Article(id=1211432601424891977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1668096000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-11, revisedDate=1673452800000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766757639509, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1688054400000, pubDateStr=2023-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766757639509, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766757639509, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766757639509, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211432600565059654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766757639304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924606299, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132910937805036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132910941999341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211432600565059654, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=44, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211432601647190092, articleId=1211432601424891977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analytic solutions of longitudinal and cross waves in the wave flume with an exponential symmetric shoal, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The flume experiment is commonly used to investigate the wave propagation deformation and the stability of the breakwater armor block, with the wave elements changing along the longitudinal direction of the flume while remaining unchanged in the cross direction perpendicular to the flume. However, when the wavelength has a certain relationship with the flume width, visible cross fluctuations may occur. In this paper, the analytical expressions of longitudinal wave along the flume direction and cross wave perpendicular to the flume direction on an exponential symmetric shoal are derived respectively based on the linear long wave equation. The longitudinal waves on symmetric exponential topography in the flume can be expressed as the first and second kinds of first order Bessel function, and the complete solution can be obtained by combining with the conditions of free surface and velocity continuity. Cross waves with even symmetric and odd symmetric modes in the flume with an exponential symmetric shoal can be expressed as the first kind of ν order Bessel function. The even symmetric (n, m) mode has n nodal lines along the direction of the flume and 2m nodal lines perpendicular to the direction of the flume; odd symmetric (n, m) mode has n nodal lines along the direction of the flume and 2m−1 nodal lines in the cross direction.

, correspAuthors=Yan Xiong, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rong Xie, Yan Xiong, Chaofeng Tong, Gang Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211432603740147851, articleId=1211432601424891977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=对称指数地形水槽内纵波和横波解析解研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水槽实验通常用于波浪传播变形及防波堤护面块体稳定性等研究,涉及的波要素沿水槽纵向变化且在垂直于水槽的横向保持不变。然而实验中当波长与水槽宽度满足一定关系时,可能出现明显的横向波动现象。本文针对对称指数型隆起地形,基于线性长波方程分别推导了其内沿水槽方向的纵波与垂直于水槽方向的横波的解析表达。水槽内对称指数地形上的纵波可以表示为第一类和第二类一阶贝塞尔函数的形式,并结合自由水面及速度连续条件最终得到其完整解。对称指数地形上分别存在偶对称和奇对称模态的横波,可表示为第一类ν阶贝塞尔函数的形式。偶对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向有n条波节线,在垂直于水槽方向存在2m条波节线;奇对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向存在n条波节线而在垂直方向有2m − 1条波节线。

, correspAuthors=熊焱, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*熊焱(1992—),女,江苏省南京市人,讲师,主要从事极端水灾害数值模拟研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=F0+TFp1OsZpuUfLNt2RHbQ==, magXml=lt8yE38BBvMt6IufoEOvfA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=SAWIJBQ7qBXbxv+zD4heuQ==, pdfFileSize=1974023, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=gcoo4tRg/IpUQYP99dyNvg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=eZt0jk71LhRfU6PNbBQpVQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

谢蓉(1998—),女,四川省内江市人,主要从事水动力数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098, bio={"content":"

谢蓉(1998—),女,四川省内江市人,主要从事水动力数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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谢蓉(1998—),女,四川省内江市人,主要从事水动力数值模拟研究。E-mail:

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Ocean Engineering, 2022, 266: 112923., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215313893417735050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省自然科学基金杰出青年基金(BK20220082);国家自然科学基金(52071128), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215313886207726170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313886216114779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, companyId=1215313886207726170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 河海大学 海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313886300000864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313886308389473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, companyId=1215313886300000864, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Coastal Disaster and Defence, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313886388081254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313886396469864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, companyId=1215313886388081254, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313886505521776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313886509716080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, companyId=1215313886505521776, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313890288784141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Definition sketch of the wave flume, figureFileSmall=GsOjGm32Kjbzy5ERkxJaLA==, figureFileBig=kFSANjlGaCJkHwHA6afq2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890414613268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图1, caption=波浪水槽示意图, figureFileSmall=GsOjGm32Kjbzy5ERkxJaLA==, figureFileBig=kFSANjlGaCJkHwHA6afq2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890544636704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Variation of normalized amplitudes along the wave flume

Shaded areas denotes the hump shoal, where L = 5 m, T = 4.6 s, λ = 0.46 m−1, h1 = 0.5 m and h0 = 0.05 m

, figureFileSmall=dlsO8Zch0crLQnOMZ0PbUA==, figureFileBig=B9C6ZFWcp7T2uR7za1I77g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890662077218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图2, caption=归一化波幅沿波浪水槽的变化

