Article(id=1211375591274705483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023058, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659888000000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-08, revisedDate=1668614400000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766744047230, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1682870400000, pubDateStr=2023-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766744047230, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766744047230, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766744047230, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211375588842016922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766744046650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924547610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=90, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211375591513780812, articleId=1211375591274705483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Comparative study on the characteristics of marine bloom events in two representative areas of the South China Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Quantitative analysis on the properties of marine phytoplankton bloom events is helpful to understand the marine ecology, environment, and dynamic processes. In the South China Sea, remote sensing is vulnerable to clouds. Previous studies were mostly conducted with discontinuous observation or remote sensing data, which failed to comprehensively understand the characteristics and controlling factors of marine bloom events in the South China Sea. This study applied the statistical framework for defining marine heat waves, based on previously reconstructed daily full coverage remotely sensed chlorophyll a product from 2005 to 2019, to extract marine bloom events in two representative subregions, i.e., the northwestern Luzon in winter and southeastern Vietnam in summer. The duration, intensity, and corresponding long-term trends of marine bloom events in the two representative sea areas were analyzed. The results showed that the bloom frequency in the Luzon Strait has decreased, while the intensity has increased. These trends were significant in most areas for the winter Luzon Strait, while the trends for most of the summer Vietnam coasts were not significant. We further analyzed the influencing factors of marine bloom events and found that the winds (positive correlation) and sea surface temperature (negative correlation) had the greatest impacts on the bloom events. In both two representative sea areas, the marine bloom events were mainly dominated by upwelling, and the wind was the most important influencing factor. Analysis on the precursor conditions of marine bloom events found that the sub-mesoscale activity represented by the temperature front is also an important influencing factor. The study applied in South China Sea as a case study, as well can provide a new perspective to study marine ecosystem and environment.

, correspAuthors=Wenfang Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinyu Gao, Tianhao Wang, Hua Su, Wenting Wu, Wenfang Lu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211375593401217653, articleId=1211375591274705483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=南海两个代表性海区藻华事件特征的比较研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

定量海洋浮游植物藻华事件的特征有利于认识海洋生态环境及动力过程,但由于遥感数据易受云层遮蔽的影响,以往对于南海藻华事件的研究多采用不连续的观测数据和遥感数据进行,因此未能系统性地认识南海中的藻华事件发生特征和控制规律。本文借鉴海洋热浪事件的统计分析框架,基于前期研究中构建的2005−2019年逐日、无缺失的遥感叶绿素a浓度资料,提取冬季吕宋西北部海域和夏季越南东南部海域两个代表性海区的藻华事件,分析两个代表性海区中藻华事件的持续时间、强度和长期趋势等特征。结果显示,吕宋西北部海域藻华频率降低,强度增大,且大部分海区趋势显著;越南东南部海域大部分海域趋势不显著。进一步分析两个海区藻华事件的影响因子,发现海面风场(正相关)和海表温度(负相关)对藻华事件影响最大;两个代表性海区藻华事件主要都由上升流控制,风是最重要的影响因子。分析藻华事件的先兆条件,发现温度锋面代表的亚中尺度活动也是一个重要的影响因子。本研究以南海为典型案例,为探讨海洋生态环境提供了新的研究视角。

, correspAuthors=卢文芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卢文芳,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生态–动力耦合研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3fFarSjFdw4iHcFSx1omFg==, magXml=mSBAFPXJZKSdQjWhStvvFg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=whkmwuwKWQSMQz2cGGJaMg==, pdfFileSize=6547293, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9YoggS0ONvk9836szqFj5w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OPp0+QY6AVDLS0Ooz2REcQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

高心雨(1996-),女,安徽省亳州市人,主要从事海洋水色遥感研究。E-mail:

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高心雨(1996-),女,安徽省亳州市人,主要从事海洋水色遥感研究。E-mail:

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高心雨(1996-),女,安徽省亳州市人,主要从事海洋水色遥感研究。E-mail:

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PLoS One, 2018, 13(1): e0189926., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313950028255753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈莹, 赵辉. 南海中西部叶绿素时空变化特征分析[J]. 海洋学研究, 2021, 39(3): 84−94., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313950107947532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=47, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Ying, Zhao Hui. Spatio-temporal distribution of chlorophyll in the mid-western South China Sea[J]. 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Journal of Marine Systems, 2006, 59(1/2): 97−110., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313950279914002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=49, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin Hongyang, Liu Zhiyu, Hu Jianyu, et al. Characterizing meso- to submesoscale features in the South China Sea[J]. 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Study on the features of chlorophyll a derived from SeaWiFS in the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2005, 27(4): 45−52., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313950531572250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=51, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Walker N D, Leben R R, Balasubramanian S. Hurricane-forced upwelling and chlorophyll a enhancement within cold-core cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(18): L18610., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215313944030400914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(41906019)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215313936623259867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313936627454172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313936623259867, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 福州大学 数字中国研究院(福建),福建 福州 350002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313936702951646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313936707145951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313936702951646, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313936782643425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313936791032034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313936782643425, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313936858140900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313936866529509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313936858140900, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313936954609893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313936958804198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313936954609893, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313937042690279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313937046884585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, companyId=1215313937042690279, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313940716900699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Bathymetric map of study area

Gray lines represent the isobath (unit: m); the white boxes are the two areas of concern in the following analysis

, figureFileSmall=LOt6XwqPSZ37t2tCZPblAw==, figureFileBig=GxPAyZWAML4fF3f+xhPJlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940817563998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区域水深图

灰色为等深线(单位:m);白色框为后文分析中的两个关注区域

, figureFileSmall=LOt6XwqPSZ37t2tCZPblAw==, figureFileBig=GxPAyZWAML4fF3f+xhPJlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940951781727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of marine bloom event definition, figureFileSmall=XS7L2AnSZcAIka+xz/QQFw==, figureFileBig=HT5bm6k8SGE/nwpgLriW7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941035667810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图2, caption=藻华事件定义示意图, figureFileSmall=XS7L2AnSZcAIka+xz/QQFw==, figureFileBig=HT5bm6k8SGE/nwpgLriW7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941144719717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Chlorophyll concentration and the seasonal mean state of each influencing factor

