Article(id=1211432604260241581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659369600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-02, revisedDate=1669737600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757640184, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757640184, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757640184, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757640184, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=122, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432604520288444, articleId=1211432604260241581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Comparison of hydrodynamic performance of two types of wave energy converter-floating breakwater, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The wave energy converter-type floating breakwater is an integrated device of floating breakwater and wave energy converter, with both functions of wave protection and wave energy capture. The integration can effectively reduce the cost of wave energy converter with one single function. Researchers have proposed a variety of structural types of this integrated device. Among them, the asymmetric type has some advantages in hydrodynamic performance compared with the symmetric type under one single direction wave. In this study, two structural types of a square box-triangle baffle and a square box-vertical baffle are chosen to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics and wave energy capture characteristics by numerical models. Based on the viscous fluid theory, the numerical model takes the Navier-Stokes equation as the control equation, and uses VOF method and immersion boundary method to solve the free surface boundary and fluid-structure interaction. The variation trend of hydrodynamic performances (transmission coefficient, energy dissipation and energy capture ratio) of the integrated device under different conditions of incident wave period, water depth and displacement volume are explored. The results show that, for the near shore waves, the vertical baffle type integrated device is suitable for the smaller period waves of 5−6 s, while the triangular baffle type integrated device is suitable for the bigger period waves of 6−8 s. As the water depth increases, the wave energy capture ratio generally shows a slow growth trend. In the case of the same draft of the main floating body (different displacement volume), the transmission coefficients of the two structures are basically the same. In the case of the same displacement volume (different draft of the main floating body), the vertical baffle structure has better wave-proof effect, and the wave energy capture performance of the triangular baffle structure is better than that of the vertical baffle structure.

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波能装置−浮式防波堤是将浮式防波堤与波能转换装置集成,兼具防波消浪和捕获波浪能的集成装置,能够有效降低单一功能波能转换装置的成本。研究者们提出了许多波能装置−浮式防波堤的结构型式,其中非对称式浮体结构相比于对称式浮体结构,在单向入射波的水动力性能方面拥有一定的优势。本文针对导桩锚泊的非对称式方箱−三角形挡浪板和方箱−垂直挡浪板两种浮体结构型式,通过数值模拟的方式,对比分析其水动力特性和波能俘获特性。数值模型基于黏性流体理论,以Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,并采用VOF方法和浸没边界法求解自由面边界和流固耦合作用,探究不同入射波周期、水深和浮体排水条件下集成装置水动力性能(消波特性、能量耗散特性和波能俘获特性)变化趋势。结果表明,在近岸波浪条件下(5~8 s),垂直挡板型式集成装置适用于较小周期波浪(5~6 s),而三角挡板型式集成装置适用于较大周期波浪(6~7.5 s)。随着水深增大,波能俘获比总体上呈现缓慢增长的趋势。在主浮体吃水相同的情况下(排水量不同),两种结构的透射系数基本一致;而在排水量相同(主浮体吃水不同)的情况下,垂直挡板结构型式的防波效果更好,三角挡板结构型式波能俘获性能要优于垂直挡板结构型式。

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纪巧玲(1984-),女,山东省烟台市人,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要研究波浪与结构物相作用和浮式防波堤水动力特性。E-mail:

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纪巧玲(1984-),女,山东省烟台市人,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要研究波浪与结构物相作用和浮式防波堤水动力特性。E-mail:

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纪巧玲(1984-),女,山东省烟台市人,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要研究波浪与结构物相作用和浮式防波堤水动力特性。E-mail:

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Applied Energy, 2013, 106: 222−231., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215313896085308156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME259);山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点实验室开放课题(CDPM2021KF21);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放研究基金(KLOCW2006)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215313889827406351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313889831600656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, companyId=1215313889827406351, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 山东科技大学 交通学院,山东 青岛 266590)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313889923875352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, xref=1, 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Table of condition parameter for water depth,wave period and PTO damping coefficient

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构型式水深/m波浪周期/sPTO阻尼系数/(kg·s−1)
三角挡板、垂直挡板1.51.2060,100,150,200,250
1.51.4060,100,150,200,250
1.51.5860,100,150,200,250
1.51.7960,100,150,200,250
三角挡板1.50,1.75,2.00,2.25,2.501.40150
垂直挡板1.50,1.75,2.00,2.25,2.501.40200
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895275807463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水深波浪周期和PTO阻尼系数工况参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构型式水深/m波浪周期/sPTO阻尼系数/(kg·s−1)
三角挡板、垂直挡板1.51.2060,100,150,200,250
