Article(id=1211432601793990735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023089, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666800000000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-27, revisedDate=1673884800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757639597, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757639597, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757639597, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757639597, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432602007900244, articleId=1211432601793990735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Distribution and development characteristics of submarine pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Submarine pockmark is a depression landform formed by fluid spilling out of the seabed along the migration path and eroding the seafloor sediments. In this paper, the distribution and development of pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef in the South China Sea are studied by using high-resolution bathymetric data and sub-bottom profile data. Based on the characteristics of high-resolution geomorphology and the laws of sub-bottom profile, 219 large scale pockmarks in the area were identified and counted, there is weak correlation between seawater depth and pockmark scale: seawater depth has no obvious positive correlation with diameter and depth of pockmark, and has no obvious negative correlation with inner slope of pockmark. It reveals the internal relationship between the special geomorphology and the distribution, shape and change of pockmark: the round and elliptical pockmarks are mostly distributed on the top of the sea knoll, the half-moon type pockmarks are mostly distributed in the middle and lower part of the sea knoll, while the bead-like elongated type pockmarks are mainly distributed in the canyon between the deep sea knolls. It is concluded that the change of the pockmark shape and scale which are from the top of the sea knoll to the canyon directly corresponds to the development process of the pockmark in different stages, and that the pockmarks are essentially influenced by the tectonics and dynamics control of the area.

, correspAuthors=Jihong Shang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jiahao Wang, Jihong Shang, Ziyin Wu, Dineng Zhao, Chao Zhu, Zhihao Liu, Binghao Cui), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211432604243464362, articleId=1211432601793990735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育特征, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海底麻坑是地层中流体沿着运移通道溢出海底,侵蚀海底沉积物形成的凹陷地貌。本文利用最新获取的船测高分辨率水深数据和浅地层剖面数据,对南海日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育规律进行了研究。基于高分辨率地貌学特征和浅地层剖面规律识别并统计了区内219个总体规模较大的麻坑,经分析发现,海水水深和麻坑规模具有较弱相关性:水深与麻坑直径、坑深呈不明显正相关,直径与内壁坡度呈不明显负相关。揭示了区内特殊地貌和麻坑的分布、形态、变化之间的内在关系:圆形和椭圆形普通麻坑多分布于海丘丘顶部位;半月型大型麻坑多分布于海丘中下部;而串珠状拉长型巨型麻坑则主要分布于深海丘间峡谷。本区麻坑形态和规模从丘顶到峡谷的变化直接对应了麻坑不同阶段的发育过程,其本质受区内构造和动力学控制。

, correspAuthors=尚继宏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*尚继宏(1977-),男,宁夏回族自治区平罗县人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋地质和构造地貌研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KkvKM7/PRdO4KAFl86Jd3w==, magXml=fnGyH54QGFViHb+wZa9QRg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GCzGCL3jFsGGO2MvxGNp/A==, pdfFileSize=5477372, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3Dh1VZHC9f6s5Ix0A9sdfg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DJq7H7SOTSGHjQE8VxIpww==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王家豪(1998-),男,山东省济宁市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌探测研究。E-mail:

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王家豪(1998-),男,山东省济宁市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌探测研究。E-mail:

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2 自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
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ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313889672217095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, companyId=1215313889659634181, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313893778440887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The schematic map of geographical location in the study area, figureFileSmall=FxCjZ1EWnMmUDqFUoEqaNw==, figureFileBig=TdwT/I/p1g7lX23AnhdagQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893845549757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区地理位置示意图, figureFileSmall=FxCjZ1EWnMmUDqFUoEqaNw==, figureFileBig=TdwT/I/p1g7lX23AnhdagQ==, tableContent=null), 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See Fig.2 for pockmarks location

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麻坑位置见图2

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Various types of pockmarks quantity in the study area

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麻坑形态个数不同规模麻坑数量/个不同剖面形态麻坑数量/个
普通大型巨型U型V型W型
圆形156361032
椭圆形113291866822110
拉长形25122210213
新月形6616590066
总计21937291531022691
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895779123955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究区各类型麻坑数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
麻坑形态个数不同规模麻坑数量/个不同剖面形态麻坑数量/个
普通大型巨型U型V型W型
圆形156361032
椭圆形113291866822110
拉长形25122210213
新月形6616590066
总计21937291531022691
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895879787253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Submarine pockmark size and water depth in the world

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
麻坑所在地区水深/m 直径/m 坑深/m数据
来源
最小最大最小最大平均值最小最大平均值
注:“/”表示没有收集到数据。
中建南盆地北部1001 500 1 5007 900/ 20200/文献[28]
中建南盆地中部/1 6002 0003 000/1 00200/文献[28]
中建南盆地南部8001 4005001 500/50150/文献[28]
中建南盆地北斜坡/1 000//1 000//100文献[28]
北黄海盆地4858.12003 8009400.32.5/文献[40]
北黄海20605502 500///0.5文献[18]
舟山群岛
附近海域
2050130500///27文献[20]
礼乐盆地6001 3003252 4028744.510533文献[29]
琼东南盆地/1704001 20060041810文献[26]
莺歌海盆地/100526/0.56.7/文献[26]
莺东斜坡带10500.52/0.51/文献[26]
西沙海域隆起区3501 1008703 2101 640/165.296.7文献[39]
西沙海台/600//6002030/文献[39]
西沙群岛西/8001 0002 000/100200/文献[39]
广乐隆起北/4705001 000/2050/文献[28]
广乐隆起南/450//1 0002060/文献[28]
西非木泥河盆地8001 600250440/2060/文献[16]
尼日尔三角洲盆地1 0002 000401 000///150文献[17]
挪威边缘海中部60080035320///15文献[41]
挪威奥斯陆峡湾14712050/210/文献[21]
非洲西部浅水区75800300600/2030/文献[38]
非洲西部深水区5401 800501 500/2095/文献[38]
印度西部大陆边缘145330705141575013683文献[13]
外马里盆地1 0001 4005004 000/50200/文献[42]
丹麦北海1 0002 500//2 500//30文献[43]
), ArticleFig(id=1215313895967867642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601793990735, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

世界海底麻坑尺寸和水深

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
麻坑所在地区水深/m 直径/m 坑深/m数据
来源
最小最大最小最大平均值最小最大平均值
注:“/”表示没有收集到数据。
中建南盆地北部1001 500 1 5007 900/ 20200/文献[28]
中建南盆地中部/1 6002 0003 000/1 00200/文献[28]
中建南盆地南部8001 4005001 500/50150/文献[28]
中建南盆地北斜坡/1 000//1 000//100文献[28]
北黄海盆地4858.12003 8009400.32.5/文献[40]
北黄海20605502 500///0.5文献[18]
舟山群岛
附近海域
2050130500///27文献[20]
礼乐盆地6001 3003252 4028744.510533文献[29]
琼东南盆地/1704001 20060041810文献[26]
莺歌海盆地/100526/0.56.7/文献[26]
莺东斜坡带10500.52/0.51/文献[26]
西沙海域隆起区3501 1008703 2101 640/165.296.7文献[39]
西沙海台/600//6002030/文献[39]
西沙群岛西/8001 0002 000/100200/文献[39]
广乐隆起北/4705001 000/2050/文献[28]
广乐隆起南/450//1 0002060/文献[28]
西非木泥河盆地8001 600250440/2060/文献[16]
尼日尔三角洲盆地1 0002 000401 000///150文献[17]
挪威边缘海中部60080035320///15文献[41]
挪威奥斯陆峡湾14712050/210/文献[21]
非洲西部浅水区75800300600/2030/文献[38]
非洲西部深水区5401 800501 500/2095/文献[38]
