Article(id=1211299028067815442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023040, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1618588800000, receivedDateStr=2021-04-17, revisedDate=1665331200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725793139, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1677600000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725793139, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725793139, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725793139, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211299024825611053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725792365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924576395, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132785515532522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132785515532523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211299024825611053, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211299028311085076, articleId=1211299028067815442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Consistent analysis of sea surface temperature products between HY1C/1D and Terra/Aqua, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The sea surface temperature (SST) products, obtained from the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) on the two haiyang satellites (HY1C and HY1D), play an important role in oceanic and atmospheric researches. It is important to know whether they are consistent with products from other satellites such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua satellites. The data quality of SST global images from COCTS on HY1C/1D is evaluated by the average bias, absolute difference, root mean square error, and correlation coefficient based on in-situ SST measurements and the MODIS products. The results show that the spatial patterns of the daily and monthly global SST of HY1C/1D are similar to those of Terra/Aqua. The average bias, absolute difference, root mean square error and correlation coefficient of the global daily SST/HY1C products at daytime, based on the SST values of Terra on June 2020, are 0.04℃, 0.60℃, 0.78℃ and 0.98, respectively, and that of the nighttime products are −0.16℃, 0.78℃, 0.95℃ and 0.86, respectively. Similarly, the values of the daytime SST products of HY1D comparing with the SST of Aqua on June 2020 are 0.02℃, 0.59℃, 0.79℃ and 0.98, and that of the nighttime products are −0.09℃, 0.61℃, 0.82℃ and 0.96, respectively. The evaluation on other seasons indicates that the SST products from COCTS are very stable. However, the data quality control scheme and inhomogeneity correction still need to be developed to improve the performance of SST products of HY1C/1D. As a whole, the SST products of HY1C/1D can be used in some applications, similar to the Terra/Aqua products.

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通过卫星遥感获取的海表温度(SST)产品已经成为海洋和大气研究中的重要数据源,我国海洋水色遥感卫星(HY1C和HY1D)的海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)具有两个热红外通道,可反演全球SST遥感产品。对比Terra和Aqua卫星的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的SST产品,分析COCTS海表温度产品对MODIS相应产品的可替代性。比较了两种卫星的全球SST单日和月平均融合产品的图像空间结构,分析了匹配像元SST值的离散度,统计了HY1C/1D的误差结果,讨论了HY1C与HY1D产品的一致性、不同质量控制方案对SST产品影响以及遥感产品质量对昼夜SST变化研究影响等问题。结果表明,以2020年6月SST(Terra)为真值,HY1C白天SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.04℃、0.60℃、0.78℃和0.98,夜晚SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为−0.16℃、0.78℃、0.95℃和0.86。以2020年6月SST(Aqua)为真值,HY1D白天SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.02℃、0.59℃、0.79℃和0.98,夜晚SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为−0.09℃、0.61℃、0.82℃和0.96。这些统计值可以通过严格的质量控制方案来减小,但海洋锋面等区域的有效数据率会随着质量控制的阈值变小而显著减小。COCTS的全球SST遥感图像与MODIS相应产品在空间分布上差异性很小,长时间序列遥感图像结果比较具有良好的时空稳定性,多种SST产品整体都表现出对MODIS同类产品具有良好的一致性和可替代性。通过对SST昼夜变化等方面研究,提出了遥感SST产品质量提升的发展方向,来提高其在海洋昼夜温度短期变化等相关海洋学研究的应用能力。

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毛志华(1966-),男,浙江省宁波市人,研究员,从事海洋遥感的研究。E-mail:

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毛志华(1966-),男,浙江省宁波市人,研究员,从事海洋遥感的研究。E-mail:

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毛志华(1966-),男,浙江省宁波市人,研究员,从事海洋遥感的研究。E-mail:

