Article(id=1211299029842006061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1662220800000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-04, revisedDate=1665417600000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725793561, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725793561, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725793561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725793561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211299024825611053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725792365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924576395, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132785515532522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132785515532523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211299030114635826, articleId=1211299029842006061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of lengths of catch time series on stock assessment using CMSY method, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The majority of global fish stocks lack adequate data for their stock statuses to be assessed using conventional stock assessment methods. Data-limited methods, such as CMSY, have been increasingly recommended as new solutions for stock assessment and fishery management. However, CMSY is highly dependent on data quality, and the reliability of the method is yet to be verified under circumstances of limited length of time series data and variable observational errors. In this study, we investigated effects of lengths of catch time series, stages of fishery development, and levels of observational errors in catches on stock assessment of three economically-important species in the Yellow Sea using CMSY method. The results show that chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus), and silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), all have been overfished (B/BMSY<1 and F/FMSY>1), with their yields higher than estimated MSY since 2000, and although their fishing intensities have been reduced over the most recent decade, their biomasses remain at low levels (B/BMSY<1). The retrospective analysis show small differences in the results of stock assessment for the three species, indicating that the assessments are robust enough with long time series data. As to effects of lengths of catch time series, the assessments are more stable using time series data covering a period of both rise and fall in catches. The effect of observational errors in catches is also tested, showing that when the error is >20%, the model tend to overestimate MSY and BMSY, but the assessment remains robust enough. This study suggests that cautions should be undertaken in the application of CMSY by using longer time series of catch data and, in the presence of high uncertainty in the assessment, more conservative measures should be taken in fishery management.

, correspAuthors=Chongliang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qi Li, Shude Liu, Kun Wang, Chongliang Zhang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211299032631218303, articleId=1211299029842006061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渔获量时间序列长度对基于CMSY方法的资源评估结果的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

大多数渔业种类由于数据缺乏,无法使用传统的渔业资源评估方法开展评估和管理。越来越多的研究采用CMSY等基于有限数据的评估方法,但CMSY方法在渔获量数据时间序列长度有限、存在误差等情况下的评估可靠性尚有待验证。本研究运用CMSY方法对黄海3种产量较高的经济鱼类开展资源评估,探索渔获量数据时间序列长度、不同渔业发展阶段,以及观测误差水平对评估结果的影响。结果表明,鲐、带鱼和银鲳在2000年后均出现产量高于最大可持续产量(MSY)的情况,资源处于过度利用状况(B/BMSY<1、F/FMSY>1),近10年来开发强度降低,但生物量仍处于较低水平(B/BMSY<1)。评估模型的回溯性分析结果差异较小,表明评估结果稳定。从数据长度上看,使用遍历产量上升和下降过程的长时间序列数据,其评估结果更为稳定。在观测误差大于20%的情况下,模型对MSY和BMSY出现高估,但结果仍较为稳健。在CMSY方法的应用中应注意选取长时间序列的产量数据,在评估结果不确定性高的情况下应采取相对保守的渔业管理措施。

, correspAuthors=张崇良, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估和生态系统模拟研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MkeswnkRexzZk7vZGo0o1g==, magXml=a2o3Co34TkxGZD2XzXPZ3g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YglIFkQDbbKRjcWtrcZ3yA==, pdfFileSize=2096224, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cXeDnlGD1MFqmZ0PwyqZog==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=UlbXIlghafMcG57OwRn5/Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李琪(1995-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事渔业资源评估研究。E-mail:

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The legend in the upper right graph indicates the probability of the last year falling into one of the colored areas

, figureFileSmall=Vt8xPpjaR2f+JzVV4YkRoA==, figureFileBig=6mo5pUvhDE3nLQX6r29sEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304255804719803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同渔获量数据误差情况下鲐的评估结果KOBE图

右上方图例中的4种颜色对应的百分数表示最后一年该物种落入其中一个彩色区域的概率

, figureFileSmall=Vt8xPpjaR2f+JzVV4YkRoA==, figureFileBig=6mo5pUvhDE3nLQX6r29sEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304255913771711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Prior settings of the relative biomass (B/k) in CMSY