印度西部大陆边缘145330705141575013683文献[13]
外马里盆地1 0001 4005004 000/50200/文献[42]
丹麦北海1 0002 500//2 500//30文献[43]
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日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育特征
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王家豪 1, 2 , 尚继宏 1, 2, * , 吴自银 1, 2, 3 , 赵荻能 1, 2, 4 , 朱超 1, 2, 5 , 刘志豪 1, 2, 3 , 崔丙浩 1, 2, 6
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 62-74
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 62-74
日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育特征
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王家豪1, 2 , 尚继宏1, 2, * , 吴自银1, 2, 3, 赵荻能1, 2, 4, 朱超1, 2, 5, 刘志豪1, 2, 3, 崔丙浩1, 2, 6
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2 自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240
  • 4 东海实验室,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 5 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
  • 6 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590
  • 王家豪(1998-),男,山东省济宁市人,主要从事多波束海底地形地貌探测研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*尚继宏(1977-),男,宁夏回族自治区平罗县人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋地质和构造地貌研究。E-mail:
Distribution and development characteristics of submarine pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef
Jiahao Wang1, 2 , Jihong Shang1, 2, * , Ziyin Wu1, 2, 3, Dineng Zhao1, 2, 4, Chao Zhu1, 2, 5, Zhihao Liu1, 2, 3, Binghao Cui1, 2, 6
Affiliations
  • 1Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Submarine Geoscience, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
  • 4Donghai Laboratory, Zhoushan, 316021, China
  • 5Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 316021, China
  • 6College of Geodesy and Geomatics, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023089
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海底麻坑是地层中流体沿着运移通道溢出海底,侵蚀海底沉积物形成的凹陷地貌。本文利用最新获取的船测高分辨率水深数据和浅地层剖面数据,对南海日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育规律进行了研究。基于高分辨率地貌学特征和浅地层剖面规律识别并统计了区内219个总体规模较大的麻坑,经分析发现,海水水深和麻坑规模具有较弱相关性:水深与麻坑直径、坑深呈不明显正相关,直径与内壁坡度呈不明显负相关。揭示了区内特殊地貌和麻坑的分布、形态、变化之间的内在关系:圆形和椭圆形普通麻坑多分布于海丘丘顶部位;半月型大型麻坑多分布于海丘中下部;而串珠状拉长型巨型麻坑则主要分布于深海丘间峡谷。本区麻坑形态和规模从丘顶到峡谷的变化直接对应了麻坑不同阶段的发育过程,其本质受区内构造和动力学控制。

麻坑  /  构造地貌  /  成因  /  演化

Submarine pockmark is a depression landform formed by fluid spilling out of the seabed along the migration path and eroding the seafloor sediments. In this paper, the distribution and development of pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef in the South China Sea are studied by using high-resolution bathymetric data and sub-bottom profile data. Based on the characteristics of high-resolution geomorphology and the laws of sub-bottom profile, 219 large scale pockmarks in the area were identified and counted, there is weak correlation between seawater depth and pockmark scale: seawater depth has no obvious positive correlation with diameter and depth of pockmark, and has no obvious negative correlation with inner slope of pockmark. It reveals the internal relationship between the special geomorphology and the distribution, shape and change of pockmark: the round and elliptical pockmarks are mostly distributed on the top of the sea knoll, the half-moon type pockmarks are mostly distributed in the middle and lower part of the sea knoll, while the bead-like elongated type pockmarks are mainly distributed in the canyon between the deep sea knolls. It is concluded that the change of the pockmark shape and scale which are from the top of the sea knoll to the canyon directly corresponds to the development process of the pockmark in different stages, and that the pockmarks are essentially influenced by the tectonics and dynamics control of the area.

