Article(id=1211432602557346787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023087, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1661529600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-27, revisedDate=1673884800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757639778, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757639778, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757639778, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757639778, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=52, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432602939028454, articleId=1211432602557346787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The geological and structural characteristics of the southern Parece Vela Basin and their genetic mechanisms, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Parece Vela Basin (PVB), the most typical and largest back-arc basin in the western Pacific, is divided into the main PVB and the southern PVB based on its morphological distribution. In this study, the gravity anomalies and seafloor topographic features of the southern PVB are analyzed based on the open source gravity data, the measured swath bathymetry data and the sub-bottom profile data, and the particularity of this region and its genetic mechanism are further discussed. According to the seafloor topographic and geophysical characteristics, the southern PVB is mainly divided into five regions, namely, A, B, C, D, and E, which represent that the NW−SE seafloor fabrics formed during the NE−SW spreading, that the N−S spreading fabrics formed during the stage of E−W spreading of the PVB, that the NEE−SWW fabrics formed by the interaction between N−S trending spreading axis propagated from the north and the southernmost rift system during the rotation of the basin, that the seamounts formed at the same time as the PVB, and that the deeps formed by the interaction of the rift systems, respectively. The southern PVB shows obvious east-west asymmetry, that is, only the part west of the spreading center exists in the basin. We speculate that a part of the eastern half of the southern PVB thrusted over the Yap Arc, and another part was offset by a transform fault and the region now lies west of the West Mariana Ridge affected by the collision of the Caroline Ridge. With the continuous thrusting and migration of the oceanic crust, the gradually exposed spreading center of the southern PVB merged with the Yap Trench to form the present Yap Trench, and finally resulting in the absence of the eastern counterpart of the southern PVB.

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帕里西维拉海盆是西太平洋地区最大、最典型的弧后盆地,根据帕里西维拉海盆的形态特征,将帕里西维拉海盆分为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和帕里西维拉海盆南端。本文利用国际公开的重力数据和实测的多波束、浅地层剖面数据研究了帕里西维拉海盆南端的重力异常特征和海底地形特征,并进一步探讨了该区域的特殊性及成因机制。海底地形与地球物理特征研究表明,帕里西维拉海盆南端可划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,分别代表海盆NE−SW向扩张形成的NW−SE向扩张构造、海盆E−W向扩张形成的N−S向扩张构造、海盆旋转过程中由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用形成的NEE−SWW向构造、与帕里西维拉海盆同期形成的海山区以及裂谷系统相互作用形成的深渊区。海盆南端表现出明显的东西不对称性,海盆只存在扩张中心以西的部分,推测受卡罗琳海脊碰撞影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部一部分逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,还有一部分被推离至现今西马里亚纳海脊以西,随着洋壳持续的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并,形成现今的雅浦海沟,最终造成了现今帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部的构造形态。

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夏成龙(1990-),男,山东省临沂市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海底构造和海洋环境综合论证研究。E-mail:

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夏成龙(1990-),男,山东省临沂市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海底构造和海洋环境综合论证研究。E-mail:

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夏成龙(1990-),男,山东省临沂市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海底构造和海洋环境综合论证研究。E-mail:

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Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 1996, 72(6): 118−123., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313899356868687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shiraki K. Metamorphic basement rocks of Yap Islands, Western Pacific: possible oceanic crust beneath an island arc[J]. 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a. A sub-bottom profile of Area A; b. a multi-channel seismic profile of Area B, modified from Dong et al. [32]; c. a sub-bottom profile of Area C. the location of profiles are shown in Figure 2a

, figureFileSmall=d1emn5vFSLC1o5sJlEnJxg==, figureFileBig=82Ymqk6yFTOLTcZGVNCwBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893694559130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, language=CN, label=图3, caption=研究区的地形和沉积特征

a. A区的浅地层剖面;b. B区的多道地震剖面,改自Dong等[32];c. C区的浅地层剖面。剖面位置见图2a

, figureFileSmall=d1emn5vFSLC1o5sJlEnJxg==, figureFileBig=82Ymqk6yFTOLTcZGVNCwBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893791028128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Gravity anomaly map of the study area

a. Free-air anomaly map of the study area; b. Bouguer anomaly map of the study area