阴影部分标识隆起地形区域,其中L = 5 m,T = 4.6 s,λ = 0.46 m−1h1 = 0.5 m,h0 = 0.05 m

, figureFileSmall=dlsO8Zch0crLQnOMZ0PbUA==, figureFileBig=B9C6ZFWcp7T2uR7za1I77g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890771129133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Reflection and transmission parameters versus the depth at the top of hump shoal h0

T = 4.6 s, h1 = 0.5 m, L = 5.0 m, λ = ln (h1/h0)/L and ω =1.37 rad/s

, figureFileSmall=EaFS7eSDnbGUDmsJ/woqxA==, figureFileBig=VFbCLwnHNgTf5KI/iqwrUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890867598133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图3, caption=反射系数和透射系数随隆起地形顶部水深h0的变化

T = 4.6 s,h1 = 0.5 m,L = 5.0 m,λ = ln(h1/h0)/Lω = 1.37 rad/s

, figureFileSmall=EaFS7eSDnbGUDmsJ/woqxA==, figureFileBig=VFbCLwnHNgTf5KI/iqwrUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313890951484215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Reflection and transmission parameters versus the angular frequency ω for the hump shoal

h1 = 0.5 m, h0 = 0.05 m, L = 5.0 m and λ = 0.46 m−1

, figureFileSmall=lO08wJCBBH/5LPaZCqZL+Q==, figureFileBig=LZQTD9mweTpS84Oxh0IxLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891026981691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图4, caption=反射系数和透射系数随着入射波角频率的变化

h1 = 0.5 m,h0 = 0.05 m,L = 5.0 m,λ = 0.46 m−1

, figureFileSmall=lO08wJCBBH/5LPaZCqZL+Q==, figureFileBig=LZQTD9mweTpS84Oxh0IxLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891098284866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Reflection and transmission parameters versus the topography parameter λ for the hump shoal

h1 = 0.5 m, h0 = 0.05 m, L = 5.0 m, ω = 1.37 rad/s and λ = ln(h1/h0)/L

, figureFileSmall=vVMpyZZ/HB4uSdCvONGXkQ==, figureFileBig=0zyF2LuPkmGOw8W7lzjGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891224113995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图5, caption=反射系数和透射系数随着λ的变化

h1 = 0.5 m,h0 = 0.05 m,L = 5.0 m,ω = 1.37 rad/s,λ = ln(h1/h0)/L

, figureFileSmall=vVMpyZZ/HB4uSdCvONGXkQ==, figureFileBig=0zyF2LuPkmGOw8W7lzjGdQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891324777293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Angular frequency ω versus wave number κ

2b = 1 m, h1 = 0.5 m, h0 = 0.05 m and λ = 0.46 m−1, where the solid circles indicate the symmetrical mode and the hollow circles the anti-symmetrical mode

, figureFileSmall=CfnfdG7Li1mvGxfq26OtHQ==, figureFileBig=hAqrHjXwdt8ggjDQDCcBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891458995030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图6, caption=角频率ω随波数κ的变化

2b = 1 m,h1 = 0.5 m,h0 = 0.05 m和λ = 0.46 m−1,实心圆是偶对称,空心圆是奇对称

, figureFileSmall=CfnfdG7Li1mvGxfq26OtHQ==, figureFileBig=hAqrHjXwdt8ggjDQDCcBhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891593212761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Angular frequency ω versus the top depth h0

λ = 0.46 m−1 and κ1 = π m−1, where the solid lines indicate the symmetrical mode and the dash lines indicate the anti-symmetrical mode

, figureFileSmall=af4g7s63kxxGMD19cn8e5A==, figureFileBig=PwWZiHS7484Rz/qzzVBYtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891698070369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图7, caption=角频率ω随着顶部水深h0的变化

λ = 0.46 m−1κ1 = π m−1,实线是偶对称,虚线是奇对称

, figureFileSmall=af4g7s63kxxGMD19cn8e5A==, figureFileBig=PwWZiHS7484Rz/qzzVBYtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891798733669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Angular frequency ω versus depth profile parameter λ

h0 = 0.05 m and κ1 = π m−1, where the solid lines indicate the symmetrical mode and the dash lines indicate the anti-symmetrical mode