1.51.4060,100,150,200,250
1.51.5860,100,150,200,250
1.51.7960,100,150,200,250
三角挡板1.50,1.75,2.00,2.25,2.501.40150
垂直挡板1.50,1.75,2.00,2.25,2.501.40200
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895397442281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Table of condition parameters for box draft and displacement volume

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结构型式主浮体吃水/m排水量/m3
垂直挡板0.150.0565
三角挡板0.150.0978
垂直挡板0.360.0978
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895498105579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主浮体吃水和排水量工况参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构型式主浮体吃水/m排水量/m3
垂直挡板0.150.0565
三角挡板0.150.0978
垂直挡板0.360.0978
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Mesh parameter setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例网格数Δx/cmΔy/cm
Test 1458×17021
Test 2458×24620.5
Test 3554×2460.80.5
Test 4554×5140.80.2
Test 5718×5140.40.2
Test 6718×1 0330.40.1
Test 7958×1 0330.20.1
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网格参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算例网格数Δx/cmΔy/cm
Test 1458×17021
Test 2458×24620.5
Test 3554×2460.80.5
Test 4554×5140.80.2
Test 5718×5140.40.2
Test 6718×1 0330.40.1
Test 7958×1 0330.20.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895779123958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432604260241581, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Optimal PTO damping coefficient BOPTO of two structures in different wave periods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构型式入射波周期/sBOPTO/(kg·s−1)
三角挡板1.20150
1.40100
1.58150
1.79200~250
垂直挡板1.20150
1.40150
1.58200
1.79250
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两种结构型式在不同波浪周期下的最优PTO阻尼系数(BOPTO

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结构型式入射波周期/sBOPTO/(kg·s−1)
三角挡板1.20150
1.40100
1.58150
1.79200~250
垂直挡板1.20150
1.40150
1.58200
1.79250
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两种型式的波能装置−浮式防波堤水动力性能比较研究
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纪巧玲 1 , 陈国强 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 122-133
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 122-133
两种型式的波能装置−浮式防波堤水动力性能比较研究
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纪巧玲1 , 陈国强1
作者信息
  • 1 山东科技大学 交通学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 纪巧玲(1984-),女,山东省烟台市人,副教授,硕士生导师,博士,主要研究波浪与结构物相作用和浮式防波堤水动力特性。E-mail:

Comparison of hydrodynamic performance of two types of wave energy converter-floating breakwater
Qiaoling Ji1 , Guoqiang Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Transportation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023065
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波能装置−浮式防波堤是将浮式防波堤与波能转换装置集成,兼具防波消浪和捕获波浪能的集成装置,能够有效降低单一功能波能转换装置的成本。研究者们提出了许多波能装置−浮式防波堤的结构型式,其中非对称式浮体结构相比于对称式浮体结构,在单向入射波的水动力性能方面拥有一定的优势。本文针对导桩锚泊的非对称式方箱−三角形挡浪板和方箱−垂直挡浪板两种浮体结构型式,通过数值模拟的方式,对比分析其水动力特性和波能俘获特性。数值模型基于黏性流体理论,以Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,并采用VOF方法和浸没边界法求解自由面边界和流固耦合作用,探究不同入射波周期、水深和浮体排水条件下集成装置水动力性能(消波特性、能量耗散特性和波能俘获特性)变化趋势。结果表明,在近岸波浪条件下(5~8 s),垂直挡板型式集成装置适用于较小周期波浪(5~6 s),而三角挡板型式集成装置适用于较大周期波浪(6~7.5 s)。随着水深增大,波能俘获比总体上呈现缓慢增长的趋势。在主浮体吃水相同的情况下(排水量不同),两种结构的透射系数基本一致;而在排水量相同(主浮体吃水不同)的情况下,垂直挡板结构型式的防波效果更好,三角挡板结构型式波能俘获性能要优于垂直挡板结构型式。

波能装置−浮式防波堤  /  结构型式  /  水动力性能  /  波能俘获  /  消波性能

The wave energy converter-type floating breakwater is an integrated device of floating breakwater and wave energy converter, with both functions of wave protection and wave energy capture. The integration can effectively reduce the cost of wave energy converter with one single function. Researchers have proposed a variety of structural types of this integrated device. Among them, the asymmetric type has some advantages in hydrodynamic performance compared with the symmetric type under one single direction wave. In this study, two structural types of a square box-triangle baffle and a square box-vertical baffle are chosen to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics and wave energy capture characteristics by numerical models. Based on the viscous fluid theory, the numerical model takes the Navier-Stokes equation as the control equation, and uses VOF method and immersion boundary method to solve the free surface boundary and fluid-structure interaction. The variation trend of hydrodynamic performances (transmission coefficient, energy dissipation and energy capture ratio) of the integrated device under different conditions of incident wave period, water depth and displacement volume are explored. The results show that, for the near shore waves, the vertical baffle type integrated device is suitable for the smaller period waves of 5−6 s, while the triangular baffle type integrated device is suitable for the bigger period waves of 6−8 s. As the water depth increases, the wave energy capture ratio generally shows a slow growth trend. In the case of the same draft of the main floating body (different displacement volume), the transmission coefficients of the two structures are basically the same. In the case of the same displacement volume (different draft of the main floating body), the vertical baffle structure has better wave-proof effect, and the wave energy capture performance of the triangular baffle structure is better than that of the vertical baffle structure.

