Article(id=1211432603928891543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023075, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661270400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-24, revisedDate=1671206400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-17, acceptedDate=1687708800000, acceptedDateStr=2023-06-26, onlineDate=1766757640106, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757640106, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757640106, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757640106, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=24, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432604222492838, articleId=1211432603928891543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Seasonal variability and mechanism of marine heatwaves in the Bay of Bengal, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the NOAA optimal interpolated sea surface temperature and other data from 1982 to 2021, seasonal variability of marine heatwave in the Bay of Bengal and associated formation mechanism were analyzed in this study. The results show that, bounded by the connection between Sri Lanka Island and the mouth of the Irrawaddy river in Myanmar, the frequency and days marine heatwave show different seasonal variation characteristics in the northwest and southeast of the Bay of Bengal. In the northwestern of the bay, both the frequency and the number of days of marine heatwaves are the largest in summer followed by spring and autumn, and the least in winter. In the southeastern of the bay, the seasonal variation of both is relatively weak. According to the cumulative intensity of marine heatwave, marine heatwaves are divided into four categories from weak to strong: I−IV. The analysis shows that the weak marine heatwave of category I and II mainly occurred in western or northwestern of the bay in summer and autumn; severe marine heatwaves of category 3 and above are mostly found in the Andaman Sea and the southeastern of the bay in spring and off southwestern Myanmar in summer. Further analysis shows that in most active areas of marine heatwaves in spring, summer and autumn, the change of net surface heat flux and the shallow mixed layer depth play a major role in these areas, while the formation and maintenance of marine heatwave in the southern of bay may be related to the remote forcing from the equator.

, correspAuthors=Yun Qiu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Kunming Liang, Yun Qiu, Yijun He, Wenshu Lin, Xutao Ni, Hui Teng), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211432606432891190, articleId=1211432603928891543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节变化特征与可能成因, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文基于1982−2021年的NOAA最优插值海表温度等资料,分析了孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节分布特征与可能成因。结果表明:大致以斯里兰卡岛与缅甸伊洛瓦底江河口连线为界,孟加拉湾西北部与东南部海域海洋热浪频率和天数呈现出不同的季节变化特征。在湾西北部海域,海洋热浪频率和天数季节变化较显著,均在夏季达到最大,春、秋季次之,冬季最少。而在湾东南部海域,二者的季节变化相对较弱。依据海洋热浪累积强度将海洋热浪从弱至强分为I~IV4种等级。分析显示,I类和II类较弱海洋热浪主要发生于夏、秋季的湾西部或西北部海域;III类以上严重海洋热浪则多发于春季的安达曼海和湾东南部海域以及夏季的缅甸西南部海域。进一步分析表明,在春、夏和秋季大部分海洋热浪活跃区,较浅的混合层及海表净热通量的变化对这些海区海洋热浪活动可能起主要作用,而冬季湾东南部海域海洋热浪形成与维持可能主要与赤道远地强迫有关。

, correspAuthors=邱云, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*邱云,男,研究员,主要从事热带海洋环流动力学与海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=jbCGvVcAGx/ESeoupZeoLQ==, magXml=TUuPJVJ/XtknMQzdOywijA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+Be4vsJUnLqOMHrHIYol9w==, pdfFileSize=4807005, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wbpV2o1ky9xbRXmGDItCYg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=V7IdhAPt0Bo4De7zGyIjig==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

梁坤明(1996—),男,广东省中山市人,主要从事海气相互作用研究。E-mail:

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Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2010, 57(1): 1−13., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215313895527470056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2022027);国家自然科学基金(42130406);亚洲合作资金项目(99950410);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01,GASI-04-WLHY-03)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215313887893836470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313887898030773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, companyId=1215313887893836470, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313889110184636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313889118573247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, companyId=1215313889110184636, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313889202459329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313889210847939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, companyId=1215313889202459329, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313889273762503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313889282151113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, companyId=1215313889273762503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313892377547646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Probability density distribution of SST and a MHW event at 11.125°N, 89.125°E

a. Probability density distribution of SST from 10 to 15 February 1983−2012 at 11.125°N, 89.125°E; b. A MHW event occurred in June-September 2020 at this grid point. The red dashed line represents the probability density function (PDF) of SST, and the green dashed line is the 90th percentile threshold value of SST in Fig.a

, figureFileSmall=H9opXoZQXzabkusLPzuWjA==, figureFileBig=CV2fA+jkCWo6ztXgN5+bVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893249962884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图1, caption=(11.125°N,89.125°E)的SST概率密度分布和一次MHW事件

a.1983−2012年2月10−15日在(11.125°N,89.125°E)的SST概率密度分布;b. 2020年6−9月发生在该网格点的一次MHW事件。a图中的红色虚线为SST的概率密度函数(PDF),绿色虚线为SST的第90百分位数阈值

