Article(id=1211375591639609933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023064, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659715200000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-06, revisedDate=1669910400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766744047317, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1682870400000, pubDateStr=2023-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766744047317, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766744047317, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766744047317, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211375588842016922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766744046650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924547610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211375591878685262, articleId=1211375591639609933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Analysis of phytoplankton and bacterial community during the first recorded massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, China, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Beibu Gulf is located in the northwestern part of the South China Sea and is experiencing a significant increase in the frequency, duration and extent of harmful algal blooms (HABs) outbreaks in the last 30 years. To characterize phytoplankton and bacterial communities during the massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, seawater samples were collected from the area of a massive N. scintillans outbreak west from Weizhou Island on February 21, 2021, and environmental factors, along with phytoplankton and bacterial communities were analyzed. The results showed that the sea water quality of this area met the standards of Chinese Class I seawater quality, mainly in the absolute phosphate limit state. In recent years, other studies reported low nutrient content and limited phosphorus in waters adjacent to Weizhou Island and in the central part of Beibu Gulf during the non-harmful algal bloom (HAB) period. Therefore, N. scintillans bloom investigated in this study belonged to a non-eutrophication HAB event. Two phyla, five genera, and five species of phytoplankton were identified in seawater, among which N. scintillans was the absolute dominant species, with a cell density of 2.00×103–3.75×103 cells/L. The red discoloration of the sea water was caused by the red heterotrophic N. scintillans. Both phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses demonstrated that the causative N. scintillans in the Beibu Gulf was similar to N. scintillans along the coast of China. High-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene in seawater samples revealed that the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in bacterial community ranged from 294 to 414, with Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria as the dominant groups. The bacterial community structure was affected by various environmental factors, including COD, DO, DIN, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P, and N/P, among which COD was predominant. This research provides new insights into the environmental characteristics and microbial composition of sea water during a massive N. scintillans bloom and will aid bloom management in the Beibu Gulf.

, correspAuthors=Yixiao Xu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Huiling Li, Yixiao Xu, Miao Wu, Wenlu Lan, Huanda Xie, Hu Huang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211375593686430331, articleId=1211375591639609933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北部湾首次记录到的大规模夜光藻赤潮期间浮游植物与细菌群落分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