, figureFileSmall=T6vxaLBD8Z4BdaFQ+bDOAA==, figureFileBig=FezgDzRUf4Q4lub0/mHT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893879108516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, language=CN, label=图4, caption=研究区重力异常

a. 空间重力异常;b. 完全布格重力异常

, figureFileSmall=T6vxaLBD8Z4BdaFQ+bDOAA==, figureFileBig=FezgDzRUf4Q4lub0/mHT4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893950411689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic diagram of the topography and basin width on both sides of the spreading center of the Parece Vela Basin

Magnetic lineations refer to Sdrolias et al. [5]

, figureFileSmall=WlOf6TpsntHKwk6bO3KpYg==, figureFileBig=1OpVAaz2TBCBZtVFfEekyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313894046880686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432602557346787, language=CN, label=图5, caption=帕里西维拉海盆海底地形及扩张中心两侧海盆宽度示意

磁异常条带参考Sdrolias等[5]

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帕里西维拉海盆南端的地质构造特征及成因分析
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夏成龙 1 , 李科 1 , 马龙 2 , 张连伟 3 , 葛忠孝 1 , 李佳讯 1 , 刘玉红 1 , 周庆杰 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 52-61
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 52-61
帕里西维拉海盆南端的地质构造特征及成因分析
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夏成龙1 , 李科1, 马龙2, 张连伟3, 葛忠孝1, 李佳讯1, 刘玉红1, 周庆杰2
作者信息
  • 1 海军研究院,天津 300061
  • 2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
  • 3 国家海洋信息中心,天津 300171
  • 夏成龙(1990-),男,山东省临沂市人,助理研究员,博士,主要从事海底构造和海洋环境综合论证研究。E-mail:

The geological and structural characteristics of the southern Parece Vela Basin and their genetic mechanisms
Chenglong Xia1 , Ke Li1, Long Ma2, Lianwei Zhang3, Zhongxiao Ge1, Jiaxun Li1, Yuhong Liu1, Qingjie Zhou2
Affiliations
  • 1Naval Research Institute, Tianjin 300061, China
  • 2First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 3National Marine Data and Information Service, Tianjin 300171, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023087
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帕里西维拉海盆是西太平洋地区最大、最典型的弧后盆地,根据帕里西维拉海盆的形态特征,将帕里西维拉海盆分为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和帕里西维拉海盆南端。本文利用国际公开的重力数据和实测的多波束、浅地层剖面数据研究了帕里西维拉海盆南端的重力异常特征和海底地形特征,并进一步探讨了该区域的特殊性及成因机制。海底地形与地球物理特征研究表明,帕里西维拉海盆南端可划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,分别代表海盆NE−SW向扩张形成的NW−SE向扩张构造、海盆E−W向扩张形成的N−S向扩张构造、海盆旋转过程中由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用形成的NEE−SWW向构造、与帕里西维拉海盆同期形成的海山区以及裂谷系统相互作用形成的深渊区。海盆南端表现出明显的东西不对称性,海盆只存在扩张中心以西的部分,推测受卡罗琳海脊碰撞影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部一部分逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,还有一部分被推离至现今西马里亚纳海脊以西,随着洋壳持续的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并,形成现今的雅浦海沟,最终造成了现今帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部的构造形态。

海底地形  /  重力异常  /  构造形态  /  卡罗琳海脊  /  成因机制

Parece Vela Basin (PVB), the most typical and largest back-arc basin in the western Pacific, is divided into the main PVB and the southern PVB based on its morphological distribution. In this study, the gravity anomalies and seafloor topographic features of the southern PVB are analyzed based on the open source gravity data, the measured swath bathymetry data and the sub-bottom profile data, and the particularity of this region and its genetic mechanism are further discussed. According to the seafloor topographic and geophysical characteristics, the southern PVB is mainly divided into five regions, namely, A, B, C, D, and E, which represent that the NW−SE seafloor fabrics formed during the NE−SW spreading, that the N−S spreading fabrics formed during the stage of E−W spreading of the PVB, that the NEE−SWW fabrics formed by the interaction between N−S trending spreading axis propagated from the north and the southernmost rift system during the rotation of the basin, that the seamounts formed at the same time as the PVB, and that the deeps formed by the interaction of the rift systems, respectively. The southern PVB shows obvious east-west asymmetry, that is, only the part west of the spreading center exists in the basin. We speculate that a part of the eastern half of the southern PVB thrusted over the Yap Arc, and another part was offset by a transform fault and the region now lies west of the West Mariana Ridge affected by the collision of the Caroline Ridge. With the continuous thrusting and migration of the oceanic crust, the gradually exposed spreading center of the southern PVB merged with the Yap Trench to form the present Yap Trench, and finally resulting in the absence of the eastern counterpart of the southern PVB.