, figureFileSmall=H9opXoZQXzabkusLPzuWjA==, figureFileBig=CV2fA+jkCWo6ztXgN5+bVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893384180616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Probability density distribution of cumulative intensity of MHW in the Bay of Bengal (0.125°~23.875°N,78.125°~98.875°E) from 1982 to 2021

The green, red, and blue lines represent the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentile thresholds of cumulative intensity, respectively, and the percentages in parentheses are the probability of occurrence of 4 MHW categories

, figureFileSmall=J4LRFplrRFG5EOOjfcGY2Q==, figureFileBig=e4t1PoyE5CFkSWxXhz1doA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893463872397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图2, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾(0.125°~23.875°N,78.125°~98.875°E)MHW累积强度(icum)的概率密度分布

图中绿线、红线和蓝线分别代表着累积强度的第10、50和90百分位阈值,括号中的百分数为4种等级MHW的发生频率

, figureFileSmall=J4LRFplrRFG5EOOjfcGY2Q==, figureFileBig=e4t1PoyE5CFkSWxXhz1doA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893581312914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Annual mean statistical characteristics of MHW in the Bay of Bengal from 1982 to 2021, figureFileSmall=Jj6M3er5zpR78o86bGKnAA==, figureFileBig=p/ecwFbniPJVnbyW1eXn2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893677781912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾MHW年平均统计特征, figureFileSmall=Jj6M3er5zpR78o86bGKnAA==, figureFileBig=p/ecwFbniPJVnbyW1eXn2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893786833824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Seasonal distribution characteristics of MHW frequency (unit: count/q, a−d) total days (unit: d, e−h) and mean intensity (unit: °C, i−l) in the Bay of Bengal from 1982 to 2021

Black contours indicate the 90th percentile of each attribute of MHW in the Bay of Bengal

, figureFileSmall=lq4DVwR/ETYcTAK8gwF9yw==, figureFileBig=DPbMKp5nDhZog5jzmJ1VIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893879108517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾 MHW频率(单位:次/季,a−d),天数(单位:d,e−h)和平均强度(单位:℃,i−l)的季节分布特征

图中黑色等值线为MHW各属性在孟加拉湾的第90百分数

, figureFileSmall=lq4DVwR/ETYcTAK8gwF9yw==, figureFileBig=DPbMKp5nDhZog5jzmJ1VIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893950411691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Probability density distribution of duration of 3 MHW categories in the Bay of Bengal (0.125°~23.875°N,78.125°~98.875°E) from 1982 to 2021

Red vertical line and red numbers are the range of MHW duration and its maximum and minimum values, the vertical black thick line and black numbers are the interquartile range and the upper and lower quartiles of MHW duration, white dots and blue numbers represents the median of MHW duration. The interval resolution of the duration probability density is 1 d

, figureFileSmall=YF+nyGAP2fsu6FzZZMLh0Q==, figureFileBig=gVgnk2TJ69UmtKtOfkWGTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894051074990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图5, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾(0.125°~23.875°N,78.125°~98.875°E) 3种等级MHW持续时间的概率密度分布

图中红色垂直线和红色数字为MHW持续时间的范围及其最大和最小值,垂直黑色粗线及其上下对应的黑色数字为MHW持续时间的四分数间距和上下四分位数,白色点和蓝色数字代表着MHW持续时间的中位数。持续时间概率密度的区间分辨率为1 d

, figureFileSmall=YF+nyGAP2fsu6FzZZMLh0Q==, figureFileBig=gVgnk2TJ69UmtKtOfkWGTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894155932596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Spatial distribution of occurrences of 4 MHW categories in the Bay of Bengal from 1982 to 2021

White areas represent no MHW

, figureFileSmall=b6sxlR51I/SiOIQ0vzCsWQ==, figureFileBig=gzVq7lkqB8Z+M46wwMfZHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894264984504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图6, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾 4种等级MHW发生的总次数的空间分布

图中白色海域代表无MHW发生

, figureFileSmall=b6sxlR51I/SiOIQ0vzCsWQ==, figureFileBig=gzVq7lkqB8Z+M46wwMfZHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894369842107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Seasonal distribution of occurrences of 3 MHW categories in the Bay of Bengal from 1982 to 2021

White areas waters represent no MHW

, figureFileSmall=v4Gy6qvmASskerHJlcWuaQ==, figureFileBig=9p1pax7gnERaHinV8rDKEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894441145276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图7, caption=1982−2021年孟加拉湾 3种等级MHW发生总次数的季节分布

图中白色海域代表无MHW发生

, figureFileSmall=v4Gy6qvmASskerHJlcWuaQ==, figureFileBig=9p1pax7gnERaHinV8rDKEQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894499865535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Seasonal distribution of composite mixed layer depth in Bay of Bengal (a−d)during MHW and (e−h) the difference between MHW and no MHW periods