, figureFileSmall=5LIwfzQhjTZ3QYUU0fSY5A==, figureFileBig=XRZlVBiqtcWzvYbVbUxVJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891895202664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图8, caption=角频率ω随着地形参数λ的变化

h0 = 0.05 m,κ1 = π m−1,实线是偶对称,虚线是奇对称

, figureFileSmall=5LIwfzQhjTZ3QYUU0fSY5A==, figureFileBig=XRZlVBiqtcWzvYbVbUxVJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313891983283050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Amplitude profiles of cross waves along the wave flume for symmetrical patterns (left column) and anti-symmetrical patterns (right column) with κ1 = π m−1, κ2 = 2π m−1 and κ3 = 3π m−1 respectively

h0 = 0.05 m, h1 = 0.5 m, λ = 0.46 m−1 and L = 5.0 m

, figureFileSmall=CW2LG/+7h7DXyEkAm8ZF3g==, figureFileBig=6lMkkK6WjOkT/7rK5T42KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313892075557746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图9, caption=波数κ1 = π m−1κ2 = 2π m−1κ3 = 3π m−1时偶对称模态(左侧)和奇对称模态(右侧)横波沿水槽方向的波幅分布

h0 = 0.05 m,h1 = 0.5 m,λ = 0.46 m−1L = 5.0 m

, figureFileSmall=CW2LG/+7h7DXyEkAm8ZF3g==, figureFileBig=6lMkkK6WjOkT/7rK5T42KA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313892167832436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial structure of the cross-wave amplitudes for symmetrical patterns over the exponential symmetric shoal

2b = 1 m, L = 5.0 m, h0 = 0.05 m, h1 = 0.5 m and λ = 0.46 m−1 corresponding κ2 = 2π m−1, where m = 0(a), m = 1(b), m = 2(c)

, figureFileSmall=7wLGnqLT7C9SxH/YSKtJKg==, figureFileBig=m+pZpi04iTQY2e2UbQd2Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313892260107127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图10, caption=偶对称模态的横波的空间分布

宽2b = 1 m,长L = 5.0 m,顶部水深h0 = 0.05 m,地形参数λ = 0.46 m−1,隆起地形上波数κ2 = 2π m−1m = 0(a),m = 1(b),m = 2(c)

, figureFileSmall=7wLGnqLT7C9SxH/YSKtJKg==, figureFileBig=m+pZpi04iTQY2e2UbQd2Ag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313892377547645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Spatial structure of the cross-wave amplitudes for anti-symmetrical patterns over the exponential symmetric shoal

2b = 1m, L = 5.0 m, h0 = 0.05 m, h1 = 0.5 m and λ = 0.46 m−1 corresponding κ2 = 2π m−1, where m = 1(a), m = 2(b), m = 3(c)

, figureFileSmall=UhiMJkNSMt2mBgY+2Rmv6w==, figureFileBig=b6wcdEKjfvXcnh9jqqKcKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313893233185664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211432601424891977, language=CN, label=图11, caption=奇对称模态的横波的空间分布

宽2b = 1 m、长L = 5.0 m、顶部水深h0 = 0.05 m、地形参数λ = 0.46 m−1隆起地形上波数κ2 = 2π m−1m = 1(a),m = 2(b),m = 3(c)

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对称指数地形水槽内纵波和横波解析解研究
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谢蓉 1, 2 , 熊焱 1, 2, * , 童朝锋 1, 2 , 王岗 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(6): 44-51
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(6): 44-51
对称指数地形水槽内纵波和横波解析解研究
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谢蓉1, 2 , 熊焱1, 2, * , 童朝锋1, 2, 王岗1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 谢蓉(1998—),女,四川省内江市人,主要从事水动力数值模拟研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*熊焱(1992—),女,江苏省南京市人,讲师,主要从事极端水灾害数值模拟研究。E-mail:
Analytic solutions of longitudinal and cross waves in the wave flume with an exponential symmetric shoal
Rong Xie1, 2 , Yan Xiong1, 2, * , Chaofeng Tong1, 2, Gang Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Coastal Disaster and Defence, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2023-06-30 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023081
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水槽实验通常用于波浪传播变形及防波堤护面块体稳定性等研究,涉及的波要素沿水槽纵向变化且在垂直于水槽的横向保持不变。然而实验中当波长与水槽宽度满足一定关系时,可能出现明显的横向波动现象。本文针对对称指数型隆起地形,基于线性长波方程分别推导了其内沿水槽方向的纵波与垂直于水槽方向的横波的解析表达。水槽内对称指数地形上的纵波可以表示为第一类和第二类一阶贝塞尔函数的形式,并结合自由水面及速度连续条件最终得到其完整解。对称指数地形上分别存在偶对称和奇对称模态的横波,可表示为第一类ν阶贝塞尔函数的形式。偶对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向有n条波节线,在垂直于水槽方向存在2m条波节线;奇对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向存在n条波节线而在垂直方向有2m − 1条波节线。