The white box shows the key regions for averaging the chlorophyll concentration (Region A and Region B) and influencing factors of marine bloom events in the following analysis

, figureFileSmall=shRJfp/PGzC6GQWo0M7dEQ==, figureFileBig=EoD9fRA+9HJsM4JAfmmIjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941220217193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图3, caption=叶绿素浓度以及各影响因子的季节平均态

白框为后文分析藻华事件叶绿素浓度(区域A和区域B)以及各影响因子进行平均的关键区域

, figureFileSmall=shRJfp/PGzC6GQWo0M7dEQ==, figureFileBig=EoD9fRA+9HJsM4JAfmmIjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941325074796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Time series of mean chlorophyll concentrations, 90% threshold lines, and climatic states in regions A (a) and B (b)

Purple shades indicate winter (November to February) and summer (June to September); red arrows indicate marine bloom events

, figureFileSmall=tRsz6wfuerq5VR4gHXElRw==, figureFileBig=N5TSGd1XIWyahLvMbyRaCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941408960878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图4, caption=区域A(a)和区域B(b)平均叶绿素浓度、90%阈值线和气候态的时间序列

紫色阴影分别表示冬季(11月至2月)和夏季(6月至9月);红色箭头表示藻华事件

, figureFileSmall=tRsz6wfuerq5VR4gHXElRw==, figureFileBig=N5TSGd1XIWyahLvMbyRaCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941492846962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Marine bloom event indicators extracted from Region A (a1−a4) and Region B (b1−b4)

Orange bars indicate the most intense events during 2005 and 2020

, figureFileSmall=lcmO724h3jUTxG11YCxIzA==, figureFileBig=NaKj2XwbjSKkX6zwUBnYTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941597704562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图5, caption=提取的区域A(a1−a4)和区域B(b1−b4)藻华事件指标

橘色柱形图代表15年间强度最大的事件

, figureFileSmall=lcmO724h3jUTxG11YCxIzA==, figureFileBig=NaKj2XwbjSKkX6zwUBnYTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941694173557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Trend of marine bloom event indicators in the northwest Luzon (a1−a4) and southeast Vietnam (b1−b4) from 2005 to 2019 (black dots for p<0.1), figureFileSmall=8cTp9MaaPj55tj6a4l416g==, figureFileBig=k/omWdpiWART5ZRyawv3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941778059639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2005−2019年吕宋西北部海域(a1−a4)和越南东南部海域(b1−b4)藻华事件指标趋势(p<0.1时用黑色点表示), figureFileSmall=8cTp9MaaPj55tj6a4l416g==, figureFileBig=k/omWdpiWART5ZRyawv3Pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941853557113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Frequency histograms of chlorophyll a concentration anomalies (minus climatic states) for regions A (a) and B (b) from 2005 to 2010 and 2014 to 2019

The solid red and blue lines are fitted with normal distribution; the dashed line is the mean value μ (unit: mg/m3); the standard deviation is σ (unit: mg/m3); the solid black line is the 90% threshold from 2005 to 2019 (unit: mg/m3). a1 represents Region A, 2005–2010; a2 represents Region A, 2014–2019; b1 represents Region B, 2005–2010; b2 represents Region B, 2014–2019

, figureFileSmall=ocrmViHW8cUPAS6w9eIIzg==, figureFileBig=SmqzgbLd0sOKJt6U62cn8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313941950026109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图7, caption=区域A(a)和区域B(b)2005−2010年和2014−2019年叶绿素浓度异常(减气候态)的频率直方图

红色和蓝色实线为正态分布拟合;虚线为均值μ(单位:mg/m3);标准差为σ(单位:mg/m3);黑色实线为2005−2019年90%阈值(单位:mg/m3);a1代表区域A,2005–2010年;a2代表区域A,2014–2019年;b1代表区域B,2005–2010年;b2代表区域B,2014–2019年

, figureFileSmall=ocrmViHW8cUPAS6w9eIIzg==, figureFileBig=SmqzgbLd0sOKJt6U62cn8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313942025523584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Stem-like plots of chlorophyll a concentrations and influencing factors in Region A (a1−a6) and Region B (b1−b6) on days of delay and correlation coefficients, and stem-like graph of maximum delay days of each influencing factor (a7, b7)

Solid circles indicate passing the 90% significance test, hollow circles indicate failing

, figureFileSmall=GlhSjXCWcCkM2B3C0yFYrg==, figureFileBig=GY3bkzFDJRRyhOkBxojnqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943250260355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图8, caption=区域A(a1−a6)和区域B(b1−b6)叶绿素浓度和各影响因子关于延迟天数和相关系数茎状图及各影响因子相关性最大延迟天数的茎状图(a7,b7)

实心圆表示通过90%显著性检验,空心圆表示未通过

, figureFileSmall=GlhSjXCWcCkM2B3C0yFYrg==, figureFileBig=GY3bkzFDJRRyhOkBxojnqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943367700868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Normalized bloom event and corresponding influencing factors in regions A (a1−a6) and B (b1−b6) with lagged correlation

The x-axis represents the number of days of marine bloom (for example, x=0 represents the day before the marine bloom event); the influencing factors and chlorophyll a concentration are the average of 12 (Region A) and 14 (Region B) marine bloom events. The maximum lagged regression days and the corresponding correlation coefficient (99% significant) are listed above each panel. The wind field and temperature front data are filtered by a 5-day sliding window