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物量水平建议先验范围Bstart/kBend/k
注:“−”代表没有任何一种鱼类的生物量水平先验设置在此范围内。
极低生物量水平0.8~1.0鲐(1950−2018年、1980−2018年、1980−1999年);银鲳(1969−2018年、1980−2018年);带鱼(1950−2018年)
低生物量水平0.4~0.8鲐(2000−2018年、1960−1979年);带鱼(1980−2018年、1980−1999年、1960−1979年)鲐(1960−1979年);带鱼(1980−1999年、1960−1979年)
中等生物量水平0.2~0.6银鲳(2000−2018年);带鱼(2000−2018年)鲐(1950−2018年、1980−2018年、2000−2018年、1980−1999年);银鲳(1969−2018年、1980−2018年、2000−2018年);带鱼(1950−2018年、1980−2018年)
高生物量水平0.01~0.4带鱼(2000−2018年)
几乎未被开发0.01~0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1215304255997657794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CMSY相对生物量( B / k ) 的先验设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物量水平建议先验范围Bstart/kBend/k
注:“−”代表没有任何一种鱼类的生物量水平先验设置在此范围内。
极低生物量水平0.8~1.0鲐(1950−2018年、1980−2018年、1980−1999年);银鲳(1969−2018年、1980−2018年);带鱼(1950−2018年)
低生物量水平0.4~0.8鲐(2000−2018年、1960−1979年);带鱼(1980−2018年、1980−1999年、1960−1979年)鲐(1960−1979年);带鱼(1980−1999年、1960−1979年)
中等生物量水平0.2~0.6银鲳(2000−2018年);带鱼(2000−2018年)鲐(1950−2018年、1980−2018年、2000−2018年、1980−1999年);银鲳(1969−2018年、1980−2018年、2000−2018年);带鱼(1950−2018年、1980−2018年)
高生物量水平0.01~0.4带鱼(2000−2018年)
几乎未被开发0.01~0.2
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256073155269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Scenario settings for the time series of catch data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种不同时间长度设置不同发展阶段时间设置
注:渔获量数据误差(以变异系数区分不同误差,分别为5%、10%、20%和30%)均在鲐1950−2018年的时间序列下加入;“−”表示未针对此情景开展模型稳定性探究。
Scomber japonicus1950−2018年1960−1979年
1980−2018年1980−1999年
2000−2018年2000−2018年
带鱼 Trichiurus lepturus1950−2018年1960−1979年
1980−2018年1980−1999年
2000−2018年2000−2018年
银鲳 Pampus argenteus1969−2018年
1980−2018年
2000−2018年
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256165429961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

渔获量数据时间序列的情景设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种不同时间长度设置不同发展阶段时间设置
注:渔获量数据误差(以变异系数区分不同误差,分别为5%、10%、20%和30%)均在鲐1950−2018年的时间序列下加入;“−”表示未针对此情景开展模型稳定性探究。
Scomber japonicus1950−2018年1960−1979年
1980−2018年1980−1999年
2000−2018年2000−2018年
带鱼 Trichiurus lepturus1950−2018年1960−1979年
1980−2018年1980−1999年
2000−2018年2000−2018年
银鲳 Pampus argenteus1969−2018年
1980−2018年
2000−2018年
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256236733133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

A comparison of the assessment results by CMSY with different catch time-series lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种时间序列最大可持续产量
MSY/(10³ t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
相对生物量
B/BMSY
B/BMSY标准差
SD
相对开发强度
F/FMSY
F/FMSY标准差
SD

Scomber japonicus
1950−2018年50.210.0550.860.1821.010.315
1980−2018年49.880.0540.860.1821.020.318
2000−2018年50.760.0720.940.1890.910.312
银鲳
Pampus argenteus
1969−2018年87.260.0520.820.1870.960.298
1980−2018年87.160.0520.840.1860.950.298
2000−2018年92.890.0770.930.1880.800.267
带鱼
Trichiurus lepturus
1950−2018年183.180.0660.930.1850.750.239
1980−2018年186.730.0450.930.1830.740.231
2000−2018年191.120.0860.540.1881.213.991
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256324813520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同渔获量时间序列长度下CMSY模型评估结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种时间序列最大可持续产量
MSY/(10³ t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
相对生物量
B/BMSY
B/BMSY标准差
SD
相对开发强度
F/FMSY
F/FMSY标准差
SD