pockmark  /  tectonic geomorphology  /  genesis  /  evolution
王家豪, 尚继宏, 吴自银, 赵荻能, 朱超, 刘志豪, 崔丙浩. 日积礁南侧海底麻坑分布及其发育特征. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 62 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023089
Jiahao Wang, Jihong Shang, Ziyin Wu, Dineng Zhao, Chao Zhu, Zhihao Liu, Binghao Cui. Distribution and development characteristics of submarine pockmarks on the south side of Riji Reef[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 62 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023089
海底麻坑是海底下地层中流体或者气体沿着运移通道(断层、不整合面或薄弱带等)向上逸出,对海底表面沉积物不断侵蚀所形成的海底负地貌[1-3]。20世纪70年代King和Maclean[4]首次通过侧扫声呐技术在加拿大新斯科特省附近海域海底发现了火山口状的海底凹陷地貌,并且使用“Pockmark”一词来命名。随着探测技术的不断进步,此后陆续在全球多个海域内发现麻坑的存在,如:白令海[5]、挪威海沟[6]、北海[7-8]、波罗的海[9]、黑海[10-11]、桑托斯盆地[12]、印度西部大陆边缘[13]、墨西哥湾[14]、贝尔法斯特湾[15]、木尼河盆地[16]、尼日尔三角洲[17]等。我国周边海域除南海外在黄海、东海也有相关研究,如刘晓瑜等[18]在北黄海发现海底麻坑并推测其形成与浅层气泄漏有关,而后对该区麻坑进行定量分析并发现底流对麻坑形态的塑造作用[19];杨婧荷等[20]在东海发现海底麻坑,并且采样对底部浅层气进行分析等。
麻坑地貌是天然气水合物藏失稳释放大量气体的海底形貌表征,是流体渗漏出海底的重要指示标志,所以研究麻坑的分布规律对于勘探天然气水合物等资源及研究海底油气藏、相关矿物的分布具有重要的指导意义和科学价值[21-25];从麻坑中溢出的流体对生物群落、海洋环境和全球气候产生重要影响[19];此外麻坑发育与构造活动密切相关,对预测海底稳定性和海底工程建设具有重要的参考价值[26]
南海海域辽阔,海底资源丰富,蕴藏丰富的天然气水合物,麻坑地貌也在南海不同陆缘区多次被发现。现有南海海底麻坑的研究主要集中在南海北部[26]、西部[27-28]和东南部[29]等陆缘区,对南海南部尤其是南沙海区麻坑地貌等油气相关构造的研究相对较少。针对这种现状,本文基于最新在南海南部获取的高分辨率多波束测深和浅地层剖面资料,深入开展南海日积礁南侧海底麻坑地貌分布规律和成因特征研究。
南海地处太平洋板块、印度洋−澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块的交汇处,其地质构造发育受三大板块直接影响和制约,区内断裂发育,地质结构复杂。南沙岛礁大部分位于南海南部陆坡、近椭圆形的海底高原阶地之上,在这些海底高原阶地上发育有火山和地层组成的海山[30]。日积礁属南海岛礁中的尹庆群礁,位于南沙群岛西南部(图1),其构造运动主要受尹庆断隆影响,形成NE向相间排列的断凸和断凹,使以断凸为基础的岛和礁主要呈NE向排列。南薇滩附近磁性基底埋深2~3 km,新生界沉积厚度l~3 km,沉积物十分丰富[31]。南沙群岛油气盆地的前新生代基底由中生代海相沉积组成,在渐新世以前是华南陆缘的组成部分,其地壳性质属过渡性地壳,其上的油气盆地是在新生代一系列构造变动的过程中形成的[32-33],海底储存的丰富的油气资源为麻坑地貌的发育提供了优良、充足的流体来源。