seafloor topography  /  gravity anomaly  /  structural morphology  /  Caroline Ridge  /  genetic mechanisms
夏成龙, 李科, 马龙, 张连伟, 葛忠孝, 李佳讯, 刘玉红, 周庆杰. 帕里西维拉海盆南端的地质构造特征及成因分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023087
Chenglong Xia, Ke Li, Long Ma, Lianwei Zhang, Zhongxiao Ge, Jiaxun Li, Yuhong Liu, Qingjie Zhou. The geological and structural characteristics of the southern Parece Vela Basin and their genetic mechanisms[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 52 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023087
西太平洋菲律宾海地区发育出世界上最为壮观的沟−弧−盆体系,而帕里西维拉海盆则是菲律宾海沟−弧−盆体系中最大、最典型的弧后盆地,其复杂的地质构造特征和特殊的构造形态使得帕里西维拉海盆的构造演化过程一直是科学家关注的焦点问题[1]
根据帕里西维拉海盆的形态分布,本文将帕里西维拉海盆分为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和帕里西维拉海盆南端。11°30′N以北九州−帕劳海岭与西马里亚纳海脊之间的部分称为帕里西维拉海盆主盆地,11°30′N以南九州−帕劳海岭与雅浦岛弧之间的部分称为帕里西维拉海盆南端。前人对帕里西维拉海盆主盆地的海底扩张过程以及扩张中心帕里西维拉裂谷的构造特征做了大量的研究[2-9],普遍认为帕里西维拉海盆的构造演化主要分为4个阶段,是一个扩张中心由南向北传播,渐进式两翼对称扩张形成的弧后盆地。但是该构造演化模型无法解释帕里西维拉海盆中间宽、南北端窄的构造形态以及帕里西维拉海盆南端复杂的构造特征,为此,Okino等[10]对帕里西维拉海盆南端的海底构造特征进行了详细的研究,认为帕里西维拉海盆南端是帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与裂谷系统相互作用的结果。
磁条带分布特征表明帕里西维拉海盆是两翼对称扩张的[2, 4],海盆被中间的帕里西维拉裂谷分割为东西两部分,但是帕里西维拉海盆南端只存在扩张中心以西的部分。不同于帕里西维拉海盆主海盆,帕里西维拉海盆南端受卡罗琳海脊的碰撞影响[10-14],Ohara等[15]认为碰撞导致海盆的东半部逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,Kobayashi[16]认为裂谷以东的部分沿海沟俯冲消亡,而Okino等[10, 17]则认为裂谷以东的区域已经沿着NE−SW向的断裂带移动至西马里亚纳海脊西侧。因此,帕里西维拉海盆南端的构造演化过程及其与卡罗琳海脊的关系还存在许多疑问。
本文基于帕里西维拉海盆地区实测的地球物理数据,结合国际公开资料,试图揭示帕里西维拉海盆南端复杂的地质构造特征及其成因机制,厘清帕里西维拉海盆南端的构造演化过程及其与卡罗琳海脊的关系,为雅浦海沟−岛弧−弧后盆地构造演化模型的建立和菲律宾海板块乃至西太平洋地区的板块重建提供重要的依据。
菲律宾海板块由西菲律宾海块体、四国−帕里西维拉块体和伊豆−小笠原−马里亚纳块体组成[18]。帕里西维拉海盆位于菲律宾海板块的中东部,是古马里亚纳弧张裂形成的弧后盆地[6]。海盆整体为N−S走向,水深4 500~5 000 m。北部与四国海盆以索夫甘断裂为界,南部以雅浦岛弧为界,东西边界分别为西马里亚纳海脊−雅浦岛弧与九州−帕劳海岭(图1)。