横波  /  解析理论  /  波浪水槽  /  指数地形

The flume experiment is commonly used to investigate the wave propagation deformation and the stability of the breakwater armor block, with the wave elements changing along the longitudinal direction of the flume while remaining unchanged in the cross direction perpendicular to the flume. However, when the wavelength has a certain relationship with the flume width, visible cross fluctuations may occur. In this paper, the analytical expressions of longitudinal wave along the flume direction and cross wave perpendicular to the flume direction on an exponential symmetric shoal are derived respectively based on the linear long wave equation. The longitudinal waves on symmetric exponential topography in the flume can be expressed as the first and second kinds of first order Bessel function, and the complete solution can be obtained by combining with the conditions of free surface and velocity continuity. Cross waves with even symmetric and odd symmetric modes in the flume with an exponential symmetric shoal can be expressed as the first kind of ν order Bessel function. The even symmetric (n, m) mode has n nodal lines along the direction of the flume and 2m nodal lines perpendicular to the direction of the flume; odd symmetric (n, m) mode has n nodal lines along the direction of the flume and 2m−1 nodal lines in the cross direction.

cross waves  /  analytical theory  /  wave flume  /  exponential terrain
谢蓉, 熊焱, 童朝锋, 王岗. 对称指数地形水槽内纵波和横波解析解研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023081
Rong Xie, Yan Xiong, Chaofeng Tong, Gang Wang. Analytic solutions of longitudinal and cross waves in the wave flume with an exponential symmetric shoal[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (6) : 44 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023081
波浪是近岸最重要的动力因素之一,对于泥沙运动、岸滩演变及海岸工程安全具有重要影响[1-3]。波浪水槽实验是波浪传播变形及防波堤结构稳定性等研究的常用手段之一[4-5]。通常,水槽实验中波浪要素沿水槽纵向变化而在其垂直的横向保持不变。然而,一些实验中发现在某些条件下水槽内会出现明显的横向波动现象[6-8]
针对垂直于水槽的横向波动现象,Lin和Howard[6]开展了水槽实验,发现当入射波的频率是横波频率的两倍时可以激发显著的横波,并将该现象称之为次谐横波。Garrett[7]首次从数学上解释了有限长水槽内次谐横波的产生机理。Mahony[9]进一步将其拓展至长水槽内的次谐横波情况,并指出黏性耗散限制横波的临界波幅。Barnard和Pritchard[10]开展了物理模型实验验证了Mahony[9]的理论,并进一步分析了横波的增长、稳定和衰减过程。Bernoff等[11]进一步从理论上研究了水槽边壁和底部、自由表面及造波机黏性边界对横波的影响。Ayanle等[12]基于渐进理论研究了两个模态横波相互作用下波幅的三维演变过程。Deng[13]从理论上指出考虑三阶非线性相互作用时,水槽内可出现与造波机频率相同的横波,称之为同频横波,并开展了物理模型实验验证了其理论。
以上研究均针对常水深水槽中的横波。实际水槽物理模型实验还涉及波浪在地形上的传播变形及破碎情况[8, 14-15],这些变水深地形水槽实验中是否存在横向波动是亟需深入研究的内容。王岗和郑金海[16]基于线性浅水方程推导了梯形底床波浪水槽中横波的解析解,并讨论了水槽宽度及地形等因素对横波的影响。Wang等[17]提出了波浪水槽中双曲余弦地形上横波的解析理论。为进一步证明变水深地形上的横波是一种较为普遍的波浪现象,并不限于梯形及双曲余弦型地形,本文针对指数地形的波浪传播变形开展研究,从理论上揭示其横波的运动特征。
图1所示,假设在水深为h1的水槽内布置一个对称指数地形,波浪从左侧产生,向右传播。采用笛卡尔坐标系,其中沿水槽纵向为x轴,横向为y轴,z轴从静水位垂直向上为正,坐标原点位于指数地形顶部中心线的静水面上。设水槽宽为–byb,指数地形长为–LxL。将水槽分为4个区域,其水深分别为