wave energy converter; floating breakwater  /  structural type  /  hydrodynamic performance  /  wave energy capture  /  wave dissipation
纪巧玲, 陈国强. 两种型式的波能装置−浮式防波堤水动力性能比较研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023065
Qiaoling Ji, Guoqiang Chen. Comparison of hydrodynamic performance of two types of wave energy converter-floating breakwater[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 122 -133 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023065
波浪能作为一种可再生的清洁能源具有存储量大、能量密度高的特点,是传统石化能源的一种补充,其开发利用是实现“碳达峰”和“碳中和”目标的重要途径。波浪能的收集是开发和利用波浪能过程中关键的环节之一,为此,研究人员开发了多种型式的波能捕获装置。刘延俊等[1]对各技术类别下典型的波浪能发电装置进行了系统的介绍,谢典等 [2]也对不同型式的波能发电装置进行了性能分析和综合评价,得出浮子式波浪能发电装置具有综合性能较好和适用范围较广的特点。浮子式波能发电装置的浮子结构能够起到消波减浪的作用,这与浮式防波堤有异曲同工之处。浮式防波堤拥有传统的坐底式防波堤不具备的优势,不影响内外水质交换且建造安装更便捷,通常被设置在近海沿岸水深较大的海域及临时性工程作业区。将浮子式波能发电装置与浮式防波堤集成,不仅能实现波浪能的捕获,还具备消浪功能,实现了两种装置的空间共享和成本分摊,有利于波能转换装置的推广应用。
在浮式防波堤与浮子式波浪能转换集成装置中,浮子结构型式是两种功能集成的关键问题之一,国内外研究者针对不同型式的浮子开展了大量的数值模拟与试验。孙科等[3]对圆柱形浮子集成装置进行了选型及水动力性能的分析,发现不同的浮子底部形状会影响波浪能的捕获。Ning等[4]对方箱型浮子结构的集成装置开展了实验研究,初步探究了规则波作用下装置的水动力性能。结论表明,适当的调整波能转换(PTO)装置的阻尼能够有效地实现防波和能量捕获能力的优化。Zhao和Ning等[5]及毛艳军等[6]都对方箱型浮子的水动力性能进行了数值研究,他们得出了与Ning等[4]类似的结论。张恒铭[7]在这些研究的基础上对浮子结构型式进行优化,提出了非对称式三角型浮子结构和三角加挡板型浮子结构,并将这两种结构与方箱型和Berkeley-wedge型集成装置的水动力性能进行了比较,结果表明在方箱基础上改进的非对称式三角型与三角加挡板型防波性能和能量捕获性能都有了明显的提升。王世林等[8]在方箱型浮子底部增加了一个垂直挡板,构造了一个非对称式的浮子结构,发现增加挡板后结构的防波性能明显提高,但仅仅研究了作为浮式防波堤的水动力特性,并未开展该结构型式作为波能转换集成装置的水动力性能研究。Ji等[9]在此基础上探究了方箱−垂直板浮式防波堤与波能转换集成装置的水动力性能,研究表明增设直挡板后集成装置的波能捕获效率明显提高,且防波性能也随之提高。
除了浮子结构型式之外,集成装置的PTO阻尼对其水动力特性也有明显的影响。刘崇期[10]对振荡浮子式的集成装置进行的水动力试验研究表明集成装置的PTO阻尼、吃水、相对宽度和波长对集成装置的水动力特性有显著影响,不同的波浪周期下总是存在一个相对应的最优PTO阻尼。张亮等[11]对一种点吸收式的波浪能装置水动力性能进行了优化,得到浮子的俘获宽度比会随着机械阻尼系数的增大呈现先增大后减小的规律,其最大值对应的阻尼值即为最佳阻尼值的结论。陈子和等[12]对一种一体化的振荡浮子式波能转换装置进行了数值模拟研究,分析得知线性等效电磁阻尼的俘能效率整体上大于库伦常数等效液压阻尼,增加浮子排水或者线性阻尼系数装置俘能效率均会有所提升,线性变化的PTO阻尼相较于常数阻尼对复杂多变的波浪环境适应性更强。
基于以上研究,本文对方箱垂直挡板型式和方箱三角挡板型式的浮式防波堤与波能转换集成装置展开研究,对比研究线性PTO阻尼作用下两种浮子结构型式对集成装置工作性能的影响。通过改变入射波浪周期、水深及主浮体吃水,分析装置在能量俘获和防波消浪方面的表现,以评判其工作性能,所得研究结果可为集成波能转换功能浮式防波堤的浮子结构选型提供依据。
控制方程采用基于二维非定常、不可压缩黏性流体理论的Navier-Stokes方程,连续性方程和动量方程表达式如下:
$ \nabla \cdot {\boldsymbol{u}}=0 \text{,} $