帕里西维拉海盆整体表现为南北窄、中间宽的特点,地质地球物理资料表明,帕里西维拉海盆的几何形态、地形地貌、地球物理特征等呈现出东西不对称、南北不相同的特点[1]。海盆中部发育一扩张中心——帕里西维拉裂谷,由一系列雁列状分布的深大坳陷组成,北部与四国海盆的扩张中心相接,南部与雅浦海沟相连。海盆扩张中心将海盆主盆地分为东西两部分,西部地形复杂,海岭、海槽、丘陵等广泛发育,沉积层厚50~100 m。东部自帕里西维拉裂谷至西马里亚纳海脊发育几百米至3 500 m的火山沉积,海底地形相对平坦[19]。帕里西维拉海盆南端与主盆地相比具有明显的差异,尤其是海盆的几何形态,海盆南端缺失了扩张中心以东的部分。
前人根据海底地形和磁条带分布特征构建了帕里西维拉海盆的构造演化过程[3-4,6,8]:30~27/26 Ma古马里亚纳岛弧裂解,随后在27/26~20 Ma间E−W向高速扩张,与此同时扩张中心由南向北延伸,并在22 Ma前后与四国海盆的扩张中心在24°N交汇,此后形成一个整体的扩张系统[5]。帕里西维拉海盆的扩张方向在20 Ma前后由E−W向变为NE−SW向,张应力场的方向逆时针旋转,扩张轴被高度分割,断裂带发育。此后,帕里西维拉海盆E−W向低速扩张,并大约在15 Ma扩张停止。在停止扩张后,帕里西维拉海盆还经历了扩张后岩浆活动,形成了帕里西维拉裂谷内的大洋核杂岩和海盆南端的构造岩浆事件[20-21]
卡罗琳海脊位于卡罗琳板块之上,由卡罗林岛海脊和西卡罗琳隆起构成,被认为是由晚渐新世时期的热点作用形成的海底洋脊[22-23]。卡罗琳海脊随卡罗琳板块向北西方向运动,在晚渐新世或早中新世与雅浦海沟发生碰撞[11-12, 24],对雅浦海沟−岛弧−弧后盆地系统产生了重要的影响[14]。当前,卡罗琳海脊仍在以较低的速率沿雅浦海沟俯冲[15, 25-28],影响着雅浦俯冲带和帕里西维拉海盆的构造格局。
本文所用的地形数据主要是“向阳红01”及“科学” 号科考船在该海域多个航次的实测多波束测深资料,利用SeaBeam3012深海多波束声呐系统开展走航式海底地形调查,该系统以12 kHz的频率运行,波束一般为280个,最大为301个,条带覆盖扇区大于140°,在调查区域中的平均覆盖宽度约为8 km。剔除少量质量不佳的测线后,利用CARIS软件进行数据处理,获得了研究区的水深网格数据,网格宽度为100 m。为了获取研究区更详细、更全面的地形特征,我们将高分辨率多波束测深图与Okino等[10]的多波束测深图合并,并且利用15弧秒×15弧秒分辨率的全球地形模型GEBCO_2020填补了多波束测深未覆盖的区域[29]
浅地层剖面资料来自“向阳红01”科考船在该海域地球物理调查所获得的实测资料,主要利用挪威Kongsberg公司的TOPAS18深水型浅地层剖面仪。浅地层剖面资料在波束触发时间校正后,经过带通滤波、时变增益、涌浪滤波等处理后,获得反射特征清晰、高信噪比的浅地层剖面。
空间重力异常数据源自美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校Scripps海洋研究所发布的最新的1'×1'卫星测高反演重力数据[30-31]。完全布格异常采用的是全球重力场BGI发布的1'×1'分辨率的重力异常数据。
图2可以看出,雅浦岛弧后的帕里西维拉海盆南端的地形特征比帕里西维拉海盆主盆地复杂,发育零星的孤立海山、丘陵、裂谷、深渊等。根据其构造形态,主要划分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域。
A区域位于雅浦岛弧以西,帕里西维拉海盆南端最东侧。该区域水深相对较浅,基本小于4 000 m,发育一系列NW−SE向分布的深海丘陵,与帕里西维拉海盆主盆地内的海底扩张构造特征相似,是帕里西维拉海盆第二阶段扩张(NE−SW向)形成的扩张构造,并且被NE−SW向延伸的断裂错断(图2b图3a)。这些断裂似乎是帕里西维拉裂谷内深大断裂的延伸,并且一直延伸至8.8°N,说明帕里西维拉海盆南端与帕里西维拉海盆主盆地一样,也经历了扩张期后无岩浆构造活动。
