Article(id=1211375592545587416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023050, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658160000000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-19, revisedDate=1666281600000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766744047533, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1682870400000, pubDateStr=2023-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766744047533, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766744047533, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766744047533, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211375588842016922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766744046650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924547610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211375592814022887, articleId=1211375592545587416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens), columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To identify abalone species effectively for better management and protection of abalone germplasm resources, we have obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of juvenile green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) through high-throughput sequencing, and its sequences and structural characteristics are analyzed accordingly. The results show that the mitogenome of H. fulgens is 17 041 bp in total length and encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The 13 protein coding genes used AUG as the starting codon and UAA or UAG as the termination codon. Twenty-one tRNA genes other than tRNA-Ser(AGN) could be folded into a typical cloverleaf structure. There is a rich A+T non-coding region between tRNA-Glu and COX3, with two hairpin structures containing palindromes in it. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the reported complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Haliotis genus species, and phylogenetic analysis shows that H. fulgens is clustered with H. discus hannai, H. rufescens and H. cracherodii. Comparing the domains of 13 proteins of mitogenome of H. fulgens and H. discus hannai, we found the number of transmembrane domains of ND2 or ND4 dehydrogenase subunits were different in them. Whether this is related to the difference of high temperature tolerance between them needs further study. In brief, the first acquisition and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of H. fulgens has enriched the abalone cellular genetic information, and provided basic data and references for abalone species classification, germplasm identification, and protection of germplasm resources of H. fulgens as well.

, correspAuthors=Shanpi Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rui Guo, Shanpi Zhang, Leiming Cai, Xiaoqiang Yang, Wei Wang, Xiaobin Jiang, Qin Lin, Feng Lin, Zhelong Lin), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211375595829727587, articleId=1211375592545587416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)线粒体基因组全序列测定及分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为高效鉴别鲍属物种和更好地管理和保护鲍种质资源,本研究通过高通量测序获得了养殖绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)稚贝的线粒体基因组全序列,并对其序列和结构特征进行分析。结果表明,绿鲍线粒体基因组全长17 041 bp,含有37个编码基因,其中蛋白质编码基因13个、tRNA基因22个、rRNA基因2个。13个蛋白质编码基因均以AUG为起始密码子,以UAG或UAA为终止密码子。除tRNA-Ser(AGN)外的21个tRNA基因可折叠成典型三叶草结构。分析发现tRNA-Glu和COX3间存在富含A+T的非编码区,其内含有2个带回文序列的发卡结构。基于已报道的10个鲍属线粒体基因组全序列构建系统发育树,发现绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)、黑鲍(Haliotis cracherodii)聚为一支。将绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍13个线粒体编码蛋白的结构域比较,发现二者ND2ND4的跨膜结构域数量存在差异,这是否与二者的高温耐受性差异有关,有待进一步研究。总之,绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列的首次获取和分析,丰富了鲍类细胞遗传信息,为分类、种质鉴定与种质资源保护提供了基础数据和参考。

, correspAuthors=张善霹, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张善霹(1969-),男,高级工程师,主要从事水产养殖技术研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=v2OvrktI3FwbM1BAp9HEfg==, magXml=brRLmHpT4UJ+2zhnm0ukAA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=vmoyvSDnS0FPBgUpo47CGw==, pdfFileSize=2209581, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=rlSxEaMFLLYJAxvPF2UELA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dTeADmfIkpCLFCpG2zw4LQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

郭睿(1986-),男,河北省石家庄市人,高级农艺师,从事水生动物遗传和疫病研究。E-mail:

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郭睿(1986-),男,河北省石家庄市人,高级农艺师,从事水生动物遗传和疫病研究。E-mail:

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郭睿(1986-),男,河北省石家庄市人,高级农艺师,从事水生动物遗传和疫病研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, companyId=1215313939131453708, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Fujian Lianjiang Guanwu Marine Products and Development Co., Ltd., Lianjiang 350511, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313943761965452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis of the cytB genes of Haliotis spp., figureFileSmall=sOQRyjg2frz4Yn9znxKtog==, figureFileBig=K0b9PiiiTzTr7l21nw3OJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943871017359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鲍属cytB基因NJ系统发育树, figureFileSmall=sOQRyjg2frz4Yn9znxKtog==, figureFileBig=K0b9PiiiTzTr7l21nw3OJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943984263569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Mitochondrial genome structure of Haliotis fulgens, figureFileSmall=BUjWeapmoqJ3l5YS/3q0Ew==, figureFileBig=kjd2SZX52JYLWq3jUUPKfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944055566739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图2, caption=绿鲍线粒体基因组结构, figureFileSmall=BUjWeapmoqJ3l5YS/3q0Ew==, figureFileBig=kjd2SZX52JYLWq3jUUPKfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944131064213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The mitochondrial coding and non-coding genes arrangement diagram of Haliotis fulgens, figureFileSmall=Ce856/0Mg02d3ArjJ8F/eQ==, figureFileBig=neBdgHgfVdiva6rcV8AtBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944231727511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图3, caption=绿鲍线粒体编码基因及非编码基因排列图, figureFileSmall=Ce856/0Mg02d3ArjJ8F/eQ==, figureFileBig=neBdgHgfVdiva6rcV8AtBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944307224986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The unusual secondary structures of the tRNA genes in Haliotis fulgens, figureFileSmall=c4OeaOP1xjsRIXjAGT5hrQ==, figureFileBig=JHe5p2RW5TbzrLBQMoeyyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944391111068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图4, caption=绿鲍特殊tRNA基因二级结构, figureFileSmall=c4OeaOP1xjsRIXjAGT5hrQ==, figureFileBig=JHe5p2RW5TbzrLBQMoeyyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944504357280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Schematic map of the control region sequences and characteristics of Haliotis fulgens

Underline shows the sequences of two hairpin structures containing palindromes and bottom is the corresponding hairpin structures

, figureFileSmall=Ftmic4rg84yd009IrS2gBg==, figureFileBig=BSj5RcFjZ7e+IZCeqikK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944588243359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图5, caption=绿鲍线粒体控制区序列及结构特征示意图