$ \frac{\partial {\boldsymbol{u}}}{\partial t}+(\partial {\boldsymbol{u}}\cdot \nabla ){\boldsymbol{u}}=-\left(\frac{1}{\rho }\right)\nabla p+\left(\frac{\mu }{\rho }\right){\nabla }^{2}{\boldsymbol{u}}+F \text{,} $
式中,u为速度矢量;μ为动力黏性系数;p为压强;ρ为水体密度;F为质量力。
集成系统浮体运动响应方程如下:
$ M\frac{{{\partial ^2}\zeta }}{{\partial {y^2}}} = {F_y} - Mg + {F_{{\text{PTO}}}}\text{,} $
式中,M为浮体质量;Fy为波浪垂向作用力;FPTO为系统PTO阻尼系数;ζ为浮体垂向运动响应幅值;g为重力加速度。
采用线性的PTO阻尼,如下:
$ {F_{{\text{PTO}}}} = {B_{{\text{PTO}}}} \cdot v\text{,} $
式中,BPTO为PTO阻尼系数;v为浮子的垂向运动速度。
集成装置耗散系数Kd是入射波透过装置所损失的能量占入射波总能量的比率,包含装置捕获的能量、浮体运动的动能以及涡耗散掉的能量,Kd满足下式:
$ {K_{\text{d}}} = 1 - C_{\text{t}}^{\text{2}} - C_{\text{r}}^{\text{2}}\text{,} $
式中,Ct为透射系数;Cr为反射系数。
集成装置的波能俘获比ηe等于装置俘获波浪能功率与入射波功率之比,如下式:
$ {\eta _{\rm{e}}}= \frac{{{E_{\rm{p}}}}}{{{E_{\rm{w}}}}}= \frac{{\displaystyle\frac{{{B_{{\rm{PTO}}}}}}{{nT}}\int_t^{t + nt} {v^2}{\rm{d}}t}}{{\displaystyle\frac{1}{{16}}\frac{{\rho g{H_{\rm{i}}}^2\omega }}{k}\left( {1 + \frac{{2hk}}{{{\rm{sinh}}\;2hk}}} \right)}} \text{,} $
式中,Ep为装置俘获波浪能的功率;Ew为入射波的功率;BPTO为PTO阻尼系数;n为浮子运动周期的个数;t为时间;T为波浪周期;v为浮子垂向运动速度;h为水深;k为波数;ρ是水密度;g是重力加速度;Hi为入射波高;ω为波浪频率。
式(2)的动量方程在正交的笛卡尔坐标系上通过分步法求解,采用具有三阶精度的紧致插值曲线(constrained interpolation profile)方法[13]离散求解对流项,采用中心差分法数值求解扩散项,采用SOR逐次超松弛法求解压力项。赵西增等[14]通过此方法建立数值模型模拟了溃堤与极端波浪对浮式结构的冲击过程,并验证了本模型具有良好的时空收敛性和数值稳定性。
(1)造波边界考虑边界对波浪的二次反射作用,采用动量源造波法来生成入射波,该方法通过对流体施加一个周期性变化的动量来实现造波,可有效避免边界造波法中浮体和边界之间的波浪二次反射问题。
(2)流固耦合采用浸没边界法[15](immersed boundary method)处理浮体与流体之间的流固耦合问题。在笛卡尔坐标系下,采用基于多相流理论的VOF法,处理网格内的固液气三相问题,为方便在模型中区分不同的物理相,引入体积函数满足对流方程:
$ \frac{{\partial {\varphi _n}}}{{\partial t}} + \mu \nabla {\varphi _n} = 0\text{,} $
式中,${n}$ = 1,2,3,${\varphi _n} $是固液气三相的体积函数;满足${\varphi _1} + {\varphi _2} + {\varphi _3} = 1$;得到${\varphi _n} $以后,可以进一步求解网格中的流体属性:
$ \gamma = {\varphi _1}{\gamma _1} + {\varphi _2}{\gamma _2} + {\varphi _3}{\gamma _3}\text{,} $
式中,${\gamma _n}$表示各相流体的属性值;$\gamma $为一个网格内流体的平均属性。
(3)自由界面追踪采用高精度THINC法[16](Hyperbola for Interface Capturing)捕捉自由面,使用虚拟粒子法精确重构固体的几何形状,追踪自由面的非线性波动。
浮体的运动方程通过四阶Runge-Kutta法[17]对浮体运动响应方程进行求解,公式如下:
$ {{{k}}_1} = {\rm{d}}t \cdot {{{\boldsymbol{v}}}}({{{y}}_{{n}}})\text{,} $
$ {k_2} = {\text{d}}t \cdot {\boldsymbol{v}}\left({y_n} + \frac{{{k_1}}}{2}\right) \text{,} $
$ {k_3} = {\text{d}}t \cdot {\boldsymbol{v}}\left({y_n} + \frac{{{k_2}}}{2}\right)\text{,} $
$ {k_4} = {\text{d}}t \cdot {\boldsymbol{v}}\left({y_n} + \frac{{{k_3}}}{2}\right) \text{,} $
$ {y_{n + 1}} = {y_n} + \frac{{{k_1}}}{6} + \frac{{{k_2}}}{3} + \frac{{{k_3}}}{3} + \frac{{{k_4}}}{6} + o({\text{d}}{t^5})\text{,} $
式中,yn为当前积分位置;yn+1为积分的下一点位置;vyn)为yn位置的速度矢量;dt为时间步长;o(dt5)为误差。
集成装置主体有两部分,浮子和能量转换装置,本文主要是针对浮子的型式进行探究,如图1为两种浮子型式的示意图。集成装置的目标安装海域水深30~50 m,周期5.3~8.0 s,根据工程实际设计原型浮箱长20 m,高22 m,宽4.6 m,吃水深度14 m,挡浪板长11 m(假定刚度满足要求)。参考Ning等[4]的实验,按照1∶20的比尺进行浮箱缩尺实验,根据弗劳德相似原理得到缩尺模型参数如下:浮箱高D = 0.55 m,宽B = 0.23 m,浮箱吃水深度S = 0.15 m,挡浪板长Sp = 0.55 m,垂直挡板宽度Bp = 0.04 m。三角挡板型式的浮子总质量M1 = 97.75 kg,垂直挡板型式的浮子总质量M2 = 56.50 kg。
为了对比分析三角挡板型式与垂直挡板型式在同一海域内的运行状况和工作效率,保证两种结构型式整体吃水深度、挡板长度、长和宽相同。首先计算相同波浪周期下,两种结构型式的最优PTO阻尼系数,探究在各自最优PTO阻尼系数下,两种结构型式的集成装置水动力性能随波浪周期的变化情况。然后改变当地水深,探究集成装置水动力性能随水深的变化情况。最后,考虑到两种浮体结构型式总吃水相同时,浮体的排水量会有较大的差距,因此,通过改变结构主浮体的吃水方式,设计两种结构型式排水量相同的工况,探究排水量对集成装置工作性能造成的影响。
数值波浪水槽设置如图2所示,坐标原点在造波区中心的静水平面处,x轴水平向右,y轴竖直向上。水槽总长25 m,静水深d = 1.5 m。为避免波浪反射的影响,在水槽两端设置消波区,左侧设置8 m的消波区,右侧消波区长度为10 m。集成装置模型放置在水槽x = 5.5~5.73 m处,模型周围的网格进行加密布置,dx = 4 mm,dy = 1 mm。模型两侧布置4个波高测点,分别放置在水槽x = 3.00 m、3.25 m、9.00 m、9.25 m处,测点间隔0.25 m。
从前期数值计算的经验得知,入射波高对集成装置的性能影响与入射波周期和水深的影响相比非常微小,因此,本文主要研究周期、水深和浮子结构排水对集成装置消波性能、波能耗散特性和波能俘获特性的影响规律。根据上文所述,集成装置的拟适用水域水深为30~50 m,波浪周期5.3~8.0 s。按照1∶20的缩尺比例,模拟水深为1.5~2.5 m,波浪周期为1.20~1.79 s,波高取0.1 m,设计工况如表1所示。
当三角挡板与垂直挡板型式基本物理参数及总吃水相同时,两种结构的排水量会有较大的差距,而排水量对集成装置的水动力特性有重要的影响。为了研究排水量的影响程度,在保持两种结构的总吃水不变的前提下,改变结构的主浮体(即方箱)吃水,以调整两种结构的排水量,使排水量相同,结构示意如图3,工况参数如表2。本组工况的主要目标为研究主浮体吃水和排水量对集成装置工作性能的影响程度,分为两类工况,一类是主浮体吃水相同但排水量不同,另一类是排水量相同但主浮体吃水不同。
图4是两种结构的自由衰减测试,从图中可以得到,三角挡板结构浮子固有周期为1.45 s,垂直挡板结构排水量为0.0565 m3时,浮子固有周期约为1.32 s,增大排水量后浮子固有周期约为1.54 s。
为验证模型的造波稳定性,采用本文的数值模型进行规则波的造波验证,目标波的振幅A = 0.062 5 m,周期T = 1.58 s。图5给出了数值造波结果与理论值的比较,可见数值造波的振幅与周期均与理论值较为吻合,造波精度满足要求。