, figureFileSmall=zoG2hl3XmeB0RtD7kwypFQ==, figureFileBig=9tn0i+Rohc9b1FywGdcqrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943434809735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图9, caption=区域A(a1−a6)和区域B(b1−b6)归一化藻华事件及对应的影响因子及延迟相关

x轴表示藻华发生的天数(例如x=0代表藻华事件发生的前一天);各影响因素和叶绿素浓度为12个(区域A)和14个(区域B)藻华事件的平均;图中均列出相关性最大延迟回归天数以及对应的相关系数(99%显著);风场和温度锋面数据经过5 d的滑动窗口滤波

, figureFileSmall=zoG2hl3XmeB0RtD7kwypFQ==, figureFileBig=9tn0i+Rohc9b1FywGdcqrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943594193288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Spatial plots of averaged chlorophyll a concentration and corresponding influencing factors in regions A (a1−a5) and B (b1−b5) 5-day before the marine bloom event and spatial plots of average chlorophyll a concentration and corresponding influencing factors in regions A (a6−a10 ) and B (b6−b10) of a 5-day window centered at the peak of marine bloom events

From top to bottom: chlorophyll a concentration (a1, a6, b1, b6, unit: mg/m3); sea surface temperature (a2, a7, b2, b7, unit: ℃); sea surface height (a3, a8, b3, b8, unit: cm); sea surface wind vectors and speed (a4, a9, b4, b9, unit: m/s); and temperature front (a5, a10, b5, b10, unit: ℃/km)

, figureFileSmall=tNXArW+Lc3RPcShOJgvEWA==, figureFileBig=tkfYAxC+3ZPG/OCM2Vc7Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943665496458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=图10, caption=区域A(a1−a5)和区域B(b1−b5)藻华事件发生前5天的平均叶绿素浓度以及各影响因子的空间分布及区域A(a6−a10)和区域B(b6−b10)藻华事件峰值为中心的5 d平均叶绿素浓度以及各影响因子的空间分布

从上到下分别为叶绿素浓度(a1、a6、b1、b6,单位:mg/m3);海表温度(a2、a7、b2、b7,单位:℃);海面高度(a3、a8、b3、b8,单位:cm);海面风场(a4、a9、b4、b9,单位:m/s);温度锋面(a5、a10、b5、b10,单位:℃/km)

, figureFileSmall=tNXArW+Lc3RPcShOJgvEWA==, figureFileBig=tkfYAxC+3ZPG/OCM2Vc7Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313943761965453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Statistical indicators of marine bloom events

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计指标定义单位
持续时间开始时间−结束时间d
最大强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的最大值mg/m3
平均强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的平均值mg/m3
累积强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的逐天累加和mg/(m3∙d)
), ArticleFig(id=1215313943858434446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375591274705483, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

藻华事件统计指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
统计指标定义单位
持续时间开始时间−结束时间d
最大强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的最大值mg/m3
平均强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的平均值mg/m3
累积强度藻华事件期间叶绿素浓度异常的逐天累加和mg/(m3∙d)
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南海两个代表性海区藻华事件特征的比较研究
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高心雨 1 , 王天浩 1 , 苏华 1 , 吴文挺 1 , 卢文芳 2, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(5): 90-106
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(5): 90-106
南海两个代表性海区藻华事件特征的比较研究
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高心雨1 , 王天浩1, 苏华1, 吴文挺1, 卢文芳2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 福州大学 数字中国研究院(福建),福建 福州 350002
  • 2 中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519000
  • 3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000
  • 高心雨(1996-),女,安徽省亳州市人,主要从事海洋水色遥感研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*卢文芳,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生态–动力耦合研究。E-mail:
Comparative study on the characteristics of marine bloom events in two representative areas of the South China Sea
Xinyu Gao1 , Tianhao Wang1, Hua Su1, Wenting Wu1, Wenfang Lu2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China
  • 2School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
出版时间: 2023-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023058
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定量海洋浮游植物藻华事件的特征有利于认识海洋生态环境及动力过程,但由于遥感数据易受云层遮蔽的影响,以往对于南海藻华事件的研究多采用不连续的观测数据和遥感数据进行,因此未能系统性地认识南海中的藻华事件发生特征和控制规律。本文借鉴海洋热浪事件的统计分析框架,基于前期研究中构建的2005−2019年逐日、无缺失的遥感叶绿素a浓度资料,提取冬季吕宋西北部海域和夏季越南东南部海域两个代表性海区的藻华事件,分析两个代表性海区中藻华事件的持续时间、强度和长期趋势等特征。结果显示,吕宋西北部海域藻华频率降低,强度增大,且大部分海区趋势显著;越南东南部海域大部分海域趋势不显著。进一步分析两个海区藻华事件的影响因子,发现海面风场(正相关)和海表温度(负相关)对藻华事件影响最大;两个代表性海区藻华事件主要都由上升流控制,风是最重要的影响因子。分析藻华事件的先兆条件,发现温度锋面代表的亚中尺度活动也是一个重要的影响因子。本研究以南海为典型案例,为探讨海洋生态环境提供了新的研究视角。

南海  /  藻华事件  /  无缺失遥感数据  /  长期趋势  /  影响因子

Quantitative analysis on the properties of marine phytoplankton bloom events is helpful to understand the marine ecology, environment, and dynamic processes. In the South China Sea, remote sensing is vulnerable to clouds. Previous studies were mostly conducted with discontinuous observation or remote sensing data, which failed to comprehensively understand the characteristics and controlling factors of marine bloom events in the South China Sea. This study applied the statistical framework for defining marine heat waves, based on previously reconstructed daily full coverage remotely sensed chlorophyll a product from 2005 to 2019, to extract marine bloom events in two representative subregions, i.e., the northwestern Luzon in winter and southeastern Vietnam in summer. The duration, intensity, and corresponding long-term trends of marine bloom events in the two representative sea areas were analyzed. The results showed that the bloom frequency in the Luzon Strait has decreased, while the intensity has increased. These trends were significant in most areas for the winter Luzon Strait, while the trends for most of the summer Vietnam coasts were not significant. We further analyzed the influencing factors of marine bloom events and found that the winds (positive correlation) and sea surface temperature (negative correlation) had the greatest impacts on the bloom events. In both two representative sea areas, the marine bloom events were mainly dominated by upwelling, and the wind was the most important influencing factor. Analysis on the precursor conditions of marine bloom events found that the sub-mesoscale activity represented by the temperature front is also an important influencing factor. The study applied in South China Sea as a case study, as well can provide a new perspective to study marine ecosystem and environment.