The black contour lines and black oblique lines areas in a−d indicate regional average of the mixed layer depth in the Bay of Bengal in each season and active MHW area, black dots in e−h represent the 95% confidence respectively

, figureFileSmall=2QJGnucU/CDK+To030PkAA==, figureFileBig=X6qVIBK0PoDFL7WOXZE69w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894608917442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图8, caption=MHW期间合成得到的孟加拉湾混合层深度(a−d)和MHW期间与非MHW期间混合层深度(e−h)差值的季节分布

a−d中红色等值线和黑色阴影区域分别代表着相应季节孟加拉湾区域平均的混合层深度和MHW活跃区;e−h中黑点代表95%的置信水平

, figureFileSmall=2QJGnucU/CDK+To030PkAA==, figureFileBig=X6qVIBK0PoDFL7WOXZE69w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894696997830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Seasonal distribution of composite net sea surface heat flux and anomalies in the Bay of Bengal during MHW decline periods (a−d) and the difference between the no MHWs and MHW decline periods (e−h)

Black oblique lines areas indicate active MHW area and the black dots represent the 95% confidence in e−h

, figureFileSmall=CqKFyuCGBuiYBhY7xy4sdw==, figureFileBig=Lvhn5I8+fYs28bpIPHA/wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894831215561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图10, caption=MHW消亡期合成得到的孟加拉湾海表净热通量(a−d)和MHW消亡期与非MHW期间海表净热通量差值(e−h)的季节分布

e−h中黑色阴影区域代表MHW活跃区,黑点代表95%的置信水平

, figureFileSmall=CqKFyuCGBuiYBhY7xy4sdw==, figureFileBig=Lvhn5I8+fYs28bpIPHA/wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894898324429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Seasonal distribution of composite net sea surface heat flux and anomalies in the Bay of Bengal during non-MHW (a−d) and MHW (e−h) development periods and the difference between the two periods (i−l)

Black oblique lines areas indicate active MHW area and the black dots represent the 95% confidence in i−l

, figureFileSmall=O47btoaNyFa/Fb2GaG2utg==, figureFileBig=fOs1iFGFGKQYyDyIJT2Klw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894973821906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图9, caption=非MHW期间(a−d)和MHW发展期(e−h)合成得到的孟加拉湾海表净热通量以及后者与前者差值(i−l)的季节分布

i−l中黑色阴影区域代表MHW活跃区,黑点代表95%的置信水平

, figureFileSmall=O47btoaNyFa/Fb2GaG2utg==, figureFileBig=fOs1iFGFGKQYyDyIJT2Klw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313895074485206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Spatial distribution of composite SLA anomalies in Bay of Bengal during the difference between MHW and no MHW periods in winter

Black oblique lines areas indicate active MHW area and the black dots represent the 95% confidence

, figureFileSmall=DCkGzgUHJ0G8iwTNdkgFaQ==, figureFileBig=pnbn23JcSH3FXKKIw1S0lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313895149982680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=图11, caption=冬季孟加拉湾MHW期间与非MHW期间SLA差值场的空间分布