Scomber japonicus
1950−2018年50.210.0550.860.1821.010.315
1980−2018年49.880.0540.860.1821.020.318
2000−2018年50.760.0720.940.1890.910.312
银鲳
Pampus argenteus
1969−2018年87.260.0520.820.1870.960.298
1980−2018年87.160.0520.840.1860.950.298
2000−2018年92.890.0770.930.1880.800.267
带鱼
Trichiurus lepturus
1950−2018年183.180.0660.930.1850.750.239
1980−2018年186.730.0450.930.1830.740.231
2000−2018年191.120.0860.540.1881.213.991
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256429671125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Stock assessment results for mackerel (Scomber japonicus) and hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus)at different stages of fishery development

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种时间序列最大可持续产量
MSY/(10³ t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
相对生物量
B/BMSY
B/BMSY标准差
SD
相对开发强度
F/FMSY
F/FMSY标准差
SD

Scomber japonicus
1960−1979年22.400.1901.460.1600.550.084
1980−1999年42.150.1020.990.1861.020.349
2000−2018年50.760.0720.940.1890.910.312
带鱼
Trichiurus lepturus
1960−1979年105.510.1501.320.1880.740.140
1980−1999年196.790.1951.340.1880.750.141
2000−2018年191.120.0860.540.1881.213.991
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256538723029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

鲐和带鱼在不同渔业发展阶段的评估结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种时间序列最大可持续产量
MSY/(10³ t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
相对生物量
B/BMSY
B/BMSY标准差
SD
相对开发强度
F/FMSY
F/FMSY标准差
SD

Scomber japonicus
1960−1979年22.400.1901.460.1600.550.084
1980−1999年42.150.1020.990.1861.020.349
2000−2018年50.760.0720.940.1890.910.312
带鱼
Trichiurus lepturus
1960−1979年105.510.1501.320.1880.740.140
1980−1999年196.790.1951.340.1880.750.141
2000−2018年191.120.0860.540.1881.213.991
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256651969241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Stock assessment results for mackerel (Scomber japonicus) at different levels of error in catch data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种渔获量数据误差
Cv)/%
最大可持续产量
MSY/(103 t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
MSY生物量
BMSY/(103 t)
BMSY变异系数
Cv
MSY开发强度
FMSY
FMSY变异系数
Cv

Scomber japonicus
050.210.055179.030.1520.2830.161
550.050.058178.080.1460.2830.159
1050.160.065179.210.1510.2820.161
2050.810.083180.270.1540.2840.159
3051.440.100183.150.1550.2830.165
), ArticleFig(id=1215304256756826840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299029842006061, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同渔获量误差情况下鲐的评估结果分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
物种渔获量数据误差
Cv)/%
最大可持续产量
MSY/(103 t)
MSY变异系数
Cv
MSY生物量
BMSY/(103 t)
BMSY变异系数
Cv
MSY开发强度
FMSY
FMSY变异系数
Cv

Scomber japonicus
050.210.055179.030.1520.2830.161
550.050.058178.080.1460.2830.159
1050.160.065179.210.1510.2820.161
2050.810.083180.270.1540.2840.159
3051.440.100183.150.1550.2830.165
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渔获量时间序列长度对基于CMSY方法的资源评估结果的影响
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李琪 1, 3 , 刘淑德 2 , 王琨 1, 3 , 张崇良 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(3): 27-39
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(3): 27-39
渔获量时间序列长度对基于CMSY方法的资源评估结果的影响
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李琪1, 3 , 刘淑德2, 王琨1, 3, 张崇良1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
  • 2 山东省渔业发展和资源养护总站,山东 烟台 264003
  • 3 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003
  • 李琪(1995-),女,山东省青岛市人,主要从事渔业资源评估研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估和生态系统模拟研究。E-mail:
Effects of lengths of catch time series on stock assessment using CMSY method
Qi Li1, 3 , Shude Liu2, Kun Wang1, 3, Chongliang Zhang1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
  • 2Shandong Fisheries Development and Resources Conservation Center, Yantai 264003, China
  • 3Field Observation and Research Station of Haizhou Bay Fishery Ecosystem, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266003, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023046
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大多数渔业种类由于数据缺乏,无法使用传统的渔业资源评估方法开展评估和管理。越来越多的研究采用CMSY等基于有限数据的评估方法,但CMSY方法在渔获量数据时间序列长度有限、存在误差等情况下的评估可靠性尚有待验证。本研究运用CMSY方法对黄海3种产量较高的经济鱼类开展资源评估,探索渔获量数据时间序列长度、不同渔业发展阶段,以及观测误差水平对评估结果的影响。结果表明,鲐、带鱼和银鲳在2000年后均出现产量高于最大可持续产量(MSY)的情况,资源处于过度利用状况(B/BMSY<1、F/FMSY>1),近10年来开发强度降低,但生物量仍处于较低水平(B/BMSY<1)。评估模型的回溯性分析结果差异较小,表明评估结果稳定。从数据长度上看,使用遍历产量上升和下降过程的长时间序列数据,其评估结果更为稳定。在观测误差大于20%的情况下,模型对MSY和BMSY出现高估,但结果仍较为稳健。在CMSY方法的应用中应注意选取长时间序列的产量数据,在评估结果不确定性高的情况下应采取相对保守的渔业管理措施。