北部湾位于南海西北部,最近30年赤潮暴发频率、持续时间和范围正经历显著增长。为了了解北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间的浮游植物和细菌群落特征,于2021年2月21日在涠洲岛西部首次大规模夜光藻暴发海域采集海水样品,对环境因子、浮游植物和细菌群落进行了研究。结果表明:该海域水质符合一类海水水质标准,主要为绝对P限制状态,结合近年来其他研究指出的非赤潮期间,涠洲岛邻近及北部湾中部海域为贫营养及主要为P限制,可推断本次夜光藻赤潮属于一次非富营养化下发生的赤潮。海水中共鉴定出浮游植物2门5属5种,其中夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)为绝对优势种,其细胞密度为2.00×103~3.75×103 cells/L。结合现场水色,可确定本次赤潮生物为红色异养型夜光藻。系统发育和遗传距离分析则表明本次赤潮原因种属于我国沿海常见的夜光藻株系。对海水样品细菌16S rRNA基因 V3−V4区高通量测序发现海水细菌群落操作分类单元(OTU)数量为294~414,以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为优势菌群;细菌群落结构受COD、DO、DIN、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-}$−P、N/P多种环境因子的影响,其中COD为主要影响因子。研究结果可为明确北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间的环境特征、微生物组成及海洋生态保护提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=徐轶肖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐轶肖,女,研究员,主要从事海洋有毒有害微藻与海产品安全研究。E-mail:
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黎慧玲(1997-),女,广西壮族自治区阳朔县人,研究方向为区域环境演变与风险评价。E-mail:

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黎慧玲(1997-),女,广西壮族自治区阳朔县人,研究方向为区域环境演变与风险评价。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941467676920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=CN, label=图9, caption=S1−S6站细菌群落子功能丰度热图, figureFileSmall=+zNXgSA7rcg21GuWEGF56g==, figureFileBig=7dRRJ/ajjgf7SJE/2nHPaw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941568340220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Environmental factors in the western part of Weizhou Island during the the massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测站位pH盐度COD/
(mg∙L−1
DO浓度/
(mg∙L−1
DIN浓度/
(mg∙L−1
${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度/
(mg∙L−1
Chl a浓度/
(μg∙L−1
TN浓度/
(mg∙L−1
TP浓度/
(mg∙L−1
富营养化指数N/P
注:“<”表示数据未检出,其后数据为检出限;<0.5的样品均值以0.25计算。
S18.2131.10.728.040.1250.007<0.50.3980.0140.14039.5
S28.2431.20.698.100.0640.003<0.50.3760.0140.02947.2
S38.2331.10.678.190.0390.0021.10.3270.0190.01243.2
S48.2431.30.608.270.0360.0020.80.2930.0160.01039.9
S58.2131.30.447.840.0460.0021.70.2220.0090.00950.9
S68.2031.20.337.700.0570.003<0.50.2430.0090.01342.1
均值8.2231.200.588.020.060.0030.70.3100.0140.03644.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215313941669003520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间涠洲岛西部海域环境因子

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测站位pH盐度COD/
(mg∙L−1
DO浓度/
(mg∙L−1
DIN浓度/
(mg∙L−1
${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度/
(mg∙L−1
Chl a浓度/
(μg∙L−1
TN浓度/
(mg∙L−1
TP浓度/
(mg∙L−1
富营养化指数N/P
注:“<”表示数据未检出,其后数据为检出限;<0.5的样品均值以0.25计算。
S18.2131.10.728.040.1250.007<0.50.3980.0140.14039.5
S28.2431.20.698.100.0640.003<0.50.3760.0140.02947.2
S38.2331.10.678.190.0390.0021.10.3270.0190.01243.2
S48.2431.30.608.270.0360.0020.80.2930.0160.01039.9
S58.2131.30.447.840.0460.0021.70.2220.0090.00950.9
S68.2031.20.337.700.0570.003<0.50.2430.0090.01342.1
均值8.2231.200.588.020.060.0030.70.3100.0140.03644.3
), ArticleFig(id=1215313941748695300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Phytoplankton compositon and density

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势种细胞密度/(cells∙L−1
S1站位S3站位
夜光藻 Noctiluca scintillans2.00×1033.75×103
钟扁甲藻Pyrophacus horologicum04.17×102
叉角藻 Ceratium furca4.76×1020
异角盒形藻 Biddulphia heteroceros4.76×1020
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides08.33×102
合计2.95×1035.00×103
), ArticleFig(id=1215313941811609863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

浮游植物组成及密度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优势种细胞密度/(cells∙L−1
S1站位S3站位
夜光藻 Noctiluca scintillans2.00×1033.75×103
钟扁甲藻Pyrophacus horologicum04.17×102
叉角藻 Ceratium furca4.76×1020
异角盒形藻 Biddulphia heteroceros4.76×1020
菱形海线藻 Thalassionema nitzschioides08.33×102
合计2.95×1035.00×103
), ArticleFig(id=1215313941891301641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

OTUs number and Alpha diversity related indices at stations S1−S6

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位有效序列OTUShannonSimpsonChao 1ACECoverage/%PD