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caption=2020年10月2日HY1C全球单日SST精度验证(左图为白天,右图为夜晚), figureFileSmall=gutCuoQTydbyFpzFmnUXpw==, figureFileBig=JTpHydSHGZolrAwB1oyykw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304256962351846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Validation of daily global SST of HY1D on October 2, 2020 (left: daytime; right: nighttime), figureFileSmall=plmf0YvEkUgWC4zlLDX/TQ==, figureFileBig=Z8LmeQqNKHjEyYVKKqoS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257075598058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2020年10月2日HY1D全球单日SST精度验证(左图为白天,右图为夜晚), figureFileSmall=plmf0YvEkUgWC4zlLDX/TQ==, figureFileBig=Z8LmeQqNKHjEyYVKKqoS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257247564524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of daily SST between HY1C and Terra on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=5pSw+WEqEEVUw8ClzkP7Tw==, figureFileBig=5pKtiuNzxeFOj8orK76XqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257360810740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2020年6月14日HY1C与Terra全球单日SST分布比较, figureFileSmall=5pSw+WEqEEVUw8ClzkP7Tw==, figureFileBig=5pKtiuNzxeFOj8orK76XqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257469862648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparisons of daily SST scatterplots between HY1C and Terra on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=CZyRmFB14A8tOQiwZ7XeHg==, figureFileBig=xDwxzad5nZxee5WxRIFoGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257557943035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2020年6月14日的HY1C与Terra单日SST密度散点图比较, figureFileSmall=CZyRmFB14A8tOQiwZ7XeHg==, figureFileBig=xDwxzad5nZxee5WxRIFoGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257629246206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparison of daily SST between HY1D and Aqua on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=ueBBs87+te6tVSbJc5vxCw==, figureFileBig=2a6a35rtuPxrJsNEam8Exw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257708937986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2020年6月14日HY1D与Aqua单日SST分布, figureFileSmall=ueBBs87+te6tVSbJc5vxCw==, figureFileBig=2a6a35rtuPxrJsNEam8Exw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257817989897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparisons of daily SST matching data between HY1D and Aqua on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=UhXAUJQof/b5gXbnveiPtA==, figureFileBig=h3j3kS8VTP7IazWkrjWohA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304257918653196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2020年6月14日HY1D与Aqua全球单日SST匹配数据比较, figureFileSmall=UhXAUJQof/b5gXbnveiPtA==, figureFileBig=h3j3kS8VTP7IazWkrjWohA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258006733585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Comparison of monthly SST between HY1C and Terra in July, 2020, figureFileSmall=r4Zv6fuo8UKzXU9IAPmoQA==, figureFileBig=eXWBpvcAkun/7+7XJ6aSwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258094813972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2020年7月HY1C与Terra月平均SST分布比较, figureFileSmall=r4Zv6fuo8UKzXU9IAPmoQA==, figureFileBig=eXWBpvcAkun/7+7XJ6aSwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258187088665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Comparisons of the monthly SST scatterplots between HY1C and Terra, figureFileSmall=nYHyvyrVg8p25P5YaeKsaw==, figureFileBig=aiIQKiMTwgcuKojY+SiDSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258279363358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图8, caption=HY1C与Terra月平均SST密度散点图比较, figureFileSmall=nYHyvyrVg8p25P5YaeKsaw==, figureFileBig=aiIQKiMTwgcuKojY+SiDSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258363249442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Comparison of monthly SST between HY1D and Aqua in July, 2020, figureFileSmall=UTXdZv2GBNHyYTd22VP+eg==, figureFileBig=mDjUc1ayv4Rkzzlb47Qc/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304258438746916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2020年7月HY1D与Aqua月平均SST分布比较, figureFileSmall=UTXdZv2GBNHyYTd22VP+eg==, figureFileBig=mDjUc1ayv4Rkzzlb47Qc/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304259701232424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Comparisons of monthly SST scatterplots between HY1D and Aqua in July, 2020, figureFileSmall=s0Fd39VyBJhhvVQyiJcbiw==, figureFileBig=iohw+aWRV+Ac6ocYp7Zkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304259806090028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2020年7月HY1D与Aqua月平均SST密度散点图比较, figureFileSmall=s0Fd39VyBJhhvVQyiJcbiw==, figureFileBig=iohw+aWRV+Ac6ocYp7Zkpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304259915141936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Comparisons of the merged HY1C/1D SST between daytime and nighttime on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=TmsvQt3XM+FGEMCUQ/EGng==, figureFileBig=XTvwVYbfgDdzCjj7f1h8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260032582452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2020年6月14日HY1C/1D白天和夜晚SST融合产品比较, figureFileSmall=TmsvQt3XM+FGEMCUQ/EGng==, figureFileBig=XTvwVYbfgDdzCjj7f1h8wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260141634358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Comparison of daily merged SST of HY1C/1D on June 14, 2020 before and after quality control, figureFileSmall=GVXN2cIcy2R6BWcz6uKHuw==, figureFileBig=4rXiABsJt5aBQlUxl7pkcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260229714748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2020年6月14日HY1C/1D质量控制前后单日SST融合产品比较, figureFileSmall=GVXN2cIcy2R6BWcz6uKHuw==, figureFileBig=4rXiABsJt5aBQlUxl7pkcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260326183740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=The comparison of daily global ∆T between COCTS and MODIS on June 14, 2020, figureFileSmall=VYcVQPwHiX9vFgFVLAEl5Q==, figureFileBig=Mpcdup95H076zpPzak/xdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260418458432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2020年6月14日COCTS与MODIS全球$ \Delta \mathit{T} $日分布, figureFileSmall=VYcVQPwHiX9vFgFVLAEl5Q==, figureFileBig=Mpcdup95H076zpPzak/xdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304260481372995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of COCTS and MODIS bands to detect surface sea temperature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测器通道带宽/μm中心波长/
μm
等效噪声温度差/K光谱辐射率/
(W·m−2·μm−1·sr−1
注:300 K代表标准300 K温度下光谱辐射率的值;“−”代表COCTS的光谱辐射率在9和10通道未给出,对应波段的亮温测量范围为200~320 K。
COCTS910.30~11.3010.80.20
1011.50~12.5012.00.20
MODIS3110.78~11.2811.030.059.55(300 K)
3211.77~12.2712.020.058.94(300 K)
), ArticleFig(id=1215304260561064776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