South China Sea  /  marine bloom event  /  gap-free remote sensing product  /  long-term trend  /  influencing factors
高心雨, 王天浩, 苏华, 吴文挺, 卢文芳. 南海两个代表性海区藻华事件特征的比较研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (5) : 90 -106 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023058
Xinyu Gao, Tianhao Wang, Hua Su, Wenting Wu, Wenfang Lu. Comparative study on the characteristics of marine bloom events in two representative areas of the South China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (5) : 90 -106 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023058
浮游植物是海洋的初级生产者和食物网的基础环节,在海洋生态系统中占据非常重要的地位。而叶绿素是浮游植物进行光合作用的主要色素,通常用来表征浮游植物生物量的现存量,是衡量海洋初级生产力的重要手段[1-2]。叶绿素a浓度(后文用叶绿素表示)的变化与多种环境因子密切相关,可以体现所在海区的动力及生态环境。叶绿素浓度由于自然或者人为原因呈现的暴发式增长,称为藻华现象。定量分析海洋藻华现象对监测海洋生态系统变化、认识海洋动力机制、了解海洋生态环境至关重要[3]
由于海洋环境受复杂的物理动力和化学作用的影响,海洋中叶绿素浓度在不同时间和空间尺度上都具有显著的变化特征。根据刘昕等对海洋叶绿素时空变化的研究可知[4],从时间的角度看,叶绿素浓度受海洋环境的影响,会发生短时间内的快速变化[5-8],或者呈现明显的季节变化[9]以及年际和长时间尺度变化[10-12];从空间的角度看,海洋中发生的锋面[13-15]、涡旋[16-18]、上升流[19-21]等物理过程很大程度地影响着海洋环境场,是改变叶绿素浓度的关键因素;海盆尺度的环流系统控制着浮游植物的群落和分布[4],进而影响叶绿素的组分和浓度。由此可见,不同时间和空间尺度的海洋动力过程对海洋叶绿素有着不同程度的影响,从而造成海洋藻华事件呈现复杂的时空变化特征。
南海(图1)处于西太平洋暖池区以及东亚季风区,是周围海洋和气候变化相互联系的重要纽带[22]。它的环流体系、地形、水文特征、生态结构系统和地理环境非常复杂。由于太平洋和印度洋的两个沃克环流圈于南海交汇,导致南海的海洋动力受东亚季风的主导[23]。季风在南海产生季节性的环流系统和多种尺度的上升流[24]。上升流将海水底层的营养物质携带至海水表面导致叶绿素浓度升高,发生藻华。中尺度涡也是影响浮游植物生长的重要因素,冷涡形成时下层海水携带的营养盐通过埃克曼抽吸作用被携带至表层[3],导致海表温度和海面高度均低于周围海域,利于浮游植物的繁殖。黑潮入侵也是影响南海动力的重要因素之一。南海通过许多水道和海峡与广阔的大洋相通,但是只有在经过吕宋海峡时南海水才与西北太平洋发生有效的水交换[25]。黑潮入侵造成的锋面等中小尺度过程也会显著影响海洋浮游植物[26-27]
在这些动力过程的驱动下,南海各种动力和生态过程的季节特征非常明显,尤其是冬季吕宋岛西北部海域[28](16°~23°N,116°~123°E,图1)和夏季越南东南部海域[29](5°~15°N,105°~115°E,图1)。在环流与冬季季风的共同作用下,吕宋岛西北部海域叶绿素浓度的季节特征显著,冬季叶绿素浓度有明显的升高,藻华事件发生较多。越南东南部海域主要受夏季风影响[30],形成沿岸上升流[31]。因此,本文选择南海中这两个代表性海区进行研究和对比分析,进一步加深对南海不同代表性海区藻华事件特征的认识。
关于南海不同区域的藻华研究已广泛开展[32-36]。众多研究发现,吕宋西北部海域藻华呈现明显的季节特征,多发生于冬季。Tang等[37]使用星载水色扫描仪海岸带水色扫描仪(CZCS)数据首次报道了吕宋海峡西北部海域发生的4次藻华事件,并认为吕宋西北部海域藻华与上升流有关。Shang等[38]利用MODIS数据对冬季吕宋藻华进行研究,发现黑潮入侵和吕宋海峡地形与吕宋环流的相互作用是导致冬季吕宋西北部海域藻华的主要原因。对于越南东南部海域,Chen等[36]基于MODIS数据分析了物理和生物过程对越南东部海域夏季藻华现象的影响。Lu等[31]通过数值模型模拟研究了夏季南海越南边界上升流系统对该海域藻华事件的驱动作用,并展示了初级生产力与动能之间的密切时空协变性。
迄今为止,国内外学者在南海藻华现象的研究中使用的数据大多是实测数据和卫星遥感数据,但这些数据往往时空不连续,因此一般多关注季节变化,缺少对短时间尺度藻华事件的提取和长期变化特征的研究。在前期研究中,本课题组已经采用海洋热浪事件的定义方法[39],提取和研究了冬季吕宋西北部海域藻华事件的统计特征、长期趋势和主要影响因子[40]。但该研究仅局限于冬季吕宋西北部海域,该分析方法的普适性需要进一步分析;不同海区之间的藻华事件特征是否有所区别也是有待回答的问题。本研究采用前期研究中构建的无缺失的叶绿素数据集,分别提取吕宋岛西北部海域和越南东南部海域藻华事件,并分析两个海区藻华事件的发生次数、持续时间和强度等基本统计特征及其长期趋势,进行比较研究。