本文研究区位于我国南沙尹庆群礁所属的日积礁南侧(图1b),水深570~1 990 m,区内海底为地势相对平坦的南沙二级陆坡阶地。周边地形主要受NE和NW向断裂控制。其中NE向主断裂主要是西南海盆南缘断裂,是一条切割至岩石圈的断裂带,在地震剖面上表现为一系列张性断阶状正断层组。它形成于晚白垩世至早第三纪南海第一次NE向扩张时期,晚第三纪表现为继承性活动,第四纪仍存在活动迹象,属中活动断裂。NW向断裂主要是尹庆−基纳巴卢山断裂为主的左旋剪切阶梯状陷落正断裂(图1b),错断上中新统以下地层,一直切割至白垩系(仍未见底),上部断距百米以上[34]。区内发育的较多、规模较大且切割较深的断层,为深部流体向上运移、溢出提供了充足的运移通道。
本文数据源自2021年南海南部实测高分辨率多波束测深资料和浅地层剖面资料。经分别细致处理后,对区域海底麻坑地貌进行了半自动识别、对比分析和深入研究。水深数据采集所使用的多波束系统为SeaBeam3012,其声呐主频率为12 kHz,脉冲长度3~20 ms。原始数据经系统参数校正、吃水改正和声速改正后,经精细化处理构建了格网分辨率为50 m的高分辨率海底数字地形模型(DTM),清晰地呈现出目标区地形地貌细节特征,满足对该区域海底麻坑的识别和统计需要。浅地层剖面调查设备为Bathy2010系统,其最大穿透深度在区内底质较好情况下超过100 m,最佳分辨率优于0.1 m。对获取的浅地层数据经匹配滤波、带通滤波、时变滤波、时变增益等处理后,输出的剖面同相轴连续跟踪性较好[35-37],可较好反映出区内浅表部地层信息。
通过地形地貌学形态分析并比对浅地层剖面特征,我们识别并统计出了区内200余个海底麻坑的直径、水深、坑深、内壁坡度等地貌相关参数,并借助构造地貌学方法深入开展了区内麻坑和麻坑群分布规律及其发育过程的研究。
研究区位于南海日积礁南侧南海大陆坡与西南次海盆交汇处,总体水深变化范围在570~1 990 m之间。该区地形复杂,地势起伏较大,主要包括一个海丘、两处海山和两条冲刷沟槽等几个较大的地理实体,均发育有大量的海底麻坑(图2)。
海山山脊$ {\text{M}}_{\text{1}} $地处陆架北部,最高处水深约590 m,山高约800 m,坡度约5.2°,其南部山脚下较为平缓的山坡处麻坑密布;海丘$ {\text{M}}_{\text{2}} $位于陆架中部,最高处水深约1 180 m,山高约390 m,坡度约1.6°,东西方向延伸约27 km,南北方向延伸约13 km,整个海丘麻坑密布;海山$ {\text{M}}_{\text{3}} $位于陆架南部,最高处水深约1 140 m,山高约450 m,坡度约1.2°,山脊两侧麻坑密布,中间稀少。冲刷沟槽$ {\text{C}}_{\text{1}} $位于$ {\text{M}}_{\text{1}} $$ {\text{M}}_{\text{2}} $之间,内部发育个别麻坑,走向为NE−SW,沟长约14 km,宽度范围为1.0~2.5 km,由NE至SW逐渐加深,垂直沟槽轴部剖面呈“U”型。冲刷沟槽$ {\text{C}}_{\text{2}} $位于 $ {\text{M}}_{\text{2}} $$ {\text{M}}_{\text{3}} $之间,内部发育有串珠形复合麻坑,沟长较长,约22 km,根据自身形态、走向分为左、右两部分,右侧走向为NEE−SWW,左侧为NWW−SEE。右侧沟槽宽度范围为1.5~2.3 km,深度由NE至SW逐渐加深,长度约9 km;左侧沟槽宽度变化范围为0.8~1.5 km,深度由NW至SE加深,长度约13 km,走向蜿蜒曲折,垂直沟槽轴部剖面呈“V”型(图2)。
Judd和Hovland [1]及Pilcher和Argent[38]根据麻坑直径和规模进行分类,通常将直径在1~10 m之间的称为小型麻坑,10~200 m之间的称为普通麻坑,100~1 000 m之间的称为大型麻坑, 大于1 000 m的称为巨型麻坑。经地貌学和浅地层剖面特征对比,在本次研究区内共识别出个37普通麻坑,29个大型麻坑,153个巨型麻坑,受多波束采集精度限制暂未发现小型麻坑,表明区内麻坑总体发育规模较大,发育程度较为成熟,以巨型麻坑为主。
从地貌形态上进一步区分,结合长轴与短轴比值即长宽比大小进行定量区别。圆形麻坑长轴和短轴比较相近,长宽比为1.0~1.5;椭圆形麻坑长宽比为1.5~2.5;拉长形麻坑长宽比大于2.5;新月形麻坑因形状不规则,无法确定准确的长宽值,但一般在麻坑中间的位置曲率最大处宽度和深度最大,向两侧逐渐变窄变浅。最终在区内共识别出15个圆形麻坑,113个椭圆形麻坑,25个拉长形麻坑,66个新月形麻坑,另有个别麻坑变形严重,平面形态不规则,但总体规模均十分巨大。经统计,各类麻坑形态参数分布如表1所示。