下划线表示存在回文序列的两个发卡结构序列,下方为对应的发卡结构

, figureFileSmall=Ftmic4rg84yd009IrS2gBg==, figureFileBig=BSj5RcFjZ7e+IZCeqikK6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944684712354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Phylogenetic tree based on the neighbor-joining (NJ) analysis of Haliotis genus whole mitochondrial genomes, figureFileSmall=e9q0OuQYK26u5nnbs7HN/g==, figureFileBig=LaWTQA6/VhCFQDkDlvefUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944772792738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图6, caption=鲍属线粒体基因组NJ系统发育树, figureFileSmall=e9q0OuQYK26u5nnbs7HN/g==, figureFileBig=LaWTQA6/VhCFQDkDlvefUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944856678819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison of amino acid sequence identity and secondary structure of mitochondrial proteins between Haliotis fulgens and Haliotis discus hannai, figureFileSmall=EzDY7K2IE6Lqk+/tefQ0Uw==, figureFileBig=Ueroz+Kd8UMD3anb1w+tgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944923787685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=图7, caption=绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍线粒体蛋白质氨基酸序列相似性及二级结构比较, figureFileSmall=EzDY7K2IE6Lqk+/tefQ0Uw==, figureFileBig=Ueroz+Kd8UMD3anb1w+tgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313944990896552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The complete mitochondrial genomes reported of Haliotis genus for analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种长度/bpGC含量/%GenBank登录号
皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai16 88639.6KF724723.1
黑足鲍(Haliotis iris17 13140.2KU310895.1
黑唇鲍(Haliotis rubra16 90740.9AY588938.1
绿唇鲍(Haliotis laevigata16 54542.2KJ472483.1
欧洲疣鲍(Haliotis tuberculata15 93839.5FJ605488.1
杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor16 54340.1MZ465525.1
羊鲍(Haliotis ovina16 53140.7NC056350.1
红鲍(Haliotis rufescens16 64639.7NC036928.1
黑鲍(Haliotis cracherodii18 39137.7CM039063.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945066394026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

已报道鲍属贝类线粒体基因组

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种长度/bpGC含量/%GenBank登录号
皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai16 88639.6KF724723.1
黑足鲍(Haliotis iris17 13140.2KU310895.1
黑唇鲍(Haliotis rubra16 90740.9AY588938.1
绿唇鲍(Haliotis laevigata16 54542.2KJ472483.1
欧洲疣鲍(Haliotis tuberculata15 93839.5FJ605488.1
杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor16 54340.1MZ465525.1
羊鲍(Haliotis ovina16 53140.7NC056350.1
红鲍(Haliotis rufescens16 64639.7NC036928.1
黑鲍(Haliotis cracherodii18 39137.7CM039063.1
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945150280109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The results of the complete mitochondrial genome annotation for Haliotis fulgens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因长度/bp定位间隔区/bp反密码子密码子编码链
起始位点终止位点起始密码子终止密码子
注:trn表示rRNA,后面的大写字母表示该tRNA转运的氨基酸;16S12S为rRNA基因;−代表无密码子。
COX378017800AUGUAAH
trnD7381288431GUCH
trnK72884955−1UUUH
trnA699511 019−5UGCH
trnR661 0211 0861UCGH
trnI701 0991 16812GAUH
ND33541 1711 5242AUGUAAH
trnN711 5371 60712GUUH
trnS671 6111 6773GCUH
ND21 0951 6812 7753 AUGUAAH
COX11 5422 7954 33619 AUGUAAH
COX26964 3755 07038 AUGUAGH
ATP81655 1555 31984AUGUAAH
ATP66965 3746 06954 AUGUAAH
trnF686 1136 18043GAAL
ND51 7406 1957 93414AUGUAAL
trnH687 9358 0020GUGL
ND41 2338 0509 28247 AUGUAAL
ND4L3009 4389 737155 AUGUAGL
trnT709 7629 83124UGUH
trnS679 8589 92426UGAL
CYTB1 1409 93711 07612 AUGUAGL
ND650711 11411 62037AUGUAGL
trnP6711 62111 6870UGGL
ND194511 71012 65422 AUGUAGL
trnL6812 65612 7231UAAL
trnL6812 81412 88190UAGL
16S1 40012 89814 29716 L
trnV6614 39014 45592AACL
12S1 03314 46915 50113 L
trnM7015 51615 58514CAUL
trnY6815 58815 6552GUAL
trnC7015 66415 7338GCAL
trnW7315 73715 8093UCAL
trnQ7015 82015 88910UUGL
trnG6815 89215 9592UCCL
trnE6815 96416 0314UUCL
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945263526320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

绿鲍线粒体基因组注释结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因长度/bp定位间隔区/bp反密码子密码子编码链
起始位点终止位点起始密码子终止密码子
注:trn表示rRNA,后面的大写字母表示该tRNA转运的氨基酸;16S12S为rRNA基因;−代表无密码子。
COX378017800AUGUAAH
trnD7381288431GUCH
trnK72884955−1UUUH
trnA699511 019−5UGCH
trnR661 0211 0861UCGH
trnI701 0991 16812GAUH
ND33541 1711 5242AUGUAAH
trnN711 5371 60712GUUH
trnS671 6111 6773GCUH
ND21 0951 6812 7753 AUGUAAH
COX11 5422 7954 33619 AUGUAAH
COX26964 3755 07038 AUGUAGH
ATP81655 1555 31984AUGUAAH
ATP66965 3746 06954 AUGUAAH
trnF686 1136 18043GAAL
ND51 7406 1957 93414AUGUAAL
trnH687 9358 0020GUGL
ND41 2338 0509 28247 AUGUAAL
ND4L3009 4389 737155 AUGUAGL
trnT709 7629 83124UGUH
trnS679 8589 92426UGAL
CYTB1 1409 93711 07612 AUGUAGL
ND650711 11411 62037AUGUAGL
trnP6711 62111 6870UGGL
ND194511 71012 65422 AUGUAGL
trnL6812 65612 7231UAAL
trnL6812 81412 88190UAGL
16S1 40012 89814 29716 L
trnV6614 39014 45592AACL
12S1 03314 46915 50113 L
trnM7015 51615 58514CAUL
trnY6815 58815 6552GUAL
trnC7015 66415 7338GCAL
trnW7315 73715 8093UCAL
trnQ7015 82015 88910UUGL
trnG6815 89215 9592UCCL
trnE6815 96416 0314UUCL
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945334829491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition and skewness in the mitochondrial genomes of Haliotis genus species

