104 m2,超过了大西洋中脊的TAG热液区和胡安−德富卡(Juan de Fuca)洋脊的Relict热液区,具备成为大型热液矿床的条件[31]。此外,微地震和地球化学的数据研究表明,龙旂热液区的热液循环深度可达13 km,远远超过了其他热液区的热液循环深度[32]
本研究的龙旂热液区样品(编号19II-S7-TVG4-1,19II-S7-TVG4-2,19II-S7-TVG4-3,19II-S7-TVG4-4,19II-S7-TVG4-5,19II-S7-TVG4-6,19II-S7-TVG4-7)来自中国大洋115-19航次,通过电视抓斗采集。样品质地较为致密,孔隙度低,外观呈灰色或浅黄色,可见到明显的黄铁矿颗粒(图2)。
首先对样品进行打磨制成标靶和薄片在光学显微镜和扫描电镜下详细观察。光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析都在河海大学海洋科学实验中心完成,扫描电镜型号为TESCAN MIRA3,工作电压20.0 kV。LA-ICP-MS标靶硫化物元素分析在南京聚谱检测科技有限公司完成。193 nm ArF准分子激光剥蚀系统由Teledyne Cetac Technologies 制造,型号为Analyte Excite。四极杆型电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)由安捷伦科技(Agilent Technologies)制造,型号为Agilent 7700x。准分子激光发生器产生的深紫外光束经匀化光路聚焦于硫化物表面,能量密度为3.0 J/cm2,束斑直径为40 μm,频率为5 Hz,共剥蚀40 s,剥蚀气溶胶由氦气送入ICP-MS完成测试。以美国地质调查局硫化物压饼MASS-1和玄武质熔融玻璃GSE-1G作为外标,采用“无内标−基体归一法”对元素含量进行定量计算。
一期黄铁矿中各元素的平均检出限为:Cu(22.1)、Zn(18.6)、V(0.05)、Mn(4.00)、Co(12.8)、Ni(0.12)、As(0.75)、Se(0.67)、Mo(0.62)、Ag(3.12)、Sn(0.30)、Sb(0.18)、Ba(0.03)、Au(0.09)、Pb(0.55)、U(0.00);二期黄铁矿中各元素的平均检出限为:Cu(0.22)、Zn(1.08)、V(0.05)、Mn(0.37)、Co(0.04)、Ni(0.11)、As(0.56)、Se(1.00)、Mo(0.03)、Ag(0.22)、Sn(0.22)、Sb(0.10)、Ba(0.05)、Au(0.03)、Pb(0.06)、U(-);黄铜矿中各元素的平均检出限为:Cu(1.13)、Zn(4.38)、V(0.17)、Mn(1.29)、Co(0.15)、Ni(0.36)、As(0.19)、Se(3.65)、Mo(0.02)、Ag(0.73)、Sn(0.84)、Sb(0.05)、Ba(0.01)、Au(0.09)、Pb(0.02)、U(0.01);闪锌矿中各元素的平均检出限为:Cu(0.20)、Zn(1.29)、V(0.02)、Mn(0.40)、Co(0.03)、Ni(0.08)、As(0.76)、Se(1.45)、Mo(0.04)、Ag(0.22)、Sn(0.30)、Sb(0.15)、Ba(0.02)、Au(0.04)、Pb(0.09)、U(−)。数据单位为10−6,“−”代表无数据。
光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察结果表明龙旂热液区硫化物样品中所包含的主要矿物有黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿,其次还有少量等轴古巴矿、针钠铁矾以及自然金等矿物。
根据结构、形态以及矿物组合等特征,可知龙旂热液区硫化物中明显发育两期黄铁矿。一期黄铁矿(Py1)主要呈胶状和细粒状,往往存在于二期黄铁矿(Py2)内部(图3a图3b)或者以包体的形式被Py2所包裹(图3c图3f)。Py2通常呈自形−半自形,粒径较大且致密。Py2内部除了细粒黄铁矿之外,还经常包裹不规则颗粒状黄铜矿和闪锌矿(图4),部分黄铁矿内部局部会出现孔洞和裂隙,后期被黄铜矿和闪锌矿填充(图4a图4c图4f),此外闪锌矿包体中可观察到出溶的黄铜矿(图4d图4e)。
黄铜矿大多以叶片状和网格状产出,并且有两种主要存在形式。第一种是以集合体的形式存在,常以环状或圆弧状的形式出现,集合体内多有孔洞,并且部分颗粒呈破碎状(图5a图5b);第二种是与闪锌矿共生,和闪锌矿共结边或者以微小晶粒的形式存在于闪锌矿的内部(图5d图5f),表明其与闪锌矿同期形成。
等轴古巴矿作为方黄铜矿(CuFe2S3)的同质异形体,是海底热液硫化物中一种典型的高温矿物[33]。在西南印度洋龙旂热液区的样品中,镜下可以清晰地看到黄铜矿出溶等轴古巴矿的现象,出溶体具有明显的网格状结构(图5c图5d),并且与Py2、闪锌矿共生。