COCTS和MODIS用于探测海表温度的波段特征[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测器通道带宽/μm中心波长/
μm
等效噪声温度差/K光谱辐射率/
(W·m−2·μm−1·sr−1
注:300 K代表标准300 K温度下光谱辐射率的值;“−”代表COCTS的光谱辐射率在9和10通道未给出,对应波段的亮温测量范围为200~320 K。
COCTS910.30~11.3010.80.20
1011.50~12.5012.00.20
MODIS3110.78~11.2811.030.059.55(300 K)
3211.77~12.2712.020.058.94(300 K)
), ArticleFig(id=1215304260665922379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The evaluation of SST (unit: ℃) products of HY1C/1D on October 2, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考卫星时间平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
绝对偏差<0.5℃
比例/%
实测HY1C白天−0.300.620.860.9954.38
夜晚−0.330.610.860.9956.25
HY1D白天−0.170.610.800.9950.12
夜晚−0.310.700.920.9946.15
MODISHY1C白天−0.010.630.830.9949.82
夜晚−0.030.610.830.9947.93
HY1D白天 0.110.610.810.9946.75
夜晚−0.020.650.880.9950.28
), ArticleFig(id=1215304260821111633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2020年10月2日HY1C与HY1D SST(单位:℃)匹配点统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考卫星时间平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
绝对偏差<0.5℃
比例/%
实测HY1C白天−0.300.620.860.9954.38
夜晚−0.330.610.860.9956.25
HY1D白天−0.170.610.800.9950.12
夜晚−0.310.700.920.9946.15
MODISHY1C白天−0.010.630.830.9949.82
夜晚−0.030.610.830.9947.93
HY1D白天 0.110.610.810.9946.75
夜晚−0.020.650.880.9950.28
), ArticleFig(id=1215304260955329367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

The accuracy of daily global SST (unit: ℃) of HY1C at daytime in June, 2020 based on SST of Terra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日0.040.590.780.9823.4223.39
6月15日−0.090.680.880.9722.9823.19
6月16日−0.050.620.820.9722.9023.06
6月17日0.120.570.760.9823.2323.12
6月18日0.100.550.720.9823.9523.85
6月19日0.00.660.850.9722.8522.84
6月20日0.010.640.830.9722.4322.48
6月21日0.100.580.760.9823.2223.15
6月22日0.140.530.690.9823.3823.21
6月23日0.040.610.800.9822.9822.98
6月24日0.020.660.860.9723.3823.46
6月25日0.050.600.790.9723.5123.51
6月26日0.170.510.670.9824.0123.83
6月27日0.00.580.760.9823.8423.86
6月28日−0.010.650.840.9723.7323.84
6月29日−0.010.610.800.9723.8323.92
6月30日0.100.490.660.9823.7823.71
平均0.040.600.780.9823.3723.38
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261047604060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2020年6月与Terra比较的HY1C全球单日的白天SST(单位:℃)误差统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日0.040.590.780.9823.4223.39
6月15日−0.090.680.880.9722.9823.19
6月16日−0.050.620.820.9722.9023.06
6月17日0.120.570.760.9823.2323.12
6月18日0.100.550.720.9823.9523.85
6月19日0.00.660.850.9722.8522.84
6月20日0.010.640.830.9722.4322.48
6月21日0.100.580.760.9823.2223.15
6月22日0.140.530.690.9823.3823.21
6月23日0.040.610.800.9822.9822.98
6月24日0.020.660.860.9723.3823.46
6月25日0.050.600.790.9723.5123.51
6月26日0.170.510.670.9824.0123.83
6月27日0.00.580.760.9823.8423.86
6月28日−0.010.650.840.9723.7323.84
6月29日−0.010.610.800.9723.8323.92
6月30日0.100.490.660.9823.7823.71
平均0.040.600.780.9823.3723.38
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261148267360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The accuracy of daily global SST of HY1C at nighttime in June, 2020 based on SST (unit: ℃) of Terra