S1121 3382944.0080.867310.081318.118100.0026.544
S2129 8603294.1360.856319.895324.875100.0028.339
S3132 1403224.0280.846318.000317.332100.0037.902
S4129 9063794.4980.883367.882373.329100.0045.817
S5135 3463784.8290.915380.750385.921100.0043.080
S6133 8704144.5880.881417.000415.785100.0045.073
均值130 4103534.3480.875352.268355.893100.0037.793
), ArticleFig(id=1215313941954216204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591639609933, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各站位OTUs数量和Alpha多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站位有效序列OTUShannonSimpsonChao 1ACECoverage/%PD
S1121 3382944.0080.867310.081318.118100.0026.544
S2129 8603294.1360.856319.895324.875100.0028.339
S3132 1403224.0280.846318.000317.332100.0037.902
S4129 9063794.4980.883367.882373.329100.0045.817
S5135 3463784.8290.915380.750385.921100.0043.080
S6133 8704144.5880.881417.000415.785100.0045.073
均值130 4103534.3480.875352.268355.893100.0037.793
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北部湾首次记录到的大规模夜光藻赤潮期间浮游植物与细菌群落分析
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黎慧玲 1, 2 , 徐轶肖 1, 2, * , 吴淼 1, 2 , 蓝文陆 3 , 谢欢达 1, 2 , 黄鹄 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(5): 39-52
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(5): 39-52
北部湾首次记录到的大规模夜光藻赤潮期间浮游植物与细菌群落分析
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黎慧玲1, 2 , 徐轶肖1, 2, * , 吴淼1, 2, 蓝文陆3, 谢欢达1, 2, 黄鹄4
作者信息
  • 1 南宁师范大学 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室,广西 南宁 530001
  • 2 南宁师范大学 广西北部湾智慧海洋牧场工程研究中心,广西 南宁 530001
  • 3 广西壮族自治区海洋环境监测中心站 北部湾海洋生态环境广西野外科学观测研究站,广西 北海 536000
  • 4 北部湾大学 广西北部湾海洋环境变化与灾害研究重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011
  • 黎慧玲(1997-),女,广西壮族自治区阳朔县人,研究方向为区域环境演变与风险评价。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*徐轶肖,女,研究员,主要从事海洋有毒有害微藻与海产品安全研究。E-mail:
Analysis of phytoplankton and bacterial community during the first recorded massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, China
Huiling Li1, 2 , Yixiao Xu1, 2, * , Miao Wu1, 2, Wenlu Lan3, Huanda Xie1, 2, Hu Huang4
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Environment Change and Resources Use in Beibu Gulf, Ministry of Education, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
  • 2Guangxi Beibu Gulf Intelligent Marine Ranching Engineering Research Center, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
  • 3Beibu Gulf Marine Ecological Environment Field Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of Guangxi, Beihai 536000, China
  • 4Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Change and Disaster in Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
出版时间: 2023-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023064
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北部湾位于南海西北部,最近30年赤潮暴发频率、持续时间和范围正经历显著增长。为了了解北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间的浮游植物和细菌群落特征,于2021年2月21日在涠洲岛西部首次大规模夜光藻暴发海域采集海水样品,对环境因子、浮游植物和细菌群落进行了研究。结果表明:该海域水质符合一类海水水质标准,主要为绝对P限制状态,结合近年来其他研究指出的非赤潮期间,涠洲岛邻近及北部湾中部海域为贫营养及主要为P限制,可推断本次夜光藻赤潮属于一次非富营养化下发生的赤潮。海水中共鉴定出浮游植物2门5属5种,其中夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)为绝对优势种,其细胞密度为2.00×103~3.75×103 cells/L。结合现场水色,可确定本次赤潮生物为红色异养型夜光藻。系统发育和遗传距离分析则表明本次赤潮原因种属于我国沿海常见的夜光藻株系。对海水样品细菌16S rRNA基因 V3−V4区高通量测序发现海水细菌群落操作分类单元(OTU)数量为294~414,以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)为优势菌群;细菌群落结构受COD、DO、DIN、${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-}$−P、N/P多种环境因子的影响,其中COD为主要影响因子。研究结果可为明确北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间的环境特征、微生物组成及海洋生态保护提供科学依据。

夜光藻赤潮  /  浮游植物  /  细菌群落  /  环境因子  /  北部湾