数据有限方法  /  资源评估  /  CMSY方法  /  渔获产量  /  时间序列数据

The majority of global fish stocks lack adequate data for their stock statuses to be assessed using conventional stock assessment methods. Data-limited methods, such as CMSY, have been increasingly recommended as new solutions for stock assessment and fishery management. However, CMSY is highly dependent on data quality, and the reliability of the method is yet to be verified under circumstances of limited length of time series data and variable observational errors. In this study, we investigated effects of lengths of catch time series, stages of fishery development, and levels of observational errors in catches on stock assessment of three economically-important species in the Yellow Sea using CMSY method. The results show that chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus), and silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), all have been overfished (B/BMSY<1 and F/FMSY>1), with their yields higher than estimated MSY since 2000, and although their fishing intensities have been reduced over the most recent decade, their biomasses remain at low levels (B/BMSY<1). The retrospective analysis show small differences in the results of stock assessment for the three species, indicating that the assessments are robust enough with long time series data. As to effects of lengths of catch time series, the assessments are more stable using time series data covering a period of both rise and fall in catches. The effect of observational errors in catches is also tested, showing that when the error is >20%, the model tend to overestimate MSY and BMSY, but the assessment remains robust enough. This study suggests that cautions should be undertaken in the application of CMSY by using longer time series of catch data and, in the presence of high uncertainty in the assessment, more conservative measures should be taken in fishery management.