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种碱基组成/%AT偏移GC偏移
ATCGA+T
线粒体全基因组
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens36.224.426.512.960.60.195−0.345
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai35.425.026.113.560.40.172−0.318
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris35.923.926.813.459.80.201−0.333
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra34.624.526.714.259.10.171−0.306
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata23.933.914.927.357.8−0.1730.294
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata34.825.725.813.660.50.150−0.310
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor35.224.726.413.759.90.175−0.317
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina34.824.527.413.459.30.174−0.343
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens35.424.925.913.760.30.174−0.308
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii26.635.713.524.262.3−0.1460.284
蛋白质编码基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens23.436.319.121.259.7−0.2160.052
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai23.436.319.221.159.7−0.2160.047
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris22.536.019.621.958.5−0.2310.055
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra22.335.119.922.657.4−0.2230.064
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata22.234.520.422.856.7−0.2170.056
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata23.736.118.921.359.8−0.2070.060
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor23.235.919.121.859.1−0.2150.066
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina22.635.819.322.258.4−0.2260.070
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens23.536.019.321.259.5−0.2100.047
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii23.235.919.421.659.1−0.2150.054
tRNA基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens28.131.016.924.059.1−0.0500.174
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai28.230.517.324.058.7−0.0390.162
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris27.630.617.524.358.2−0.0520.163
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra27.530.417.424.857.9−0.0500.175
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata27.330.717.124.958.0−0.0590.186
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata28.731.017.023.359.7−0.0390.156
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor27.230.817.224.958.0−0.0620.183
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina27.531.217.024.458.7−0.0630.179
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens28.330.517.423.858.8−0.0370.155
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii28.030.817.124.158.8−0.0480.170
rRNA基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens26.135.113.425.461.2−0.1470.309
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai27.235.213.124.562.4−0.1280.303
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris25.835.712.925.661.5−0.1610.330
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra26.234.913.625.361.1−0.1420.301
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata26.333.914.325.660.2−0.1260.283
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata28.034.413.224.462.4−0.1030.298
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor27.135.113.224.562.2−0.1290.300
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina25.834.613.526.160.4−0.1460.318
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens27.334.913.324.562.2−0.1220.296
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii27.135.013.324.662.1−0.1270.298
假定控制区
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens37.629.424.68.467.00.122−0.491
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945431298486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

鲍属线粒体基因组碱基组成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种碱基组成/%AT偏移GC偏移
ATCGA+T
线粒体全基因组
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens36.224.426.512.960.60.195−0.345
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai35.425.026.113.560.40.172−0.318
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris35.923.926.813.459.80.201−0.333
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra34.624.526.714.259.10.171−0.306
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata23.933.914.927.357.8−0.1730.294
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata34.825.725.813.660.50.150−0.310
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor35.224.726.413.759.90.175−0.317
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina34.824.527.413.459.30.174−0.343
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens35.424.925.913.760.30.174−0.308
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii26.635.713.524.262.3−0.1460.284
蛋白质编码基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens23.436.319.121.259.7−0.2160.052
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai23.436.319.221.159.7−0.2160.047
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris22.536.019.621.958.5−0.2310.055
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra22.335.119.922.657.4−0.2230.064
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata22.234.520.422.856.7−0.2170.056
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata23.736.118.921.359.8−0.2070.060
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor23.235.919.121.859.1−0.2150.066
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina22.635.819.322.258.4−0.2260.070
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens23.536.019.321.259.5−0.2100.047
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii23.235.919.421.659.1−0.2150.054
tRNA基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens28.131.016.924.059.1−0.0500.174
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai28.230.517.324.058.7−0.0390.162
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris27.630.617.524.358.2−0.0520.163
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra27.530.417.424.857.9−0.0500.175
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata27.330.717.124.958.0−0.0590.186
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata28.731.017.023.359.7−0.0390.156
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor27.230.817.224.958.0−0.0620.183
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina27.531.217.024.458.7−0.0630.179
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens28.330.517.423.858.8−0.0370.155
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii28.030.817.124.158.8−0.0480.170
rRNA基因
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens26.135.113.425.461.2−0.1470.309
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai27.235.213.124.562.4−0.1280.303
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris25.835.712.925.661.5−0.1610.330
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra26.234.913.625.361.1−0.1420.301
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata26.333.914.325.660.2−0.1260.283
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata28.034.413.224.462.4−0.1030.298
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor27.135.113.224.562.2−0.1290.300
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina25.834.613.526.160.4−0.1460.318
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens27.334.913.324.562.2−0.1220.296
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii27.135.013.324.662.1−0.1270.298
假定控制区
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens37.629.424.68.467.00.122−0.491
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945573904823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Total codon average usage in the thirteen protein coding genes for Haliotis fulgens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率
注:黑体表示偏好密码子。
UCU(S)952.11GUU(V)1271.60ACU(T)671.48CAA(Q)441.19
UCC(S)581.29GUA(V)750.94ACA(T)661.46CAG(Q)300.81
UCA(S)521.15GUG(V)740.93ACC(T)360.80CAU(H)461.15
AGU(S)501.11GUC(V)420.53ACG(T)120.27CAC(H)340.85
AGG(S)380.84UUA(L)1511.56UUU(T)2161.38AAA(K)461.12
AGA(S)340.75UUG(L)1481.53UUC(T)980.62AAG(K)360.88
AGC(S)180.40CUA(L)1151.19UAU(Y)861.33UGA(W)601.10
UCG(S)160.35CUU(L)740.77UAC(Y)430.67UGG(W)490.90
CGA(R)291.81CUC(L)590.61GGA(G)921.31GAA(E)501.10
CGU(R)191.19CUG(L)330.34GGG(G)921.31GAG(E)410.90
CGG(R)90.56GCU(A)941.55GGU(G)690.99GAC(D)401.08
CGC(R)70.44GCC(A)631.04GGC(G)270.39GAU(D)340.92
CCA(P)611.64GCA(A)580.96AAU(N)771.29AUG(M)881.05
CCU(P)521.40GCG(A)270.45AAC(N)420.71AUA(M)800.95
CCG(P)200.54UGU(C)451.50AUU(I)1451.19UAA81.23
CCC(P)160.43UGC(C)150.50AUC(I)980.81UAG50.77
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945699733946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

绿鲍13个蛋白质编码基因密码子平均使用频率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率密码子数量使用率
注:黑体表示偏好密码子。
UCU(S)952.11GUU(V)1271.60ACU(T)671.48CAA(Q)441.19
UCC(S)581.29GUA(V)750.94ACA(T)661.46CAG(Q)300.81
UCA(S)521.15GUG(V)740.93ACC(T)360.80CAU(H)461.15
AGU(S)501.11GUC(V)420.53ACG(T)120.27CAC(H)340.85
AGG(S)380.84UUA(L)1511.56UUU(T)2161.38AAA(K)461.12
AGA(S)340.75UUG(L)1481.53UUC(T)980.62AAG(K)360.88
AGC(S)180.40CUA(L)1151.19UAU(Y)861.33UGA(W)601.10
UCG(S)160.35CUU(L)740.77UAC(Y)430.67UGG(W)490.90
CGA(R)291.81CUC(L)590.61GGA(G)921.31GAA(E)501.10
CGU(R)191.19CUG(L)330.34GGG(G)921.31GAG(E)410.90
CGG(R)90.56GCU(A)941.55GGU(G)690.99GAC(D)401.08
CGC(R)70.44GCC(A)631.04GGC(G)270.39GAU(D)340.92
CCA(P)611.64GCA(A)580.96AAU(N)771.29AUG(M)881.05
CCU(P)521.40GCG(A)270.45AAC(N)420.71AUA(M)800.95
CCG(P)200.54UGU(C)451.50AUU(I)1451.19UAA81.23
CCC(P)160.43UGC(C)150.50AUC(I)980.81UAG50.77
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945796202941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Nucleotide sequence identity among 10 species of abalone based on whole mitochondrial genome