$ h = \left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}{l}} {{h_1}}&{ x < - L} \\ {{h_0}\exp \left( { - \lambda x} \right)}&{ - L \leqslant x < 0} \\ {{h_0}\exp \left( {\lambda x} \right)}&{0 \leqslant x \leqslant L} \\ {{h_1}}&{ x > L} \end{array}} \right. \text{,} $
式中,h0是地形顶部的水深,单位:m;λ为决定隆起地形变化率的参数,单位:m−1;常水深h1=h0exp(λL)。
本文采用线性长波方程描述水槽内的波动现象:
$ {\eta _{tt}} - g\nabla \left( {h\nabla \eta } \right) = 0 \text{,} $
式中,η是自由水面;t表示时间;g是重力加速度;$\nabla $= ($\partial $/$\partial $x, $\partial $/$\partial $y)是水平梯度算子。
首先假设水槽中只存在纵波,由造波机产生并沿着水槽纵向传播,因此自由水面表达式可以写为
$ {\eta _{\text{p}}}\left( {x,t} \right) = {\zeta _{\text{p}}}\left( x \right)\exp \left( {{{\rm{i}}} \omega t} \right) \text{,} $
式中,ω是入射波的角频率;下标p代表纵波;i =(–1)1/2,为虚数单位。
对于区域I,指数隆起地形之前存在入射波及反射波,其波面方程表示为
$ \zeta _{{\rm{p}},{\rm{I}}} = \exp \left( { - {\rm{i}}kx} \right) + C \cdot \exp \left( {{\rm{i}}kx} \right) \text{,} $
式中,设入射波的入射波幅为单位1;C为反射波的反射系数;下标I表示区域I;k = ω/(gh11/2是常水深的波数。
对于区域II,将自由水面表达式(3)代入线性浅水方程(2)并考虑地形公式(1),有
$ \frac{{\mathrm{{d}}}^{2}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}{x}^{2}}-\lambda \frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}+\frac{{\omega }^{2}}{g{h}_{0}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\lambda x\right){\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}=0 \text{,} $
引入两个变换量:
$ \chi = \frac{{2\omega }}{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }}\exp \left( {\frac{1}{2}\lambda x} \right) \text{,} $
$ {\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}=\frac{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}{2\omega }\chi F\left(\chi \right) \text{,} $
此时式(5)可化简为一阶贝塞尔方程的形式,即:
$ {\chi ^2}{F_{\chi \chi }} + \chi {F_\chi } + \left( {{\chi ^2} - 1} \right)F = 0 \text{,} $
其对应的通解为
$ F\left( \chi \right) = {A_1}{{{\rm{J}}} _1}\left( \chi \right) + {B_1}{{{\rm{Y}}} _1}\left( \chi \right) \text{,} $
式中,A1B1是常数;J1χ)和Y1χ)是一阶第一类和第二类贝塞尔函数[18]
最终得区域II的波面表达式为
$ \begin{split}{\zeta }_{\text{p}}=\;&\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\cdot \left\{{A}_{1}{\mathrm{J}}_{1}\left[\frac{2\omega }{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\right]+\right.\\&\left.{B}_{1}{\mathrm{Y}}_{1}\left[\frac{2\omega }{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}\mathrm{exp}\left(\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\right]\right\} .\end{split} $
同理对于区域III,将自由水面表达式(3)代入线性长波方程(2)并考虑地形公式(1),得
$ \frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{2}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}{x}^{2}}+\lambda \frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}+\frac{{\omega }^{2}}{g{h}_{0}}\mathrm{exp}\left(-\lambda x\right){\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}=0 \text{,} $
引入自变量:
$ \tau = \frac{{2\omega }}{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }}\exp \left( { - \frac{1}{2}\lambda x} \right) \text{,} $
其对应的因变量为
$ {\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}=\frac{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}{2\omega }\tau Q\left(\tau \right) \text{,} $