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日−0.180.790.960.8523.6324.65
6月15日−0.130.760.930.8723.1124.19
6月16日−0.190.780.940.8222.7924.14
6月17日−0.240.820.980.8423.5824.84
6月18日−0.180.790.970.8323.5824.68
6月19日−0.250.770.950.8624.7625.95
6月20日−0.090.750.920.8623.8224.66
6月21日−0.140.820.980.8523.4424.60
6月22日−0.190.790.960.8923.0224.04
6月23日−0.110.790.960.8623.5424.60
6月24日−0.070.760.930.8523.7424.64
6月25日−0.140.770.950.8823.5624.50
6月26日−0.170.810.960.8423.5524.78
6月27日−0.270.810.990.8423.7424.97
6月28日−0.060.720.910.8823.8624.69
6月29日−0.150.740.920.8623.7524.76
6月30日−0.160.800.960.8423.5124.62
平均−0.160.780.950.8623.5924.67
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261227959139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2020年6月与Terra比较的HY1C全球单日的夜晚SST(单位:℃)误差统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日−0.180.790.960.8523.6324.65
6月15日−0.130.760.930.8723.1124.19
6月16日−0.190.780.940.8222.7924.14
6月17日−0.240.820.980.8423.5824.84
6月18日−0.180.790.970.8323.5824.68
6月19日−0.250.770.950.8624.7625.95
6月20日−0.090.750.920.8623.8224.66
6月21日−0.140.820.980.8523.4424.60
6月22日−0.190.790.960.8923.0224.04
6月23日−0.110.790.960.8623.5424.60
6月24日−0.070.760.930.8523.7424.64
6月25日−0.140.770.950.8823.5624.50
6月26日−0.170.810.960.8423.5524.78
6月27日−0.270.810.990.8423.7424.97
6月28日−0.060.720.910.8823.8624.69
6月29日−0.150.740.920.8623.7524.76
6月30日−0.160.800.960.8423.5124.62
平均−0.160.780.950.8623.5924.67
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261311845223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The accuracy of daily global SST (unit: ℃) of HY1C at daytime in June, 2020 based on SST of Aqua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日0.100.520.700.9723.3523.13
6月15日−0.010.600.800.9822.6622.72
6月16日00.650.860.9722.6522.76
6月17日00.610.810.9723.1023.20
6月18日0.050.510.700.9823.5123.45
6月19日0.010.590.800.9822.7922.82
6月20日−0.050.640.860.9723.0723.20
6月21日−0.040.640.860.9722.3622.52
6月22日00.560.770.9822.8922.92
6月23日0.050.550.740.9822.7922.73
6月24日0.060.580.790.9823.2423.22
6月25日0.040.610.810.9723.5423.59
6月26日0.020.570.770.9823.7623.74
6月27日0.050.530.720.9823.7823.71
6月28日0.040.580.770.9823.6023.56
6月29日−0.030.610.810.9723.4923.62
6月30日−0.010.600.810.9723.3723.45
平均0.020.590.790.9823.1723.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261395731306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2020年6月与Aqua比较的HY1D全球单日的白天SST(单位:℃)误差统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日0.100.520.700.9723.3523.13
6月15日−0.010.600.800.9822.6622.72
6月16日00.650.860.9722.6522.76
6月17日00.610.810.9723.1023.20
6月18日0.050.510.700.9823.5123.45
6月19日0.010.590.800.9822.7922.82
6月20日−0.050.640.860.9723.0723.20
6月21日−0.040.640.860.9722.3622.52
6月22日00.560.770.9822.8922.92
6月23日0.050.550.740.9822.7922.73
6月24日0.060.580.790.9823.2423.22
6月25日0.040.610.810.9723.5423.59
6月26日0.020.570.770.9823.7623.74
6月27日0.050.530.720.9823.7823.71
6月28日0.040.580.770.9823.6023.56
6月29日−0.030.610.810.9723.4923.62
6月30日−0.010.600.810.9723.3723.45
平均0.020.590.790.9823.1723.20
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261462840173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

The accuracy of daily global SST (unit: ℃) of HY1D at nighttime in June, 2020 based on SST of Aqua

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日00.530.730.9823.2023.27
6月15日−0.100.580.790.9823.3323.55
6月16日−0.140.660.870.9523.7524.12
6月17日−0.110.660.880.9623.7724.10
6月18日−0.090.590.800.9623.9624.25
6月19日−0.070.540.740.9724.5424.70
6月20日−0.180.680.890.9623.8524.26
6月21日−0.130.670.890.9523.6124.01
6月22日−0.120.670.880.9723.0723.55
6月23日−0.050.570.770.9723.6623.89
6月24日−0.080.590.800.9623.4923.80
6月25日−0.010.620.830.9523.7824.05
6月26日−0.040.580.780.9623.8124.07
6月27日−0.070.590.800.9724.1924.41
6月28日−0.150.610.840.9724.1124.42
6月29日−0.130.650.860.9623.8924.23
6月30日−0.100.650.870.9623.7124.05
平均−0.090.610.820.9623.7524.04
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261538337648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2020年6月与Aqua比较的HY1D全球单日的夜晚SST(单位:℃)误差统计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数HY1C平均Terra平均
6月14日00.530.730.9823.2023.27
6月15日−0.100.580.790.9823.3323.55
6月16日−0.140.660.870.9523.7524.12
6月17日−0.110.660.880.9623.7724.10
6月18日−0.090.590.800.9623.9624.25
6月19日−0.070.540.740.9724.5424.70
6月20日−0.180.680.890.9623.8524.26
6月21日−0.130.670.890.9523.6124.01
6月22日−0.120.670.880.9723.0723.55
6月23日−0.050.570.770.9723.6623.89
6月24日−0.080.590.800.9623.4923.80
6月25日−0.010.620.830.9523.7824.05
6月26日−0.040.580.780.9623.8124.07
6月27日−0.070.590.800.9724.1924.41
6月28日−0.150.610.840.9724.1124.42
6月29日−0.130.650.860.9623.8924.23
6月30日−0.100.650.870.9623.7124.05
平均−0.090.610.820.9623.7524.04
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261605446516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Comparison of the monthly SST (unit: ℃) statistical analysis between HY1C/1D and Terra/Aqua in July, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类型平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数
HY1C/Terra 白天−0.090.510.710.99
HY1C/Terra 夜晚−0.180.520.720.99
HY1D/Aqua 白天−0.210.580.820.99
HY1D/Aqua 夜晚−0.170.610.840.99
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261689332600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2020年7月HY1C/1D与Terra/Aqua SST(单位:℃)月产品匹配点统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类型平均偏差绝对偏差均方根误差相关系数
HY1C/Terra 白天−0.090.510.710.99
HY1C/Terra 夜晚−0.180.520.720.99
HY1D/Aqua 白天−0.210.580.820.99
HY1D/Aqua 夜晚−0.170.610.840.99
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261756441467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Comparison of daily global SST (unit: ℃) statistical analysis between HY1C and HY1D at daytime on June, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
HY1C
平均
HY1D
平均
6月14日−0.180.891.020.8221.5722.19
6月15日−0.150.921.040.8321.6722.22
6月16日−0.120.911.030.8321.3122.00
6月17日−0.160.941.060.8421.4822.07
6月18日−0.130.921.050.8422.0022.45
平均−0.150.921.040.8321.6122.19
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261865493374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