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种核酸相似性/%
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens100
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai89.15100
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris82.8683.41100
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra80.9480.9780.73100
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata80.8080.6680.2391.89100
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata81.5181.3981.3283.8483.37100
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor81.0380.7780.1683.0982.8082.59100
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina80.1079.9579.0682.1481.9281.3681.54100
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens88.1690.9483.4181.5181.1281.6181.5980.75100
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii87.9090.0383.4681.2580.9881.1980.6480.5591.62100
), ArticleFig(id=1215313945871700415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375592545587416, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

基于线粒体全序列的10种鲍种间核酸相似性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种核酸相似性/%
绿鲍 Haliotis fulgens100
皱纹盘鲍 Haliotis discus hannai89.15100
黑足鲍 Haliotis iris82.8683.41100
黑唇鲍 Haliotis rubra80.9480.9780.73100
绿唇鲍 Haliotis laevigata80.8080.6680.2391.89100
欧洲疣鲍 Haliotis tuberculata81.5181.3981.3283.8483.37100
杂色鲍 Haliotis diversicolor81.0380.7780.1683.0982.8082.59100
羊鲍 Haliotis ovina80.1079.9579.0682.1481.9281.3681.54100
红鲍 Haliotis rufescens88.1690.9483.4181.5181.1281.6181.5980.75100
黑鲍 Haliotis cracherodii87.9090.0383.4681.2580.9881.1980.6480.5591.62100
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绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)线粒体基因组全序列测定及分析
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郭睿 1, 2 , 张善霹 1, 2, * , 蔡雷鸣 1, 2 , 杨小强 1, 2 , 王伟 1, 2 , 江小斌 1, 2 , 林钦 3 , 林枫 3 , 林哲龙 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(5): 64-78
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(5): 64-78
绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)线粒体基因组全序列测定及分析
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郭睿1, 2 , 张善霹1, 2, * , 蔡雷鸣1, 2, 杨小强1, 2, 王伟1, 2, 江小斌1, 2, 林钦3, 林枫3, 林哲龙3
作者信息
  • 1 福州海洋研究院 海洋与渔业技术研究中心,福建 福州 350108
  • 2 福州市海洋与渔业技术中心,福建 福州 350007
  • 3 福建省连江县官坞海产开发有限公司,福建 连江 350511
  • 郭睿(1986-),男,河北省石家庄市人,高级农艺师,从事水生动物遗传和疫病研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张善霹(1969-),男,高级工程师,主要从事水产养殖技术研究。E-mail:
Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens)
Rui Guo1, 2 , Shanpi Zhang1, 2, * , Leiming Cai1, 2, Xiaoqiang Yang1, 2, Wei Wang1, 2, Xiaobin Jiang1, 2, Qin Lin3, Feng Lin3, Zhelong Lin3
Affiliations
  • 1Marine and Fisheries Technology Research Center, Institute of Oceanography of Fuzhou, Fuzhou 350108, China
  • 2Fuzhou Ocean and Fisheries Technology Center, Fuzhou 350007, China
  • 3Fujian Lianjiang Guanwu Marine Products and Development Co., Ltd., Lianjiang 350511, China
出版时间: 2023-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023050
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为高效鉴别鲍属物种和更好地管理和保护鲍种质资源,本研究通过高通量测序获得了养殖绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)稚贝的线粒体基因组全序列,并对其序列和结构特征进行分析。结果表明,绿鲍线粒体基因组全长17 041 bp,含有37个编码基因,其中蛋白质编码基因13个、tRNA基因22个、rRNA基因2个。13个蛋白质编码基因均以AUG为起始密码子,以UAG或UAA为终止密码子。除tRNA-Ser(AGN)外的21个tRNA基因可折叠成典型三叶草结构。分析发现tRNA-Glu和COX3间存在富含A+T的非编码区,其内含有2个带回文序列的发卡结构。基于已报道的10个鲍属线粒体基因组全序列构建系统发育树,发现绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)、红鲍(Haliotis rufescens)、黑鲍(Haliotis cracherodii)聚为一支。将绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍13个线粒体编码蛋白的结构域比较,发现二者ND2ND4的跨膜结构域数量存在差异,这是否与二者的高温耐受性差异有关,有待进一步研究。总之,绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列的首次获取和分析,丰富了鲍类细胞遗传信息,为分类、种质鉴定与种质资源保护提供了基础数据和参考。

绿鲍  /  线粒体基因组  /  基因组组成  /  系统发育  /  结构域

To identify abalone species effectively for better management and protection of abalone germplasm resources, we have obtained the complete mitochondrial genome of juvenile green abalone (Haliotis fulgens) through high-throughput sequencing, and its sequences and structural characteristics are analyzed accordingly. The results show that the mitogenome of H. fulgens is 17 041 bp in total length and encoded 37 genes, including 13 protein coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes and 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. The 13 protein coding genes used AUG as the starting codon and UAA or UAG as the termination codon. Twenty-one tRNA genes other than tRNA-Ser(AGN) could be folded into a typical cloverleaf structure. There is a rich A+T non-coding region between tRNA-Glu and COX3, with two hairpin structures containing palindromes in it. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the reported complete mitochondrial genome sequences of Haliotis genus species, and phylogenetic analysis shows that H. fulgens is clustered with H. discus hannai, H. rufescens and H. cracherodii. Comparing the domains of 13 proteins of mitogenome of H. fulgens and H. discus hannai, we found the number of transmembrane domains of ND2 or ND4 dehydrogenase subunits were different in them. Whether this is related to the difference of high temperature tolerance between them needs further study. In brief, the first acquisition and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of H. fulgens has enriched the abalone cellular genetic information, and provided basic data and references for abalone species classification, germplasm identification, and protection of germplasm resources of H. fulgens as well.