同样得一阶贝塞尔方程:
$ {\tau ^2}{Q_{\tau \tau }} + \tau {Q_\tau } + \left( {{\tau ^2} - 1} \right)Q = 0 \text{,} $
其通解为
$ Q\left( \tau \right) = {A_2}{{{\rm{J}}} _1}\left( \tau \right) + {B_2}{{{\rm{Y}}} _1}\left( \tau \right) \text{,} $
最终得到区域Ⅲ的波面方程为
$ \begin{split}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}=&\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\cdot \left\{{A}_{2}{\mathrm{J}}_{\nu }\left[\frac{2\omega }{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\right]+\right.\\&\left.{B}_{2}{\mathrm{Y}}_{\nu }\left[\frac{2\omega }{\lambda \sqrt{g{h}_{0}}}\mathrm{exp}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\lambda x\right)\right]\right\}. \end{split} $
对于区域IV,隆起地形之后只存在透射波,其自由水面可表示为
$ {\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅳ}}{\text{p}}}=D\cdot \mathrm{exp}\left(-{\rm{i}}kx\right) \text{,} $
式中,D为透射波的透射系数。
由不同区域处自由水面及速度连续有:
$ {{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅰ}}{\text{p}}}={\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}|}_{x\;=\;-L},{{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}={\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}|}_{x\;=\;0},{{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}={\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅳ}}{\text{p}}}|}_{x\;=\;L} \text{,} $
$ {\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅰ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}\Bigg|\Bigg.}_{x\;=\;-L},{\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅱ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}\Bigg|\Bigg.}_{x\;=\;0},{\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅲ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}=\frac{\mathrm{d}{\zeta }_{{\mathrm{Ⅳ}}{\text{p}}}}{\mathrm{d}x}\Bigg|\Bigg.}_{x\;=\;L} \text{,} $
联合求解式(18)和(19)可得参数CA1B1A2B2D。此外,由于本文的推导过程没有考虑能量损失,因此反射波和透射波的能量之和应等于入射波能量,该能量守恒关系可以表示为
$ {\left| C \right|^2} + {\left| D \right|^2} = 1 \text{,} $
式(20)可用于检验计算结果的正确性。
图2展示了造波机产生的纵波归一化波幅后沿着水槽的变化。由于反射作用,指数隆起地形之前的波幅存在明显波动。水深变浅使波幅呈现增大的趋势,但同样受到反射波的影响,导致最大波幅并非出现在隆起地形的顶部。由于隆起地形对波浪的反射作用,其后的透射波小于入射波。
由于水槽中纵波的传播特征与地形顶部水深h0、地形参数λ以及入射波角频率ω密切相关,因此,本文进一步讨论反射系数及透射系数随纵波传播的变化。图3展现了反射系数及透射系数随隆起地形顶部水深h0的变化。反射系数C随着h0的增大而逐渐减小,表明随着隆起地形顶部水深的增加,地形对波浪的反射作用逐渐减小。而透射系数D随着h0的增加而缓慢增加,表明随着隆起地形顶部水深的增加有更多波浪可透过地形向前传播。
图4为固定指数地形时反射系数C与透射系数D随入射波角频率的变化情况。反射系数C随着入射波角频率ω的增加而非周期性的振荡,但总体呈减小趋势。透射系数D随入射波角频率ω的增加而呈现出非周期性总体增大的趋势。这表明隆起地形对频率较低的波浪有较显著的反射,而频率较高的波浪则有更多成份透过地形继续向前传播。
地形参数λ决定隆起地形变化率。由图5可知,反射系数Cλ的增加而呈现非周期性增大的趋势,而透射系数D呈现非周期性减小的趋势。这表明随着地形变陡,有更多的波浪成分被反射回去,透射过隆起地形继续向前传播的波浪成分则逐渐减小。
已有研究[6-13]表明,横波是由造波机直接产生的行进波在参数共振下通过自由水面的空间平均运动产生的,其波长l与水槽宽2b满足关系l ≈ 4b/n,其中n = 1, 2, 3, $…$,为横波的模态数。当波浪水槽的宽度与入射波的波长为相同数量级时,可能会产生横波。假设波浪水槽中仅单独存在横波,其第n个模态的波数为
$ {\kappa _n} = \frac{{n \text{π} }}{{2b}} \text{.} $
横波的自由水面可表示为
$ {\eta _{\text{c}}}\left( {x,y,t} \right) = {\zeta _{\text{c}}}\left( x \right)\cos \left[ {{\kappa _n}\left( {y + b} \right)} \right]\exp \left( {{\rm{i}}\omega t} \right) \text{,} $