Beibu Gulf is located in the northwestern part of the South China Sea and is experiencing a significant increase in the frequency, duration and extent of harmful algal blooms (HABs) outbreaks in the last 30 years. To characterize phytoplankton and bacterial communities during the massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, seawater samples were collected from the area of a massive N. scintillans outbreak west from Weizhou Island on February 21, 2021, and environmental factors, along with phytoplankton and bacterial communities were analyzed. The results showed that the sea water quality of this area met the standards of Chinese Class I seawater quality, mainly in the absolute phosphate limit state. In recent years, other studies reported low nutrient content and limited phosphorus in waters adjacent to Weizhou Island and in the central part of Beibu Gulf during the non-harmful algal bloom (HAB) period. Therefore, N. scintillans bloom investigated in this study belonged to a non-eutrophication HAB event. Two phyla, five genera, and five species of phytoplankton were identified in seawater, among which N. scintillans was the absolute dominant species, with a cell density of 2.00×103–3.75×103 cells/L. The red discoloration of the sea water was caused by the red heterotrophic N. scintillans. Both phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses demonstrated that the causative N. scintillans in the Beibu Gulf was similar to N. scintillans along the coast of China. High-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene in seawater samples revealed that the number of OTUs (operational taxonomic units) in bacterial community ranged from 294 to 414, with Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria as the dominant groups. The bacterial community structure was affected by various environmental factors, including COD, DO, DIN, ${\rm{PO}}_4^{3-} $-P, and N/P, among which COD was predominant. This research provides new insights into the environmental characteristics and microbial composition of sea water during a massive N. scintillans bloom and will aid bloom management in the Beibu Gulf.

Noctiluca scintillans bloom  /  phytoplankton  /  bacterial community  /  environmental factors  /  Beibu Gulf
黎慧玲, 徐轶肖, 吴淼, 蓝文陆, 谢欢达, 黄鹄. 北部湾首次记录到的大规模夜光藻赤潮期间浮游植物与细菌群落分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (5) : 39 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023064
Huiling Li, Yixiao Xu, Miao Wu, Wenlu Lan, Huanda Xie, Hu Huang. Analysis of phytoplankton and bacterial community during the first recorded massive Noctiluca scintillans bloom in the Beibu Gulf, China[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (5) : 39 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023064
夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)隶属于甲藻门(Dinophyta)、横裂甲藻纲(Dinophyceae)、夜光藻目(Noctilucales)、夜光藻科(Noctiluceae)、夜光藻属(Noctiluca)。根据颜色和营养模式的不同可将其分为红色异养型和绿色混合营养型两类,前者的分布范围很广,从北部到南部的温带水域都有分布,而后者主要生长在热带水域,如阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾[1]。夜光藻是世界上最常见的赤潮生物,因红色型夜光藻在受到潮汐或海浪的干扰时可产生生物荧光,形成“蓝眼泪”现象而广为人知[2]。当水体中夜光藻细胞密度超过3.0×103~1.0×104 cells/L时,认为引发赤潮[3]。我国深受夜光藻赤潮影响,自1933年在浙江沿海首次报道该藻赤潮以来[4],渤海、黄海、东海、南海等地陆续有该赤潮发生的报道[1]。迄今,中国近海暴发的夜光藻赤潮均属于红色异养型[5]。虽然夜光藻无毒,但它的暴发性增殖易造成水体缺氧并向周围环境释放高浓度的氨而导致大量鱼类和无脊椎动物死亡,同时由于其能捕食鱼类和桡足类的卵和幼虫,以及食物网中的小型浮游植物,易引起生态系统失衡[1, 6]
北部湾位于南海西北部,是一个天然的半封闭浅水海湾,具有热带亚热带海洋性气候。自2008年《广西北部湾经济区发展规划》和2009年《广西北部湾经济区重点产业园区布局规划》等政策实施以来,广西北部湾经济区的工业和旅游业发展迅速,海洋生态环境问题也日益突出[7]。其中,北部湾有害赤潮的暴发频率、持续时间和范围过去30年来均显著增加[8-9];赤潮原因种亦发生了明显的演变,从2000年之前的蓝藻门铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)转变为2001−2010年期间的蓝藻、甲藻和硅藻共存,再到2011−2019年的球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa[8]。然而,2021年2月14日在北部湾海域首次暴发了面积高达6 400 km2的大规模夜光藻赤潮,HY-1C/1D卫星海岸带成像仪图像显示赤潮持续了4 d,集中暴发区位于涠洲岛西南部海域(20.4°~21.3°N,107.9°~108.8°E),距离涠洲岛约31 km,夜光藻密度为3.2×105 cells/L,目前本次赤潮未报道对近岸生产生活产生破坏的情况[10-12]