Haliotis fulgens  /  mitochondrial genome  /  genome composition  /  phylogeny  /  domain
郭睿, 张善霹, 蔡雷鸣, 杨小强, 王伟, 江小斌, 林钦, 林枫, 林哲龙. 绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens)线粒体基因组全序列测定及分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (5) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023050
Rui Guo, Shanpi Zhang, Leiming Cai, Xiaoqiang Yang, Wei Wang, Xiaobin Jiang, Qin Lin, Feng Lin, Zhelong Lin. Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of green abalone (Haliotis fulgens)[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (5) : 64 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023050
中国是鲍生产与消费大国,2021年我国鲍养殖产量达21.78×104 t[1]。然受限于养殖品种与环境,每年培育的大型精品鲍有限,引进、繁育高产优质鲍种对我国鲍养殖产业的振兴与提升国际竞争力具有重要现实意义。依据世界海洋物种目录(World Register of Marine Species,WoRMS,https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1052447),鲍隶属软体动物门(Mollusca)、腹足纲(Gastropoda)、深海白笠目(Lepetellida)、鲍总科(Haliotoidea)、鲍科(Haliotidae),是鲍属(Haliotis)物种的统称。鲍广泛分布于世界热带、亚热带和温带海域。因肉质鲜美、营养丰富、符合高蛋低脂的健康饮食需求,被誉为海产八珍之首。目前世界上发现近百种鲍,在已命名的56种[2]中有约20种是重要的海水养殖经济贝类[3-4],其中大型鲍多分布于温带地区,小型鲍多分布于热带地区[3]。绿鲍(Haliotis fulgens),原产于美国的南加利福尼亚、墨西哥的下加利福尼亚半岛(Baja California Sur)西海岸,为大型暖水鲍种,具有耐高温、肉质鲜、价值高等优点,一度引领当地渔业发展,然因过度捕捞、海洋气候变化等因素,其野生种群数量日益减少,2021年2月绿鲍被世界自然保护联盟(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources,IUCN)濒危物种红皮书(Red List of Threatened Species)变更为极危物种(Critically Endangered,https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/78768961/78772463)。绿鲍自20世纪80年代引入我国[5-6],之后20多年未见继代自繁和成功用于杂交的报道[6]。直到2010年厦门大学柯才焕课题组对美国绿鲍再次引种,经皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)与绿鲍的种间杂交实验,成功收获杂交种(H. discus hannai ♀× H. fulgens ♂),随后对二者杂交授精关键影响因素和种间杂交制种技术开展系列研究[7-9]
线粒体是真核细胞中一种半自主性细胞器,其基质内含有一套自身的遗传体系,即线粒体基因组,其中富含可用于种群遗传和系统分类研究的分子标记。近年来高通量测序技术结合生物信息学注释分析的方法已广泛应用于动物线粒体基因组的测定[10-12],所获得的线粒体基因组序列信息可用于物种鉴定、群体遗传分化及系统发育等研究领域[13-14]。近年来在水生动物研究中,应用巨石斑鱼(Epinephelus tauvina)与斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的线粒体基因组序列信息对二者进行了物种有效性分析[15],对龙虾科[16]、梭子蟹科[17]、帘蛤科[18]物种的线粒体基因组全序开展了系统发育研究,陆续测定和分析了黄条鰤(Seriola aureovittata[19]、太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus[20]、格氏束腰蟹(Somanniathelphusa grayi[21]、洞穴丽蚌(Lamprotula caveata[22]、瓜螺(Melo melo[23]等的线粒体基因组全序。此外,当前有9个鲍属物种线粒体基因组全序列或近全序列报道(表1),包括黑唇鲍(H. rubra[24]、欧洲疣鲍(H. tuberculata[25]、杂色鲍(H. diversicolor[26]、皱纹盘鲍[12, 27]、绿唇鲍(H. laevigata[11]、黑足鲍(H. iris[28]、羊鲍(H. ovina[29]等,相关研究集中于线粒体全序列测定和系统发育分析。
近年来有关绿鲍的研究主要涉及野生种群遗传多样性与种群基因组学[30-31]、与近源种红鲍(H. rufescens)的抗病差异[32]、摄食变化及饲料优化[33-34]、环境应激下转录组分析及应激响应[35-36]、环境对产卵活动影响[37]等领域,未见绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列的报道。然而绿鲍属于海洋贝类中的极危物种,是我国引进的优质鲍种,对其开展线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析研究有助于绿鲍的生物资源保护及繁育工作。鉴于此,福州市海洋与渔业技术研究中心的杂交鲍种质研究团队采集引自墨西哥西海岸的养殖绿鲍自繁稚贝样本,利用高通量测序技术开展其线粒体基因组全序列测定与结构特征研究,首次报道了绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列,进一步分析了鲍属贝类系统进化关系,旨在为鲍种分类、种质鉴定、良种选育提供可靠的理论基础和技术支撑。
随机采集连江官坞养殖场2019年引种于墨西哥西海岸的绿鲍自繁子代稚贝3粒,壳长0.3~0.5 cm,将整粒去壳经无菌水冲洗后置于无水乙醇中−20℃冻存。使用北京天根海洋动物组织基因组DNA提取试剂盒按照说明书提取整粒鲍的DNA,并用NanoDrop ND2000c超微量核酸分析仪和0.8%琼脂糖核酸电泳检测DNA的浓度、纯度及完整性。