B区水深在4 000~5 200 m之间,发育一系列N−S向分布的深海丘陵。总体来看,这些深海丘陵的分布方向自东向西逐渐由NNE−SSW向转变为N−S向,再转变为NNW−SSE向,可能代表了海盆扩张初期扩张方向有所改变。这些近N−S向的海底构造与东部的NW−SE向构造不同,没有被转换断层错断,与帕里西维拉海盆主盆地内第一扩张阶段(E−W向扩张)形成的扩张构造相似,是海盆E−W向扩张的产物。由地震剖面可知(图3b),该区域沉积厚度相对较大,掩埋的海脊之上沉积厚度在80 m左右,而在线性海脊之间沉积厚度可达270 m。
C区域最大的构造特征是NEE−SWW向分布的深海丘陵,其高度大多在100~200 m之间,小的深海丘陵高度在50 m左右。这些NEE−SWW向分布的深海丘陵与B区域近N−S向分布的深海丘陵被NNW−SSE向的假断层分隔(图2b)。在帕里西维拉海盆主盆地中并没有发现类似走向的深海丘陵,因此C区域的深海丘陵可能是由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用的结果[10]。浅地层剖面揭示该区地形崎岖不平(图3c),沉积厚度较B区薄且连续性较差,有海山出露,沉积厚度平均约为40 m,部分地区可达80 m,应为正常深海沉积。值得注意的是,该区域发育多个小型地堑,断层切割了最上层的沉积地层,说明断层较新,并可能仍在活动。
D区域位于帕里西维拉海盆最南端,水深变化较大,最浅点位于雅浦岛弧弧后由若干海山组成的线型海脊,水深约500 m。该区并没有发育与扩张相关的海底构造,而是发育两条线型海脊和多个圆锥形海山。
E区位于九州−帕劳海岭东侧,最显著的地形单元是两个弧形深渊和一个不规则的浅水高地(图2a)。E区的南部和北部各发育一个向北突出的弧形深渊,北部的深渊深度可达6 300 m,南部的深渊深达5 500 m,两个深渊都向西尖灭于九州−帕劳海岭。深渊北部以深断层与B区域的近N−S向深海丘陵为界,该断层切割了N−S向的海底构造,推测该深渊的形成可能要晚于帕里西维拉海盆主盆地的E−W向扩张。在两个深渊之间发育一不规则的浅水高地,该结构具有曲线形状,整体凸向北或东北,但每个地形高点都表现出一些不同的特征。该地区极其不规则的地形特征表明,该区域岩浆活动之后发生了明显的构造变形。
研究区空间重力异常变化具有明显的分布特征(图4a),大致表现为北高南低,东高西低。在靠近雅浦岛弧的NW−SE向深海丘陵地区(A区),空间重力异常值在25 × 10−5~75 × 10−5 m/s2之间。发育N−S向深海丘陵的B区空间重力异常变化幅度较小,基本介于±25 × 10−5 m/s2之间,大部分区域在零值附近。发育NEE−SWW向深海丘陵C区大部分在25 × 10−5 m/s2左右,而在C区南部边界,异常值在−25 × 10−5~0 m/s2之间,但是水深变化不大,这可能是该区域较厚的沉积所致。D和E区空间重力异常变化相对较大,局部空间重力负异常值达−50 × 10−5 m/s2,正异常值可达150 × 10−5 m/s2。尤其是在地形起伏较大的区域,空间重力异常变化与地形起伏变化趋势吻合较好,例如在两个深渊地区空间重力异常值均小于0 m/s2,在深渊中心异常值小于−50 × 10−5 m/s2,而在两深渊中间的浅水高地以及圆锥型海山和线型海脊地区空间重力异常值均大于50 × 10−5 m/s2,这种剧烈的变化与幅值变化相对平缓的北部区域形成鲜明的对比。两深渊的水深相差近1 000 m,但是空间重力异常相差不大,说明南部深渊具有更厚的沉积层或者更厚的地壳。
帕里西维拉海盆布格重力异常北高南低的特征更加明显(图4b),其中A、B和C区域的完全布格异常基本在500 × 10−5 m/s2以上,表明其地壳厚度大致相似。E区的布格异常比北部相邻的B和C区低约50 × 10−5 m/s2,表明该区域具有相对较厚的地壳。海盆西南部空间重力异常明显区别于周围地区的深渊,在完全布格重力异常图上并没有表现出明显的异常,其与两深渊之间的浅水高地的完全布格异常相近,表明深渊的重力异常只是地形起伏造成的。D区域的布格异常相对较低,反映了该区域相对较厚的地壳。海盆东西两侧的低异常带反映了雅浦岛弧和九州−帕劳海岭较厚的地壳,但是雅浦岛以北的雅浦岛弧完全布格异常要高于雅浦岛以南的雅浦岛弧,9°42′N以北的岛弧完全布格异常在450 × 10−5 m/s2以上,9°42′N以南的岛弧完全布格异常在450 × 10−5 m/s2以下,表明雅浦岛以北的雅浦岛弧具有更薄的地壳或者岛弧之下有高密度物质上涌。
