Article(id=1211375589286613146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023074, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1656604800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-01, revisedDate=1663171200000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766744046756, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1682870400000, pubDateStr=2023-05-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766744046756, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766744046756, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766744046756, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211375588842016922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='106', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766744046650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924547610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132664795067185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211375588842016922, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211375589508911260, articleId=1211375589286613146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sea ice variations in the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Here we examine the history of sea ice activity recorded in the Core LV87-54-1 recovered from the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf using high-resolution grain-size analyses. We extracted 3 end members and use EM3 as the sea-ice proxy, using the program AnalySize to conduct end members analyses on the data. According to EM3 results, active sea ice was persistently predominant in the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum. The EM3 content was high and the sea ice activity was intense during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1. The climate cooling at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Arctic Oscillation were the main controlling mechanism for sea ice expansion during glacial periods. And weakened runoff from the Amur caused by decreased East Asian Summer Monsoon would allow more sea ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea. Sea ice formation decreased at the onset of the Bølling-Allerød warm period, and then decreased sharply after a slight peak during the Younger Dryas Event. EM3 levels remained low stably since the Holocene due to: increased local autumn insolation, positive Arctic Oscillation and enhanced East Asian Summer Monsoon suppresses subsequent sea ice formation.

, correspAuthors=Kunshan Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuejiao Jiang, Kunshan Wang, Zhi Dong, Jianjun Zou, Jihua Liu, Zhen Li, Gorbarenko Sergey, Bosin Alexander, Xuefa Shi), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211375591987744960, articleId=1211375589286613146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过高分辨率粒度分析,研究了鄂霍次克海北部陆架LV87-54-1岩芯记录的海冰活动历史。利用AnalySize程序对粒度数据进行端元分析,提取了3个端元,并将EM3作为海冰指标。EM3含量结果表明,末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架以活动性海冰覆盖为主。末次冰盛期和海因里希冰阶1期(HS 1)时EM3含量最高,指示海冰活动强烈。冰期时北半球中高纬度气候变冷与北极涛动负相位是导致海冰大规模扩张的主要控制机制,东亚夏季风减弱与黑龙江入海径流量的减少促使鄂霍次克海生成更多的海冰。自波令−阿勒罗德间冰阶开始以来,鄂霍次克海北部陆架海冰生成急剧减少,在新仙女木时期海冰曾出现微弱峰值,随后又快速下降。自全新世以来,受北半球中高纬度气候变暖、秋季太阳辐射量升高、北极涛动正相位和东亚夏季风的增强共同影响,EM3含量一直稳定在较低水平,鄂霍次克海海冰的生成受到明显抑制。

, correspAuthors=王昆山, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王昆山(1973-),黑龙江省绥化市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海洋矿物学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=IddPYPJgtC4Ba3Y7KmXQZg==, magXml=fk0aRgt22Chzd2H3hi0ZjQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=JoG6V27qNbPK1KlJzmDJxg==, pdfFileSize=1898744, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=PzxLLV+LGamtqyOtgdgoHg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=sMlLUIz6L4vZQJYCe6q26g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

姜雪蛟(1997-),男,山东省烟台市人,海洋地质专业。E-mail:

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姜雪蛟(1997-),男,山东省烟台市人,海洋地质专业。E-mail:

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姜雪蛟(1997-),男,山东省烟台市人,海洋地质专业。E-mail:

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Global and Planetary Change, 2006, 53(1/2): 29−46., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313948723823027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=60, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Max L, Riethdorf J R, Tiedemann R, et al. Sea surface temperature variability and sea-ice extent in the subarctic northwest Pacific during the past 15, 000 years[J]. Paleoceanography, 2012, 27(3): PA3213., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215313948786737590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=61, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Samko E, Glebova S, Petruk V. The influence of atmospheric processes on the water circulation off the west Kamchatka coast[R]. PICES Scientific Report, American Geosciences Institute, 2003: 7−12., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215313941098578156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42130412,U1606401,42206065);自然资源部“全球变化与海气相互作用”专项国际合作项目(GASI-GEOGE-04);山东省泰山学者攀登计划项目(tspd 20181216)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215313933041320912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313933049709521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313933041320912, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313934337360853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313934345749462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313934337360853, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institude of Oceanoraphy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313934425441242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313934433829851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313934425441242, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313934509327328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313934517715937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313934509327328, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313934601602021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313934605796326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313934601602021, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 俄罗斯科学院远东分院 太平洋海洋研究所,滨海边疆区 符拉迪沃斯托克 690041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215313934664516586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215313934672905195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, companyId=1215313934664516586, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB of RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russia)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215313939500548280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=The geographical location, surface ocean current system and site locations of the Okhotsk Sea

The red arrows represent warm currents, the blue arrows represent cold currents. ESC: East Sakhalin Current; WKC: West Kamchatka Current; SC: Sredinnoe Current; OG: Okhotsk Gyre; SWC: Soya Warm Current; OC: Oyashio Current

, figureFileSmall=hQSv4kgszSqZLGSTgyzrQQ==, figureFileBig=U9NH0S4rkrotdiB3S4Ahlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939567657147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图1, caption=鄂霍次克海地理位置、表层洋流系统及站位位置

红色箭头代表表层暖流,蓝色箭头代表表层寒流。ESC:东萨哈林流;WKC:西堪察加流;SC:Sredinnoe Current;OG:鄂霍次克海环流;SWC:宗谷暖流;OC:亲潮

, figureFileSmall=hQSv4kgszSqZLGSTgyzrQQ==, figureFileBig=U9NH0S4rkrotdiB3S4Ahlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939655737534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The photo, as well as down core profiles of sediment grain-size components, linear sedimentation rate, age-depth model and grain-size parameters of the Core LV87-54-1