参考GenBank中报道的绿鲍cytB基因片段(GenBank登录号:MH427178.1)及同属红鲍等的线粒体基因组序列(表1),使用Primer Premier 5设计带M13接头的兼并引物(下划线标记序列为M13接头序列),用于扩增绿鲍cytB基因片段,上游引物序列HfcbF:CAGGAAACAGCTATGACCGCATAAGCCAATTCGTAARGTG;下游引物序列HfcbR:TGTAAAACGACGGCCAGTCTAATATTCAAGAATATTRTCYCAYAAC。使用德国Biometra TRIO PCR仪扩增目的片段,PCR体系包含:2×GoTaq Master Mix(美国Promega) 20 μL,绿鲍基因组DNA 100 ng,HfcbF(10 μmol/L)和HfcbR(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,加灭菌水补至40 μL。PCR程序设置为:95℃预变性5 min,95℃变性25 s,58℃退火25 s,72℃延伸1 min,充分延伸5 min,4℃ 10 min静置。使用1%琼脂糖核酸电泳检测PCR产物,使用英国Sygene G:BOX F3凝胶成像系统成像,将含有目的片段的PCR产物送生物技术公司,使用M13测序引物进行一代测序。测序结果校正后进行BLAST比对,以深海白笠目裂螺科(Lepetellida:Fissurellidae)的火山裂螺(Fissurella volcano)线粒体基因组全序列(GenBank登录号:NC016953.1)中提取的cytB基因序列为外群,从鲍属线粒体基因组全序列中提取cytB基因序列并使用MEGA X[38]临接法(Neighbor-Joining,NJ),设置自展检测值(bootstrap tests)1 000,按照默认参数进行cytB基因片段的系统发育树构建。
混合鉴定无误的3个绿鲍基因组DNA样品建立混合池,委托上海凌恩生物技术公司进行二代高通量测序。流程为:通过Covaris M220超声破碎仪将基因组DNA随机打断成300~500 bp片段,采用Illumina TruSeq Nano DNA Sample Prep Kit的方法构建文库,应用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序平台进行双端150 bp测序。对下机数据原始数据使用Trimmomatic v0.39(http://www.usadellab.org/cms/index.php?page=trimmomatic)进行低质量读长修剪得到极正数据。
以报道的红鲍线粒体基因组序列(GenBank登录号:NC036928.1)为参考序列,使用SPAdes v3.14.1(http://bioinf.spbau.ru/spades)软件对极正数据进行拼接和组装,使用MITOS[39]对线粒体基因组进行蛋白质编码基因(Protein-Coding Gene,PCG)、转运RNA(tRNA)基因和核糖体RNA(rRNA)基因的预测和结构分析。使用Tandem Repeats Finder(TRF)检索线粒体基因组序列中串联重复序列[40]。对MITOS预测的初始基因与参考基因组比对以校正基因的起始、终止密码子位置。使用OGDRAW[41]对组装后的基因组序列进行圈图展示。将13条蛋白序列在NCBI非冗余蛋白质数据库中使用BLAST的blastp(E-value小于10−5)与已报道鲍属线粒体蛋白质基因比对以进行基因的功能注释。
使用DNAMAN序列分析软件8和MEGA X进行绿鲍线粒体基因组各部碱基组成特征和密码子偏好性分析。使用Clustal Omega(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalo/)对10个线粒体基因组全序列的核苷酸相似性比较。以火山裂螺为外群,将新测的绿鲍线粒体全序与表1中报道的鲍属线粒体全序通过MAFFT 7(https://mafft.cbrc.jp/alignment/server/index.html)进行多序列比对,比对结果应用MEGA X使用同上方法构建NJ系统发育树,产生的树图使用iTOL(https://itol.embl.de/)展示。使用DNAMAN序列分析软件8对绿鲍及近缘种皱纹盘鲍(GenBank登录号:KF724723.1)13个蛋白质的氨基酸序列进行氨基酸序列相似性计算,并使用TBtools v1.09876对二者13个蛋白质的氨基酸序列进行结构域检索和可视化分析[42]
稚贝cytB基因片段测序后,经校正得1 086 bp,提交序列到GenBank(登录号:ON932192.1)。该序列在线BLAST比对与绿鲍cytB基因片段(GenBank登录号:MH427178.1)序列相似性达100%。将该序列与同属近源鲍种cytB序列使用NJ法构建系统发育树,稚贝cytB序列与上述绿鲍cytB基因聚为一支(图1,本研究稚贝cytB序列号后标),说明所采集稚贝样本为绿鲍。
采用Illumina高通量测序技术,测序获得原始数据 8.260 Gb,经质量修剪后得极正数据 8.195 Gb,极正数据 Q20为96.99%,Q30为90.08%,说明测序质量良好。所测数据经拼接组装成单一环状序列,初步表明获得绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列。所测绿鲍线粒体全长17 041 bp(GenBank登录号:ON920309.1),包含13个PCGs、22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1个推测的非编码控制区(Control Region,CR)(图2)。PCG长度为11 193 nt、tRNA基因长度为1 517 bp、rRNA基因长度为2 433 bp、CR长度为1 010 bp,分别占整个线粒体长度的65.68%、8.90%、14.28%和5.93%。绿鲍线粒体各基因大小、位置及排列顺序等注释信息见表2图3
比较报道的鲍属贝类线粒体基因组碱基组成(表3),发现各鲍种线粒体基因组A+T含量(57.8%~62.3%)均高于G+C含量(37.7%~42.2%),核苷酸组成具有明显的AT偏好性,其中本研究绿鲍的A+T含量在全基因组的占比为60.6%,在PCG组为59.7%,在tRNA基因组为59.1%,在rRNA基因组为61.2%,在CR更是高达67.0%,表现出同样的AT偏好性。本研究中绿鲍线粒体全基因组碱基含量由高到低依次为:A(36.2%)、C(26.5%)、T(24.4%)、G(12.9%),AT偏移碱基组成和GC偏移碱基组成分别为0.195和−0.345,其他鲍属贝类线粒体基因组中鸟嘌呤(G)含量较本研究的更高(13.4%~27.3%),腺嘌呤(A)含量较本研究的更低(23.9%~35.9%),与绿唇鲍和黑鲍不同,绿鲍GC偏移碱基中鸟嘌呤(G)含量远低于胞嘧啶(C)含量,而且GC偏移达到最小(−0.345)。通过以上分析发现,鲍属贝类37个编码基因的碱基组成在PCGs、tRNA和rRNA基因中表现出相对较高的胸腺嘧啶(T)含量和相对较少的胞嘧啶(C)含量,且本研究中绿鲍tRNA基因的胞嘧啶(C)含量较其他鲍略低,绿鲍控制区含有相对较高的腺嘌呤(A)和胸腺嘧啶或尿嘧啶(T/U)。