data-limited methods  /  fishery stock assessment  /  CMSY method  /  fisheries yield  /  time series data
李琪, 刘淑德, 王琨, 张崇良. 渔获量时间序列长度对基于CMSY方法的资源评估结果的影响. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (3) : 27 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023046
Qi Li, Shude Liu, Kun Wang, Chongliang Zhang. Effects of lengths of catch time series on stock assessment using CMSY method[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (3) : 27 -39 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023046
渔业资源评估是维持渔业资源可持续发展的基础[1],相较于未经资源评估的鱼类,经过系统评估并管理的鱼类种群已恢复到管理目标参考点[2]。然而传统的渔业资源评估模型需要大量的数据支撑,导致资源评估通常局限于有较高经济价值或数据丰富的渔业种群[3-4],对其他物种的关注较少[1, 5-6],当前全球绝大部分渔业种群仍未得到有效评估[1]。在我国,由于统计制度不完善、捕捞活动监管难度较大,也存在渔业数据缺失和误差情况,很多大规模捕捞的渔业种群尚未得到科学评估与管理[7-8],渔业资源处于衰退状态[9]
数据有限的渔业资源评估方法已成为我国渔业资源评估领域的研究热点。其中CMSY是一种基于蒙特卡洛的数据有限方法[10],主要利用渔获量数据评估渔业种群的生物量和生物学参数,目前已被用于评估欧洲邻近海域数百个鱼类种群[11],以及东海、黄海和渤海的部分鱼种的资源状况[12-14]。需要注意的是,在数据有限方法的实际应用中,渔获量数据的时间序列长度、观测误差等不确定性可能会对评估结果造成影响[15-16]。目前已有学者针对渔业统计数据失真对资源评估造成的影响展开了研究[17-18],但产量数据的特征对CMSY方法稳定性的影响尚不明确。
本研究基于CMSY方法对鲐(Scomber japonicus)、带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)和银鲳(Pampus argenteus)3种黄海水域的重要经济种开展资源评估,并根据其产量数据的特征探索渔获量数据的不确定性对评估结果的影响,以期为CMSY方法的实际应用奠定基础,为黄海渔业的可持续发展提供科学依据。
本文选取了黄海3种重要经济鱼类进行资源评估,分别为带鱼、鲐、银鲳,所用的的渔业产量数据(1950‒2018年)来自Sea Around Us(http://www.seaaroundus.org/)项目渔获统计资料。该项目由加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚大学(University of British Columbia, UBC)设立,其网站提供的产量数据系结合了世界各国官方报告数据以及未报告数据的重建估计值。其中官方报告的数据主要来自联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)的渔业统计数据库,未报告数据则参考了不同专属经济区的背景资料进行重建。我国的渔获量数据修正是Watson等[19]利用空间分解的方法,基于计算机密集型算法,用半度单元绘制渔获量的全球分布情况,将其观测值和报告值进行比对,对渔业国家的准入安排和分类群分布进行充分审查后,消除其中一些错误,从而得到重建值。
CMSY方法是由Froese等[10]2017年在Catch-MSY方法的基础上提出的。CMSY方法以Schaefer[20]的剩余产量模型为基础,该模型假设种群生物量$ B_t$遵循以下公式:
$ B_{t+1}=B_t +rB_t(1-B_t/k)-C_t\text{,} $
式中,$ B_t$为当前年份(t年)的生物量;$ B_{t+1}$t+1年的生物量;r为该种群的内禀增长率;k为环境容纳量;Ct为在t年的捕捞量。
当种群的生物量下降到k/4以下时,式(1)修正为
$ B_{t+1}=B_t+(4rB_t/k)(1-B_t/k)B_t-C_t\text{,}B_t/k<0.25\text{,} $
式中,$ 4rB_t/k$为假定补充量出现线性下降,低于最大可持续产量(Maxium Sustainable Yield, MSY)时生物量的一半。