式中,下标c代表横波。
进一步假定横波限于隆起地形上,将式(22)代入线性长波方程(2)并考虑地形公式(1),有
$ \frac{{{{\rm{d}}^2}{\zeta _{\text{c}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}{x^2}}} \mp \lambda \frac{{{\rm{d}}{\zeta _{\text{c}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}x}} + \left[ {\frac{{{\omega ^2}}}{{g{h_0}}}\exp \left( { \pm \lambda x} \right) - \kappa _n^2} \right]{\zeta _{\text{c}}} = 0 \text{,} $
引入变量:
$ \gamma = \frac{{2\omega }}{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }}\exp \left( { \pm \frac{1}{2}\lambda x} \right) \text{,} $
其对应的因变量为
$ {\zeta_{\text{c}}} = \frac{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }}{{2\omega }}\gamma R\left( \gamma \right) \text{,} $
式(23)可简化为ν阶贝塞尔方程:
$ {\gamma ^2}{R_{\gamma \gamma }} + \gamma {R_\gamma } + \left( {{\gamma ^2} - {\nu ^2}} \right)R = 0 \text{,} $
其中,
$ \nu = \sqrt {1 + {{4\kappa _n^2} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{4\kappa _n^2} {{\lambda ^2}}}} \right. } {{\lambda ^2}}}} \text{,} $
式(26)的通解为
$ R\left( \gamma \right) = {A_3}{{{\rm{J}}} _\nu }\left( \gamma \right) + {B_3}{{{\rm{Y}}} _\nu }\left( \gamma \right) \text{,} $
式中,A3B3为待定常数。
$x \to \pm \infty $$\gamma \to 0$,此时ν阶贝塞尔函数有近似关系:
$ {{\rm{J}}_\nu }\left( \gamma \right) \approx {{{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}\gamma } \right)}^\nu }} \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{{\left( {\frac{1}{2}\gamma } \right)}^\nu }} {\Gamma \left( {\nu + 1} \right)}}} \right. } {\Gamma \left( {\nu + 1} \right)}} \text{,} $
$ {{\rm{Y}}_\nu }\left( \gamma \right) \approx - \left( {\frac{1}{\text{π} }} \right) \cdot \Gamma \left( \nu \right) \cdot {\left( {\frac{1}{2}\gamma } \right)^{ - \nu }} \text{.} $
由于ν > 1且当γ→0时,Yνγ) → ∞,这与横波被限制在指数地形上其波幅在隆起地形较远区域趋于0相悖,故应舍去第二类贝塞尔函数,即令其系数B3 = 0。因此,对称指数隆起地形上的横波应表示为
$ {\zeta _{\text{c}}} = {A_3}\exp \left( { \mp \frac{1}{2}\lambda x} \right){{{\rm{J}}} _\nu }\left[ {\frac{{2\omega }}{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }}\exp \left( { \mp \frac{1}{2}\lambda x} \right)} \right] \text{.} $
对于沿对称地形传播的波浪,其存在为偶对称与奇对称两种模态[17, 19]
偶对称模态的横波其自由水面需满x = 0处导数为0,即:
$ {\left. {\frac{{{{\rm{d}}} {\zeta _{\text{c}}}}}{{{{\rm{d}}} x}}} \right|_{x = 0}} = 0 \text{.} $
由式(31)可得:
$ {\gamma _0}{{{\rm{J}}} _{\nu - 1}}\left( {{\gamma _0}} \right) + 2{{{\rm{J}}} _\nu }\left( {{\gamma _0}} \right) - {\gamma _0}{{{\rm{J}}} _{\nu + 1}}\left( {{\gamma _0}} \right) = 0 \text{,} $
其中,
$ {\gamma _0} = \frac{{2\omega }}{{\lambda \sqrt {g{h_0}} }} \text{.} $
式(33)确定横波波数κn与角频率ω的关系,即对称指数隆起地形上偶对称模态横波的频散关系。
奇对称模态的横波需满足自由水面在x=0处为0,即:
$ {\left. {{\zeta _{\text{c}}}} \right|_{x = 0}} = 0 .$
由式(31)可得
$ {{{\rm{J}}} _\nu }\left( {{\gamma _0}} \right) = 0 \text{,} $
式(36)给出了对称指数地形上奇对称模态横波的频散关系。