The black circles are dating of foraminifera

, figureFileSmall=wqAVSpA7ZxWfXu6kgVizNg==, figureFileBig=xS7lfeSbClmp6re0Ph3csA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939739623615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图2, caption=LV87-54-1岩芯照片、沉积物粒度组成、线性沉积速率、年龄−深度关系和粒度参数剖面图

黑色圆形代表有孔虫年龄控制点

, figureFileSmall=wqAVSpA7ZxWfXu6kgVizNg==, figureFileBig=xS7lfeSbClmp6re0Ph3csA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939819315394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Distribution of sediment grain-size of frequency in typical periods of the Core LV87-54-1

a. Holocene and YD cold period; b. B/A warm period, HS 1, and LGM

, figureFileSmall=yAwrLvN3HbrG8EOSgXUMjg==, figureFileBig=0WMRhk/7vXhyEdeLQA5rzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939882229955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图3, caption=LV87-54-1岩芯典型时段的沉积物粒径−频率分布曲线

a. 全新世及YD冷期;b. B/A暖期,HS 1和LGM

, figureFileSmall=yAwrLvN3HbrG8EOSgXUMjg==, figureFileBig=0WMRhk/7vXhyEdeLQA5rzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313939940950213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Linear correlation (a) and angular deviation (b) of end members as well as distribution of modeled sediment grain-size end members EM1, EM2 and EM3 of frequency (c), figureFileSmall=Psa5/Y4t2B7yxwMj6jkMtw==, figureFileBig=T10XIVZVk6f8yyWNo9daCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940037419210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图4, caption=端元划分的线性相关(a)和角度偏差(b)以及模拟的沉积物粒径端元EM1、EM2和EM3的频率分布(c), figureFileSmall=Psa5/Y4t2B7yxwMj6jkMtw==, figureFileBig=T10XIVZVk6f8yyWNo9daCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940117110987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Distribution of sediment grain-size of frequency and corresponding polarization microscope images of the sediments of Core XP-PC4 [3] and Core LV87-54-1, figureFileSmall=LEbAe1OK0Tqw2FZuuRWIJg==, figureFileBig=Vw9t7sE2DVAEBJErIYXh8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940251328719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图5, caption=岩芯XP-PC4[3]与LV87-54-1岩芯沉积物间冰期与冰期沉积物粒径−频率分布曲线以及对应的偏光显微镜下图片, figureFileSmall=LEbAe1OK0Tqw2FZuuRWIJg==, figureFileBig=Vw9t7sE2DVAEBJErIYXh8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940347797713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison between end members content change in the Core LV87-54-1 and other proxies

a. $\rm TEX^L_{86} $ temperature (°C) [8], the Core MD01-2414; b. TEX86 temperature (°C) [49], the Core MR0604-PC7B; c. the percentage of sea-ice diatom species in the cores LV27-2-4, 936, and 934 [50]; d. IP25 content from the Core MD01-2414 [8]; e-g. EM1, EM2, EM3 content in the Core LV87-54-1

, figureFileSmall=KrcXPnZ9Naw4BfUh1dsgCg==, figureFileBig=V/XpT7kICnTdbDhdvknypQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940414906579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LV87-54-1岩芯沉积物粒径端元含量变化与其他指标的对比

a. MD01-2414岩芯$\rm TEX^L_{86} $温度[8];b. MR0604-PC7B岩芯TEX86温度[49];c. LV27-2-4、936和934岩芯冰藻百分含量[50];d. MD01-2414岩芯IP25含量[8];e-g. LV87-54-1岩芯EM1、EM2、EM3含量

, figureFileSmall=KrcXPnZ9Naw4BfUh1dsgCg==, figureFileBig=V/XpT7kICnTdbDhdvknypQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940482015447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison between end members content change in the Core LV87-54-1 and other paleoclimate proxies

a. September-October-November insolation at 57°N; b. model-derived Okhotsk Sea November sea ice index [8]; c. oxygen isotopes of stalagmite [51], a proxy of East Asian Summer Monsoon; d. oxygen isotopes of North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) ice core [52], a proxy for Arctic Oscillation variation; e. Polar Circulation Index (PCI) [53], indicating Arctic Oscillation variations ; f-h. EM1, EM2, EM3 content in the Core LV87-54-1

, figureFileSmall=5pNCWdHXZuC5r1JCgjNVyg==, figureFileBig=ajqd/r5OVrywKyFxZAoJUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940549124315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=图7, caption=LV87-54-1 岩芯沉积物粒径端元含量变化与其他古气候指标的对比

a. 57°N秋季太阳辐射量;b. 模拟的鄂霍次克海11月份海冰指数[8];c. 石笋氧同位素[51],指示东亚夏季风(EASM)的强弱;d. North Greenland Ice Core Project(NGRIP)氧同位素[52],指示水极涛动(AO)强度;e. 极地大气环流指数(PCI)[53],指示AO强度;f-h. LV87-54-1岩芯EM1、EM2、EM3含量

, figureFileSmall=5pNCWdHXZuC5r1JCgjNVyg==, figureFileBig=ajqd/r5OVrywKyFxZAoJUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215313940624621789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

AMS 14C dating data, the calendar ages and linear sedimentation rate of the Core LV87-54-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/
cm
测年材料常规放射性
碳年龄/a BP
日历年校正/
Cal a BP
线性沉积速率/
(cm·ka−1
7底栖有孔虫1 330±3059922.19
97底栖有孔虫4 760±304 65529.19
132.5底栖有孔虫5 800±305 87121.98
152.5底栖有孔虫6 620±306 78127.65
346.5陆源木头10 500±3012 55517.66
346.5底栖有孔虫11 290±3012 55517.66
354.5底栖有孔虫11 840±3013 00821.30
372.5底栖有孔虫12 670±3013 85317.66
442.5底栖有孔虫15 340±5017 8165.47
549.5底栖有孔虫19 680±6022 831
), ArticleFig(id=1215313940729479392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