为验证模型的准确性,设置高0.09 m,宽0.3 m,吃水0.067 5 m的方箱模型,在水深0.4 m的数值水槽中运行的工况,与刘冲[18]数值模拟结果和Koutandos等[19]实验结果的透射系数Ct进行比较,得到结果如图6所示,从图中可以看出本文的模拟结果Ct与刘冲[18]及Koutandos等[19]的结果变化趋势基本一致,Ct随周期的增大(相对宽度B/L的减小)而逐渐增大,误差最大处约在7%左右,从整体看本文的模拟结果准确性满足要求。
为验证数值模型计算结果的收敛性,同时节省计算时间。选取阻尼系数BPTO = 150 kg/s,波浪周期T = 1.58 s,波高H = 0.20 m,挡板长度为dp = 0.1 m的垂直挡板结构进行测试。改变网格数量、单元网格大小,对比集成装置的垂荡ζ历时、垂向力Fy和结构物前侧G1处的波面η历时来验证网格的收敛性。选取了7个测试工况,参数设置详见表3
模拟结果如图7所示,从图中可以看出ζFy在7个不同的算例中的模拟结果基本吻合,仅在波谷处略有差别,波面历时η的模拟结果除了个别工况稍有差距外,误差也在允许的范围之内,可以确保数值模型计算的准确性,本文利用测试工况Test 6 中的网格展开研究。
根据刘崇期[10]的研究结论,每个波浪周期都有与之相对应的能量转换装置的最优PTO阻尼系数BOPTO图8a图8b分别为三角挡板和垂直挡板型式的集成装置在入射波周期T = 1.20~1.79 s时,PTO阻尼系数BPTO分别取60 kg/s、100 kg/s、150 kg/s、200 kg/s、250 kg/s、300 kg/s时集成装置波能俘获比的变化情况。从图中可以看出,两种结构型式的集成装置在不同波浪周期下,其波能俘获比ηe最大时,其对应的PTO阻尼系数BOPTO不同。表4给出两种结构型式在每个波浪周期下的最优PTO阻尼系数。
图8a中可以看出三角挡板集成装置在波浪周期T为1.40 s、1.58 s时,波能俘获比明显比周期1.20 s和1.79 s时大,原因可能是1.40 s和1.58 s相比于1.20 s和1.79 s更接近集成装置与波浪共振周期,结构运动幅度更大,波能转换装置捕获的波浪能相对更多,波能俘获比更高。从图8b可以看出,相比于三角挡板结构装置,垂直挡板结构在T = 1.20 s的入射波浪中波能俘获比更高,而在T = 1.79 s的入射波浪中波能俘获比更低。由此可得,在波能俘获方面垂直挡板型式相比于三角挡板型式的波浪适用周期更小。从表4中可以看出,两种结构的最优阻尼系数都随着波浪周期的增加而逐渐增大,由此可知波浪周期增大对应的能量转换装置的最优阻尼系数也会增加。
为研究三角挡板型式与垂直挡板型式的两种集成装置的水动力性能随波浪周期的变化趋势,对两种集成装置在不同入射波浪周期下水动力响应进行计算,计算条件参考5.1节结果设置:水深d = 1.5 m,入射波周期T = 1.20 s、1.40 s、1.58 s和1.79 s,波高H = 0.1 m,各入射波周期下两种结构型式的集成装置对应的PTO阻尼系数如表4所示。
图9为两种结构型式集成装置在最优PTO阻尼系数条件下,波浪周期对集成装置水动力性能影响的曲线图对比。图9a中,两种结构型式的波浪反射系数都随着波浪周期增大有显著的先减小后增大趋势,均在波浪周期T = 1.40 s时反射系数达到最小。造成这种现象的原因是该周期下集成系统与入射波浪接近共振条件,入射波能量被集成装置吸收转换,致使反射系数减小,这与张恒铭[7]的计算结果一致。此外,比较两种结构型式的反射系数可发现,在周期较小(T = 1.20 s)时,三角挡板型式对波浪的反射效果更明显,而随着周期增大垂直挡板型式的反射系数逐渐大于三角挡板型式。图9b中,两种集成装置透射系数都随波浪周期增大呈现递增趋势,可得知波浪周期的增大导致集成装置防波性能降低,在波浪周期T = 1.20~1.58 s时,三角挡板透射系数略小,而在T = 1.58~1.79 s中,垂直挡板透射系数略小。但是从整体看,二者透射系数数值相近,说明二者防波性能相差不大。Koutandos等[19]和He等[20]指出防波堤透射系数Ct小于0.5时,被认为该防波堤运行正常,由此可知两种结构型式的防波性能良好。
图9c是两种结构型式的能量耗散系数对比,可以看出两种结构型式的能量耗散系数都随着波浪周期的增长呈现先增加后递减趋势,且均在T = 1.40 s时达到最大。这是因为波浪周期为1.40 s时两种结构型式的集成装置与入射波浪达到共振,浮体的动能和俘获的波能均较大,而能量耗散包含浮体的动能、俘获的波能以及湍流耗散的能量。对比分析两种结构型式的能量耗散特性可发现,在波浪周期T = 1.20 s时三角挡板的耗散系数为0.640 6,垂直挡板的耗散系数为0.714 4;而在T = 1.79 s时,三角挡板耗散系数为0.526 4,垂直挡板耗散系数为0.476 3。可见,在周期T = 1.20 s时,垂直挡板型式的能量耗散性能更好,而随着周期逐渐增大,三角挡板型式耗散性能超越垂直挡板型式。