浮游植物和细菌在夜光藻赤潮暴发过程中扮演着重要的作用,可提供所需的食物来源、参与赤潮消亡和生物化学地球循环等过程[13-14]。环境因子如温度、营养盐和水流则是夜光藻种群数量变化的主要影响因素,其在不同水域具有各自的特点[15-16]。目前,全球对有害藻华期间浮游植物和细菌群落及环境因子特征进行了大量研究,但在北部湾海域的相关研究仍非常有限。直到最近,因球形棕囊藻赤潮在北部湾反复暴发,人们才开始关注与该地区球形棕囊藻赤潮暴发密切相关的海洋微生物和浮游植物群落[17-18]。2021年2月暴发的特大规模夜光藻赤潮是北部湾海域新近发生的突出的海洋环境问题,对暴发期间的环境因素、浮游植物和细菌群落特点,以及它们与过去球形棕囊藻赤潮的区别仍不清楚。因此,为了解此次大规模赤潮暴发期间的环境因子状况、夜光藻种类归属及浮游植物和细菌群落特征,我们在夜光藻暴发时的涠洲岛西部海域,采集现场海水样品,对水体中的环境因子、浮游植物组成、夜光藻的ITS序列及细菌群落的16S rRNA基因序列进行了研究,结果可为明确北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮暴发期间的环境特征、微生物组成及海洋生态保护提供科学依据。
HY-1C/1D卫星海岸带成像仪图像显示2021年2月14日在北部湾海域首次暴发了面积高达6 400 km2的大规模夜光藻赤潮,集中暴发区位于涠洲岛西南部海域[10, 12]。2月21日我们在涠洲岛西部、西南部和西北部现场调研的时候,仍发现大量粉色水体,因此2月21日在涠洲岛上述海域的6个站位分别采集了海水样品,对环境因子、浮游植物(1 000 mL)和细菌群落(500 mL)进行分析(图1)。现场观察到水体呈粉红色(图2),结合海水样品的显微镜观察,可确定该赤潮原因种为红色异养型夜光藻。
调查项目包括pH、盐度、化学需氧量(COD)、溶解氧(DO)浓度、亚硝酸盐(${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $-N)浓度、硝酸盐(${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N)浓度、氨盐(${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N)浓度、活性磷酸盐(${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P)浓度、叶绿素a(Chl a)浓度、总氮(TN)浓度、总磷(TP)浓度。样品的采集、运输、贮存及分析均严格参照《海洋监测规范》(GB/T 17378−2007)[19]进行,具体分析方法为:pH、盐度、DO浓度分别采用pH计、盐度计、碘量法进行现场测定,COD、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、Chl a浓度的分析方法分别为碱性高锰酸钾法、磷钼蓝分光光度法、分光光度法;${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $-N浓度、${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N浓度、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N浓度测定分别采用萘乙二胺分光光度法、镉柱还原法、次溴酸盐氧化法;TN浓度和TP浓度测定采用过硫酸钾氧化法。
采用富营养化指数法(E)对海水水质进行分析评价,计算公式如下:
$ E=\frac{化学需氧量\times 无机氮\times 活性磷酸盐}{4\;500}\times {10}^{6} , $
式中,E为富营养化指数,E值越大,富营养化越严重;无机氮(DIN)浓度为${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $-N、${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N三者浓度之和,单位均为mg/L。根据《近岸海域环境监测规范》(HJ 442−2008)[20],参照E值可将海水水质营养状况分成5类:当E<1时,海水处于贫营养化;当E≥1时,海水达到富营养化,其中1≤E<2为轻度富营养化,2≤E<5为中度富营养化,5≤E<15为重富营养化,E≥15为严重度富营养化。
浮游植物在生长过程中需要吸收一定比例的生源要素,以DIN浓度为1 µmol/L(0.014 mg/L),${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度为0.1 µmol/L(0.0031 mg/L),${{\rm {SiO}}_3^{2-}} $-Si浓度为2 µmol/L(0.056 mg/L)作为最低阈值,当海水中的某种营养盐浓度低于相应的最低阈值时,表明该种营养盐为绝对限制因子[21-22];而当海水中的某种营养盐含量高于最低阈值时,则根据Justić等[23]建立的浮游植物对不同营养盐吸收的化学计量关系(摩尔比)评估其潜在限制情况:(a)潜在N限制,N/P<10、Si/N>1;(b)潜在P限制,N/P>22、Si/P>22;(c)潜在Si限制,Si/P<10、Si/N<1。
对S1和S3站位的1 000 mL海水样品,加入鲁哥试剂进行固定,浓缩至10 mL,然后在显微镜(Olympus BX-50, Olympus)下观察并对浮游植物计数。因夜光藻细胞个体较大,取1 mL浓缩液进行计数;其余藻类计数体积为0.3 mL。
将水样于8 000×g下离心5 min,倒掉上清液后收集样品,应用BioFastSpin植物基因组DNA提取试剂盒(杭州博日科技有限公司)提取DNA作为后续夜光藻ITS特征片段PCR扩增的模板。扩增ITS的引物序列为:18SnoctiF(5'-GTCGTAACAAGGTTTCCGTAGGTG-3')和28SnoctiR(5'-GAATGATCCTTCCGCAGGTT-3'[24]。PCR反应条件为:94°C预变性5 min;然后95℃变性15 s,56℃退火30 s,72℃延伸80 s,35个循环后,72℃延伸10 min。将PCR纯化产物克隆到质粒载体上,用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测克隆产物,并将PCR阳性克隆产物送至广州擎科生物技术有限公司进行Sanger测序。
将测序结果提交至美国国家生物技术信息中心(NCBI),获得各序列的登录号(ON872655-ON872660),并在NCBI对这6条序列进行BLAST检索,下载与物种同源性较高的序列。运用MEGA-X v10.1.8软件中最大似然法(Maximum Likelihood, ML)构建夜光藻系统发育树并基于p-distance模型计算序列间遗传距离。建树时使用MEGA-X v10.1.8软件中的Models功能选择最佳替代模型K2+I,通过自展分析检验分支置信度,进行1 000次随机重复取样。
把S1−S6站位的500 mL海水于13 500×g下离心10 min,弃上清液,采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)方法对样品提取细菌基因组DNA,以稀释后的基因组DNA为模板,选用带有Barcode的特异引物、高效高保真酶、New England Biolabs公司的Phusion® High-Fidelity PCR Master Mix with GC Buffer和通用引物341F(5'-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3')和806R(5'-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3')对细菌16S rRNA基因V3−V4区进行PCR扩增。PCR产物经1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,等量混匀,对目的带使用TIANGEN纯化试剂盒(北京天根生化科技有限公司)进行纯化回收。在Illumina Novaseq测序平台,通过双末端测序(Paired-End)的方法,采用TruSeq® DNA PCR-Free Sample Preparation Kit建库试剂盒进行文库构建,将构建好的文库经过Qubit和Q-PCR定量检测合格后,通过NovaseqPE250上机测序。
对高通量下机数据进行拼接和质量控制,再进行嵌合体过滤,从而获得用于后续分析的有效序列。利用Uparse软件对有效序列以97%的一致性聚类成操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTUs ),筛选出现频数最高的序列作为OTUs的代表序列,并使用Mothur方法与SILVA132数据库进行物种注释分析(设定阈值为0.8~1.0),以获得各个分类学信息并在各分类水平上统计各样本的群落组成。使用Qiime软件(Version1.7.0)计算Observed-species、香农指数(Shannon)、辛普森指数(Simpson)、Chao1、ACE、覆盖率指数(Coverage)、PD指数,R软件(Version 2.15.3)绘制稀释曲线。基于Weighted Unifrac距离矩阵的UPGMA聚类树分析不同样品之间细菌群落组成的相似性。关于环境因子关联分析,利用Spearman相关性分析和Mantel test分析研究环境因子与物种之间,环境因子与物种丰富度(α 多样性)之间的相关性;利用典范对应分析(CCA)研究菌群与环境因子的关系,解析影响菌群分布的重要环境驱动因子;并通过方差分解分析(VPA),研究各环境因子对微生物群落分布的解释量,明确造成微生物群落分布差异的各环境因子贡献度大小。最后,通过PICRUSt2软件对菌群的KEGG代谢通路进行功能预测分析。