LV87-54-1岩芯的AMS 14C测年数据、日历年校正结果以及线性沉积速率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
深度/
cm
测年材料常规放射性
碳年龄/a BP
日历年校正/
Cal a BP
线性沉积速率/
(cm·ka−1
7底栖有孔虫1 330±3059922.19
97底栖有孔虫4 760±304 65529.19
132.5底栖有孔虫5 800±305 87121.98
152.5底栖有孔虫6 620±306 78127.65
346.5陆源木头10 500±3012 55517.66
346.5底栖有孔虫11 290±3012 55517.66
354.5底栖有孔虫11 840±3013 00821.30
372.5底栖有孔虫12 670±3013 85317.66
442.5底栖有孔虫15 340±5017 8165.47
549.5底栖有孔虫19 680±6022 831
), ArticleFig(id=1215313940834336998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of the grain-size of modeled end members EM1, EM2 and EM3 of the Core LV87-54-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端元平均粒径/μm分选系数偏度峰度
EM14.953.690.633.23
EM216.362.440.122.72
EM351.942.19−0.493.24
), ArticleFig(id=1215313940918223080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211375589286613146, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

LV87-54-1岩芯沉积物粒径端元EM1、EM2和EM3的参数特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
端元平均粒径/μm分选系数偏度峰度
EM14.953.690.633.23
EM216.362.440.122.72
EM351.942.19−0.493.24
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末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化
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姜雪蛟 1 , 王昆山 1, 2, * , 董智 1, 2 , 邹建军 1, 2 , 刘季花 1, 2 , 李贞 1 , Gorbarenko Sergey 3 , Bosin Alexander 3 , 石学法 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(5): 1-13
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(5): 1-13
末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化
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姜雪蛟1 , 王昆山1, 2, * , 董智1, 2, 邹建军1, 2, 刘季花1, 2, 李贞1, Gorbarenko Sergey3, Bosin Alexander3, 石学法1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 3 俄罗斯科学院远东分院 太平洋海洋研究所,滨海边疆区 符拉迪沃斯托克 690041
  • 姜雪蛟(1997-),男,山东省烟台市人,海洋地质专业。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王昆山(1973-),黑龙江省绥化市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海洋矿物学研究。E-mail:
Sea ice variations in the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum
Xuejiao Jiang1 , Kunshan Wang1, 2, * , Zhi Dong1, 2, Jianjun Zou1, 2, Jihua Liu1, 2, Zhen Li1, Gorbarenko Sergey3, Bosin Alexander3, Xuefa Shi1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institude of Oceanoraphy, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
  • 3V.I. Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, FEB of RAS, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
出版时间: 2023-05-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023074
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本文通过高分辨率粒度分析,研究了鄂霍次克海北部陆架LV87-54-1岩芯记录的海冰活动历史。利用AnalySize程序对粒度数据进行端元分析,提取了3个端元,并将EM3作为海冰指标。EM3含量结果表明,末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架以活动性海冰覆盖为主。末次冰盛期和海因里希冰阶1期(HS 1)时EM3含量最高,指示海冰活动强烈。冰期时北半球中高纬度气候变冷与北极涛动负相位是导致海冰大规模扩张的主要控制机制,东亚夏季风减弱与黑龙江入海径流量的减少促使鄂霍次克海生成更多的海冰。自波令−阿勒罗德间冰阶开始以来,鄂霍次克海北部陆架海冰生成急剧减少,在新仙女木时期海冰曾出现微弱峰值,随后又快速下降。自全新世以来,受北半球中高纬度气候变暖、秋季太阳辐射量升高、北极涛动正相位和东亚夏季风的增强共同影响,EM3含量一直稳定在较低水平,鄂霍次克海海冰的生成受到明显抑制。

冰筏碎屑  /  粒度分析  /  端元分析  /  海冰变化  /  鄂霍次克海

Here we examine the history of sea ice activity recorded in the Core LV87-54-1 recovered from the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf using high-resolution grain-size analyses. We extracted 3 end members and use EM3 as the sea-ice proxy, using the program AnalySize to conduct end members analyses on the data. According to EM3 results, active sea ice was persistently predominant in the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum. The EM3 content was high and the sea ice activity was intense during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1. The climate cooling at the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and the negative Arctic Oscillation were the main controlling mechanism for sea ice expansion during glacial periods. And weakened runoff from the Amur caused by decreased East Asian Summer Monsoon would allow more sea ice formation in the Okhotsk Sea. Sea ice formation decreased at the onset of the Bølling-Allerød warm period, and then decreased sharply after a slight peak during the Younger Dryas Event. EM3 levels remained low stably since the Holocene due to: increased local autumn insolation, positive Arctic Oscillation and enhanced East Asian Summer Monsoon suppresses subsequent sea ice formation.