根据重力、磁力以及水深资料,帕里西维拉海盆的扩张始于海盆南部[5],随后扩张轴向北延伸,从而形成了南北不对称的帕里西维拉海盆。但是如果从帕里西维拉海盆的整体形态看,整个海盆表现为中间宽,南北两侧稍窄的形态,并且帕里西维拉海盆主盆地和海盆南端均存在N−S向和NW−SE向两组扩张构造。因此,如果仅从海盆扩张和海盆宽度的角度来看,海盆理应是从中间开始扩张,然后南北向渐进式扩张的模式,但是并没有证据表明海盆在早期扩张阶段扩张中心向南传播。A区域发育的NW−SE向扩张构造和B区域发育的N−S向扩张构造分别代表了与主盆地相同的NE−SW向和E−W向扩张。而10°24′N以南的C、D、E区域海底地形十分复杂,有海山、海脊、深渊、裂谷系统等,无法识别出N−S向和NW−SE向扩张构造,并且该区域的重力特征与沉积特征与10°24′N以北的区域具有明显差异,说明10°24′N以南的区域并非扩张成因,或者扩张构造已发生改造与变形。
C区域的NEE−SWW构造与北部的N−S向深海丘陵相邻,二者之间没有明显的水深变化和构造界线,推测NEE−SWW构造是在海盆旋转过程中形成的,9°50′N,136°32′E区域发育一系列发展方向杂乱的小构造也表明该区域发生了构造旋转。这些NEE−SWW构造切割海盆E−W向扩张期间形成的N−S向扩张构造,并且其东部边界与N−S向的构造相邻,表明这些ENE−WSW向的构造形成于E−W向扩张开始之后。Okino等[10]认为这些构造是从北部向南传播的扩张轴与最南端的裂谷系统相互作用的结果,该区域的断裂构造在浅地层剖面上也得到了证实,并且断裂系统当前可能仍然在活动。海盆最南端的D区发育一系列海山、海脊,这可能是由海盆扩张中心与岛弧邻近产生的火山活动形成[10]
Okino等[10]认为E区域可能由渐新世弧壳和渐新世前的残余壳组成,后期由于裂谷系统的构造作用,形成了海盆最南端特殊的构造形态。
海盆西侧靠近九州−帕劳海岭的位置存在两个曲形深渊,北部的深渊在西缘切割了九州−帕劳海岭,北缘横截N−S向的深海丘陵,表明该深渊是帕里西维拉海盆E−W向扩张开始几百万年后形成的,根据深渊北部识别出的条带状磁异常判定[5],该深渊的形成时代为22~26 Ma。
根据海底地形图可以明显看出(图2a),海盆南端具有明显的东西不对称性,海盆只存在扩张中心的西部。根据主海盆的磁异常条带分布(图5),海底扩张开始的时间是28~29 Ma,那么在卡罗琳海脊与雅浦海沟碰撞之前,帕里西维拉海盆已经扩张了约8 Ma,并且海盆属于两翼对称扩张[2, 4],因此在帕里西维拉海盆的古扩张中心—帕里西维拉裂谷以东,雅浦海沟以西区域本应有帕里西维拉海盆的主体存在,但是现今帕里西维拉海盆南端只存在扩张中心以西的部分。Fujioka等[7]认为碰撞导致帕里西维拉海盆最南端扩张停止,即帕里西维拉海盆最南端在晚渐新世或早渐新世就停止扩张了,但是高分辨率的多波束测深揭示的海底扩张构造特征表明帕里西维拉海盆南端发生了与主海盆相同的E−W向和NE−SW向扩张(图2b)。如果帕里西维拉海盆南端在碰撞(21 Ma)之前就完成了两个阶段的扩张,当前的板块重建和构造演化模型无法解释。
由于帕里西维拉海盆的演化末期岩浆匮乏[33],在扩张中心形成一系列雁列状展布的深大裂谷。Kobayashi[16]认为裂谷以东的部分沿海沟俯冲消亡,但该模式与现今的俯冲极性相反。地球物理特征表明雅浦海沟岛弧侧坡含有逆冲的帕里西维拉海盆洋壳[12],雅浦岛弧上大量的帕里西维拉海盆起源的变质岩和辉长岩表明帕里西维拉海盆的洋壳覆盖在雅浦岛弧上[34]。基于上述特征,Ohara等[15]认为受碰撞挤压影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,导致帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部。