2020年6月HY1C与HY1D白天单日全球SST(单位:℃)产品对比统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
HY1C
平均
HY1D
平均
6月14日−0.180.891.020.8221.5722.19
6月15日−0.150.921.040.8321.6722.22
6月16日−0.120.911.030.8321.3122.00
6月17日−0.160.941.060.8421.4822.07
6月18日−0.130.921.050.8422.0022.45
平均−0.150.921.040.8321.6122.19
), ArticleFig(id=1215304261970350977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Comparison of daily global SST (unit: ℃) statistical analysis between HY1C and HY1D at nighttime on June, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
HY1C
平均
HY1D
平均
6月14日0.101.051.090.7421.1420.80
6月15日0.161.061.080.7421.0520.58
6月16日0.101.051.070.7120.8120.36
6月17日0.161.061.090.7321.3620.83
6月18日0.151.051.090.7321.4420.87
平均0.131.051.090.7321.1620.69
), ArticleFig(id=1215304262066819972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

2020年6月HY1C与HY1D夜晚单日全球SST(单位:℃)产品对比统计分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期平均
偏差
绝对
偏差
均方根
误差
相关
系数
HY1C
平均
HY1D
平均
6月14日0.101.051.090.7421.1420.80
6月15日0.161.061.080.7421.0520.58
6月16日0.101.051.070.7120.8120.36
6月17日0.161.061.090.7321.3620.83
6月18日0.151.051.090.7321.4420.87
平均0.131.051.090.7321.1620.69
), ArticleFig(id=1215304262146511750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=EN, label=Table 10, caption=

Merged SST statistical analysis between HY1C/1D and Terra/Aqua on June 14, 2020

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类型平均偏差/℃绝对偏差/℃均方根误差/℃相关系数
白天0.140.740.970.98
夜晚0.150.510.710.99
), ArticleFig(id=1215304262247175048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211299028067815442, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

HY1C/1D与Terra/Aqua SST融合产品统计分析结果(2020年6月14日)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品类型平均偏差/℃绝对偏差/℃均方根误差/℃相关系数
白天0.140.740.970.98
夜晚0.150.510.710.99
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HY1C/1D海表温度对Terra/Aqua产品的可替代性分析
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毛志华 1, 2, 3 , 张贤良 1, 2 , 刘建强 4 , 丁静 4 , 陈鹏 1 , 朱乾坤 1 , 黄海清 1 , 马力 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(3): 97-112
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(3): 97-112
HY1C/1D海表温度对Terra/Aqua产品的可替代性分析
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毛志华1, 2, 3 , 张贤良1, 2, 刘建强4, 丁静4, 陈鹏1, 朱乾坤1, 黄海清1, 马力1
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,上海 200083
  • 3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
  • 4 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
  • 毛志华(1966-),男,浙江省宁波市人,研究员,从事海洋遥感的研究。E-mail:

Consistent analysis of sea surface temperature products between HY1C/1D and Terra/Aqua
Zhihua Mao1, 2, 3 , Xianliang Zhang1, 2, Jianqiang Liu4, Jing Ding4, Peng Chen1, Qiankun Zhu1, Haiqing Huang1, Li Ma1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
  • 3Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
  • 4National Satellite Ocean Application Service, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2023-03-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023040
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通过卫星遥感获取的海表温度(SST)产品已经成为海洋和大气研究中的重要数据源,我国海洋水色遥感卫星(HY1C和HY1D)的海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)具有两个热红外通道,可反演全球SST遥感产品。对比Terra和Aqua卫星的中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)的SST产品,分析COCTS海表温度产品对MODIS相应产品的可替代性。比较了两种卫星的全球SST单日和月平均融合产品的图像空间结构,分析了匹配像元SST值的离散度,统计了HY1C/1D的误差结果,讨论了HY1C与HY1D产品的一致性、不同质量控制方案对SST产品影响以及遥感产品质量对昼夜SST变化研究影响等问题。结果表明,以2020年6月SST(Terra)为真值,HY1C白天SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.04℃、0.60℃、0.78℃和0.98,夜晚SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为−0.16℃、0.78℃、0.95℃和0.86。以2020年6月SST(Aqua)为真值,HY1D白天SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.02℃、0.59℃、0.79℃和0.98,夜晚SST的单日全球遥感产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为−0.09℃、0.61℃、0.82℃和0.96。这些统计值可以通过严格的质量控制方案来减小,但海洋锋面等区域的有效数据率会随着质量控制的阈值变小而显著减小。COCTS的全球SST遥感图像与MODIS相应产品在空间分布上差异性很小,长时间序列遥感图像结果比较具有良好的时空稳定性,多种SST产品整体都表现出对MODIS同类产品具有良好的一致性和可替代性。通过对SST昼夜变化等方面研究,提出了遥感SST产品质量提升的发展方向,来提高其在海洋昼夜温度短期变化等相关海洋学研究的应用能力。

海表温度  /  COCTS-HY1C/1D  /  MODIS-Terra/Aqua  /  可替代性

The sea surface temperature (SST) products, obtained from the Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) on the two haiyang satellites (HY1C and HY1D), play an important role in oceanic and atmospheric researches. It is important to know whether they are consistent with products from other satellites such as the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on Terra and Aqua satellites. The data quality of SST global images from COCTS on HY1C/1D is evaluated by the average bias, absolute difference, root mean square error, and correlation coefficient based on in-situ SST measurements and the MODIS products. The results show that the spatial patterns of the daily and monthly global SST of HY1C/1D are similar to those of Terra/Aqua. The average bias, absolute difference, root mean square error and correlation coefficient of the global daily SST/HY1C products at daytime, based on the SST values of Terra on June 2020, are 0.04℃, 0.60℃, 0.78℃ and 0.98, respectively, and that of the nighttime products are −0.16℃, 0.78℃, 0.95℃ and 0.86, respectively. Similarly, the values of the daytime SST products of HY1D comparing with the SST of Aqua on June 2020 are 0.02℃, 0.59℃, 0.79℃ and 0.98, and that of the nighttime products are −0.09℃, 0.61℃, 0.82℃ and 0.96, respectively. The evaluation on other seasons indicates that the SST products from COCTS are very stable. However, the data quality control scheme and inhomogeneity correction still need to be developed to improve the performance of SST products of HY1C/1D. As a whole, the SST products of HY1C/1D can be used in some applications, similar to the Terra/Aqua products.