ice-rafted debris  /  grain-size analyses  /  end members analyses  /  sea ice variations  /  the Okhotsk Sea
姜雪蛟, 王昆山, 董智, 邹建军, 刘季花, 李贞, Gorbarenko Sergey, Bosin Alexander, 石学法. 末次冰盛期以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (5) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023074
Xuejiao Jiang, Kunshan Wang, Zhi Dong, Jianjun Zou, Jihua Liu, Zhen Li, Gorbarenko Sergey, Bosin Alexander, Xuefa Shi. Sea ice variations in the northern Okhotsk Sea shelf since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (5) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023074
海冰是气候和海洋系统的重要组成部分,由于其高反照率对气候系统存在正反馈作用[1],对大气与海洋之间的热输送具有抑制作用[2],因此海冰在地质时间尺度上的演化对理解和解释古气候变化具有重要的参考意义[3-4]。鄂霍次克海位于北半球季节性海冰覆盖的南部边界,冬季约2/3的海域被海冰覆盖[4]。由于季节性海冰覆盖范围对气候的冷暖变化十分敏感,因此鄂霍次克海海冰是区域气候系统的重要组成部分,并对鄂霍次克海“海−气”相互作用产生重要影响[5]。冬季鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰生成过程中会发生盐析作用,形成高密度陆架水(DSW),与太平洋水团混合形成鄂霍次克海中层水(OSIW),被认为是现代北太平洋中层水(NPIW)的源区[6-7],在全球海水、盐分与热量的传输和再分配过程中发挥重要作用,进而影响全球气候和环境。
鄂霍次克海海冰变化历史及其控制机制引起人们的广泛关注[4, 8-12]。然而,对于鄂霍次克海末次冰期−间冰期旋回的海冰变化仍有争议。前人基于各个时期鄂霍次克海沉积物硅藻优势种的资料,认为在极端寒冷的气候条件,如MIS 2期,鄂霍次克海中部存在多年覆盖的海冰[13]。基于分布于整个鄂霍次克海16个岩芯的冰筏碎屑(IRD)通量,Vasilenko等[12]发现在MIS 2期鄂霍次克海西部和西北部存在常年覆盖的海冰。同时也有一些研究表明,末次冰期以来,鄂霍次克海一直受季节性海冰/一年生海冰的影响[3-4, 14]。此外,对于鄂霍次克海海冰变化的控制机制也存在争议。总结来看,鄂霍次克海海冰变化的控制机制包括北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射和大气CO2浓度[8]、风速[15-16]、北极涛动(AO)正负相位[17]、黑龙江径流量[4, 18]和极地大气环流动力学[3-4]。鄂霍次克海北部陆架是海冰生成的源区,其海冰沉积记录能更直观地反映鄂霍次克海海冰变化的历史,同时蕴含着海冰生成控制因素的信息,是研究鄂霍次克海古海冰生成和覆盖变化历史的理想区域。然而,由于在北部陆架采集岩芯样品和建立可靠年代框架的难度较大,迄今为止,除了位于鄂霍次克海西北部的89211岩芯[19],与海冰演化有关的研究几乎全部来自鄂霍次克海的中部、东部和南部,针对鄂霍次克海北部陆架古海冰的研究还十分薄弱。
本文利用位于海冰生成源区的鄂霍次克海北部陆架的LV87-54-1岩芯(图1),依据放射性碳(AMS 14C)测年结果构建了岩芯年代框架,采用沉积物粒径端元分析方法,确定了反映海冰沉积的粒径指标,重建了末次冰盛期(LGM)以来鄂霍次克海北部陆架的海冰变化历史。
鄂霍次克海东临堪察加半岛、西靠萨哈林岛、南接北海道岛和千岛群岛、北至东西伯利亚大陆,是北太平洋的第二大边缘海。鄂霍次克海通过千岛群岛和西北太平洋相接,通过鞑靼海峡和宗谷海峡与日本海相连(图1)。
11月,在西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压相互作用的驱动下,强烈的北风将北极冷空气携带至鄂霍次克海,形成极端寒冷的气候,影响了鄂霍次克海的海冰生成和海表温度[20-21]。海冰是鄂霍次克海当地来源,而非外来海冰供应[22]。西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的强度和活动中心的位置与AO[23]以及太平洋十年涛动(PDO)有关,其中AO是北半球亚热带以北地区重要的气候强迫机制[24]。1−2月,海冰覆盖整个鄂霍次克海的北部,南至宗谷海峡至堪察加半岛南部一线[22];3月,海冰扩张范围达到最大,平均海冰覆盖率达到79%,海冰扩张的最大范围已经到达了鄂霍次克海的东南部,靠近千岛海盆[25];6月,大部分海冰融化,夏季的海表面温度(SST)高达5~13℃,无冰条件能够持续到10月[10]。现代海冰的扩张和后退在很大程度上受到风和气温的影响[26]
鄂霍次克海的表层环流呈逆时针方向,由西堪察加流(WKC)、东萨哈林流(ESC)和宗谷暖流(SWC)组成。Sredinnoe Current(SC)作为WKC的西分支流影响鄂霍次克海中部地区。温暖、高盐的日本海水团通过宗谷海峡流入鄂霍次克海,影响鄂霍次克海西南部地区,最终经由罗盘海峡流出。在冬季,鄂霍次克海北部和西北部陆架海水结冰发生盐析作用,产生高密度陆架水,与经过克鲁森施腾海峡流入的太平洋水团混合后生成鄂霍次克海中层水,然后经过罗盘海峡离开鄂霍次克海[6, 9]