图中黑色阴影区域代表MHW活跃区,黑点代表95%的置信水平

, figureFileSmall=DCkGzgUHJ0G8iwTNdkgFaQ==, figureFileBig=pnbn23JcSH3FXKKIw1S0lw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313895212897244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Definitions of MHW indices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标定义数学表达式单位
注:tste为热浪起始和结束时间;Ds,De为某一段时间内的起始和结束时间;Tt,Tmt)为某日SST和其气候态;tMHW为热浪日。
MHW频率每年或每季发生MHW的次数${N}$次/季
MHW持续时间某个MHW事件的总天数${{D} } = { {{t} }_{\rm{e}}} - { {{t} }_{\rm{s}}}$d
MHW平均强度某个MHW事件热浪强度的平均值${ { {i} }_{ {\rm{mean} } } } = \overline {T(t) - {T_{\rm{m} } }({{t} })}$
MHW累积强度某个MHW事件热浪强度的累加值${i_{ {\rm{cum} } } } = \displaystyle\int_{ {t_{\rm{s} } } }^{ {t_{\rm{e} } } } {[T(t) - {T_{\rm{m} } }(t)]{\rm{d} }t}$℃·d
MHW天数某一段时间内MHW日数的累加值${ {D}_{ {\rm{sum} } } }{\text{ = } }\displaystyle\sum\limits_{ { {D}_{\rm{e} } } }^{ { {D}_{\rm{s} } } } { {t_{ {\text{MHW} } } } }$d
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895300977632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432603928891543, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MHW指标定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标定义数学表达式单位
注:tste为热浪起始和结束时间;Ds,De为某一段时间内的起始和结束时间;Tt,Tmt)为某日SST和其气候态;tMHW为热浪日。
MHW频率每年或每季发生MHW的次数${N}$次/季
MHW持续时间某个MHW事件的总天数${{D} } = { {{t} }_{\rm{e}}} - { {{t} }_{\rm{s}}}$d
MHW平均强度某个MHW事件热浪强度的平均值${ { {i} }_{ {\rm{mean} } } } = \overline {T(t) - {T_{\rm{m} } }({{t} })}$
MHW累积强度某个MHW事件热浪强度的累加值${i_{ {\rm{cum} } } } = \displaystyle\int_{ {t_{\rm{s} } } }^{ {t_{\rm{e} } } } {[T(t) - {T_{\rm{m} } }(t)]{\rm{d} }t}$℃·d
MHW天数某一段时间内MHW日数的累加值${ {D}_{ {\rm{sum} } } }{\text{ = } }\displaystyle\sum\limits_{ { {D}_{\rm{e} } } }^{ { {D}_{\rm{s} } } } { {t_{ {\text{MHW} } } } }$d
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孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节变化特征与可能成因
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梁坤明 1, 2 , 邱云 1, 2, * , 何宜军 1 , 林雯纾 2 , 倪栩韬 2 , 滕辉 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 13-24
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 13-24
孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节变化特征与可能成因
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梁坤明1, 2 , 邱云1, 2, * , 何宜军1, 林雯纾2, 倪栩韬2, 滕辉2
作者信息
  • 1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005
  • 梁坤明(1996—),男,广东省中山市人,主要从事海气相互作用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*邱云,男,研究员,主要从事热带海洋环流动力学与海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
Seasonal variability and mechanism of marine heatwaves in the Bay of Bengal
Kunming Liang1, 2 , Yun Qiu1, 2, * , Yijun He1, Wenshu Lin2, Xutao Ni2, Hui Teng2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023075
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本文基于1982−2021年的NOAA最优插值海表温度等资料,分析了孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节分布特征与可能成因。结果表明:大致以斯里兰卡岛与缅甸伊洛瓦底江河口连线为界,孟加拉湾西北部与东南部海域海洋热浪频率和天数呈现出不同的季节变化特征。在湾西北部海域,海洋热浪频率和天数季节变化较显著,均在夏季达到最大,春、秋季次之,冬季最少。而在湾东南部海域,二者的季节变化相对较弱。依据海洋热浪累积强度将海洋热浪从弱至强分为I~IV4种等级。分析显示,I类和II类较弱海洋热浪主要发生于夏、秋季的湾西部或西北部海域;III类以上严重海洋热浪则多发于春季的安达曼海和湾东南部海域以及夏季的缅甸西南部海域。进一步分析表明,在春、夏和秋季大部分海洋热浪活跃区,较浅的混合层及海表净热通量的变化对这些海区海洋热浪活动可能起主要作用,而冬季湾东南部海域海洋热浪形成与维持可能主要与赤道远地强迫有关。

海洋热浪  /  孟加拉湾  /  季节变化  /  混合层  /  形成机制

Based on the NOAA optimal interpolated sea surface temperature and other data from 1982 to 2021, seasonal variability of marine heatwave in the Bay of Bengal and associated formation mechanism were analyzed in this study. The results show that, bounded by the connection between Sri Lanka Island and the mouth of the Irrawaddy river in Myanmar, the frequency and days marine heatwave show different seasonal variation characteristics in the northwest and southeast of the Bay of Bengal. In the northwestern of the bay, both the frequency and the number of days of marine heatwaves are the largest in summer followed by spring and autumn, and the least in winter. In the southeastern of the bay, the seasonal variation of both is relatively weak. According to the cumulative intensity of marine heatwave, marine heatwaves are divided into four categories from weak to strong: I−IV. The analysis shows that the weak marine heatwave of category I and II mainly occurred in western or northwestern of the bay in summer and autumn; severe marine heatwaves of category 3 and above are mostly found in the Andaman Sea and the southeastern of the bay in spring and off southwestern Myanmar in summer. Further analysis shows that in most active areas of marine heatwaves in spring, summer and autumn, the change of net surface heat flux and the shallow mixed layer depth play a major role in these areas, while the formation and maintenance of marine heatwave in the southern of bay may be related to the remote forcing from the equator.