本研究使用无脊椎动物线粒体密码子表(The Invertebrate Mitochondrial Code),发现绿鲍13个PCGs均使用AUG作为起始密码子,使用UAA或UAG作为终止密码子,可使用UGA编码色氨酸(Tryptophan,Trp,W),可使用AGA、AGG编码丝氨酸(Serine,Ser,S)。其中,UAA为ATP8ATP6COX1COX3ND2ND3ND4ND5这8个基因的终止密码子,UAG为cytBCOX2ND1ND4LND6这5个基因的终止密码子。13个PCGs编码序列中除终止密码子外共有3 718个密码子。对其分析碱基使用频率,密码子第一位点以U为主(30.7%),G次之(26.9%);第二位点以U为主(43.5%),C次之(21.3%);第三位点以U为主(34.7%),A次之(27.4%),3个位点均存在明显尿嘧啶碱基偏好性。
对密码子进行相对同义密码子使用率(Relative Synonymous Codon Usage,RSCU)分析的结果表明,绿鲍13个PCGs中存在31个偏好密码子(RSCU>1),所编码的20种氨基酸均由至少2种密码子编码,除密码子AUG(编码Methionine,Met,M)和GAC(编码Aspartic acid,Asp,D)外,其余18种氨基酸的不同偏好密码子中第3位为U、A碱基的密码子占比达80.6%(25/31),而且18种氨基酸中每一种氨基酸对应RSCU值最高的密码子第三位点均为U或A(表4)。
绿鲍16S rRNA基因和12S rRNA的序列长度分别为1 400 bp和1 033 bp,均位于L链。两个rRNA基因位于tRNA-Leu(CUN)和tRNA-Met之间并以tRNA-Val间隔开,与其他鲍属贝类一致。通过对绿鲍的22个tRNA基因进行定位及二级结构预测分析,发现22个tRNA基因分布于13个PCGs之间,大小从66 bp到73 bp不等。其中,包括2个tRNA-Ser,在重链(H)和轻链(L)各1个;2个tRNA-Leu,均位于L链上且连续分布(图3)。此外,发现绿鲍两对相邻的tRNA(tRNA-Asp与tRNA-Lys、tRNA-Lys与tRNA-Ala)间存在1个或5个核苷酸的基因重叠的现象。22个tRNA基因中的8个由H链编码,14个由L链编码(表2图3),除tRNA-Ser(AGN)外均可折叠成典型三叶草结构,但其中tRNA-Asp、tRNA-Lys、tRNA-Ala、tRNA-Gln、tRNA-Cys、tRNA-Trp的氨基酸臂、反密码子茎或TψC茎上分别存在1对由非互补碱基形成的错配或凸环,而tRNA-Ser(AGN)因缺失二氢尿嘧啶茎不能形成三叶草结构(图4)。
在绿鲍线粒体非编码区共识别出5处基因序列重复区,均位于tRNA-Glu和COX3之间,重复序列总长为256 bp,最大碱基重叠数为49 bp,最小碱基重叠数为2 bp。有33个间隔序列分布在各编码基因间,长度大小在1~1 010 bp之间。在最长的1 010 bp间隔序列中A+T含量达67.0%,从中检测到串联重复序列,比如(AT)15,(ATAC)3等,以及一段多聚胞嘧啶(C)17序列。使用MITOS从中发现2段存在回文序列的发卡结构,一段位于基因组16 385~16 579之间,从上述第3个ATAC开始,包含(AT)15,长度为195 nt,最小自由能(Minimum Free Energy,MFE)为−70.3;一段位于基因组17 003~17 041之间,长度为39 nt,MFE为−1.5(图5)。推测该1 010 bp长链非编码序列为控制区,与线粒体基因组H链复制起始有关。
将绿鲍线粒体基因组全序列与已报道鲍属的线粒体全序列进行基因组水平的核苷酸序列相似性分析,发现绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍、红鲍、黑鲍具有较高的核酸序列相似性(87.90%~89.15%,表5)。依据线粒体全基因组构建的系统发育树如图6所示,10种鲍分属两个类群,其中绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍、红鲍、黑鲍及黑足鲍聚为一个分支,表明以上鲍种亲缘关系较近。
将绿鲍及其近缘种皱纹盘鲍(GenBank登录号:KF724723.1)的13个线粒体编码蛋白进行序列相似性计算和结构域对比,发现二者所编码蛋白质均小于600个氨基酸。细胞色素相关蛋白均含有各自的特征pfam结构域且相对保守,氨基酸序列相似性为98.42%~100%;ATP相关蛋白ATP8氨基酸序列相似性最低,为90.74%,ATP6氨基酸序列相似性较高,为99.13%;两种鲍各NADH脱氢酶亚基氨基酸序列相似性为93.02%~98.99%,除了含有各自特征的氧化、还原结构域外,ND2、ND4、ND5、ND6含有跨膜结构域,ND6含有信号肽序列,其中绿鲍ND2蛋白氨基端较皱纹盘鲍少1个跨膜结构域,绿鲍ND4蛋白羧基端较皱纹盘鲍多1个跨膜结构域(图7)。
本研究采用二代高通量测序技术首次获得了绿鲍线粒体基因组全序,与近年来二代测序获得的绿唇鲍[11]、皱纹盘鲍[12]和羊鲍[29]以及早期一代测序拼接获得的杂色鲍[26]、黑足鲍[28]等的线粒体基因组相比,绿鲍线粒体基因组全长17 041 bp,长度在已测序鲍属物种线粒体基因组长度范围内(表1),可编码37个基因,这些编码基因及其排列顺序与其他鲍相同[11-12, 24-29]。比较鲍属不同物种37个编码基因的碱基组成发现,AT偏移均为负而GC偏移均为正(表3),表明碱基T和G出现的频率分别大于A和C,这种现象广泛存在于牡蛎(Crassostrea virginica)、扇贝(Chlamy farreri)等软体动物线粒体基因组中[43],但在大多数脊椎动物中A和C出现的频率分别大于T和G[44]。有报道称这种碱基偏移通常是由复制中的非对称定向突变和选择压力造成[45]
线粒体基因组AT含量大于GC含量是后生动物线粒体基因组的普遍特征[46],典型的无脊椎动物的密码子偏好以A或U结尾[47]。软体动物绿鲍同其他鲍属物种的线粒体基因组也不例外,这种趋势也体现在蛋白质编码基因的碱基组成中。绿鲍13种蛋白质编码基因密码子第三位的AT含量高达62.1%,除了编码蛋氨酸和天冬氨酸外的18种氨基酸的偏好密码子中RSCU值最高的密码子都是U或A。密码子第三位AT含量较高的现象在多种异齿亚纲贝类中存在[48],在腹足类贝类线粒体PCGs中也较为常见[26,49-50]。该现象可能与密码子第三位的摆动性有关,参考克里克摆动假说(the wobble hypothesis),反密码子第一位可以与密码子第三位允许非标准碱基配对,如G与U/C、U与A/G配对[51]。在绿鲍中除了起始密码子AUG对应的反密码子第一位为C,其余反密码子第一位均不为C,当PCGs中偏好密码子以U或A结尾时,可较快速与tRNA上的反密码子配对,或有利于核糖体快速扫描高效翻译。
在线粒体基因组中可供选择的起始密码子包括AUG、AUC、AUU、CUA、CUU、UUA、GUG、UUG等[48, 52]。某些情况下,准确鉴定起始密码子是比较困难的,特别是在这个区域出现多个可选择的起始密码子时[53]。AUN作为后生动物传统起始密码子[54],在鲍属物种线粒体PCG中使用较多的为AUG和AUA,后者较多作为NADH氧化还原酶亚基相关基因的起始密码子,如黑唇鲍ND1ND5[24]、欧洲疣鲍的ND4L[25]、皱纹盘鲍ND4ND5[12, 27]。绿鲍的13个PCG均以AUG为起始密码子,可能与注释线粒体时所用软件的算法或版本有关。不同鲍种(包括绿鲍)的终止密码子均为UAA或UAG,没有发现其他经济贝类如西施舌中出现的不完全终止密码子TA或T[55]。绿鲍所使用的起始密码子和终止密码子均为鲍属贝类常见密码子,是自然选择和适应性进化的结果。