LV87-54-1岩芯(57.06°N,150.43°E;水深301 m,样长554 cm),位于俄罗斯远东地区城市马加丹市南约280 km,为中俄2019年第七次联合科考航次采集的重力柱状样,整个岩芯按1 cm间隔分样,获得沉积物样品554份。
由于LV87-54-1岩芯沉积物中浮游有孔虫含量很低,甚至在某些层位缺失,本文挑选壳体直径大于125 μm的底栖有孔虫作为AMS 14C测年材料(表1),在美国Beta Analytic实验室完成年代测试。由于鄂霍次克海北部陆架并无相关碳储库年龄的报道,本文参照Kovanen和Easterbrook[27]的方法,在346~347 cm层位同时挑选直径大于125 μm的底栖有孔虫和直径大于1 mm的陆源木头进行测年,将二者差值(790 a)作为岩芯所在站位的碳储库年龄(R=790 a,ΔR=390 a),这一数值与此前鄂霍次克海萨哈林岛与北海道岛沿岸报道的ΔR值基本一致[28-29]。日历年校正选择Marine 13曲线[30]作为标准,采用Calib 7.1软件完成。
分别使用过量浓度为15%的H2O2和浓度为10%的HCl浸泡样品12 h,以除去样品中的有机质和碳酸盐,在离心、洗酸后,加入浓度为1 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液,以去除硅质生物,然后超声、上机测试。使用自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室安装的Mastersizer 3000型激光粒度仪(英国马尔文公司)完成粒度分析,测量准确性99%,重复性误差小于0.1%,测量范围为0.35~2 000 μm,粒径分辨率为0.25Φ。本文采用矩法[31]计算了LV87-54-1岩芯的平均粒径(Mz)、分选系数(σ)、偏度(Sk)和峰度(Ku),计算公式如下:
$ M_z= \frac{1}{100}\sum _{\boldsymbol{i}=1}^{\boldsymbol{n}}{{f}}_{{i}}{{X}}_{{i}} \text{,} $
$ \sigma= \sqrt{\frac{1}{100}\sum _{\boldsymbol{i}=1}^{\boldsymbol{n}}{\left({{X}}_{{i}}- {{M}}_{{z}}\right)}^{2}{{f}}_{{i}}} \text{,} $
$ Sk= \sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}3]{\frac{1}{100}\sum _{1}^{\boldsymbol{n}}{{f}}_{{i}}{\left({{M}}_{{i}}-{{M}}_{{z}}\right)}^{3}} \text{,} $
$ Ku=\sqrt[\leftroot{-1}\uproot{12}4]{\frac{1}{100}\sum _{1}^{\boldsymbol{n}}{{f}}_{{i}}{\left({{M}}_{{i}}-{{M}}_{{z}}\right)}^{4}} \text{,} $
式中,$ {\mathit{M}}_{\mathit{i}} $为第$ \mathit{i} $粒级的粒径;$ {\mathit{f}}_{\mathit{i}} $为第$ \mathit{i} $粒级的频率(以百分含量表示)。
粒度是沉积物的基本属性,也是海洋沉积环境最基本的指标。传统观点认为,单一的搬运介质会造成沉积物粒径−频率分布曲线呈正态分布。然而,自然界中的沉积物往往都是多种物源或沉积动力过程混合的产物,因此全样的粒度参数,不能准确地区分某种单一地质营力在沉积过程中的作用,只能近似地作为沉积环境的代用指标。基于以上,如何从多峰态的频率分布曲线中分离出单一粒度组分的特征,进而探讨各组分的沉积学意义,成为古环境研究的关键。
粒径−标准偏差法是依据每一粒级对应含量的标准偏差变化获取环境敏感因子[32]。Xiang等 [33]和Xiao等[34]利用粒径−标准偏差法分别将特定组分(环境敏感粒径组分)和细粒组分从全样中分离出来以指示东亚冬季风的强度,为追溯古季风演化提供了重要信息。Hu等[35]使用主成分分析方法提取了黄海泥质区沉积物的敏感粒级组分,并将粗组分指示东亚冬季风的强度。Weltje[36]提出了对沉积物粒度数据进行分解的端元模型,根据不同动力条件分离出若干端元,并使用该模型对许多沉积类型的沉积物粒度数据进行了反演。Weltje和Prins[37]提出沉积物由不同来源或动力过程的组分混合而成,其粒度数据呈现出的多峰形态往往可以分离为不同端元(End Members,EM),因此提出了端元分析模型可以有效区分不同物源或者不同输运机制。Wan等[38]成功从全样中提取出来代表风尘和河流的粒径端元,并分别计算出风尘与河流的相对贡献。Prins等[39]成功地将单一粒径组分从全样中分离出来,为追溯各海区物源以及讨论季风提供了重要信息。Paterson和Heslop[40]在此基础上进行了改进。本文基于AnalySize程序对研究样品进行端元分析。导入粒度数据后,在端元数1~6的基础上采用Gen. Weibull函数进行拟合[40],在端元数尽量小的前提下,粒级复相关系数(R2)越接近1及角度偏差越小的拟合能更好地满足要求。
本文基于底栖有孔虫的AMS 14C测年结果,采用线性内插法建立了LV87-54-1岩芯的年代框架(图2),岩芯的底部年龄约23 ka。LV87-54-1岩芯的沉积速率变化较大(图2),全新世沉积速率约为20~30 cm/ka,最高可达33.6 cm/ka,高于LGM和末次冰消期的早期。