sea surface temperature  /  COCTS-HY1C/1D  /  MODIS-Terra/Aqua  /  consistent
毛志华, 张贤良, 刘建强, 丁静, 陈鹏, 朱乾坤, 黄海清, 马力. HY1C/1D海表温度对Terra/Aqua产品的可替代性分析. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (3) : 97 -112 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023040
Zhihua Mao, Xianliang Zhang, Jianqiang Liu, Jing Ding, Peng Chen, Qiankun Zhu, Haiqing Huang, Li Ma. Consistent analysis of sea surface temperature products between HY1C/1D and Terra/Aqua[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (3) : 97 -112 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023040
海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)是一个非常重要的海洋环境参数,在关键海域的大尺度异常预示着气候的变化[1],并与气候相关的许多其他方面的量化和建模密切相关,如海气相互作用、海洋酸化、生物物理过程和海洋生物分布等[2]。在卫星遥感技术发展之前,船测是主要的海表温度数据来源[2],但是船测数据在时间和空间覆盖上都是非常粗糙的。从20世纪60年代开始,遥感探测因为高时空分辨率的优势,其探测SST的方法开始逐步进入研究人员视野[3]。而真正意义上通过卫星对海表温度进行观测的是20世纪80年代先进的甚高分辨率扫描辐射计(AVHRR)[2, 4],其主要原理是通过红外光谱被动遥感的方式接收来自海洋表面的辐射信息来定量反演海表温度[5],这已经成为现有卫星遥感探测SST的重要方法之一。最早,McMillin[6]基于NOAA/AVHRR的两个通道对大气的吸收不同提出了分裂窗方法进行SST反演。1985年,McClain等[7]通过假设亮温差与水汽之间存在线性关系引入了多通道SST(MCSST)算法。Emery等[8]提出水汽SST(WVSST)算法和二次SST(QDSST)算法来解释水汽和亮温差之间的非线性关系。Walton等[9-10]进一步提出交叉产品SST(CPSST)和非线性SST(NLSST)算法。
目前,国外有很多卫星搭载红外辐射计,如先进的甚高分辨率辐射计(AVHRR)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)、海洋和陆地表面温度辐射计(SLSTR)和可见光红外成像辐射计(VIIRS)等,可以提供千米像元空间分辨率的海表温度数据[5, 11]。其中,MODIS是第一个在中红外波段窗口具有多个红外波段的辐射计[12],搭载在Terra和Aqua两颗卫星上,自在轨运行以来已经工作20余年,依然每天提供全球SST产品,SST产品通过两个热红外通道使用NLSST算法反演而成[13],已经为众多科学研究提供了数据来源。Chin等[14]使用MODIS海表面数据融合其他卫星SST产品和现场观测SST数据构建了全球0.01°分辨率的多尺度高分辨率分析数据集。Shi和Wang[15]使用8年MODIS-Aqua SST数据对渤海、黄海和东海的海温季节和年际变化进行了评价,并分析了与海气过程的相关性。有学者利用多年MODIS SST数据在局部地区海温异常与ENSO的关系、ENSO对地区SST季节性变化影响以及SST与生物地球化学过程、海气作用关系等方面取得了很多创新性工作[16-19]
我国在气象卫星和海洋卫星上搭载了红外辐射计,用于海表温度探测研究。海洋水色卫星(HY-1)系列是我国专门用于海洋水色和水温探测的卫星,经过HY1A卫星和HY1B卫星的试验后,分别于2018年和2020年发射了业务化海洋水色遥感卫星(HY1C和HY1D),搭载的水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)可以用于对全球SST进行全天候的监测,空间分辨率达到千米级别[20],期待成为我国自主的海洋水色水温数据来源,其SST产品能否替代MODIS相关产品对我国海洋卫星遥感发展有着极为重要意义。本研究使用HY1C和HY1D的全球热红外遥感数据来反演SST,并与Terra和Aqua的数据产品进行比对,分析两种卫星产品的一致性和稳定性,讨论其对MODIS产品可替代性等问题。
2018年9月7日,“海洋一号”C卫星(HY1C)在太原成功发射,该星是中国“海洋一号”系列的第3颗卫星,属于太阳同步轨道卫星,轨道高度为782 km,倾角为98.5°,于每日地方时上午10:30±30 min过境[11]。其搭载了海洋水色水温扫描仪(COCTS)、海岸带成像仪(CZI)、紫外成像仪(UVI)、星上定标光谱仪(SCS)以及船舶自动识别系统(AIS)5大载荷。HY1C搭载的海洋水色水温扫描仪有2个热红外通道 (带宽为10.30~11.30 μm,11.50~12.50 μm)[20]表1),可以每天两次监测全球海表温度,在赤道区域的星下点空间分辨率约为1 km,扫描刈幅超过2 900 km。“海洋一号”D卫星(HY1D)于2020年6月10日成功发射,其所携带载荷与HY1C相同,每日地方时下午1:30±30 min分过境,与HY1C完成上下午组网,构成了我国自主的海洋水色遥感卫星监测网络。这两颗卫星的遥感数据可以从https://osdds.nsoas.org.cn/网站免费下载。
MODIS是美国国家航空航天局(NASA)在对地观测系统(EOS)计划中最重要的传感器之一[21]。搭载MODIS的Terra和Aqua卫星分别于1999年12月和2002年5月发射成功[22],Terra每天上午地方时约10:30过境,Aqua每天下午地方时约1:30过境,完成上下午组网,可以全天候监测全球海洋水色和海表温度等信息。MODIS提供光谱波长从0.4 μm到14.4 μm共36个光谱通道,覆盖了可见光到热红外波段。其中两个波段的空间分辨率为250 m,5个波段的为500 m,其余29个波段为1 km[22],MODIS用于海表温度监测的具体光谱特征见表1,第31波段和32波段与COCTS热红外波段相似。本文使用的海表温度数据为Terra和Aqua两颗卫星的单日产品和月平均产品(白天和夜间数据),空间分辨率为4 km,数据来自https://oceandata.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/
原位观测数据对于卫星海表面温度数据的校准和反演至关重要,本文中使用的原位数据来自于美国国家海洋和大气管理局(NOAA)的原位SST质量监测数据集v2.10(iQuam v2.10)[23],可从https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/socd/sst/iquam/data.html免费获取。iQuam数据集收集来自漂流浮标、锚系浮标、Argo、船载测量等8个平台的SST实测数据,进行统一的5步质量控制算法(预筛选、合理性检查、内部一致性检查、交叉一致性检查、外部一致性检查)后,形成较为可信的原位SST数据产品,并针对每个SST数据提供5个等级的质量标识[23-24]。本文采用最高质量(level 5)的iQuam v2.10原位SST数据作为卫星SST的验证数据。