叶绿素数据是本文的核心数据,本研究主要选用的叶绿素数据集是Wang等[41]在文中详述的SCSDCT(South China Sea Full-coverage Daily 4-km Surface Chlorophyll-a Remote Sensing Reconstruction Dataset from Discrete Cosine Transform)产品。SCSDCT是利用离散余弦变换−惩罚最小二乘回归(Discrete Cosine Transform-Penalized Least Square, DCT-PLS)方法重建OCCCI v4.2(http://www.esa-oceancolour-cci.org)水色遥感叶绿素产品得出,OCCCI数据产品之前也被应用于藻华的研究中[27]。由于南海北部OCCCI数据的总体缺失率达到80%以上,对季节尺度叶绿素变异信号的捕捉有一定限制,重构后的数据达到空间全覆盖,并且精度较高,Wang等[41]指出重构后的数据可以更好地反映热带季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)的变异信号。SCSDCT数据分辨率为4 km/d,该数据集已公开发布在科学数据银行(Science Data Bank)网站(https://www.scidb.cn/detail?dataSetId=1387ffe83af54f0fb574d60e97b206b2)。
为了进一步研究藻华事件的影响因素,我们使用了海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)、海面高度(Sea Surface Height,SSH)、海面10 m风速等数据集。SST数据来自NASA的多尺度超高分辨率(Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution,MUR)SST数据,MUR数据分辨率为1 km/d,在https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/MEaSUREs-MUR下载。SSH数据使用AVSIO(the Archiving, Validation,and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data)项目提供的绝对动力高度(Absolute Dynamic Height,ADT)数据,分辨率为(0.25°×0.25°)/d。10 m风场数据包含风的东向分量和北向分量水平速度,来自欧洲中期天气预报中心的第五代全球气候的大气再分析(the fifth generation of European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate,ERA5)数据,分辨率为(0.25°×0.25°)/d。
海表温度锋面(Sea Surface Temperature Fronts,SST Fronts)通过Belkin等[42]的方法使用SST数据计算得出。首先,利用背景中值滤波器过滤噪声,并保留数据的边缘信号;其次,基于滤波后的图像,使用 Sobel 算子提取梯度,Sobel 算子由两个 3×3 的卷积内核 MXMY(公式(1)、公式(2))组成。将这些核分别作用于两个图像,得到GxGy,例如A是原始图像,则Gx=MX*AGy=MY*A,其中*是卷积符号。最后利用梯度公式计算梯度(GM),梯度计算公式见公式(3)。
$ {\boldsymbol{M X}}=\left[\begin{array}{rrr}-1 & 0 & 1 \\-2 & 0 & 2 \\-1 & 0 & 1\end{array}\right] \text{.} $
$ {\boldsymbol{MY}}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1 & 2 & 1 \\0 & 0 & 0 \\-1 & -2 & -1\end{array}\right] \text{.} $
$ {\boldsymbol{GM}}=\sqrt{{\boldsymbol{Gx}}^{2}+{\boldsymbol{Gy}}^{2}} . $
借鉴海洋热浪事件的框架[39],定义藻华事件。藻华事件被定义为一个持续、离散的叶绿素异常事件。它的具体定义是以15年为时间基准,或称为气候基准期,得到叶绿素的气候态值,再根据气候态计算出阈值。每天的气候态和阈值通过如下方式计算:将在时间基准内以这天为中心的11 d滑动窗口中所有年份的叶绿素浓度值进行聚合(N=165),计算出第90百分位值后,再进行31 d的平滑,将该值作为当天的阈值。用该方法得到的阈值可以随时间变化,能够更好地反映不同季节的藻华事件[43]。当叶绿素浓度超过当天的阈值时,并且持续5 d或者5 d以上,就将其称之为一个藻华事件(图2)。每个藻华事件包含持续时间、强度等统计指标(表1)。
为了定量分析两个海区的藻华事件以及影响因子,根据季节态中叶绿素浓度的高值区选取如图3a1图3b1所示的白色框,将它们分别作为定义区域平均的藻华事件的范围(区域A:18°~20°N,118°~120°E;区域B:10°~13°N,110°~113°E)。选取的原则为用尽可能小的区域覆盖藻华的核心范围。影响因子则选取两个稍大的平均区域(区域A:17°~21.5°N,117°~120.5°E;区域B:10°~14.5°N,110°~114.5°E),以研究各环境因子对藻华事件的影响。
为了更系统地分析藻华事件和环境因素的关系,我们根据藻华开始、峰值和结束的时间对每个事件的叶绿素浓度和影响因子用归一化的方法进行平均。首先获得相对于藻华阈值的叶绿素异常值,以及减去气候态的影响因子异常值。将每个藻华事件的开始日期对齐,x=0代表藻华事件的第1天。由于区域A和区域B藻华事件的持续时间有所不同,并且区域B有一个持续28 d的长事件,所以我们将所有藻华事件开始的前15 d、藻华持续发生后21 d(区域A)或29 d(区域B)总共37 d(区域B为45 d)的时间序列进行平均,得到一个共37 d(区域A)或45 d(区域B)的归一化的藻华事件。归一化藻华事件实际上反映了藻华发生的前置、开始、达峰和衰退的整个过程。对于影响因子海表温度、海面高度、海面风场以及温度锋面,也可以用类似的方法处理得到相应的平均序列。归一化之后,即可采用相关分析、延迟回归等经典统计方法进行分析。