选取研究区内两条典型的浅地层剖面图(图3),可以发现,区内地层层理发育,深水地层穿透厚度约50 ms(双程旅行时)。在浅层剖面上可轻易鉴别出多种与深部流体运移、逸散相关的指示标志,如同相轴下拉、强反射、断层、气烟囱、声空白、声混沌、泥底辟等,表明麻坑的形成与流体活动之间存在密切关系。下文结合地形图,选取具有浅地层特征的典型剖面进行分析和说明。
(1)同相轴下拉
同相轴下拉是浅层气大量存在,气体在地层中的横向分布大多不均匀,局部地层含气导致波的传播速度降低所造成[20]。测线$ {{\text{L}}_2} $剖面图中标出同相轴下拉(图3b)。
(2)强反射
强反射是由于较大的波阻抗差异所导致,一般代表流体与围岩的交界面。测线$ {{\text{L}}_3} $剖面图(图3c)中地层底部泥底辟的顶部存在强反射,很可能是含流体的泥质沉积物未喷出海底的顶界面。
(3)断层和气烟囱
断层和气烟囱是流体垂向运移的重要通道。测线$ {{\text{L}}_1} $剖面图(图3a)中17号麻坑底部与相连的一条断层甚至相切,表明该处麻坑的形成是由流体沿断层喷发出海底形成;测线$ {{\text{L}}_3} $剖面图中断层上端紧连着丘状体等隆起,可能是在此聚集的流体产生的压力导致上覆围岩发生了塑性变形。
气烟囱是流体垂向运移导致反射被扰乱的震相,常具有明显的垂向柱状特征[26]。在测线$ {{\text{L}}_2} $剖面图中气烟囱顶部紧紧连着被垂直堆叠掩盖的古麻坑,其上发育有新的18号麻坑,指示流体通过气烟囱影响新、老麻坑的发育。在测线$ {{\text{L}}_3} $剖面图中有两处气烟囱构造且水平距离较近,可能在水平方向上是连在一起的,在地层内形成了脉状气烟囱构造,顶部发育有19号麻坑。
(4)声空白和声混浊
声空白和声混浊是由于地层内部充填了流体而导致反射波能量被大量吸收所致。麻坑发育区大量存在声空白和声混浊这类构造,测线$ {{\text{L}}_1} $剖面图中标注了发育在16号麻坑下的声混沌,其生成可能与流体有关。测线$ {{\text{L}}_2} $剖面图中标记了声空白。
(5)泥底辟
泥底辟是含流体的泥质沉积物没有喷出海底,其侵蚀顶界面停留在海底以下形成的。测线$ {{\text{L}}_3} $剖面图中地层底部存在向上微微的隆起,底部发育有穿越沉积层理的强反射。
Sun等[39]和陈江欣等[27]发现,海底麻坑的直径和水深通常具有正相关的变化关系,同一区域内的麻坑直径和坑深一般也具有一定的线性关系。Webb等[21]认为麻坑内壁坡度、直径、坑深间的比值反映不同的发育阶段:新生成或最近活跃的麻坑更深,内壁更陡;形成年代越老的麻坑直径越大,底部覆盖较厚的沉积物,坑越浅。
本次研究区内发育的麻坑大部分处于水深1 200~1 800 m之间,直径主要在200~1 500 m范围,坑深多为20~120 m。经统计计算后发现,区内海底麻坑直径、坑深与水深总体呈正相关性(图4),但通过一阶线性拟合后可以发现其线性关系都比较弱,线性回归判定系数(R2)值都比较低,各参数间正相关性比较差。区内麻坑内壁坡度主要在5°~30°范围,直径与坑深比多在3~25范围,麻坑内壁坡度与直径的关系总体呈负相关,坑深与直径的总体关系呈正相关(图5),但通过一阶线性拟合后可以发现,其线性关系也比较弱,线性回归判定系数值同样比较低,各参数间负相关性比较差。
经分析后我们认为,这种麻坑形态参数与水深之间的相关性异常,主要是因为其发育之后受区内复杂多变的构造及水动力过程影响,从而发生改变所致。研究区所处水深非常深,海底环境相当复杂,麻坑形成规模很大,发育时间很久,在形成后其形态可能受流体逸散、底流冲刷、构造活动和沉积作用等,被长期严重破坏,进而导致麻坑各形态参数间的线性关系发生变化,从而使得相关性变差。另外,也不能排除是区域覆盖范围较小,统计数据量不够所致。
为此,本文进一步分析了4种类型麻坑参数间的相关性,圆形麻坑各参数相关性最高,椭圆形次之,拉长形和新月形相关性最差(图6),这在一定程度能够反映麻坑发育初始阶段为较规则的圆形和椭圆形,各参数相关性较好,随着流体喷发,海底环境破坏力影响随时间积累更强,所以成熟期的新月形和拉长形麻坑各参数相关性较差。