CMSY利用渔获量时间序列,采用蒙特卡洛方法追踪有关种群动态的生物量轨迹,并保留产生与渔获量时间序列相适应的生物量轨迹的参数。生物量轨迹主要由两个参数决定,即内禀增长率(r)和环境容纳量(k),在设置内禀增长率和环境容纳量的先验分布后,采用蒙特卡洛方法选取随机的r-k组合,计算种群的生物量轨迹,在满足以下3个条件时,认为该r-k组合可行:(1)计算出的生物量轨迹符合对应时间序列的渔获量;(2)预测的生物量不会变成负值,即不会出现种群崩溃的状况;(3)在时间序列开始和结束时的相对生物量范围的先验预设相一致。本研究中每组情境分别进行20 000次蒙特卡洛重复,模型构建与模拟均通过R语言(4.1.2)实现,代码来自Froese等[10]在2019年更新后的版本(https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/33076/)。
Fishbase根据物种恢复力水平将种群的内禀增长率划分为高(0.6~1.5)、中(0.2~0.8)、低(0.05~0.5)以及极低(0.015~0.1)4个水平。本研究中涉及3个物种的恢复力均处于中等水平,内禀增长率r的先验分布设置为U[0.2~0.8]。对于种群的环境容纳量(k),根据种群的生物量水平分为两种情况,第一种是针对在时间序列结束时生物量处于低水平的,按以下公式设置k的下限和上限:
$ k_{{\rm{low}}}=[\max (C)/r_{{\rm{high}}}];\;\;k_{{\rm{high}}}=[4\max (C)/r_{{\rm{low}}}]\text{,} $
第二种情况是在时间序列结束时生物量处于高水平的,按以下公式设置k的下限和上限:
$ k_{{\rm{low}}}=[2\max (C)/r_{{\rm{high}}}];\;\; k_{{\rm{high}}}=[12\max (C)/r_{{\rm{low}}}]\text{,} $
式中,klowkhigh分别为环境容纳量(k)先验分布的下限及上限;max(C)为给出的时间序列中的最大产量;rlowrhigh分别为内禀增长率(r)先验分布的下限和上限。本研究3个种群近年的产量较高,均为第二种情况,其环境容纳量先验设置均采用式(4)计算得出。
此外,CMSY方法需要为相对生物量(B/k)设置先验分布(表1),在时间序列的开始年份(Bstart/k)和结束年份(Bend/k)分别设置先验范围,Froese等[10]给出了相对生物量的默认设置范围。若时间序列中有一个中间年份的生物量出现极高或极低值,那么该年份的相对生物量也应作为先验输入。
本研究采用了回溯性分析的方法评估模型结果的稳定性。回溯性模式是指当在资源评估中加入更多年份的数据时,对种群规模及相关变量的评估结果出现的系统的不一致变化[21],在一些被开发的海洋种群中经常出现[22]。由于其体现的是使用不同时间序列的结果差异,在渔业管理中也被用于判断模型评估结果的稳健性[23]。本研究采用该方法分析了忽略最后一年、两年以及三年的产量数据,并将种群相对开发强度(F/FMSY)和相对规模(B/BMSY)的结果进行比较。当不同时间长度数据的预测结果相差很大时,证明模型存在着强烈的回溯性差异,此时利用模型评估结果采取管理措施时需要谨慎。
数据时间序列长度对CMSY方法具有重要影响,一般认为数据时间跨度越大其信息量越丰富;但同时由于渔业技术等的发展和气候条件、生态系统的变化,不同阶段种群生物学特征可能具有内在差异,从而影响模型评估结果[24]。中国渔业的快速发展开始于20世纪70年代末[25],1980年开始海洋捕捞产量呈快速增长趋势,但从1999年海洋捕捞渔业产量开始呈现下降趋势。本研究根据该发展的不同阶段,设置了3个时间阶段情景,分别根据1960‒1979年、1980‒1999年、2000‒2018年的产量数据进行资源评估。同时,为了探究不同时间序列长度数据对CMSY方法评估结果的影响,设置了3种不同长度的时间序列,分别为1950‒2018年、1980‒2018年和2000‒2018年,其中因银鲳的产量数据自1969年开始统计,因此设置为1969‒2018年、1980‒2018年和2000‒2018年(表2),利用回溯性分析对其稳定性进行评估。
此外,基于我国渔业渔获量数据不确定性的情况,本研究探讨了渔获量数据的观测误差对CMSY评估结果的影响。通过在渔获量数据中加入4种不同程度(以变异系数Cv区分不同程度,Cv分别为5%、10%、20%和30%)的随机误差,代表不同程度的不确定性,以鲐鱼为例进行模拟分析(表2),探讨数据不确定性对CMSY方法评估结果稳定性的影响。
CMSY的评估结果表明,鲐的渔获量在1994年开始超过MSY,在2008年出现过度捕捞(F2008/FMSY>1)(图1),后开发强度一直处于FMSY以上,2012年开始相对生物量B2012/BMSY评估结果小于1,后一直降低。带鱼的渔获量在1994年开始高于MSY,在2004年出现过度捕捞(F2004/FMSY>1),2015年相对开发强度下降(F2015/FMSY=0.82),2007年B2007/BMSY小于1,后一直处于较低水平。银鲳的渔获量在2001年开始超出MSY,2008年后F/FMSY均大于1,至2018年才降低至1以下(F2018/FMSY=0.96),相对生物量自2011年后一直降低(B2011/BMSY<1)。总体而言,3个资源种群呈现相似的变化趋势,即近年来渔获量、资源量逐渐下降至低于BMSY,开发强度在多年的持续上升后开始下降,接近FMSY水平。