偶对称模态和奇对称模态的频散关系(33)与(36)是隐式的,需要数值求解。对于给定的指数隆起地形和波数κn,频散关系(33)和(36)通常可得多个对应的频率ω。参考边缘波及海脊俘获波研究[19-20] ,对于给定的波数κn,偶模态横波频率最小的解称为模态m = 0,频率第二小的解称为模态m = 1,$… $,以此类推;奇模态横波频率最小的解称为模态m = 1,频率第二小的解称为模态m = 2,$… $,以此类推。也即偶模态横波的最小模态为模态0,奇模态横波的最小模态为模态1。因此,对于给定的横向波数κn和纵向模态m,指数隆起地形上横波模态是(n, m)。
横波是波峰线与造波机垂直的驻波,沿水槽宽度方向传播,波数与水槽宽度间关系由式(21)确定。横波奇偶模态的频散关系(33)和(36)表明波数κn不仅与角频率ω及模态m有关,还与隆起地形顶部水深h0及地形参数λ有关。图6展示了宽2b = 1 m水槽模态n = 1, 2和3模态对应的偶对称及奇对称模态角频率变化情况。对于给定的指数型隆起地形在相同的波数情况下,角频率随着模数m的增加而增加。对于同一模态,奇对称模态对应的频率小于偶对称模态对应的频率。
图7展示了λ = 0.46 m−1κ1 = π m−1时角频率ω随指数型隆起顶部水深h0的变化情况。角频率ω随着h0的增加而增加,模态m越高,增加速率越快。对于确定的h0,奇对称模态及偶对称模态对应的角频率皆随着模数m的增加而增加。图8展示了当指数型隆起顶部水深h0和波数κ确定时,角频率ω随着地形参数λ的变化情况。角频率ω随着λ增加而增加,模态m越高,增加速率越快。对于确定的地形参数λ,角频率随着模数m的增加而增加,且相同模态时奇对称模态对应的频率小于偶对称模态对应的频率。
图9展示了不同波数时前4个偶对称模态和前3个奇对称模态的波幅沿水槽分布情况。偶对称模态的波幅关于隆起地形的中心线对称分布,两侧的节点个数分别与模数m相等,即当m = 0时没有节点数,当m = 1时,两侧各有节点数为1。奇对称模态的波幅在地形两侧呈现π的相位差,即一侧的波幅为正时另一侧相应的波幅为负。除隆起地形顶部始终为波节点,地形两侧各有(m − 1)个波节点对称分布。横波主要分布于隆起地形顶部附近并向两侧呈波幅总体减小的趋势,且模态m越大减小越缓慢。对于相同的模态,波数越大横波波幅减小的越快。
图10图11分别展示偶对称与奇对称模态的前3个模态的波幅空间分布。横波在指数地形的纵向和横向上都是驻波。偶对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向有n条波节线,在垂直于水槽方向存在2m条波节线;奇对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向存在n条波节线,而在垂直方向有2m − 1条波节线。对于波数κ2 = 2π m−1的横波分别在水槽宽1/4和3/4处有两条沿水槽方向的波节线。偶对称模态横波波幅沿水槽方向关于隆起地形的中心线对称,且在中心线处达到最大值。对于模态m = 0,其在垂直于水槽方向上没有波节线(图10a); 对于模态m = 1,在隆起地形的两侧各有一条相互对称的波节线(图10b);对于模态m = 2,在隆起地形的两侧各有两条相互对称的波节线(图10c)。奇对称模态横波波幅沿水槽方向关于隆起地形的中心线反对称分布,即在地形的一侧波幅取得最大值,在地形的另一侧则为负的最大值。对于模态m = 1,其垂直于水槽方向的波节线与指数地形中心线重合(图11a);对于模态m = 2,除在地形中心线处的一条波节线外,在地形的两侧分别还存在一条相互对称的波节线(图11b);对于模态m = 3,除在地形中心线处的一条波节线外,在地形的两侧分别还存在两条相互对称的波节线(图11c)。
本文针对水槽内布置的对称指数型隆起地形,基于线性长波方程分别推导了沿水槽方向的纵波与垂直于水槽方向的横波的解析表达。指数型隆起地形前的入射波和反射波及其后的透射波都可以表示为指数函数的形式,而隆起地形上的波动则可表示为第一类和第二类一阶贝塞尔函数的形式,结合自由水面及速度在隆起地形前后边界处的连续条件,最终得到水槽内纵波的完整解。基于所推导的纵波解析理论,进一步讨论了隆起地形顶部水深h0、角频率ω以及地形参数λ对透射系数及反射系数的影响。反射系数C随着h0的增大而减小,而透射系数D随着h0的增加而增加;反射系数C随角频率ω的增加出现非周期性的振荡,但总体呈减小趋势,而透射系数D则相反,总体呈上升趋势。由于地形变陡后有更多能量被反射回去,因此反射系数Cλ的增加会出现非周期性的振荡,但总体呈现增加趋势,透射系数D相反,随着λ的增加呈现减小趋势。考虑到当入射波波长与水槽宽度接近时,可能会出现横波现象,本文还进一步从理论上给出了指数型隆起地形上的横波现象。指数型隆起地形上的横波可以表示为第一类ν阶贝塞尔函数的形式,结果表明对称隆起地形上的横波存在偶对称及奇对称模态。偶对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向有n条波节线,在垂直于水槽方向存在2m条波节线;奇对称模态(n, m)沿水槽方向存在n条波节线而在垂直方向有2m − 1条波节线。
对于实际水槽物理模型实验,传统认为波浪的反射随周期的增加而增加,本文理论表明隆起地形上波浪反射并不单调随周期增加,而是振荡变化的。此外,在类似指数地形波浪传播实验设计中,为避免横波的影响可基于本文理论评估横波周期。需要说明的是,由于本文所提出的对称指数地形水槽内纵波和横波解析理论是基于浅水波假定,因此适用于波长大于20倍水深的情况。在实际波浪水槽实验中并不完全满足浅水假定的情况,理论与实验必将存在一定误差,但本文理论所揭示的运动规律和现象应是合理的。
  • 江苏省自然科学基金杰出青年基金(BK20220082);国家自然科学基金(52071128)
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2023年第45卷第6期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023081
  • 接收时间:2022-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-11
  • 修回日期:2023-01-12
基金
江苏省自然科学基金杰出青年基金(BK20220082);国家自然科学基金(52071128)
作者信息
    1 河海大学 海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098

通讯作者:

*熊焱(1992—),女,江苏省南京市人,讲师,主要从事极端水灾害数值模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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