动物线粒体基因组基因排列紧凑,基因间隔较小,普遍存在基因重叠现象。在哺乳动物中的基因重叠被认为具有防止基因顺序重排和基因在进化中丢失的作用,以免对生物体造成有害影响[56]。在无脊椎动物蜈蚣(Seculamonas ecuadoriensis[57]、冠蚌(Cristaria plicata[58]、仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus[59]等各类群物种中也存在基因重叠现象,或具有与哺乳动物中的相似作用。在鲍属物种线粒体编码基因中,同样存在不同tRNA间或tRNA与PCG间的基因重叠,如皱纹盘鲍tRNA-Lys与tRNA-Ala存在4 nt重叠、tRNA-His与ND5存在3 nt重叠[12],杂色鲍tRNA-His与ND5存在3 nt重叠[26]。在绿鲍中同样存在这一现象,如tRNA-Asp与tRNA-Lys存在1 nt重叠、tRNA-Lys与tRNA-Ala存在5 nt重叠。在软体动物线粒体tRNA的二级结构中存在缺失二氢尿嘧啶茎环或TψC茎环的特殊现象[60],其中tRNA-Ser(AGN)因通常缺失二氢尿嘧啶茎环,而不具有经典三叶草结构[61],不同鲍种的tRNA-Ser(AGN)常存在该现象,比如黑唇鲍和杂色鲍的tRNA-Ser(AGN),而这一现象在绿鲍tRNA-Ser(AGN)中同样存在。有报道称后生动物中,线粒体tRNA可通过转录后编译修复缺失的臂,从而形成典型三叶草结构[62]。此外,在tRNA中除了常见的沃森—克里克碱基配对和RNA中的GU配对外,还存在诸如UC、GC、AC、GG、UU等配对或错配凸环现象,如黑唇鲍tRNA-Arg和tRNA-Lys中存在UC、GC、AC等[24],皱纹盘鲍和黑足鲍tRNA-Asp、tRNA-Ala中存在GG、AC等[28]。本研究发现绿鲍中有6个tRNA存在该现象(图4),而且tRNA-Asp、tRNA-Ala、tRNA-Cys、tRNA-Trp与房孝宁[28]报道的皱纹盘鲍和黑足鲍中对应tRNA碱基错配或凸环位置完全一致,推测这4个tRNA序列比较保守。
脊椎动物线粒体非编码区或控制区中存在较保守的控制区特征,而无脊椎动物中对应区域的序列并不保守,存在很多变化[63],在非编码区仅包含一些类似脊椎动物控制区中存在的特征,如串联重复序列,发卡结构等,其具体位置和调控功能尚不明确[64]。在软体动物牡蛎[65]、扇贝[66]、鸟尾蛤(Acanthocardia tuberculata[67]等的线粒体最长非编码区中都有存在串联重复序列的报道。有关鲍属线粒体非编码区或控制区的研究较少,有报道评估了黑唇鲍线粒体基因组假定控制区的大小,在其中发现一段可能由GC富集区隔开的(AT)n串联重复序列[24]。本研究在绿鲍假定控制区中,发现部分(AT)n串联重复序列,部分可形成带有回文序列的发卡结构,其后为含有多聚胞嘧啶的GC富集区,末尾再次出现发卡结构(图5),与上述黑唇鲍控制区的序列特征存在一定的相似性,推测在线粒体复制中可起到调控作用,有待进一步研究。
随着鲍属贝类线粒体基因研究的深入和基因组全序列的丰富,其系统发育研究日趋完善。早期仅可用部分线粒体基因片段,如Wormhoudt等[25]对17种鲍及亚种联合使用线粒体基因COX1、16S rRNA和核基因ITS1构建PHYML树进行系统发育分析。随着近年来公布的线粒体基因组序列增多,Xin等[26]对包括4种鲍属贝类(杂色鲍、皱纹盘鲍、黑唇鲍和欧洲疣鲍)的腹足类物种进行了系统发育分析;房孝宁[28]对腹足纲51个种(包括鲍属6个种)的13个PCG进行NJ法系统发育分析,并在鲍属中发现皱纹盘鲍与黑足鲍具有较近的亲缘关系并聚为一支;Guo等[27]将其所测的皱纹盘鲍线粒体全序列,与采自韩国巨济的皱纹盘鲍样本[12]进行全序列比较,并与之前报道的7种鲍线粒体基因组(新增红鲍)提取13个PCGs核酸序列进行最大似然法建树分析,在其构建的系统发育树中皱纹盘鲍、红鲍和黑足鲍聚为一支。使用本研究所获得的绿鲍线粒体基因组序列与数据库中的其他9种鲍的线粒体基因组序列进行线粒体基因组水平的序列相似性分析,发现绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍、红鲍、黑鲍间的序列相似性在87.90%~89.15%,进行10种鲍基因组全序列的系统发育树构建与之前报道的分析结果类似[25, 27],也与上文仅用cytB构建的系统发育树基本一致,即绿鲍与皱纹盘鲍、红鲍、黑鲍和黑足鲍聚为一支,黑唇鲍、绿唇鲍、欧洲疣鲍、杂色鲍和羊鲍聚为一支。其中绿鲍所在分支均为北太平洋沿岸类群,推测鲍种亲缘关系的远近与其地理分布远近具有较大关系,有待获得更多鲍属线粒体基因组序列后加以确定。
比较绿鲍和皱纹盘鲍的13个PCGs氨基酸序列及对应的结构域,发现二者ND2ND4的跨膜结构域数量不同。ND2ND4都是NADH氧化还原酶亚基之一,作为线粒体内膜呼吸链的重要组成部分,参与机体的能量代谢[61]。绿鲍分布于中低纬度海域,较适应高温环境,其自身能量代谢水平较高,而皱纹盘鲍分布于较高纬度海域,环境水温相对较低,其能量代谢水平也较低。而上述ND2ND4结构域数量差异产生的蛋白功能差异或与两个物种长期适应性进化中产生的高温耐受性差异有关,这与不同水温环境下的海洋或淡水双壳贝类因线粒体部分基因的序列差异产生的能量代谢水平差异类似[68]。这种种间线粒体基因序列差异产生的蛋白结构和功能差异有待进一步研究。
本研究首次获得了养殖绿鲍自繁稚贝的线粒体基因组全序列,提供了有关绿鲍线粒体基因结构特点和碱基组成、密码子使用情况、tRNA二级结构、假定控制区的串联重复序列及二级结构等的详实数据,为鲍种分类和种质鉴定、良种选育和杂交育种提供理论支撑,也为后续研究绿鲍遗传进化模式和种质资源保护提供参考。
  • 福州海洋研究院项目(2021F12);福建省科技厅项目(2021S0010)。
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2023年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023050
  • 接收时间:2022-07-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-19
  • 修回日期:2022-10-21
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福州海洋研究院项目(2021F12);福建省科技厅项目(2021S0010)。
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    1 福州海洋研究院 海洋与渔业技术研究中心,福建 福州 350108
    2 福州市海洋与渔业技术中心,福建 福州 350007
    3 福建省连江县官坞海产开发有限公司,福建 连江 350511

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*张善霹(1969-),男,高级工程师,主要从事水产养殖技术研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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