在不同时间序列长度的评估结果中,估算的MSY置信区间随着时间序列长度的缩短而变宽,即评估误差逐渐增大。产量数据时间序列长度最短时(2000‒2018年)MSY的变异系数最大,3个物种的变异系数分别为0.072、0.077、0.086(表3)。鲐和银鲳的相对生物量(B/BMSY)和相对开发强度(F/FMSY)在不同数据长度下评估结果差异较小,但带鱼在2000‒2018年数据下,相对生物量(B2018/BMSY)和相对开发强度(F2018/FMSY)出现明显差异,B2018/BMSY仅有0.54,F2018/FMSY高达1.21,变异系数最高,误差较大。
以鲐为例对不同时间序列长度的评估结果进行回溯性分析(图2),结果表明在时间序列为1950‒2018年的情况下,减少数据对评估结果的稳定性影响较小;在时间序列为1980‒2018年的情况下,回溯分析结果出现一定差异;在时间序列为2000‒2018年的情况下,评估结果出现了明显的回溯性差异,评估结果稳定性差。3种鱼类的回溯性分析趋势较为一致。
本研究进一步划分3个渔业阶段,即发展阶段(1960−1979年)、快速增长阶段(1980−1999年)、渔获量下降阶段(2000−2018年),对比CMSY评估结果(表4)。随着渔业的发展,鲐和带鱼的相对生物量(B/BMSY)均不断下降,分别由1.46降至0.94和由1.32降至0.54;而相对开发强度(F/FMSY)则在上升,分别由0.55上升为0.91和由0.74上升为1.21,呈现出捕捞压力逐渐提高而资源量逐渐下降的整体趋势。此外,相对于使用1950−2018年的全时间序列产量数据评估结果,两种鱼在3个渔业发展阶段评估的最大可持续产量变异系数较高,置信区间较宽。
对带鱼3个阶段的评估结果进行回溯性分析(图3),结果表明在发展阶段(1960−1979年)和快速增长阶段(1980−1999年)基本没有明显的回溯性差异,但在渔获量下降阶段(2000−2018年)的B/BMSYF/FMSY出现了明显的差异,评估结果稳定性较差。对鲐的3个阶段的回溯性分析则显示,在3个阶段鲐的B/BMSYF/FMSY结果稳定性均较差,相对于长时间序列(1950−2018年)的评估结果,回溯性差异显著。
将4种观测误差(Cv=5%,10%,20%,30%)情况下以及无误差(Cv=0)情况下CMSY对鲐评估的结果相比较(表5),结果表明在渔获量数据误差为5%、10%时,最大可持续产量的估计值均在5万t左右,差异不明显。在渔获量数据误差为20%和30%时,MSY升高幅度变大,同时置信区间也变宽。生物学参考点BMSY估计值随误差的增加逐渐升高,由179.03×103 t升至183.15×103 t;而FMSY的估计值差异不大,变异系数也无明显上升,表明长时间序列下,观测误差对于CMSY的估算结果影响相对较小。
对不同误差情况下的KOBE图结果进行对比,在误差较小的情况下,B2018/BMSYF2018/FMSY的预测结果共同构成的置信区间较为聚集,随着渔获量数据误差的升高,B2018/BMSYF2018/FMSY共同构成的置信区间范围有一定的扩展,评估结果的不确定性升高,但总体而言差异较小,在30%的渔获量数据误差的情况下仍能保持较为稳健的预估(图4)。
渔获量统计数据是最广泛可用的渔业数据,世界上大多数鱼类的渔获量在联合国粮农组织的数据库中均有记录[26],在资源评估中渔获量也是最常用的数据,但在实际使用中数据时间序列长度问题应引起注意。本研究通过对3种鱼类不同时间序列长度、不同阶段渔获量数据进行评估分析,结果表明CMSY方法在长时间序列数据情况下的评估结果更为稳定可靠,生物学参考点的变异系数低,回溯性差异小。类似的,在Kimura和Tagart[27]提出的SRA模型中,要求至少10年的渔获量数据,在实际利用两种非平衡剩余产量模型ASM和BSM以及CMSY方法进行渔业资源评估的研究中都包含了至少25年的数据[13-14, 28-32]
此外,在不同数据长度的比较中,时间跨度为1950−2018年、1969−2018年和1980−2018年时,B2018/BMSYF2018/FMSY结果接近。从渔获量趋势看,这些年份的数据遍历了渔获量上升和下降过程,这可能有益于模型的拟合,提高了估算的准确性。相对的,在数据仅为2000−2018年时,3种鱼的渔获量都呈波动下降的趋势,没有出现明显的渔获量拐点,其中带鱼2000−2018年的渔获量数据尤为明显,同时B2018/BMSY出现严重低估,F2018/FMSY明显高估。因此在使用CMSY方法进行资源评估时,选取有明显上升和下降过程的渔获量数据进行评估时准确性较高,往往长时间尺度的数据同时也兼具此特征。