根据吕宋西北部海域和越南东南部海域叶绿素浓度的季节特征,我们绘制了叶绿素浓度以及各影响因子的季节平均态(图3)。发现吕宋周围海域的冬季平均叶绿素浓度呈现倒“V”型结构(图3a1);冬季平均海表温度呈带状分布(图3a2);吕宋岛西部海面高度较低(图3a3);风场是典型的东北季风,有一个强烈的风射流与叶绿素浓度高值区相匹配(图3a4);温度锋面特征明显,在吕宋岛西部有明显高值区(图3a5)。越南东南部海域的夏季平均叶绿素浓度在越南东部有一个喷射区,从近岸区域向开放大洋延伸(图3b1);夏季平均海表温度在易发生藻华的区域低约0.8℃(图3b2);海面高度呈现北低南高的分布,即越南偶极子的形态[44]图3b3);夏季为西南风主导(图3b4);温度锋面特征并不明显,主要活跃在越南东部海域(图3b5)。
通过上述统计框架分别提取吕宋(图3a1,区域A)和越南沿岸(图3b1,区域B)两个海区平均的藻华事件。从图4可以看出,吕宋岛西北部海域叶绿素浓度呈现明显的季节特征,夏季低冬季高。夏季浓度平均为0.09 mg/m3,冬季浓度高达0.26 mg/m3。除了由于冬季混合之外,该高生产力也与叶绿素的光调控有关系,即在相对弱光的条件下浮游植物会产生更多的叶绿素[45]。阈值也呈现夏季低冬季高的特点,冬季比夏季高约0.15 mg/m3,2013年之前冬季叶绿素浓度高于阈值的次数比2013年之后略多,但2014年和2017年冬季发生两个强度较大的藻华事件。统计表明,从2005年至2019年末冬季吕宋西北部海域总共发生12起藻华事件,其中12月发生最多(9个),11月发生2个事件,1月发生1个事件,2006年、2009年、2015年、2018年冬季该海域没有发生藻华事件。其中,2007年12月、2010年1月、2012年1月、2014年1月发生的藻华事件被报道过[22, 34, 38]
越南东南部海域叶绿素浓度呈现双峰特征,其中夏季叶绿素的气候态(0.16 mg/m3)比冬季(0.15 mg/m3)高约0.01 mg/m3。阈值也呈现冬夏季双峰的特点,冬夏季的阈值差异较小。夏季越南东南部海域在15年间共发生14个事件,除8月份发生5个事件之外,其他月份各发生3个事件,2006年、2010年、2017年、2019年夏季没有发生藻华事件。Liu等[24]分析了2007年8月发生的藻华事件的影响因素,以年际尺度讨论该事件的影响因素,发现拉尼娜事件增强了2007年的西南季风,西南季风的增强促进了越南南部海岸上升流,海温逐渐降低,增强了藻华强度。与之类似的是,Zhao等[46]提出在2007年夏季厄尔尼诺到拉尼娜的过渡阶段的背景下,越南东南部的藻华出现了不同的模式。从年际变化的角度,未发生藻华事件包括几个强厄尔尼诺年,例如2010年的夏季,南海夏季风减弱,导致上升流减弱,营养盐输入减少,从而造成异常弱的浮游植物生长[31]。2017年为拉尼娜年,与上述情况不对应;2019年则为厄尔尼诺年,但该年份南海夏季风影响藻华较少见报道。
对于提取出的藻华事件,图5列出了2005−2019年区域A和区域B发生的所有藻华事件的统计指标,分别为持续时间、最大强度、累积强度和平均强度。区域A发生的12个藻华事件,持续时间范围为5~14 d,平均持续时间为9.8 d;最大强度的范围为0.12~0.84 mg/m3,平均的最大强度为0.27 mg/m3;累积强度介于0.62~5.05 mg/(m3∙d)之间,平均的累积强度为1.72 mg/(m3∙d);平均强度介于0.11~0.36 mg/m3之间。其中,2014年1月发生的事件是强度最大(0.84 mg/m3)、持续时间最长(14 d)的事件。区域B发生的14个藻华事件,持续时间在5~28 d的范围内。其中,2009年夏季发生一个持续长达28 d的事件,除去这一异常事件,区域B的持续时间和区域A接近,在5~15 d内,平均持续时间为11.4 d,比区域A多1.6 d。最大强度位于0.04 mg/m3和0.14 mg/m3之间,平均的最大强度为0.07 mg/m3,为区域A的1/4左右;累积强度的范围在0.24 mg/(m3∙d)和2.32 mg/(m3∙d)之间,平均累积强度为0.66 mg/(m3∙d);平均强度位于0.04 mg/m3和0.08 mg/m3之间。其中,2009年7月发生的藻华事件是强度最大(0.14 mg/m3)、持续时间最长(28 d)的事件。
利用最小二乘法计算两个海区藻华事件各个指标的线性趋势,其中未通过90%显著性检验的用黑色点表示,结果如图6所示。对于吕宋岛西部和北部海域,发现所有指标的趋势较为类似,靠近吕宋西部近海区域呈上升的趋势,南海北部海域呈下降趋势,吕宋西部海区藻华在15年间强度逐渐变大。吕宋西部海区平均强度趋势约为0.012 (mg∙m−3)/a,吕宋北部有些海域趋势达到0.008 (mg∙m−3)/a,部分海域则为下降趋势,趋势大约为−0.01 (mg∙m−3)/a;靠近中国沿岸部分海区呈下降的趋势,大约在−0.02~−0.01 (mg∙m−3)/a之间,吕宋海峡东部太平洋海区趋势大部分较低。最大强度和累积强度趋势大致相同,但不显著区域较大。持续时间趋势在吕宋岛西部海区大约为0.4 d/a,吕宋藻华区以西的海域趋势在−0.6 d/a左右。与吕宋不同的是,越南东南部海域藻华事件强度和持续时间趋势显著的区域比吕宋西北部海域少很多,但是可以发现靠近沿海区域趋势为负,藻华事件强度在降低,而离岸区域趋势呈现斑块状的升高,藻华事件强度增大。在靠近越南的海域强度趋势以下降为主,平均强度趋势在−0.01~−0.002 (mg∙m−3)/a之间,最大强度趋势的范围为−0.02~−0.005 (mg∙m−3)/a,累积强度趋势在−0.3~−0.1 (mg∙m−3∙d)/a之间。越南沿岸海域向东延伸到南海海盆区域,强度趋势以上升为主,平均强度趋势在0.003~0.01 (mg∙m−3∙d)/a之间,最大强度趋势在0.005~0.02 (mg∙m−3)/a之间,累积强度趋势的范围为0.1~0.28 (mg∙m−3∙d)/a。持续时间趋势显著区域很零散,在越南东部海域趋势达到−1 d/a,向东部延伸至南海海盆区域,趋势达到1 d/a。对于越南沿岸海域,藻华事件的强度呈现近岸减弱、离岸区域增强的总体格局,但是大部分海域不显著。