参考《海水水质标准》(GB 3097−1997)[25],涠洲岛西部海域海水pH、DO浓度、COD、DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度均符合一类海水水质标准,即pH为7.8~8.5,DO浓度>6 mg/L,COD≤2 mg/L,DIN浓度≤0.2 mg/L,${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度≤0.015 mg/L。富营养化指数变化范围为0.009~0.140,均小于1,表明研究区域属于贫营养化状态。S1−S6站位的DIN浓度均高于0.014 mg/L,不存在绝对N限制;但除了S1站外,其余S2−S6站位的${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度均低于0.0031 mg/L,处于绝对P限制。S1站位N/P摩尔比为39.5,虽然本研究未测量硅酸盐浓度,但由于N/P大于潜在P限制标准(N/P>22,Si/P>22)[23],S1站位很可能存在潜在P限制。因此,本次采样时夜光藻赤潮发生海域主要为绝对P限制。
在北部湾特大规模夜光藻赤潮期间从涠洲岛西部海域S1和S3站位鉴定出浮游植物2门5属5种(表2),具体有甲藻门的夜光藻属夜光藻、扁甲藻属钟扁甲藻(Pyrophacus horologicum)、角藻属叉角藻(Ceratium furca)和硅藻门的盒形藻属异角盒形藻(Biddulphia heteroceros)、海线藻属菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)。其中,S1和S3站位夜光藻的细胞密度分别为2.00×103 cells/L和3.75×103 cells/L,根据夜光藻赤潮基准密度(3.0×103~1.0×104 cells/L),可判断S3站位海域已发生夜光藻赤潮。夜光藻在海水浮游植物群落中的占比最高,在S1和S3站位分别达68%、75%,可见该藻为绝对优势种。
S1−S6 6个站位海水样品的PCR扩增产物在1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测中均出现一条明亮条带,ITS产物序列长度为646~647 bp。这6条夜光藻序列平均保守位点636个,可变位点11个,简约信息位点2个,单态位点9个,A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为24.0%、31.0%、25.0%、20.0%,其中A+T的含量(55.0%)大于G+C的含量(45.0%)。用于构建最大似然法系统发育树的16株夜光藻ITS序列平均保守位点599个,可变位点49个,简约信息位点31个,单态位点18个,转换/颠换比为1.4,A、T、G、C碱基的平均含量分别为23.2%、31.8%、25.0%、20.0%,其中A+T的含量(55.0%)大于G+C的含量(45.0%)。
以米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)为外类群,构建ITS序列系统发育树(图3),发现本次大规模夜光藻赤潮6个站位的夜光藻株BGERL73−BGERL78与黄海夜光藻株(KR606969、KR607063)、东海夜光藻株(KR607085)、南海夜光藻株(KR606953、KR606934、香港株GQ380592)聚在一大分支上,自展值为69;而阿拉伯海夜光藻(KU055475、KU055476)与美国NS3株夜光藻(KR607077、KR607075)汇聚成一大分支,自展值为90。遗传距离计算发现:北部湾涠洲岛6株夜光藻ITS序列之间的遗传距离为0.003~0.011,与亲缘关系较近的我国沿海夜光藻株遗传距离为0.000~0.011,明显小于与亲缘关系较远的阿拉伯海和美国夜光藻株遗传距离0.043~0.058。
S1−S6 6个站位海水样品共获得了782 460条有效序列,平均每个样品的有效序列数为130 410条,有效序列的平均长度为412 bp。对海水样品在97%相似度水平上进行OTU聚类,共获得595个OTU;6个样品共有OTU数为170个,S1−S6站位特有OTU数分别为19、25、20、26、27、53(图4a);单个样品OTU数量为294~414,其中S6站位的OTU数量最多,S1站位的OTU数量最少。利用高通量测序所获得的OTU数量构建稀释曲线(图4b),发现随着序列数目的增加,稀释曲线趋于平坦,说明现有的测序数据量足够大,可反映样品的细菌多样性信息。
6个样品所注释出的细菌OTU隶属于21门38纲72目117科176属97种。其中3个门、5个纲和9个属中的OTU相对丰度超过1%。门水平上的细菌群落组成相对丰度见图5a,结果显示所有站位中相对丰度最高的均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria),平均相对丰度高达92.80%,在细菌群落中占主要优势;其次是拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria),平均相对丰度分别为3.95%、1.89%;接着是广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),平均相对丰度分别为0.66%、0.46%;其他的如放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、软壁菌门(Tenericutes)、Marinimicrobia_.SAR406_clade.、纤细菌门(Gracilibacteria)相对丰度较低。
在纲水平上,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)是研究区域中具有优势的纲,平均相对丰度分别为57.29%、33.26%;其次是黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)、叶绿体纲(Chloroplast)和β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria),平均相对丰度依次为3.86%、1.78%、1.43%(图5b)。特别地,位于涠洲岛西南侧的S1、S2站位以γ-变形菌纲为优势纲,而西侧的S3站位和西北侧的S4−S6站位以α-变形杆菌纲为优势纲。
各站位海水样品中的细菌群落丰度和多样性指数见表3。覆盖率指数可反映样品库的覆盖率,数值越大越能代表样本的真实情况;所有采样点文库的覆盖率指数均达到100.00%,说明高通量数据对样本能完全覆盖。Shannon指数和Simpson指数用来表征细菌群落多样性,指数值越大,物种多样性越高;两者由大到小分别为S5、S6、S4、S2、S3、S1和S5、S4、S6、S1、S2、S3。Chao1指数和ACE指数用来反映细菌群落丰富度,指数值越大,物种丰富度越高;两者由大到小分别为S6、S5、S4、S2、S3、S1和S6、S5、S4、S2、S1、S3。PD指数用来反映群落内物种的亲缘关系,指数值越大,亲缘关系越复杂,进化距离越远;其排序由大到小为S4、S6、S5、S3、S2、S1。因此,西北侧S4−S6站位的细菌Alpha多样性大于西南侧S1、S2站位,而西侧S3站位与S1、S2站位相似。
为了更清晰地看到各样点间细菌群落组成的相似性,基于Weighted Unifrac距离矩阵构建UPGMA聚类树进行等级聚类分析(图6)。样品聚在一起表示样品之间物种组成差异小、相似性大、亲缘关系近。本文6个采样站位在门水平上分成了2大分支,其中S1和S2、S3和S4、S5和S6样品间相似性较高,分别聚成一小支;S3和S4、S5和S6进而形成姊妹枝。S1和S2样品与其余4个样品(S3−S6)关系较远,样品间细菌组成差异较大。
对环境因子与细菌群落Alpha多样性指数进行Spearman分析,发现COD、DO浓度、DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度 4种环境因子与多样性指数呈现负相关,N/P则与多样性指数呈正相关;其中,COD与Shannon、Chao1、ACE指数呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与Observed-species指数呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)(图7a)。