图9d为两种结构型式集成装置的波能俘获比的变化曲线,图中两种结构型式的波能俘获比与能量耗散系数的变化趋势一致,都随周期增大呈先增加后减小的趋势,在波浪周期T = 1.40 s时,两种结构型式的装置与入射波浪接近共振状态,二者的波能俘获比达到峰值。在波浪周期为1.20~1.40 s时(实海况周期为5~6 s),垂直挡板的波能俘获比高于三角挡板,原因可能是相同吃水下垂直挡板质量更小,共振周期更接近波浪周期。如图10a所示周期为1.20 s的入射波下,三角挡板结构型式的运动幅度比垂直挡板小,波能俘获比较低。在波浪周期为1.40~1.70 s时(实海况周期为6.0~7.5 s),三角挡板型式的波能俘获比明显大于垂直挡板,这是因为相比于垂直挡板,三角挡板斜边构造的湍流耗散能量较小,能更好地将入射波能量转换为浮子的机械能,如图10b所示,三角挡板结构型式的运动幅度明显大于垂直挡板结构型式。从能量捕获角度观察,浮体与入射波达到共振时,三角挡板集成装置波能俘获比更高。在波浪周期为1.8 s时(实海况周期为8 s),两种结构型式的波能俘获比趋于一致,由此可见,结构型式对波能俘获比的影响主要在短周期波段,在长周期波下的影响较小。
为了分析两种结构型式的水动力性能对不同海域水深的适应情况,改变装置所处的海域水深,分别计算三角挡板和垂直挡板两种结构型式的水动力性能。数值计算中,波高H = 0.10 m,水深d = 1.50 m、1.75 m、2.00 m、2.25 m、2.50 m,入射波周期参考4.2节得到的计算结果,取T = 1.4 s,两种结构型式分别取最优PTO阻尼系数,结果如图11图12所示。
图11是集成装置的垂荡运动在不同水深条件下的历时曲线,以浮子垂向位移与振幅之比ζ/A表示装置的垂荡运动幅度,可以看出随着水深增大,两种结构型式的垂荡运动幅度是增大的。图12a图12b是集成装置波浪反透射系数的变化趋势,可见随水深增加,两种结构反射系数都小幅度增大,而透射系数有减小趋势。值得注意的是,由于两种结构型式吃水都较大,使得波浪透射系数非常小,变化幅度也很小。从集成装置的防波性能来观察,两种结构型式的防波性能受水深影响较小,随着水深从1.5 m增加到2.5 m,装置透射系数变化仅在0.8%左右。
图12c图12d分别为集成装置能量耗散系数和波能俘获比随水深的变化情况。从图12c可以看出,水深从1.50 m增加到2.00 m过程之中,三角挡板和垂直挡板集成装置耗散系数并没有太大波动,三角挡板装置的耗散系数基本稳定在0.94左右,而垂直挡板装置的耗散系数稳定在0.88左右;随着水深继续增大(d = 2.00~2.40 m),能量耗散系数呈微小下降趋势。图12d显示,垂直挡板装置在水深达到2.00 m,三角挡板装置在水深达到2.25 m时,ηe出现与能量耗散系数相类似的现象,即微小的下降趋势。原因可能是随着水深的增加,集成装置的运动幅度增加(图11),即浮体的动能增加,在某一水深条件(d = 2.00~2.40 m)下,由浮体运动引发的辐射波和反射波与入射波相互叠加,产生较大的湍动能耗散,由于能量耗散系数呈降低趋势,从而使得波能俘获比降低。随着水深继续增加,波浪的非线性现象减弱,这种现象削弱。总体上,随着水深的增加,两种结构型式集成装置的水动力性能,包括消波性能和波能俘获率,均有缓慢的提升。
表2所示,当三角挡板与垂直挡板两种结构型式的主浮体吃水相同时,三角挡板结构的排水量为0.0978 m3,垂直挡板结构的排水量为0.0565 m3,二者排水量相差较大。因此本节讨论浮体排水量对集成装置水动力特性的影响。
在保证两种结构总吃水都为S + Sp = 0.7 m的前提下,增加垂直挡板结构主浮体(即箱体)的吃水,结构排水量也会随之增大,使其排水量增大到与三角档板结构相同,得到第二种垂直挡板结构,如表2所示。表2中垂直挡板主浮体吃水SL1 = 0.15 m,对应垂直挡板结构与三角挡板排水量不同的工况,此时垂直挡板结构排水量VL1 = 0.056 5 m3;垂直挡板主浮体吃水SL2 = 0.36 m,对应垂直挡板结构与三角挡板排水量相同的工况,此时垂直挡板结构排水量VL2 = 0.097 8 m3图13中计算了最优PTO阻尼系数下两种结构型式在不同波浪周期时的水动力性能参数,数值模拟条件为水深d = 1.50 m,入射波周期T = 1.20 s、1.40 s、1.58 s和1.79 s,波高H = 0.10 m,PTO阻尼系数为5.1节中各波浪周期下对应的最优阻尼系数。