图6可以发现,有许多研究区域都没有通过显著性检验,尤其是越南沿岸海域,一方面是因为数据量较少,冬季吕宋西北部藻华以及夏季越南东南部海域藻华数量较少,而且时间跨度较短,这都降低了线性趋势的显著性;另一方面从图4b发现区域B藻华特征的变化可能受年际尺度现象的影响,例如厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜现象,导致藻华事件趋势不显著。图7展示了两个区域前后两个5年时间段所有点叶绿素浓度异常的直方图,以及拟合正态分布得到的均值和标准差。
通过直方图明显看出,区域A在2014年至2019年的叶绿素浓度明显下降,均值下降,概率密度分布向左移动,藻华事件频率降低,标准差增大,正态分布变扁平,叶绿素浓度异常值更分散。区域B的叶绿素浓度均值变化细微,升高0.000 6 mg/m3;2014年至2019年标准差减小,说明后5年叶绿素浓度异常更集中在平均值附近。通过对比两个区域的正态分布发现,区域A的叶绿素浓度异常值比区域B分散。判断藻华事件的关键是叶绿素浓度大于阈值,因此分析每个区域大于15年内的90%分位线柱形图面积。区域A 2005−2010年的面积比2014−2019年的面积小2.80%,说明后5年的藻华事件频率降低了2.80%。而区域B前5年的面积比后5年的面积增加了1.64%,表明区域B藻华事件频率升高了1.64%,增幅较小。由此发现,区域A和区域B的藻华事件趋势变化不同,区域A藻华事件频率减小但强度增大,而区域B藻华事件频率升高但强度降低,特别是对于近岸的沿岸上升流系统。
对归一化藻华事件的延迟回归结果显示,不同影响因子的相关性最大延迟天数不同(图8),海表温度在吕宋西北部海域的相关性最大延迟天数为5 d,而在越南东南部海域延迟第3天相关性最大;海面高度对吕宋西北部海域的藻华事件没有延迟,对越南东南部海域的藻华事件影响延迟4 d;海面风速对两个区域的影响滞后天数都为6 d;温度锋面均没有滞后效应。风速和叶绿素浓度呈正相关的关系,海表温度和叶绿素浓度呈负相关的关系;风速的增高造成上升流,进而同时引起海表温度的降低,并且利于营养盐的卷吸与混合[22],导致叶绿素浓度升高;海面高度与叶绿素浓度的关系为负相关,上升流或者涡旋引起海面变化,导致海面高度降低,携带下层营养物质上升,叶绿素浓度升高。该过程也能够由延迟回归的天数反映:即风速发生变化,首先造成海表温度的变化并伴随着营养盐浓度的变化,并在5 d或3 d后反映为浮游植物浓度变化。两个区域中海面高度的影响延迟天数不一致,则暗示了两个区域海洋动力的控制机制不同。温度锋面代表温度差异的强度,侧面反映亚中尺度活动的多少,而温度锋面与叶绿素浓度是正相关的关系,并且没有滞后。通过对比发现区域A和区域B海表温度、海面高度、风速和海温锋面对藻华事件的影响一致,但延迟天数有一定区别,风速UV分量相关性相反(由于主导风向不同)。只有温度锋面的影响是相同的,并且相关性大小相差较小;这反映了亚中尺度过程调控机制在两个区域的一致性。
我们绘制了叶绿素浓度和延迟后各因素的时间变化(图9)。总体来说,区域A各个影响因子的决定系数(r2)在0.2~0.9之间,区域B在0.3~0.9之间。区域A海表温度是最主要的影响因子(r=−0.94),其次是风速(r=0.67),而海面高度(r=−0.66)和温度锋面(r=0.60)的相关性相对较低。对于区域B,海表温度(r=−0.95)的影响作用仅次于风速V分量(r=0.96),二者相关性仅相差约0.1。与区域A不同的是,海面高度延迟4 d后的影响较大(r=−0.83),并且比区域A海面高度的相关性大,影响相对最小的是温度锋面(r=0.58)。说明海表温度、风速、海面高度这3个因素对藻华事件的影响占主要地位,南海吕宋西北部海域和越南东南部海域都受季风影响,季风主要影响环流和动力,造成上升流[47],同时引起温度降低以及高度变化,上升流将深层海水的营养盐带入到上层水,对浮游植物生长产生主要影响[48],造成藻华事件。
我们进一步分析两个区域藻华开始前5天(t=−4至t=0)和以藻华峰值为中心前后共5天的叶绿素浓度异常值(减气候态)和其他因素异常值(减气候态)的空间分布(图10)。对于吕宋西北部海域,风场在藻华发生前和峰值期间变化明显:在藻华发生前风速增强(约4.2 m/s),在吕宋西南部有一个强大的风射流;在藻华峰值期间,风速变得非常小。海表温度低值区和叶绿素浓度高值区互相匹配,并且在藻华发生前5天海表温度在藻华发生区域较低,这也和海表温度的延迟天数相对应。风速增大,海表温度降低,加深混合层并携带营养物质,致使叶绿素浓度升高。海面高度呈现带状分布,和藻华区域不匹配,相关性差;这说明直接的海面高度影响,例如来自涡旋等现象造成的海面幅聚幅散现象难以解释吕宋藻华的高值区。温度锋面在藻华发生前只有位于吕宋西部有一些强的锋面,在藻华峰值前后温度锋面围绕吕宋发散呈细丝状,体现出亚中尺度过程。