“蛟龙”号潜水器获得岩石的岩石学和地球化学特征表明海沟岛弧侧坡海沟坡折处存在岩性边界[35],似乎印证了帕里西维拉海盆的洋壳逆冲至雅浦岛弧上,但是如此巨量的洋壳全部逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上似乎并不容易。帕里西维拉海盆在20~15 Ma的NE−SW向扩张会导致两侧的洋壳沿着转换断层发生类似于左旋走滑的运动,因此Okino等[10]认为裂谷以东的区域已经沿着NE−SW向的断裂带移动至西马里亚纳海脊西侧,但是除了帕里西维拉海盆最南端与西马里亚纳海脊南端西侧具有相似的海山群地貌外,并没有充足的证据表明西马里亚纳海脊西侧与帕里西维拉海盆南端具有同源性,并且海盆最南端消失部分的宽度要大于西马里亚纳海脊西侧(图5)。卡罗琳海脊的碰撞阻塞了卡罗琳板块的俯冲,导致板块俯冲速率变得极慢甚至停滞。如果假设卡罗琳板块的俯冲从未停滞且一直处于慢速俯冲,按照现在的相对俯冲速率计算,自卡罗琳海脊碰撞以来,有63~126 km的洋壳俯冲至菲律宾海板块之下。同样,帕里西维拉海盆逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上的洋壳宽度不会超过130 km,远远小于帕里西维拉海盆南端西半部的宽度(300~400 km),甚至远小于海盆南端扩张第一阶段(E−W向扩张)形成的洋壳宽度(约280 km,图5)。因此,综合前人研究以及雅浦俯冲带各种地质地球物理特征,本文认为卡罗琳海脊碰撞后,靠近九州−帕劳海岭的裂谷系统停止活动,海盆南端的东半部逆冲并向东北移动(图6a),导致帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部的部分洋壳逆冲至雅浦岛弧上,另一部分洋壳迁移至现今的西马里亚纳海脊以西。同时,由于卡罗琳海脊的碰撞,卡罗琳海脊西侧的古马里亚纳海沟逐渐分离出来形成雅浦海沟,随着洋壳的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并形成现今的雅浦海沟(图6b),这可能也是雅浦海沟和北雅浦陡崖的岩石测年和地球化学特征与帕里西维拉海盆相似的原因。
(1)帕里西维拉海盆南端的海底地形较海盆主盆地复杂,根据其构造特征,将其分为A、B、C、D、E 5个区域,分别代表海盆NE−SW向扩张形成的NW−SE向扩张构造、海盆E−W向扩张形成的N−S向扩张构造、海盆旋转过程中由北向南传播的扩张中心与海盆最南端的裂谷系统相互作用形成的NEE−SWW向构造、与帕里西维拉海盆同期形成的海山区以及裂谷系统相互作用形成的深渊区。
(2)卡罗琳海脊与雅浦海沟的碰撞是帕里西维拉海盆扩张方向和扩张速率发生重要转变的直接原因。受卡罗琳海脊碰撞影响,帕里西维拉海盆南端东半部一部分逆冲至雅浦岛弧之上,还有一部分被推离至现今西马里亚纳海脊以西,随着洋壳持续的逆冲和迁移,最南端逐渐暴露的帕里西维拉海盆扩张中心与雅浦海沟合并,形成现今的雅浦海沟,造成了现今帕里西维拉海盆南端缺失东半部的构造形态。
致谢:感谢“向阳红01”和“科学”号科考船的全体工作人员对数据采集提供的帮助。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42006198)。
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023087
  • 接收时间:2022-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-27
  • 修回日期:2023-01-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(42006198)。
作者信息
    1 海军研究院,天津 300061
    2 自然资源部第一海洋研究所,山东 青岛 266061
    3 国家海洋信息中心,天津 300171
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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