图13a图13b可知,垂直挡板结构的排水量增大后,集成装置的防波性能有所提升,但随周期变化的趋势与各工况保持一致。从图13a的不同排水量工况中反射系数随周期变化的对比曲线可以看出,垂直挡板结构的排水量增大之后,其反射系数也增大,且在波浪周期较小时增大趋势较明显。从图13b的透射系数对比情况可以看出,三角挡板与垂直挡板两种型式的装置主浮体吃水相同时,其透射性能基本一致。在增大垂直挡板的主浮体吃水,达到三角挡板与垂直挡板两种型式的装置的排水量相同时,垂直挡板型式的透射系数有所降低,且在周期较大时降低趋势比较明显。这主要是因为增大排水量后,实际上增加的是浮体前侧的吃水,这部分吃水对短波的反射效果较好。因此,在波浪周期较小时,反射效果的增加明显,对透射效果的影响较小;波浪周期增大时,由于浮体前侧的吃水较小,对长波的反射效果并不明显,对透射效果的影响相对较大。由此可见,透射系数主要受浮体吃水和排水量的影响,在排水量相同的情况下,垂直挡板结构型式的防波效果更好。对于本研究中两类非对称式浮体,在总吃水相同的情况下,增加浮体排水量或主浮体吃水(或浮体前侧的吃水),可以减小透射系数,增加防波性能。
图13c为不同排水体积工况中两种结构型式的耗散系数的变化趋势,可以看出垂直挡板结构型式的排水量增大后,波能耗散系数在波浪周期短时减小,在波浪周期长时(T >1.7 s)增大,且垂直挡板结构型式的波能耗散系数略大于三角挡板结构型式;图13d为波能俘获比变化趋势,对于垂直挡板结构型式,排水量增大后,波能俘获比整体上有一定程度的降低,集成装置的最大俘能周期增大。两种结构型式在排水量相同时,三角挡板结构型式要优于垂直挡板结构型式。其原因可能是主浮体排水增大后,根据图4的实验结果可知浮体本身的自振周期增大,短周期小波作用下,集成装置的水动力响应很小,波能俘获比也随之减小,而在较大周期的波浪驱动下,其水动力响应增大,波能俘获比也增大,因此可以说明集成装置与波浪发生共振的周期也随之增大。随着入射波周期增大,浮体的运动响应增大,集成装置的能量耗散和俘获呈现先增后减的趋势,主浮体吃水相同的两种结构之间的能量耗散和波能俘获差距逐渐减小,但主浮体吃水不同的两种结构之间的波能俘获比仍存在一定差距。这说明长周期波浪下,主浮体吃水对波能俘获比的影响要大于结构型式的影响。据此,可根据集成装置安放水域的波浪周期特点,调整浮体排水,从而达到较高的波能俘获比。
本文对三角挡板和垂直挡板两种结构型式的波能装置−浮式防波堤进行数值模拟研究,探究了在不同波浪周期和不同水深条件下集成装置的水动力性能表现,并对主浮体排水对装置工作性能的影响进行了简要的分析,得出以下结论:
(1)随着入射波周期的增加,三角挡板和垂直挡板结构型式的波能装置−浮式防波堤的最优PTO阻尼系数逐渐增大。
(2)三角挡板和垂直挡板结构型式的防波性能随着波浪周期的变化基本一致,防波性能随入射波浪周期增大而降低,垂直挡板装置略优于三角挡板装置。二者的波能俘获能力区别明显,三角挡板结构型式最优俘能对应的波周期为1.4~1.7 s(实海况周期为6~7.5 s),略大于垂直挡板结构型式的最优俘能波周期为1.2~1.4 s(实海况周期为5~6 s)。长周期波况下(实海况周期为8 s),两种结构型式的波能俘获比趋于一致。
(3)随着水深的增大,集成装置的运动幅度会增大,由于三角挡板和垂直挡板波能装置−浮式防波堤的整体吃水较大,在水深 1.5~2.5 m范围内,两种结构的防波性能和波能俘获能力都仅有小幅度的增大,透射系数减小了0.8%左右,二者的波能俘获比也增加了5%左右。
(4)集成装置的防波性能受主浮体吃水和排水量的影响较大,在总吃水相同的情况下,增加浮体排水量或主浮体吃水(或浮体前侧的吃水),可以减小透射系数,增加防波性能,但浮体本身的自振周期也会增大,波能俘获比会有所降低。
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME259);山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点实验室开放课题(CDPM2021KF21);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放研究基金(KLOCW2006)。
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2023年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023065
  • 接收时间:2022-08-02
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-02
  • 修回日期:2022-11-30
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山东省自然科学基金(ZR2020ME259);山东省土木工程防灾减灾重点实验室开放课题(CDPM2021KF21);中国科学院海洋环流与波动重点实验室开放研究基金(KLOCW2006)。
作者信息
    1 山东科技大学 交通学院,山东 青岛 266590
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