marine heatwave  /  Bay of Bengal  /  seasonal variability  /  mixed layer  /  formation mechanism
梁坤明, 邱云, 何宜军, 林雯纾, 倪栩韬, 滕辉. 孟加拉湾海洋热浪季节变化特征与可能成因. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023075
Kunming Liang, Yun Qiu, Yijun He, Wenshu Lin, Xutao Ni, Hui Teng. Seasonal variability and mechanism of marine heatwaves in the Bay of Bengal[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 13 -24 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023075
海洋热浪(Marine Heatwave,MHW)一般是指海洋中发生的、离散的、持久性的极端高温事件[1]。其水平尺度通常可达数千千米,垂直尺度可从海表延伸至数百米深度,时间尺度从数天至数月[2-4]。自工业革命以来,温室气体的持续排放导致地球气候系统能量失衡[5]。温室效应所产生的多余热量有90%以上都被海洋所吸收,其中52%集中于700 m深度以内的上层海水,导致上层海水温度升高[6]。在此背景下,全球大部分海区出现了更频繁、更强且更持久的MHW[7]。由于MHW(这里指表层MHW)的形成在本质上是与海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)波动直接关联的,因此影响混合层热收支的主要过程,包括海气界面热量交换以及平流输运和混合层底部夹卷等海洋动力过程均可能对MHW的产生起着重要作用[4, 8-9]。此外,一些典型的海气耦合模态,比如厄尔尼诺−南方涛动(El Niño−Southern Oscillation)、印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole)等引起大范围的海洋与大气系统的异常变化,也往往有利于形成范围较广,持续时间较长的MHW事件[10-12]。MHW的发生可导致海洋生态系统的巨大变化[13-15],极端高温海水会造成大量的珊瑚白化和死亡[16],生物和遗传多样性枯竭[17]等,给社会经济带来严重的影响[18-20]。因此,MHW的相关研究已成为当前海洋与气候领域研究的热点和前沿[1]
孟加拉湾是印度洋升温最快的海域之一,研究表明自1940年以来孟加拉湾SST存在显著升高趋势[21]。在SST显著升高的背景下,该海域的MHW频率、发生天数也呈显著上升趋势,其上升速率远超全球海洋的平均水平[22]。然而,相比于其他热带海域,孟加拉湾MHW的研究起步较晚且不多见。有研究[23]表明,孟加拉湾北部MHW各属性呈现季节差异,其中持续时间和累积强度均在4月达到峰值,平均强度和最大强度的最大值出现在5月,而发生频率在5月、6月和10月较高,并发现在1982−2018年期间,MHW频率的增加趋势在夏季风时期最大,每10年增加0.5次,同时该研究还指出太阳辐射增加和潜热释放减少是该时期MHW发生的主因。最近,Gao等[22]进一步分析了1982−2020年孟加拉湾MHW各季节趋势性变化,结果表明,MHW频率和天数在冬季均有明显的增长趋势;秋季显著增加的区域主要在孟加拉湾15°N以南海域;春夏季的变化趋势仅在孟加拉湾东北部海域较大。
上述为数不多的研究仅局限于孟加拉湾局部海域MHW季节特征或者趋势性变化的分析,缺乏对孟加拉湾MHW季节变化特征的整体认识。目前,有关孟加拉湾MHW形成机制的研究主要考虑了大气热强迫的贡献[23-24],而关于海洋动力过程对MHW影响的认识不足。实际上,孟加拉湾海洋动力过程可能会通过影响SST的变化[25],进而对MHW的发生和维持起重要调控作用。因而,本研究拟利用1982−2021年日平均SST数据,分析孟加拉湾MHW的季节变化特征,并定性探讨其可能成因。
本研究所用SST观测数据来自于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,NOAA)的最佳插值海表温度(Optimal Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature,OISST)V2.1数据集,时间跨度为1982年1月1日至2021年12月31日,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。该数据集是NOAA改进型超高分辨率辐射计(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)多通道SST产品的最优化插值的结果,并经过了浮标、船舶等现场观测数据的校正,再用最优插值法计算生成的融合产品[26]。由于该数据空间分辨率高,且具有很好的连续性,因此被广泛应用于MHW的研究[27]