在门水平上筛选出相对丰度前20名细菌门与环境因子进行Spearman相关性分析(图7b),COD与广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、Marinimicrobia_.SAR406_clade.、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)、Woesearchaeota_.DHVEG.6.呈显著负相关(p<0.05),与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)则呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)。DO浓度与奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeot)呈显著负相关。DIN浓度与疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)呈显著负相关。${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度与疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)呈显著负相关。
Mantel test分析显示环境因子DIN+${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P与细菌各科的丰度呈显著正相关(r=0.47,p<0.05),与OTU的丰度则呈极显著正相关(r=0.52,p<0.01),但与其他界、门等分类层次的丰度均没有显著相关性。在门分类水平上进行CCA分析研究菌群分布与环境因子之间的关系(图8a),发现CCA1和CCA2可分别解释72.4%和22.8%,COD对细菌群落分布影响最大,其次为DO浓度和N/P,而DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度对其影响最小,其中,COD与S1−S3样品细菌群落分布正相关,而与S4−S6样品的细菌群落分布呈负相关。DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、COD、DO浓度相互之间均呈正相关关系(夹角为锐角),而DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、COD、DO浓度与N/P均呈负相关关系(夹角为钝角)。
VPA分析中,第一类环境因子env1表征COD和DO浓度,第二类环境因子env2表征DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度和N/P。结果显示,env1和env2共有解释量为91.57%,两者的单独解释量分别为8.43%和0%,这两类环境因子的不可解释量为0%(图8b)。
使用PICRUSt2软件对细菌群落功能进行预测分析,发现一级功能共包含6类生物代谢通路:新陈代谢、遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、细胞过程、有机系统和人类疾病,其中,新陈代谢和遗传信息处理相对丰度较高,它们是细菌群落的主要功能组成。S3−S6站位比S1−S2站位的新陈代谢、遗传信息处理和有机系统功能基因相对丰度大,而环境信息处理、细胞过程和人类疾病相对丰度小。
细菌群落二级功能主要由核苷酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、辅助因子和维生素的代谢、翻译、其他氨基酸代谢等37个子功能组成。平均相对丰度在5%以上的子功能有:核苷酸代谢(7.48%)、氨基酸代谢(7.34%)、辅助因子和维生素的代谢(6.97%)、翻译(5.92%)、其他氨基酸代谢(5.64%)、复制和修复(5.54%)、膜转运(5.26%)、碳水化合物代谢(5.23%)。选择相对丰度前30的子功能绘制热图(图9),发现S1和S2、S3和S4、S5和S6分别聚成一小支,表明S1和S2、S3和S4、S5和S6样品间功能组成相似性较高;S1和S2、S5和S6进而形成姊妹枝。S3和S4样品与其余4个样品(S1、S2、S5、S6)功能组成差异较大。总的来说,涠洲岛西南侧S1、S2站位的各子功能相对丰度较高,相对丰度从高到低依次为S2、S1、S6、S5、S4、S3。
浮游植物的生长繁殖和赤潮的暴发与营养盐密切相关,但目前夜光藻赤潮与营养盐的关系尚无定论。有学者认为夜光藻赤潮暴发是海水富营养化的结果,富营养化为浮游植物的生长和繁殖提供丰富的营养物质,大量繁殖的饵料藻类为夜光藻赤潮的暴发提供物质条件[26-27]。根据《海水水质标准》和富营养化指数结果可知,本次赤潮采样期间涠洲岛西部海域符合一类海水水质标准属于贫营养状态,且多为绝对P限制。因此,尽管未对本次夜光藻赤潮进行营养盐全程跟踪(从14日暴发到21日消亡),但结合近年来其他学者指出的非赤潮期间,涠洲岛邻近及北部湾中部海域为贫营养及主要为P限制[28-29],可推断本次北部湾特大规模夜光藻赤潮的发生与海水富营养化无明显关系,属于一次非富营养化下发生的赤潮。研究表明,红色异养型夜光藻常出现在营养盐较为缺乏的海域[1],我国沿海夜光藻大量繁殖也不依赖于高营养盐环境,在富营养化严重的长江口夜光藻赤潮暴发次数并不多,相对而言福建平潭岛海域富营养化状况并不严重,却频繁发生该类赤潮[30]
除了营养盐,赤潮的发生还受水文气象(盐度、温度、风速)和生物(浮游动植物)等多种因素的影响。夜光藻的最佳生长盐度范围为28~36,具体海域有所差异,例如日本海域在盐度34.9~35.5时暴发了夜光藻赤潮[16],而我国大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮暴发时,盐度为29.0~33.3[31]。本次北部湾暴发大规模夜光藻赤潮时的盐度为31.1~31.3,说明该盐度适宜该海域夜光藻的生长繁殖。他人研究表明夜光藻最佳生长温度为10~22℃[32],据气象数据[33],本次北部湾夜光藻赤潮暴发期间(2月14−21日)气温为16~24℃,亦适宜其大量繁殖;而Fu等[12]基于多卫星观测和热红外遥感数据对2021年2月14日北部湾夜光藻赤潮暴发海域与周围正常海域的海水表层温度进行比较分析,发现赤潮海域与正常海域之间存在异常升温,最大温差达2.5℃,从而推断海温异常可能是本次大规模夜光藻赤潮暴发的重要原因。此外,据气象资料2月14−21日北部湾海域风速多为2~3级[33],低风速条件利于夜光藻赤潮的形成[34-35]。之前大鹏湾夜光藻赤潮期间,Chl a浓度与夜光藻密度呈负相关,且当夜光藻细胞密度大于103 cells/L时,Chl a浓度几乎均小于5 μg/L[31];国外也存在类似结果,如在马尔马拉海东北部的伊兹米特海湾发现夜光藻细胞丰度与叶绿素Chl a浓度呈负相关[36]。本研究夜光藻赤潮期间Chl a浓度也很低(0.25~1.7 μg/L),与上述结果相一致,表明夜光藻赤潮暴发时其对海域其他浮游植物具有明显的摄食压力。
从S1、S3站位共鉴定出3种甲藻(夜光藻、钟扁甲藻、叉角藻)和2种硅藻(异角盒形藻、菱形海线藻),其中夜光藻为优势种,其他浮游植物细胞密度低且种类较少。这主要是由于红色异养型夜光藻生存和繁殖过程中需要吞噬其他浮游植物和菌类等,因此该藻暴发时往往会伴随着其他浮游植物种类的减少,使得海域浮游植物群落结构趋于单一化,进而很可能破坏海洋生态系统的平衡[32, 37]。尽管2021年2月17日HY-1C/1D海岸带成像仪图像显示赤潮已经消失[10],但2月21日本文现场采样时仍然观察到粉红色海面且监测出S3站位夜光藻细胞密度(3.75×103 cells/L)超过该藻赤潮暴发基准密度,由此推断出本文调查时很可能已进入本次赤潮的消亡阶段。2008−2011年在北部湾一些海域(钦州湾、涠洲岛)曾出现过小规模的夜光藻赤潮/增殖事件,最大面积仅为1.2 km2[8],但是面积高达6 400 km2的夜光藻赤潮在北部湾尚属首次报道[10]