在越南东南部海域,风场和吕宋西北部海域变化一致,两个区域的藻华都发生于风的间歇期,说明风速对这两个区域藻华事件的影响是类似的;不同的是吕宋西北部海域由东北季风主导,而越南东南部海域则为西南季风主导。对比图10b3图10b8发现,藻华发生前和藻华峰值前后海面高度变化不明显,和吕宋西北部海域相同,说明海面高度对南海这两个海区藻华事件的影响可能存在差异。海表温度和吕宋西北部海域的海表温度特征一样,在藻华事件发生前有一个低值区,在峰值前后低值区中心消失,海表温度逐渐升高。温度锋面的变化在藻华峰值期间有一条明显的喷射状锋面,可能是与这个区域的喷射流有关,周围覆盖一些小的锋面。温度锋面在藻华期间的变化没有吕宋西北部海域范围广,两个海区呈现明显的差异,由于越南东南部海域藻华是在夏季发生,夏季的海表温度本身就比较高,导致温度锋面并没有那么强烈,不存在冬季吕宋西北部海峡区的许多涡丝状结构;同时该差异也是由冬季相比夏季亚中尺度过程多发导致[49]
吕宋岛西北部海域和越南东南部海域藻华事件的趋势有很大区别,这种区别与海洋动力和海洋环境息息相关。南海冬季受强烈的东北季风影响,气旋式环流控制着南海海域,由冬季风主导的风致垂向混合作用变强[50],冬季吕宋岛西北部海域叶绿素浓度很大程度由风致混合和次表层上升流主导。夏季南海受西南季风影响,越南东南部海域近岸会产生上升流,叶绿素浓度随之升高,并与ENSO事件造成的季风变化有密切关系[4]。厄尔尼诺事件会使西南季风减弱,从而导致越南边界上升流变弱,造成较弱或较少的藻华事件。综上所述,吕宋西北部海域的叶绿素浓度主要受季风影响,而越南东南部海域不仅受季风影响,还会受ENSO事件影响,因此可能导致越南东南部海域的藻华事件趋势在大部分区域不显著。
叶绿素浓度主要受海表温度、海面高度、风场等环境因子的影响,各环境因子对两个海区藻华事件的影响存在异同点。风场与两个海区藻华事件的关系都为正相关(图9),并且藻华事件都发生于风的间歇期。两个海区叶绿素浓度与海表温度呈现较好的负相关关系。海表温度降低是上升流的标志,上升流引起海表温度的降低,丰富营养盐输入,进而使得叶绿素浓度升高。发生藻华的区域和风场、海表温度的空间分布有着极好的对应,风场和海表温度对两个海区叶绿素浓度的影响最为显著。冬季吕宋西北部海域存在冷涡,受黑潮入侵和地形影响较大。越南东南部海域水深较浅,受夏季风的影响,越南沿岸上升流发展很好,显著影响该海域叶绿素浓度[50]。海面高度对两个海区叶绿素浓度产生影响的滞后天数存在差异,说明两个海区海洋动力的控制机制不同,并且海面高度对越南东南部海域的藻华事件影响更大,说明越南东南部海域的海洋动力过程与藻华联系更加密切。相同之处在于两个海区的叶绿素高值区与海面高度低值区不一致,相关性差,说明直接的海面高度对藻华事件的影响存在空间差异。温度锋面在时间上对两个海区的影响是相同的,但空间特征存在差异。吕宋西北部海域在藻华发生时温度锋面较强,并且数量很多,亚中尺度过程较为丰富;而夏季越南东南部海域亚中尺度过程较少,并且海表温度较高,导致藻华事件发生时温度锋面并不强烈。海面风场和海表温度对其他海区的叶绿素浓度变化也有显著影响,如Walker等[51]以海表温度和海面高度数据反映上升流的变化,分析由飓风造成的墨西哥湾藻华事件,结果表明,飓风加强了上升流和海表温度冷却,导致深层营养物质向上夹带到表面,利于浮游植物繁殖,从而引起藻华事件。这一案例也印证了海面风场和海表温度与藻华事件的关系。
本文采用了重构后无缺失的遥感数据进行藻华的研究,提取了冬季吕宋西北部海域和夏季越南东南部海域的藻华事件,讨论了两个海区藻华事件的主要特征、长期趋势及其差异;并初步分析藻华事件的影响因子。研究发现藻华事件与海面风场、海表温度、海面高度等影响因子有着较好的相关关系,相应的延迟天数有助于认识藻华事件发生的过程。海面风场和海表温度分布与藻华事件在空间上高度匹配,说明风场和海温对藻华的分布形态贡献极大。研究系统性地分析南海中代表性海区浮游植物藻华事件的特征和规律,对短时间尺度的藻华驱动机制研究具有启发意义。但本文仅对南海两个代表性海区的藻华事件进行定量分析,其他海区的藻华事件还亟待研究。关于藻华事件的影响因子,由于南海独特的地形特征、复杂的动力机制,亚中尺度过程等其他多种动力过程对南海藻华事件的影响也值得进一步深入研究。
致谢:感谢来自NASA网站的MUR海表温度数据;感谢AVISO项目提供的海面动力高度数据;感谢欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA5数据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(41906019)。
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2023年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023058
  • 接收时间:2022-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-08
  • 修回日期:2022-11-17
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国家自然科学基金项目(41906019)。
作者信息
    1 福州大学 数字中国研究院(福建),福建 福州 350002
    2 中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519000
    3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000

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*卢文芳,男,副教授,主要从事海洋生态–动力耦合研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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