龙旂热液区硫化物中的闪锌矿通常有两种产出形态。第一种是以大块集合体的形态产出,其内部部分被Py2或黄铜矿交代,出现类似于“斑点”的黄铁矿或黄铜矿小颗粒(图5e图6a)。第二种是与黄铜矿共生,并且集合体内部疏松多孔(图6b图5d)。此外,在Py2和闪锌矿的附近发现了针钠铁矾(图6e图6f)。
借助扫描电镜,可以观察到亮白色的自然金颗粒(图7)。自然金通常位于细粒黄铁矿的内部孔洞之中,粒径极小(图7a图7c),部分自然金颗粒被包裹于相对自形的黄铁矿中(图7d图7e),此外还有少量自然金颗粒存在于黄铁矿和其他矿物之间(图7f)。虽然自然金的分布位置不同,但是形状类似。
前人的研究认为在海底热液活动早期,热液流体与海底较冷的海水(2°C)直接混合,温度迅速降低,导致细粒的Fe、Zn和Cu-Fe金属硫化物的沉淀,并在喷口处形成“烟囱体”。在热液活动中后期,由于“烟囱体”的存在阻滞热液与海水的直接混合,高温热液喷出之后温度降低缓慢,使金属硫化物等矿物有足够的时间沉淀,矿物自形度高[34]。因此,疏松多孔的细粒Py1应该是热液和海水混合期间,温度迅速降低的产物,而与高温矿物等轴古巴矿共生的自形Py2可能形成于热液活动中后期。
为了探明矿物中元素的含量,对黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿进行了LA-ICP-MS分析,其中对Py1进行测试的13个点位来自5个不同的颗粒,对Py2进行测试的13个点位来自3个不同的颗粒,对黄铜矿进行测试的9个点位来自3个不同的颗粒,对闪锌矿进行测试的8个点位来自2个不同的颗粒,测试结果如表1所示。
从黄铁矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿中选取有代表性的点位,其元素的典型时间分辨LA-ICP-MS深度剖面如图8所示,图中深度剖面前后两端较小值为背景数据,中间较高值为有效剥蚀数据。矿物测试点的位置如图8b8d8f8h所示。从图中可以看出,深度剖面大致可以分为3种:较为平坦、存在尖峰和参差不齐。根据深度剖面可以合理地推断元素的存在形式,平坦表明元素以固溶体的形式存在,存在尖峰表明固溶体中含有矿物包裹体,参差不齐表明以矿物包裹体的形式存在[3536]
图8中的a−d可以看出,Py1和Py2中的主微量元素含量有明显的差异。通过Py1和Py2的对比,发现后者存在更多参差不齐的深度剖面,可能与相应的矿物包裹体有关。从图8b中可以看出,Py1中Pb和Ag的深度剖面存在相互平行的趋势,其原因可能是存在含银方铅矿[36]。闪锌矿中主微量元素的深度剖面如图8e8f所示,除Au、As等少数元素之外,其他元素深度剖面都表现出平坦的趋势,表明闪锌矿中的大多数元素以固溶体或者均匀分布的纳米颗粒的形式存在。黄铜矿中主微量元素的深度剖面(图8g图8h)显示大部分元素表现出相对平坦的趋势,但As、Pb、Se、Tl、Au等元素的深度剖面参差不齐,表明黄铜矿中可能存在这些元素的矿物包裹体。
我们通过元素含量直方图更加直观地比较了两期黄铁矿中元素的含量(图9),纵坐标代表元素的含量,横坐标代表不同的分析点位。从图9可以看出,两期黄铁矿中所富集的元素有所不同,Py1中Ni、Zn、Pb、Ba、Mn、V、Mg、U、Au、Ag、Cd等元素的含量高于Py2,而Py2中Co、Se、As、Sb等元素含量高于Py1。Co和Se元素在热液流体的成矿过程中主要受到温度控制[37-39],温度越高越有利于沉淀,所以Co和Se在Py2中的含量大于Py1,而Ni元素刚好与之相反,在低温下更容易沉淀,Zn和Pb元素则是在低温环境中形成包裹体[37]。As和Sb元素的含量与黄铁矿的结晶度有关,结晶度越高其含量越高,因为它们通常替代黄铁矿中的S元素并以固溶体的形式出现[40-41],所以As和Sb富集在Py2中。Ba和Mn元素则是受到海水中氧逸度的影响,高氧逸度的海水把硫化物转变为锰氧化物,将流体中的S2−氧化成${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-}$,并与Ba2+结合形成BaSO4 [37]。因为热液活动早期高温热液与海水混合程度更高,氧逸度较高,所以Mn和Ba元素在Py1中的含量大于Py2,这体现了海水对热液流体成矿作用的影响。V、Mg和U元素是海水中含量较多的元素[42],Py1在形成的过程中与海水混合程度更高,所以这些元素富集在Py1中,主要以吸附的形式存在于Py1的表面[43]。对于热液流体中的Au、Ag、Cd元素,它们在Py1中的含量远大于Py2,其原因可能是在热液活动早期温度迅速降低,结晶过程短暂,这些元素来不及“逃逸”,大部分都保留在Py1中[44-45]。通过微量元素在两期黄铁矿中的分布,再次证明了Py2的成矿温度高于Py1,与硫化物矿物结构和共生组合揭示的信息相一致。
已有的研究表明,金在热液流体中主要以络合物的形式存在,有Au-HS、Au-Cl和Au-OH[46-48],并且占优势的络合物种类随着外界物理化学条件(温度、pH、压力以及流体成分)的变化而变化[49-51]。在中低温热液流体中(小于400°C),Au-HS是金主要的络合物,酸性条件下为Au(HS)[50],中碱性条件下为$\rm Au(HS)_2^- $[51],其反应式如下:
$ \rm Au(s) + HS^- + H^+ + 1/4 O_2 = Au(HS)+ 1/2 H_2O \text{,} $
$ \rm Au(s) + 2 HS^- + H^+ + 1/4 O_2 = Au(HS)_2^- + 1/2 H_2O . $
在高温热液流体中(大于400°C),Au-Cl是其主要的络合物,形式为AuCl$_2^- $ [52],在低温(小于25°C)、酸性、强氧化性的流体中,Au-Cl络合物还存在另外一种形式AuCl$_4^- $[53]。在贫S、Cl的条件下,会形成Au-OH络合物,形式为AuOH[16]
前人测得西南印度洋龙旂热液区喷口温度最高为379°C,pH值范围为3.21~4.85[32],因此金在热液中的主要迁移形式为Au(HS)。根据反应式(1)可以看出,促进金沉淀的条件有$\rm HS^- $浓度的减小、pH值升高和氧逸度的降低。热液流体与海水的混合导致温度急速降低,降低了黄铁矿的溶解度,从而导致黄铁矿结晶,使溶液中$\rm HS^- $的浓度降低[54];另一方面,混合作用导致热液流体中的pH值升高。$\rm HS^- $浓度的减小和pH值升高均促进了热液中金的沉淀,所以多数自然金颗粒与早期混合作用期间形成的细粒黄铁矿关系密切。
(1)西南印度洋龙旂热液区的硫化物主要由黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿组成,其中黄铜矿普遍出溶等轴古巴矿,自然金主要存在于Py1的内部孔洞之中,少量存在于Py2与其他硫化物之间。
(2)黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿中的主微量元素有3种存在形式:固溶体、矿物包裹体以及固溶体中含有矿物包裹体。相比于黄铜矿和闪锌矿,黄铁矿中含有更多的矿物包裹体。Py1中Ni、Zn、Pb、Ba、Mn、V、Mg、U、Au、Ag、Cd等元素的含量高于Py2,而Py2中Co、Se、As、Sb等元素的含量高于Py1。不同的温度、氧逸度以及热液与海水的混合作用导致Py1和Py2中主微量元素的含量不同。
(3)西南印度洋龙旂热液区Au在热液流体中的主要存在形式为Au(HS),混合作用导致热液流体中的pH值升高以及硫逸度降低是该热液区金沉淀的主要机制。
致谢:感谢中国大洋19航次全体科考队员和船员的辛勤工作,感谢实验过程中老师和同学的帮助,LA-ICP-MS分析实验在李亮和朱鹏的指导下完成。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41802113,42127807);中央高校基本科研业务费(2019B08214);自然资源部第二海洋研究所及中央级公益性研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(SZ2201);中国大洋协会项目(DY135S1-01)。
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2023年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023061
  • 接收时间:2022-07-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-29
  • 修回日期:2022-11-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(41802113,42127807);中央高校基本科研业务费(2019B08214);自然资源部第二海洋研究所及中央级公益性研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(SZ2201);中国大洋协会项目(DY135S1-01)。
作者信息
    1 河海大学 海洋学院,江苏 南京 210098
    2 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 海底科学实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240

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*张慧超(1990-),男,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要研究方向为热液金矿成矿作用。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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