夜光藻常通过LSU rDNA、SSU rDNA、ITS序列构建系统发育树,分析种类株系组成和系统发育情况[24, 38]。其中,ITS序列相较于SSU rDNA序列、LSU rDNA序列变异大,尤其在不同种间序列差异明显,可反映种间甚至不同地理株系之间的差异。本研究构建的ITS序列系统发育树拓扑结构与Pan等[24]的结果相似,聚成两大分支且有良好的自展值,其中北部湾夜光藻株与我国沿海夜光藻株的亲缘关系较近,而与地理位置较远的美国和阿拉伯海株亲缘关系较远。本文分析所用的16株夜光藻ITS序列的种内遗传距离为0~0.058,不仅与前人研究的不同海域夜光藻种内遗传距离(0~0.056)相似[24, 39],也与其他甲藻ITS序列的种内遗传距离(0~0.066)接近,但明显小于甲藻种间遗传距离(0.134~0.216)[40-41]。因此,通过系统发育和遗传距离分析可确认本次特大规模赤潮生物与源自我国海域的夜光藻株序列差异小,亲缘关系近,属于我国沿海常见的夜光藻株系。
海洋细菌的含量和群落结构与赤潮藻的生长、组成和生理状态之间联系密切[42]。利用分子生物学技术研究赤潮期间的细菌群落时,虽然赤潮原因种和研究海域不同,但海水细菌多以变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门为主。本研究中,在北部湾海域特大规模夜光藻赤潮消亡阶段,海水细菌群落中变形菌门占主要优势(平均相对丰度为92.80%),其次是拟杆菌门(3.95%);在纲水平上,α-变形菌纲(57.29%)和γ-变形菌纲(33.26%)为优势菌群。在香港海域含有夜光藻的海水中发现细菌群落也以变形菌门(主要为α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲)为主,其次是拟杆菌门[43],与本文结果类似。而使用焦磷酸测序对深圳东冲海域夜光藻赤潮海水细菌群落研究时发现,α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、黄杆菌纲在该赤潮暴发初期占主导地位,后期(即消亡期)则以黄杆菌纲、γ-变形菌纲和放线菌门为主要优势菌群[44],这与本次夜光藻赤潮消亡阶段的菌群组成有所不同。分析可能与两个海域理化环境及采用技术手段不同有关,本文使用的Illumina测序技术与焦磷酸测序技术在分析微生物群落多样性及物种组成时可能导致差异[45]。在深圳大鹏湾海域尖刺斯氏藻(Scrippsiella acuminata,即Scrippsiella trochoidea)赤潮期间细菌群落以变形菌门为主[46],厦门海域中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和红色赤潮藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)共同引发的赤潮事件中,优势菌群亦为γ-变形菌纲和α-变形菌纲[47]。而北部湾海域球形棕囊藻赤潮期间,细菌种类最多的是变形菌门和拟杆菌门[48],优势菌群依次为α-变形菌纲(28.5%)、γ-变形菌纲(18.7%)、拟杆菌纲(6.2%)[17]
环境因子(营养盐、水温和DO等)是影响海水细菌群落分布的关键因素[49]。本研究中,DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、N/P与细菌群落Alpha多样性指数、不同细菌门以及不同站位之间存在正/负相关。COD是衡量水体中有机物含量的重要指标[50],能够影响细菌群落多样性与群落结构组成,该值与细菌群落多样性以及放线菌门、广古菌门、Marinimicrobia_.SAR406_clade.、奇古菌门、Woesearchaeota_.DHVEG.6.呈显著负相关性。本研究CCA分析发现,COD、DO浓度、DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、N/P对细菌群落分布影响达95.2%,分析其余4.8%可能源自其他环境因子或环境外力,如动植物的扰动和有机污染物的影响等[51]。上述环境因子中,COD对细菌群落分布影响最大,其次为DO浓度和N/P,而DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度对其影响最小。而深圳东冲夜光藻赤潮期间的海水细菌群落组成和分布主要受温度、${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $浓度、${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $浓度和TOC浓度的影响[44],北部湾棕囊藻赤潮期间,温度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $浓度、TOC浓度则是影响球形棕囊藻衰亡阶段细菌群落的主要环境因子[48]。本文研究结果与上述两者之间存在明显差异,分析与赤潮暴发时的具体海域环境及赤潮优势生物不同有关。
目前,利用高通量技术对赤潮期间海水微生物群落结构和多样性研究较多,而对其功能研究较少[43]。基因芯片(GeoChip)分析表明,深圳东冲夜光藻赤潮期间的海水细菌群落具有C、P、Fe、N、S代谢功能基因[44],而通过PICRUSt对链状亚历山大藻赤潮期间菌群的KEGG代谢通路功能预测发现主要包括细胞增殖、辅助因子和维生素代谢、聚糖生物合成、氨基酸代谢、碳水化合物代谢、硫代谢、脂类代谢和环境适应等功能,但不同赤潮发生阶段细菌群落主要功能上存在差异[52]。本研究也采用PICRUSt对菌群的KEGG代谢通路功能进行预测,发现一级功能主要为新陈代谢和遗传信息处理,二级功能主要为核苷酸代谢、氨基酸代谢、辅助因子和维生素的代谢,其涵盖了细菌的基本生命活动,亦证实了细菌群落参与了赤潮期间海域生态系统的物质和能量循环。空间上,本研究发现涠洲岛西南侧站位的各子功能相对丰度较高,其原因有待进一步研究。
(1)北部湾大规模夜光藻赤潮期间,海域水质状况符合国家一类海水水质标准;富营养化指数均小于1,呈贫营养化状态;主要为绝对P限制。本次赤潮的发生与海水富营养化无明显关系,属于一次非富营养化下发生的赤潮。
(2)赤潮原因种为红色异养型夜光藻,其与源自我国海域的夜光藻株序列差异小,应属于我国沿海常见的夜光藻株系。赤潮期间海域浮游植物多样性低,以夜光藻为优势种。
(3)赤潮期间海水细菌OTU数量为294~414,以变形菌门的α-变形菌纲和γ-变形菌纲为优势菌群;细菌群落结构受COD、DO浓度、DIN浓度、${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $-P浓度、N/P多种环境因子的影响,其中COD是主要影响因子。
致谢:非常感谢广西科学院陈默副研究员拍摄夜光藻赤潮现场图,并允许本文使用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41976155);广西自然科学基金项目(2020GXNSFDA297001);北部湾大学海洋科学广西一流学科(DRA003);北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室研究生创新基金项目(NNNU-KLGIP-Z2201)。
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2023年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023064
  • 接收时间:2022-08-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-05-01
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2022-08-06
  • 修回日期:2022-12-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(41976155);广西自然科学基金项目(2020GXNSFDA297001);北部湾大学海洋科学广西一流学科(DRA003);北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室研究生创新基金项目(NNNU-KLGIP-Z2201)。
作者信息
    1 南宁师范大学 北部湾环境演变与资源利用教育部重点实验室,广西 南宁 530001
    2 南宁师范大学 广西北部湾智慧海洋牧场工程研究中心,广西 南宁 530001
    3 广西壮族自治区海洋环境监测中心站 北部湾海洋生态环境广西野外科学观测研究站,广西 北海 536000
    4 北部湾大学 广西北部湾海洋环境变化与灾害研究重点实验室,广西 钦州 535011

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*徐轶肖,女,研究员,主要从事海洋有毒有害微藻与海产品安全研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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