沉积物的岩性特征反映了其化学、物理和生物在岩芯垂向上的变化差异。LV87-54-1岩芯整体主要表现为橄榄绿色(5Y 4/2)1至黑绿色(Gley2 4/3)1黏土、粉砂质黏土,无明显刺鼻性气味,黏性中等。根据样品岩性和沉积物色度特征差异,将LV87-54-1岩芯自上而下分为3层:(1)0~250 cm为橄榄绿色粉砂质黏土、含粉砂黏土,黏性适中,分选性好,层内见有黑色团块和坠石;(2)250~350 cm为黑灰色砂质粉砂至粉砂质黏土,黏性中等,分选性好,层内常见黑色团块,偶见坠石;(3)350~554 cm为黑绿灰色含砂质粉砂,层内常见坠石,397~399 cm层为贝壳碎屑层(图2)。
沉积物粒度测试结果(图2)表明,自岩芯下部向上部,黏土质组分和砂质组分的含量分别呈现逐渐增加和逐渐减少的趋势,粉砂质组分含量较高,约为47.32%~70.36%,平均值约59.67%;黏土质组分含量范围为6.02%~39.90%,平均为25.27%;与黏土质组分含量一致,砂质组分含量变化较大,在3.49%~43.62%的范围之间变化,平均为15.06%。砂质含量变化趋势与平均粒径相同,而黏土质含量与平均粒径变化趋势相反(图2)。
由于受到多种沉积物来源或经历多个动力过程综合作用的影响,去除有机质、碳酸盐和硅质生物后,LV87-54-1岩芯沉积物在整个研究时段的粒径–频率分布曲线呈现非正态分布(图3),可以分为两种类型。第一种类型以细粉砂(5 μm)峰为主(图3a),在全新世时期的样品中高频率出现,也出现在YD时期的样品中。第二种类型以粗粉砂(57 μm)峰为主(图3b),这种类型分布主要出现在LGM、海因里希冰阶1期(HS 1)和波令–阿勒罗德间冰阶(B/A暖期)的样品中。
粒度数据计算结果(图4a图4b)显示,端元数为1~6时复相关系数(R2)逐渐接近1,分别为0.747、0.959、0.980、0.994、0.997和0.999;角度偏差逐渐降低,为23.504、9.230、6.511、3.509、2.371和1.752。从数据拟合的程度来看,粒径端元数为3时,已经能较好地代表粒度数据的总体特征,因此本文选取3个端元对粒度数据进行分析。
粒径端元结果显示,EM1、EM2和EM3均呈单峰且接近正态分布(图4c表2)。EM1的峰值主要集中在粒径为1~10 μm,平均粒径为4.95 μm,含量介于13.18%~89.06%,平均值为52.49%;EM2的峰值主要集中在粒径为10~50 μm,平均粒径为16.36 μm,含量介于0~55.71%,平均值为21.85%;EM3的峰值集中在粒径为30~110 μm,平均粒径为51.94 μm,含量介于0~85.84%,平均值为25.66%。
鄂霍次克海陆源碎屑物质的搬运与累积与海冰[4, 10]、火山喷发[41-42]、风力[43-44]、黑龙江[45]和洋流[45-47]密切相关,不同搬运方式的搬运能力存在显著差异。然而,鄂霍次克海风尘输入通量在鄂霍次克海北部陆架较小[44],加之研究站位的沉积速率较高(图2),风力的搬运方式不太可能是研究区主要的物质搬运方式。黑龙江物质主要影响鄂霍次克海的西北陆架、西南部、南部和中部[44],对北部陆架陆源物质的贡献可以忽略。LV87-54-1岩芯的底部年龄约23 ka,可能记录了TR(~8.0 ka)和Ko(~7.7 ka)火山灰层[41]。然而TR火山灰层的分布范围占据鄂霍次克海的南部,鄂霍次克海中部和北部陆架不存在TR火山灰层。Ko火山灰层的影响范围达到距火山口1100 km的马加丹市附近[48],但对同时期的全样沉积物涂片(图5e)鉴定发现,硅质生物和岩屑含量较多,火山碎屑较少,可以初步排除火山喷发的影响。根据端元粒径特征和含量以及不同介质的搬运能力,下面对各粒径端元代表的动力条件进行分析。
EM1端元粒径介于1~10 μm之间,主要由黏土和细粉砂构成(图5c),全样沉积物涂片中,沉积物颗粒粒径以10 μm左右为主(图5e),含量高值主要出现在冰消期末期和全新世(图6e)。细粒组分的搬运方式主要为洋流,甚至海冰也能携带细粒组分。Sakamoto等[3]通过沉积物捕获器样品发现秋季洋流携带的沉积物主要由黏土和粉砂组成,与沉积物岩芯XP-PC4间冰期沉积物粒径(图5a)以及EM1指示的粒径范围相同(图5c),这表明EM1主要是洋流作用的产物。EM2端元粒径为10~50 μm,主要包括细粉砂至粗粉砂,其粒径范围与EM1和EM3有部分重合(图4c),含量变化可能受到洋流和海冰等多种因素的影响。EM3端元(粒径为30~110 μm)主要由粗粉砂和砂构成(图5d),含量高值主要出现在LGM和HS 1时期(图6g)。全样沉积物涂片中,粗颗粒出现较多(图5f),本文推测EM3含量指示研究区海冰活动程度。
岩芯沉积物粒径端元EM3(30~110 μm)主要由粗粉砂和砂构成,其含量指示研究区的海冰活动程度,粗碎屑组分含量变化是对海冰扩张和后退的具体反映。
通常情况下,IRD的沉积与冬季海冰的生成和夏季海冰的融化有关,一般认为存在常年覆盖海冰或在无冰开放海域的条件下,海底沉积物中的IRD含量几乎为0[3-4]。而LGM和HS 1时期LV87-54-1岩芯中EM3的含量稳定且处于高位,表明虽然LGM和HS 1时期气候寒冷,但夏季气候条件足够温暖,进而导致海冰融化,释放携带的陆源物质沉积至海底[3]。冰期时鄂霍次克海存在季节性海冰这一现象与鄂霍次克海的海表温度重建记录(TEX86)始终高于0℃[8, 49]一致,证明LGM以来鄂霍次克海夏季的气候条件足以使海冰融化。LGM和HS 1时期鄂霍次克海北部陆架海冰的大量生成(图6g),得到鄂霍次克海岩芯冰藻含量(图6c[50]以及鄂霍次克海中部MD01-2414岩芯的IP25结果(图6d[8]的支持。综上所述,在现有的粒度数据分辨率下,LGM和HS 1时期即使在鄂霍次克海海冰生成源区也不存在常年覆盖海冰,为可移动的季节性海冰覆盖。同时由于LV87-54-1岩芯位于鄂霍次克海海冰的生成源区,因此,IRD的沉积主要与冬季海冰的生成有关。