本文还采用了欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)的全球气候第五代大气再分析资料(ECMWF Reanalysis V5)[28]中的逐时海表热通量数据,空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,选取的时间跨度为1982年1月1日至2021年12月31日。逐时热通量数据在使用前先通过算术平均得到日平均的资料。此外,混合层深度数据来自于哥白尼海洋环境监测局(Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service,CMEMS)全球再分析(GLOBAL_REANALYSIS_PHY_001_030),时间跨度为1982年1月1日至2019年12月31日,以及最新发布的全球分析数据(GLOBAL_ANALYSISFORECAST_PHY_CPL_001_024),时间跨度为2020年1月1日至2021年12月31日,后者用以补充再分析数据时间跨度的不足,这两套数据集的水平分辨率均为(1/12)°×(1/12)°[29]。混合层深度是采取Kara等[30]提出的海水密度阈值方法来计算的。混合层深度定义为位势密度${\sigma _{\theta }} = {\sigma _{(z = 10)}} + {\sigma _\Delta }$时的深度,其中${\sigma _{(z = 10)}}$为10 m层的位势密度,${\sigma _\Delta }$为相对于10 m层盐度保持不变,温度下降0.2℃引起的位势密度增加量。为了与OISST的水平分辨率统一,本研究将混合层深度数据集重采样为0.25°×0.25°。
逐日卫星高度计海面高度异常(Sea Level Anomalies,SLA)资料由CMEMS提供[31]。它融合了CryoSat-2、Jason-1、Jason-2以及GEOSAT等多颗测高卫星数据,其空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为1 d,时间跨度为1993年1月1日至2021年12月31日。
本文的季节划分以3−5月为春季,6−8月为夏季,9−11月为秋季,12月至翌年2月为冬季。考虑到依据前文定义,单个MHW事件持续时间至少5 d,因而在分析各季节MHW的形成机制之前,对海表净热通量和SLA数据进行了5 d的低通滤波。
MHW的定义是参考目前较广泛使用的方法[32],具体为:在给定的网格点,以气候基准期内第90百分位数的SST作为阈值(图1a),SST连续超过阈值不少于5 d的海水异常增暖事件定义为MHW事件;若两个连续事件之间的间隔小于2 d,则被视为一个连续事件。考虑到可用的SST观测时间跨度限制[32],这里所采用MHW的气候基准期为1983−2012年。在计算某日气候态和阈值时,抽取各年份以该日为中心的11 d时间窗内平均的SST构成该日海温的逐年时间序列,对其进行平均获得该日气候态值并取其从低到高排序后的第90百分位数作为阈值。然后,对上述计算得到的逐日气候态和阈值时间序列分别进行31 d滑动平均。图1b给出的是根据上述MHW定义识别出2020年6−9月发生在湾南部(11.125 °N,89.125 °E)的一次MHW事件。在MHW期间,某日SST值与气候态温度值的差定义为该日的热浪强度(图1b)。MHW的统计特征,包括单个MHW事件采用的主要属性有持续时间(D)、平均强度(imean)、累积强度(icum),以及特定时段内的MHW事件发生频率(N)和发生天数(Dsum)的定义及计算方法[32]表1所示。类似地,特定时段内MHW各属性的平均值,代表的是该时段内所有MHW事件对应属性的平均值。
参考Pietri等[33]的做法,以MHW累积强度作为MHW事件强度等级划分的依据。累积强度是MHW平均强度以及持续时间的一个综合反映[34],其大小能较好地指示MHW对海洋生态环境影响的强弱[33]。具体做法是,在孟加拉湾MHW累积强度概率密度分布图上(图2),选取第10、50和90百分位数的累积强度(依次为13℃·d,53℃·d和101℃·d)作为MHW强度等级划分的阈值。其中,累积强度概率密度的定义是以(1/24)℃·d为间隔,对所有MHW事件按照累积强度的大小进行区间划分,每个区间内的MHW事件数与MHW总事件数之比即为MHW累积强度的概率密度。累积强度低于13℃·d时,记为较弱(I类)MHW;累积强度介于13℃·d和53℃·d之间以及53℃·d和101℃·d之间,则分别为强(Ⅱ类)MHW以及严重(III类)MHW;累积强度高于101℃·d时,视为极端(IV类)MHW。就整个孟加拉湾而言,I类MHW发生的次数最多,占总事件的71.3%,Ⅱ类和III类MHW分别占26.8%和1.7%,而IV类MHW仅有0.2%(图2)。考虑到III~IV类MHW在大部分海域仅出现了1~2次,会带来一些年际的信号,在计算MHW各属性季节变化时,这两类事件不做统计,以确保具有统计意义的季节变化。