有学者根据捕捞能力和渔获种类的变化,提出我国渔业发展的不同阶段[33-36],即在20世纪60年代后的10年中,渔业资源开始得到充分利用,从20世纪70年代到80年代中期,海洋渔业的发展加快,捕捞努力量增大、渔获量增加,但很多传统鱼类资源衰退,小型、低质量、中上层渔获量增加。这与本研究对鲐和带鱼不同阶段的评估结果一致,在3个渔业发展阶段的评估中,鲐的资源状况在恢复发展的阶段(1960−1979年)处于健康良好状态;随着捕捞努力量的增加,在快速增长阶段(1980−1999年)资源开发强度增加、生物量迅速下降;到渔获量下降阶段(2000−2018年),由于政府对捕捞作业进行了管控,开发强度降低,但生物量仍处于较低水平。带鱼在前两个渔业发展阶段的资源状况良好(B/BMSY>1,F/FMSY<1),但开发强度逐渐增加,生物量轨迹在1990年后有降低的趋势,在渔获量下降阶段(2000−2018年),几乎所有年份均处于过度捕捞状态。虽渔获量数据特点可能导致B/BMSY估算偏低,F/FMSY估算偏高,从而产生较大误差,但2014年后渔获量的持续下降也反映了带鱼资源状况的下滑趋势。20世纪80年代中期以后,政府提出相应管理政策对捕捞作业进行了限制,包括渔具、渔区、季节以及网目尺寸的限制[37],降低了资源开发强度,这与鲐第3阶段的资源评估结果一致。但同时,当前的渔业管理措施中,仍有一部分没有达到预期效果[38-39],资源衰退问题仍然严重[40-42],因此渔业资源评估和科学管理仍是亟待解决的实际问题[43]
渔获量数据的不确定性是目前我国乃至很多发展中国家普遍存在的问题,“Sea Around Us”研究计划的调查表明,每年有27%~40%的海洋渔业捕捞渔获量未向联合国粮农组织报告[44-45]。我国是世界上最大的渔业国,也是全球海产品贸易的主要参与者[46],但有学者指出,自1980年以来,我国海洋渔业渔获量存在多报情况[47-48],以上情况都会导致渔获量数据的不确定性,因此本研究对渔获量数据不确定性下CMSY方法的可靠性进行了测试。目前已有学者针对渔获量的统计偏差对资源评估结果的影响开展了研究,分别探究了ASAP、ASM、BSM、Hilborn-Waters(H-W)、Schnute以及Prager等模型方法的可靠性[16-18],但对于CMSY等数据有限方法的研究尚有不足。CMSY是在Catch-MSY[49]的基础上,依据参数的相关信息对k的先验分布进一步限制,同时使用了更为稳定的几何平均数描述模型的输出结果,其准确性与贝叶斯剩余产量模型(BSM)十分接近[8]。已有很多学者利用CMSY方法开展了资源评估工作[28, 50-52],表明其结果相对于Catch-MSY方法更为可靠[53-54]
本研究阐述了渔获量数据的误差对CMSY评估结果的影响,结果表明,在误差增加至20%以上,MSY和BMSY估计值虽有一定上升,但整体而言变化不显著,表明CMSY方法对于数据的观测误差较为稳健[18]。由于实际的渔业生产数据中观测误差难以避免,且相关研究表明,依赖于渔获量的数据有限方法普遍存在对B/BMSY的估计偏差[53],因此CMSY评估结果可能是有偏的,其反映的渔业资源状况向健康状态倾斜。该结果对于CMSY在实际渔业管理中的应用具有重要参考意义,在使用CMSY方法的评估结果指导渔业政策的制定时,仍需注意尽量采用保守的渔业管理策略,以降低过度捕捞风险,提高管理措施的可靠性。在未来CMSY方法的发展中,应针对渔获量数据观测误差方面开展修正研究,以进一步确保评估结果的准确性,同时应考虑优化丰度数据辅助评估及参数估算,并应用BSM等多种数据有限方法同时开展研究,以提高资源评估结果的稳健性。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900906,2018YFD0900904)。
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2023年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023046
  • 接收时间:2022-09-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-04
  • 修回日期:2022-10-11
基金
国家重点研发计划(2018YFD0900906,2018YFD0900904)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 水产学院,山东 青岛 266003
    2 山东省渔业发展和资源养护总站,山东 烟台 264003
    3 海州湾渔业生态系统教育部野外科学观测研究站,山东 青岛 266003

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*张崇良,副教授,主要从事渔业资源评估和生态系统模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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