为了解析控制鄂霍次克海北部陆架海冰变化(即海冰生成)的因素,本文将EM3含量记录与北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量、鄂霍次克海11月份海冰指数[8]、东亚夏季风(East Asian Summer Monsoon,EASM)指标[51]、 格陵兰冰芯氧同位素记录[52]和极地大气环流指数(PCI)[53]进行了比较(图7)。
冰期时北半球中高纬度气候变冷对鄂霍次克海海冰的生成起了非常重要的作用[54]。基于白令海、阿拉斯加湾、鄂霍次克海东南部以及北太平洋开阔海域的IP25数据,Méheust等[55]发现冰期时整个北太平洋均经历了季节性海冰的显著扩张。已有研究揭示,冬季鄂霍次克海海冰的生成与北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量有关,即北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量降低,会造成秋季大气温度的降低,进而有利于随后冬季的海冰生成[8, 17]。LGM时期,虽然北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量较高,但北半球中高纬度整体呈现变冷的趋势[54],LOVECLIM地球系统模式模拟的鄂霍次克海11月份海冰指数也处于高值,这与LV87-54-1岩芯EM3含量高值相对应(图7a图7b图7h),表明鄂霍次克海的海冰生成强弱对区域温度背景的变化十分敏感。同时,冬季鄂霍次克海海冰的生成与海表的热异常亦有关,而该热异常与黑龙江温暖淡水的输入密切相关[4, 56], 黑龙江秋季径流量的变化影响随后冬季鄂霍次克海海冰的生成。EASM的指标中国石笋δ18O记录(图7c[51]表明,LGM和HS 1时期EASM减弱,黑龙江流域的季风降水减少,导致向鄂霍次克海注入的温暖淡水减少,从而促进了后续冬季海冰的生成。
AO是一个动态的大气过程,对欧亚大陆和邻近地区的大气环流有重要影响[24],这个过程中北极地区上空的气压与北半球中纬度地区的气压呈反相变化,即当AO指数为负时,导致北极气压升高,北半球中纬度地区的气压降低,来自北极上空的冷空气能够穿过西伯利亚向南运移,降低鄂霍次克海的大气温度,同时负相位的AO还能控制黑龙江流域的水平输送的水汽通量,进而抑制黑龙江径流。因此,AO是现代冬季鄂霍次克海海冰的重要控制因素[17]。PCI是AO变化的指标[50],与格陵兰冰芯氧同位素记录具有负相关关系(图7d图7e)。LGM和HS 1时期,PCI值较高,格陵兰冰芯氧同位素较低,对应AO负相位,鄂霍次克海大气温度和黑龙江径流量也随之降低,有利于冬季海冰的生成,从而造成EM3含量升高。
控制鄂霍次克海海冰生成的另一因素为冬季亚洲−北太平洋地区的大气环流,即欧亚大陆上空的西伯利亚高压和北太平洋上空的阿留申低压[57]。气压中心的位置和相互作用决定了风的方向和强度,从而影响鄂霍次克海冬季海冰的生成和运移方向[26, 57]。LGM和HS 1时期,西伯利亚高压急剧增强,其中心向东亚和北亚扩张,而中心位于东北太平洋的阿留申低压减弱,冬季以强劲的北风和西北风为主,整个鄂霍次克海北岸海冰大量生成并向南部运移。
基于TEX86的海表温度重建结果表明,鄂霍次克海中部的夏季表层水温在B/A暖期上升了4~5℃[8, 49]。集成的全球海表温度重建数据也显示北半球中高纬度海域在B/A暖期开始时出现了末次冰消期以来最为显著的快速增温[54]。Gorbarenko等[50]利用岩芯沉积物孢粉和硅藻资料发现在距今约14.5~12.7 ka期间,鄂霍次克海周围大陆气候变暖,陆地喜温植被扩张,且夏季无冰期延长。自B/A暖期开始,EM3含量开始急剧降低(图7h),表明鄂霍次克海气候条件改善,适宜海冰生成的气候背景条件减弱。这与TEX86古温度结果(图6a图6b[8, 49]、鄂霍次克海岩芯冰藻含量(图6c[50]以及鄂霍次克海中部岩芯的IP25结果(图6d[8]相一致。同时期中国石笋的δ18O记录发生显著的负偏(图7c),表明EASM增强,黑龙江流域的季风降水增多,向鄂霍次克海注入的温暖淡水增多,这与PCI值急剧下降,格陵兰冰芯氧同位素正偏(图7d图7e),AO正相位,具有良好的相关性,抑制随后冬季海冰的生成。
与B/A暖期相反,集成的全球海表温度重建数据[54]均显示在YD时期,北半球中高纬度经历了急剧降温,但中纬度(30°~60°N)降温幅度相对偏小[54]。中国洞穴石笋氧同位素(图7c[51]以及格陵兰冰芯PCI值(图7e[53]也指示在AO负相位背景下,黑龙江径流应当显著减小,利于冬季海冰的大量生成。然而,在鄂霍次克海的西部、中部和南部岩芯沉积物的硅藻和孢粉资料显示虽然同期也出现气候变冷、环境恶化,但YD时期气候环境条件的恶劣程度尚未达到冰期时的程度(图6c[50]。本岩芯的EM3含量在YD时期早期略微升高,后又急剧下降直至全新世(图7f),与中部鄂霍次克海岩芯MD01-2414的IP25含量变化(图6d)趋势一致,意味着海冰生成强度与覆盖范围也并未达到冰期时的规模[50],表明区域温度背景对鄂霍次克海海冰生成的强弱具有重要的调控作用。