图3给出1982−2021年孟加拉湾MHW主要指标年平均统计特征的空间分布。MHW频率在空间上分布较为均匀,在大部分海域每年平均发生2.7次左右,其中湾顶是MHW发生最为频繁的海域,每年平均发生3次以上(图3a)。不同于频率,MHW的持续时间空间分布差异较大,高值区主要位于缅甸西南部沿岸海域和安达曼海,持续时间大于13 d(图3b),在湾西部以及赤道海域持续时间较短(小于10 d)。由于频率空间分布比较均匀,因而MHW的年平均总天数(图3c)与持续时间空间分布较为相似,高值区也大体位于缅甸西南部海域和安达曼海,年平均总天数可达36 d以上(图3c)。MHW的平均强度为1.0~1.4℃(图3d),湾南部平均强度较小,向湾北部逐渐递增,在湾顶和伊洛瓦底河口东南部海域强度最大,可达1.5℃。
为了揭示孟加拉湾MHW季节变化特征,本文分析了MHW频率、天数和平均强度的季节分布(图4)。大致以斯里兰卡岛与缅甸伊洛瓦底江河口的连线为界,孟加拉湾西北部与东南部海域MHW呈现出不同的季节变化特征。在湾西北部海域,MHW频率和天数有显著的季节变化,均在夏季达到最大(分别大于0.8 次/季和11.8 d),春季和秋季次之,冬季最少。相比之下,在湾东南部及安达曼海,二者的季节变化相对较弱,MHW频率和天数在大部分海域全年均呈现较高水平。MHW强度在春季最大,强度大于1.3℃的MHW面积达到全年最大且几乎覆盖了全湾,而其他季节仅在安达曼海和湾北部沿岸的零星海域出现(图4i图4l)。
MHW对海洋生态系统的影响程度与其累积强度有密切关系[35],其累积强度也因而成为理解MHW生态效应的主要指标之一[33]。我们进一步给出不同累积强度等级MHW持续时间的概率分布(图5),由于IV类MHW发生次数极少,因此不参与统计。总体来看,MHW累积强度等级越强,持续时间越长,I类MHW持续时间范围及中位数分别为5~19 d和6 d,II类和III类MHW持续时间范围和中位数依次为:5~61 d和17 d,20~102 d和53 d。
从空间及季节分布特征看(图6图7),I类MHW出现的范围最大,相应的发生次数也最多,几乎覆盖了整个孟加拉湾(图6a)。这一类累积强度较弱的MHW主要发生在夏秋两季并以湾西部海域最为活跃,而冬春两季则相对较少,尤其是在冬季湾西北部海域形成低值(图7a图7d)。II类MHW主要发生在缅甸近海以及湾北部海域,在这些海域发生总次数大于30次,平均每年大约发生1次(图6b)。从季节分布看(图7e图7h),这类较强的MHW在夏季湾西北部海域出现的最多,总次数可达12次以上。此外,春、秋季在安达曼海部分海域也较为活跃(总次数大于10次)。不难看出,上述这两类MHW的季节分布特征与前文提及的湾西北部海域MHW频率和天数呈现的夏季最大,冬季最弱的季节变化特征较为一致(图4a图4h),说明该海域MHW的频率和天数的季节变化主要与I类和II类MHW的季节变化有关。
III类MHW主要集中发生在湾东南部、安达曼海以及缅甸西南部海域,40年来发生的总次数为3~5次(图6c)。这类严重的MHW在湾东南部以及安达曼海多发于春季(图7i),在缅甸西南部海域主要发生在夏季(图7j)。极端(IV类)MHW发生次数最少,仅在零星海域有1~2次极端事件(图6d)。
前人研究[2, 9, 36 -37]表明,海洋上混合层深度对MHW的季节变化有重要作用,夏季较浅的混合层可导致上混合层对海面加热过程更为敏感,从而更加有利于MHW的发展。此外,海域海表热强迫被认为是MHW生成与维持的主因[23]。因而,这里首先从混合层深度和海表热强迫入手,探讨上述MHW活跃区的季节变化与二者的可能联系。考虑到MHW天数能够较好地反映MHW的季节变化特征,为了便于描述与比较,这里以MHW 天数作为主要指标,对于一个给定的季节,将那些MHW天数超过研究海域第90百分位数的区域定义为对应季节MHW活跃区(如图4e图4h图8a图8d)。同时,我们对海洋上混合层深度和海表净热通量等要素按MHW期间、非MHW期间进行合成并比较合成场之间的差异(图8图10)。此外,由于海表热强迫对MHW不同发展阶段起不同的作用,因而在分析其对MHW影响时,按MHW发展期(MHW从发生到其强度达到峰值时的时间段)和MHW消亡期(MHW从强度峰值到其结束时的时间段)分别对海表净热通量进行合成。
图8a图8c可见,夏秋季湾西北海域以及春秋季安达曼海大部分MHW活跃区覆盖的范围皆位于混合层深度较浅的海域(图8a图8c中红线代表相应季节孟加拉湾区域平均的混合层深度),且与非MHW期间相比,这些海域的混合层深度在MHW期间异常变浅,减少了2~6 m(图8e图8g),进一步为MHW的发生提供了有利条件。另外,这3个季节MHW活跃区的海表净热通量在MHW发展期较非MHW期间显著增加(可达20~60 W/m2),对这些海域MHW的成长起促进作用(图9i图9k)。而在MHW的消亡期,海表净热通量则显著降低,导致了MHW的消亡(图10e图10g)。这些对应关系体现了较浅的混合层及海表净热通量的变化对春季、夏季和秋季MHW活动可能起主要作用。值得一提的是,在春季湾口海域(6°~11°N)以及夏季安达曼海,海表净热通量在MHW发展期较非MHW期间也呈现不同程度的增加(图9i图9j),但由于同期这些海域的混合层较厚(图8a图8b),不利于MHW的形成,进而导致这些海域的MHW天数较同期活跃区少(图4e图4f)。同样地,相比于非MHW期间,在秋季MHW发展期几乎整个湾的海表热强迫一致加强(图9k),而湾口西南部至湾中部海域的混合层较厚,湾周界沿岸海域的混合层较薄(图8c)。相应地,MHW天数也大体呈现湾周界多中间少的分布态势(图4g)。这些对应特征,进一步说明了混合层深度以及海表加热是影响这些季节湾内MHW活动的重要因素。