为了进一步探究海水水深对麻坑规模的影响,继而收集了其他区域麻坑与水深资料。经分析可知世界范围海底麻坑的规模与水深呈正相关,一般在浅水区,麻坑的直径与坑深较小,如舟山群岛海域、广乐隆起和挪威奥斯陆峡湾等,海底水深小于500 m,海底麻坑的平均直径大多小于1 000 m,平均坑深大多小于30 m。在深水区,麻坑的直径与深度较大,如中建南盆地、尼日尔三角洲盆地和外马里盆地等,以及本文研究区,麻坑分布的水深都在1 000 m以上,麻坑平均直径大多大于1 000 m,平均坑深大多大于30 m(表2)。结合图7可以认为麻坑直径、坑深与水深基本呈正相关,水深越大,麻坑直径和坑深越大。
小型麻坑主要发现于百米水深以内的浅海区,如莺歌海盆地[26]、挪威奥斯陆峡湾[21],而在水深千米处的海域很少发现。研究区水深主要在1 200~1 800 m,单个麻坑发育规模较大,以巨型居多,普通麻坑较少,且尺寸大多在50 m以上,所以受分辨率影响较小。
基于上述分析,本文研究区麻坑的基本特征如下:(1)目前麻坑发现海区主要以盆地、峡谷和近海陆架为主,本研究区麻坑集中发育在海丘、海山上,受水深影响较大,最深达1 800 m;(2)区内麻坑数量多达219个,大部分麻坑规模巨大,因为海底存在丰富的流体来源,在海底能够识别出很多与流体泄露相关的浅地层特征;(3)区内麻坑种类齐全,按麻坑类型分析其参数和水深的相关性,圆形、椭圆形麻坑各参数相关性最高,推测大部分处于发育早期,拉长形和新月形的相关性较差,更为成熟。
结合研究区海底地形(图2)和麻坑位置、形态,绘制了区内麻坑地貌与形态分布示意图(图8)。可以发现,区内麻坑主要分布在海丘和海山山脊周围。以区内$ {{\text{M}}_2} $海丘为例,统计海丘上分布的麻坑到丘顶的距离与麻坑直径、坑深等相关参数,通过一阶线性拟合后分析三者之间的关系,可以看出较好的正相关性(图9),且线性回归判定系数值比较高,线性关系较好。结合麻坑地貌分布状态(图2图8)可知,区内海丘、海脊等地貌对麻坑的大小、坑深和形状等形态特征和发育过程产生重要影响:在海丘覆盖的一定范围内,丘顶附近海拔高处易生成直径较小且较浅的小规模普通年轻麻坑;伴随着麻坑与丘顶距离增大,麻坑直径和坑深逐渐增加,且直径增加速度远大于坑深;在丘底或脊间峡谷处则发育有直径最大、坑深最深的大规模较老麻坑。
欠压实或非压实的沉积物、充足的渗漏流体、流体通道、气体超压体系以及良好的沉积物盖层,是海底麻坑形成的几个基本要素[16, 22]。本研究区位于复杂构造运动带,新生代以来南海的张裂、南部陆缘的俯冲、碰撞乃至西南次海盆的扩张等形成的地层圈闭结构不但有利于区内形成和赋存丰富的烃类化合物,活跃构造活动所产生的断裂和挤压更利于深部流体的向上运移,同时也引起表层沉积的滑塌和浊流现象的发生,从而形成良好的深水气体超压体系和杂乱沉积盖层。综上,可以看出研究区不但处于一个极佳烃类物质生产、储存区,同时还发育了完善的深部流体运移体系及良好的表层沉积物及压力屏蔽体系,满足了一切深水油气特别是天然气水合物形成、富存及缓慢逸散的先决条件,因此区内广泛存在规模较大的海底麻坑就不足为奇。这也从侧面证实了研究区是个优秀的油气勘探开发潜力区。
从海底麻坑的发育过程来看,含烃流体沿深部发育成熟的断裂缝隙在超压作用下逐步向上运移,又在浅表层被局部构造隆起或混杂沉积所圈闭,在良好的温度、压力条件下形成固态水合物,并得以稳定存储。而局部构造活动及动力环境的变化使得大量的表层水合物失稳并逐渐溢出,从而在海底缓丘周边特别是丘顶区形成新生的小型或普通型海底麻坑。此类麻坑多为分散、独立的圆形或椭圆形。麻坑生成和发育时,地层中流体通过运移通道至海水−沉积物界面喷发,在海水中最高可上升数百米,携带海底泥质、砂质等沉积物上浮,与周围水体混合,该类底流沿坡向下运移,逐渐发展成浊流。浊流生成后,能够通过沉积和侵蚀作用对海底海丘和海山山脊表面进行改造,进而影响麻坑的生成和发育,主要表现在两个方面:一是当流体从海底表面逸出时,沉积物会随之被携带到海水中,在底流的冲刷作用下被海水搬运,利于麻坑的形成和扩大并削弱隆丘的高度;二是底流不断冲刷麻坑周围,影响海底表面的沉积过程和麻坑形态,尤其是随着底流强度减弱,悬浮的粗质沉积物进一步被搬运并向下堆叠[44-45],从而逐渐形成海丘中下部密集分布的半月状的大型海底麻坑。而在海底丘陵的底部,受陆坡和峡谷两类不同底流冲刷,局部发育的单个小型和中型麻坑坑壁逐渐被打通,从而形成串珠状或拉长形的巨型复合麻坑(图10)。因本次调查任务没有进行沉积物的采集,期望后续调查工作能够采集沉积物,进一步分析海底麻坑的分布、成因与沉积物粒径间的关系。