LV87-54-1岩芯全新世沉积物中的EM3含量较低,IRD沉积减少(图7h),鄂霍次克海11月份海冰模拟指数也处于低值,这与冰藻含量(图6c[50]以及IP25结果(图6d[8]相一致,表明鄂霍次克海在全新世期间气候温暖。集成数据显示,北半球中高纬度海表温度自11.4 ka以来出现快速升高,同期鄂霍次克海海表温度(TEX86)却并未呈现明显增温态势(图6a图6b[8, 49],而基于长链不饱和烯酮重建的鄂霍次克海全新世温度更呈现截然相反的趋势[58-60]。我们推测由于来自西北太平洋的西堪察加流和来自日本海的宗谷暖流的水体性质截然不同,随着全球海平面上升(宗谷海峡开启)、全新世以来鄂霍次克海海冰消退,鄂霍次克海与西北太平洋和日本海之间的表层水体交换逐渐增强,进而导致鄂霍次克海全新世海表温度开始出现空间差异性[60]。与此同时秋季太阳辐射量开始升高,格陵兰冰芯PCI值急剧下降,AO处于正相位,同时东亚石笋氧同位素发生负偏,季风降水增多,黑龙江注入的温暖淡水增多,共同抑制鄂霍次克海冬季海冰生成。同期西伯利亚高压减弱,其中心向西移动,而阿留申低压增强,其中心位于堪察加半岛东部海岸附近,冬季鄂霍次克海北风减弱,而东风增强,这不利于鄂霍次克海西北岸、北岸和东北岸的海冰生成和南移[12],导致鄂霍次克海海冰覆盖范围减小。
海底沉积物缺少IRD沉积的原因为常年的海冰覆盖或无冰的开放海域条件[3-4]。根据图7h显示,在11.12~11.29 ka(273.5~279.5 cm)和10.49~10.91 ka(255.5~267.5 cm)处EM3含量值为0,表明此时鄂霍次克海北部陆架处于无冰的开放海域条件,可以推测鄂霍次克海海冰覆盖范围显著缩小,可能与PB(Pre-Boreal)期气候变暖有关。9.53~8.66 ka期间,岩芯中EM3含量突然升高(图7h),表明在此期间可能存在突发的变冷事件[8]。同时期,鄂霍次克海岩芯冰藻含量(图6c[50]以及鄂霍次克海中部岩芯的IP25含量(图6d[8]结果也证明同时期出现了气候突发变冷事件。
图7f图7h显示鄂霍次克海北部陆架的洋流沉积与海冰活动呈现此消彼长的关系。现代WKC的位置和强度年际变化取决于大气过程[61],东风和东南风增强时期,WKC强度增强[12],参与鄂霍次克海大陆架北部环流,部分洋流进入舍列霍夫湾形成逆环流[61],这可能会使得鄂霍次克海海冰条件趋于温和。LGM和HS 1时期以北风和西北风为主,EM1含量稳定处于低位(图7f),可能是因为洋流沉积明显减弱,其主要路径在研究站位以南区域。
对沉积物粒度数据利用端元分析方法,识别出了3个对海冰输送和洋流输送敏感的粒级端元:EM1、EM2和EM3,其中EM3作为海冰指标。主要结论如下:
(1)作为海冰生成源区,鄂霍次克海北部陆架自LGM以来不存在常年覆盖海冰,为可移动的季节性海冰覆盖,IRD的沉积主要与冬季海冰生成的强弱有关。
(2)在LGM和HS 1时期,北半球中高纬度气候变冷与AO负相位是导致海冰大规模扩张的主要控制机制。同时期EASM减弱,黑龙江向鄂霍次克海输送的温暖淡水减少。另外,西伯利亚高压与阿留申低压的相互作用导致北风和西北风盛行,加之北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量降低都降低鄂霍次克海大气温度,有利于后期冬季海冰的密集生成。
(3)自B/A暖期开始,鄂霍次克海气候条件改善,同时AO对应正相位且EASM增强,适宜海冰生成的气候背景条件减弱,EM3含量开始急剧降低;与B/A暖期相反,YD时期鄂霍次克海温度降低。然而,YD时期气候环境条件的恶劣程度尚未达到冰期时的程度,表现在EM3含量在YD时期早期略微升高。
(4)在全新世,北半球中高纬度气候迅速变暖以及AO正相位是海冰生成减弱的重要控制机制。此外受北半球高纬秋季太阳辐射量升高,EASM增强,以及中心西移的西伯利亚高压和中心位于堪察加半岛东部海岸附近的阿留申低压的相互作用的共同影响,EM3含量一直稳定在较低水平,鄂霍次克海海冰的生成受到明显抑制。此外,11.12~11.29 ka和10.49~10.91 ka识别出的2次无冰事件可能与PB暖期有关。
致谢:本次使用样品为2019年中俄日本海−鄂霍次克海联合调查航次中获得,感谢参加航次的“拉夫维杰耶夫院士”号科学考察船的船长和船员,以及参加调查工作的全体中俄科学家,在此一并感谢。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42130412,U1606401,42206065);自然资源部“全球变化与海气相互作用”专项国际合作项目(GASI-GEOGE-04);山东省泰山学者攀登计划项目(tspd 20181216)。
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2023年第45卷第5期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023074
  • 接收时间:2022-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-05-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-01
  • 修回日期:2022-09-15
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国家自然科学基金项目(42130412,U1606401,42206065);自然资源部“全球变化与海气相互作用”专项国际合作项目(GASI-GEOGE-04);山东省泰山学者攀登计划项目(tspd 20181216)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    3 俄罗斯科学院远东分院 太平洋海洋研究所,滨海边疆区 符拉迪沃斯托克 690041

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*王昆山(1973-),黑龙江省绥化市人,副研究员,博士,主要从事海洋矿物学研究。E-mail:
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