在冬季,缅甸西南部沿岸海域与其他季节基本一致,MHW活跃区的形成与较浅的混合层深度(图8d)和非MHW期间更强的海表加热作用对应(图9l)。但湾东南部与其他季节明显不同,该海域属于混合层较厚的海域(图8d),而且该海域海表热强迫较非MHW期间也无明显增强(图9l)。这种差异说明,混合层深度以及海表热强迫对冬季湾东南部MHW活跃区的形成所起的作用较弱,海洋动力过程可能起更为重要的作用。过去的研究[38]表明,湾口附近海域主要受来自赤道行星波动的影响,正常年份每年12月前后,源自赤道的下降型开尔文波会在湾东边界激发出西传的下降型罗斯贝波,导致在湾口海域出现显著的SLA正值信号。最近在热带印度洋的一项研究表明,下降型罗斯贝波在传播过程中往往会使上层海温异常升高,导致MHW事件的发生[12]。从图11可看见,冬季湾东南部MHW活跃区在MHW期间较非MHW期间水位显著升高,反映了赤道远地强迫引起的上层海洋变暖对冬季湾南部海域MHW的形成与维持可能起重要作用。
本文利用卫星遥感等资料分析了1982−2021年孟加拉湾MHW 季节分布特征及可能成因,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)总体而言,孟加拉湾MHW频率在空间上分布较为均匀,而MHW天数和持续时间呈现明显的区域差异,缅甸西南部海域和安达曼海MHW天数最多,相应地平均持续时间也较其他区域更长。
(2)从季节分布上看,在湾西北部,MHW频率和天数的季节变化较为显著,均在夏季达到最多,冬季最少。相比之下,在湾东南部及安达曼海,二者的季节变化相对较弱。
(3)进一步依据累积强度,将研究区域MHW从弱至强分为I~IV类,I类(较弱)MHW发生次数最多,占总事件的71.3%,II类(强)MHW次之,III类(严重)MHW事件很少,仅占总数的1.7%,而Ⅳ类(极端)MHW仅有0.2%。从空间及季节分布特征看,I类MHW出现范围最大,几乎覆盖了整个湾,且夏、秋季在湾西部最为活跃;II类MHW主要发生在夏季湾西北部海域,III类MHW则主要集中发生在春季的安达曼海和湾南部海域以及夏季的缅甸西南部海域。不难看出,I类和II类MHW的季节分布特征与湾西北部海域MHW频率和天数呈现的夏季最大冬季最弱的季节变化特征较为一致,说明该海域MHW的季节变化主要与I类和II类MHW有关。
(4)定性分析结果表明,在上述春、夏和秋季的MHW活跃区,较浅的混合层以及海表净热通量的变化对这些海区MHW活动可能起主要作用。而在冬季,除了缅甸西南部沿岸海域MHW活跃区的形成主要受海表热强迫和混合层深度影响以外,湾东南部海域MHW形成与维持可能与赤道远地强迫有关。
本研究定性分析了大气热强迫和海洋动力过程对孟加拉湾MHW季节分布特征的可能作用,后续研究将基于混合层热收支方程等手段量化各强迫因子对其季节变化的贡献。从图7可见,孟加拉湾南部海域MHW发生次数空间分布呈现出中尺度上的差异态,这种差异可能反映了暖涡的影响,这二者之间的关系有待进一步研究。此外,本研究表明安达曼海以及湾东南部海域是严重MHW事件的高发区,同时是孟加拉湾珊瑚资源最丰富的海域,因此今后有必要加强这两个海域MHW演变规律及其生态效应的调查与研究。
  • 自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2022027);国家自然科学基金(42130406);亚洲合作资金项目(99950410);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01,GASI-04-WLHY-03)。
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2023年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023075
  • 接收时间:2022-08-24
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-24
  • 修回日期:2022-12-17
  • 录用日期:2023-06-26
基金
自然资源部第三海洋研究所基本科研业务费专项(海三科2022027);国家自然科学基金(42130406);亚洲合作资金项目(99950410);全球变化与海气相互作用(二期)专项(GASI-04-WLHY-01,GASI-04-WLHY-03)。
作者信息
    1 南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2 自然资源部第三海洋研究所,福建 厦门 361005

通讯作者:

*邱云,男,研究员,主要从事热带海洋环流动力学与海气相互作用研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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