借助最新获取的日积礁南侧海底地形和浅地层剖面数据,经综合处理和深入分析,获得了研究区内海底麻坑的形态特征、分布规律及其发育过程,总结如下。
(1)在南海日积礁南侧识别出大量发育完整的海底麻坑和麻坑群,区内麻坑分布较广,发育规模较大,发育程度较高,以巨型麻坑为主。
(2)区内海底麻坑形态和分布规律与常规认识具有一定差异性。麻坑大小与水深、坑深并无显著的相关性,经分析后认为这是区内麻坑形成后受复杂多变的构造及水动力过程改造和影响所致。
(3)借助研究区麻坑地貌与形态分布示意图及浅地层剖面图,发现从海丘丘顶到丘底峡谷,分布着系列从圆形或椭圆形、单个、小规模海底麻坑,到半月形、堆叠、大型海底麻坑,再到复合型、串珠状或拉长型、巨型海底麻坑的变化。而这种变化又分别对应着海底麻坑的发育初期、中期和成熟期,揭示了海底麻坑的发育过程和变化规律。
(4)这种从海丘顶部至丘底,麻坑地貌从发育初期至成熟期的过渡,空间分布与时间发育过程的一一对应,显示了区内海底麻坑与构造及动力环境之间复杂的相互作用,揭示其形态变化的本质是受区内构造和动力学控制。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41830540, 42006073);国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2806600, 2022YFC2806605);浙江省自然科学基金(LY21D060002, LY23D060007);水声技术重点实验室稳定支持项目(JCKYS2021604SSJS018);东海实验室开放基金(DH-2022KF01005);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(JG2101, JG2203, JG2303);上海交通大学深蓝计划(SL2020ZD204, SL2022ZD205)。
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2023年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023089
  • 接收时间:2022-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-27
  • 修回日期:2023-01-17
基金
国家自然科学基金(41830540, 42006073);国家重点研发计划(2022YFC2806600, 2022YFC2806605);浙江省自然科学基金(LY21D060002, LY23D060007);水声技术重点实验室稳定支持项目(JCKYS2021604SSJS018);东海实验室开放基金(DH-2022KF01005);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金(JG2101, JG2203, JG2303);上海交通大学深蓝计划(SL2020ZD204, SL2022ZD205)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    2 自然资源部海底科学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3 上海交通大学 海洋学院,上海 200240
    4 东海实验室,浙江 舟山 316021
    5 浙江大学 海洋学院,浙江 舟山 316021
    6 山东科技大学 测绘与空间信息学院,山东 青岛 266590

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*尚继宏(1977-),男,宁夏回族自治区平罗县人,正高级工程师,主要从事海洋地质和构造地貌研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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