海表温度的反演算法使用Walton等[10]提出的非线性SST(NLSST)算法, 通过COCTS的两个热红外通道的不同透射率来消除大气作用进行SST反演。NLSST算法公式为[11]
$ \mathrm{SST}={{a}}_{0}+\left({{a}}_{1}+{{a}}_{2}S _{{\theta }}\right){T}_{11}+\left({{a}}_{3}+{{a}}_{4}{T}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{c}}+{{a}}_{5}S _{{\theta }}\right)\left({T}_{11}-{T}_{12}\right)+{{a}}_{6}S _{{\theta }} \text{,} $
式中,$ {\boldsymbol{S}}_{\mathrm{\theta }}=\mathrm{s}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{c}\ {\theta }-1 $$ \mathrm{\theta } $为传感器天顶角;$ {T}_{11} $$ {T}_{12} $是COCTS在两个热红外波段(10.8 µm和12.0 µm)的亮温;$ {{a}}_{0}至{{a}}_{6} $为系数;$ {T}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{c}} $为第一猜测温度。$ {T}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{c}} $通过一种多通道SST (MCSST)算法[11, 25]计算得到,MCSST算法公式为
$ \mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}={{b}}_{0}+{{b}}_{1}{T}_{11}+{{b}}_{2}\left({T}_{11}-{T}_{12}\right)+{{b}}_{3}\left({T}_{11}-{T}_{12}\right)S _{\theta } \text{,} $
式中,$ {{b}}_{0} $$ {{b}}_{3} $为系数,通过实测SST数据集做回归算法计算得到。
COCTS与MODIS海表温度产品都是规则网格产品,在匹配时选取相同时间分辨率,对同一网格点中的数据进行匹配,计算匹配点数据的平均偏差 (Bias)、绝对偏差(AE)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相关系数(R),以此衡量各数据产品之间的差异情况。平均偏差 $ \mathrm{B}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{s}={\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left({S}_{i}-{T}_{i}\right)}/{n} $ ,其中ST为不同数据产品间同一时间分辨率同一网格点海表温度值,i为匹配的第i个匹配点,n为总匹配点个数,平均偏差Bias可以反映两种数据产品间的差异程度[21];绝对偏差 ${\rm{AE}}={\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}\left(\left|{S}_{i}-{T}_{i}\right|\right)}/{n} $,为防止偏差被正负抵消,使用绝对偏差可以更好反映数据偏差的实际情况;均方根误差 $ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{M}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{E}=\sqrt{\dfrac{1}{n}\displaystyle\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\left({S}_{i}-{T}_{i}\right)}^{2}} $,RMSE反映COCTS产品的精密程度;相关系数${R}=\dfrac{Cov\left(S,T\right)}{\sqrt{D\left(S\right)\times D\left(T\right)}} $,其中$ Cov\left(S,T\right) $ST的协方差,$ D\left(S\right) $$ D\left(T\right) $分别代表ST的方差,R反映了ST两种数据产品的相关程度,R越小,两个产品的一致性越低。
海表温度昼夜差异$ \Delta T $可以用白天海表温度(DSST)与夜晚海表温度(NSST)之差表示[26]。因此,每个数据点的$ \Delta T $的计算形式可表达为[26-27]
$ \Delta T=\mathrm{D}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\left(n\right)-\mathrm{N}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}\left(n\right) \text{,} $
由于白天海表温度一般大于夜晚海表温度,因此$ \Delta T $一般大于0,而$ \Delta T $小于0的情况主要由海洋上空的昼夜大气条件差异引起。
使用iQuam v2.10实测SST数据对HY1C/1D和Terra/Aqua的SST全球产品进行验证(数据点分布的经纬度,以北纬和东经为正)。由于不同平台的实测SST测量的水层不同,本研究只选取测量深度在1 m内的实测SST数据用于卫星SST产品的匹配验证,并选取满足实测与卫星的测量时间差在1 h以内和二者距离在4 km范围内这两个条件的点作为有效匹配数据点。2020年10月2日的HY1C全球白天和晚上SST产品精度验证结果见图1,图中黑点为匹配点的空间分布,同时显示了二者的散点图和偏值直方图分布情况。
从图中可以看出,一天内HY1C与实测SST的1 h内匹配数据量比较多,白天和晚上分别为1 734个和1 575个,分布区域相对均匀,适合于遥感SST的精度评价。离散点的分布情况说明绝对部分匹配数据都位于1∶1线附近,说明二者具有较好的一致性。偏差的直方图形状接近于高斯分布,54.38%的白天匹配点的绝对偏差都小于0.5℃,晚上的比例更高,为56.25%。存在一定数量匹配点的绝对偏差大于2℃,白天和晚上的比例分别为6.63%和8.82%。
对2020年10月2日的HY1D全球SST产品精度进行了评价(图2)。匹配点分别为1694个和1 207个,晚上匹配数据明显偏少的原因是HY1D这一天晚上遥感数据存在大面积缺失。离散点分布情况和偏差直方图分布结果与HY1C类似,绝对偏差小于0.5℃的比例分别为50.12%和46.15%,低于HY1C的结果。大于2℃的比例分别为4.31%和7.21%,说明HY1D的异常数据比例低于HY1C。
对HY1C/1D遥感SST产品进行了误差统计,2020年10月2日的结果见表2,表中列出了平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差、相关系数和绝对偏差小于0.5℃的比例。为了提高HY1C/1D与其他卫星数据的一致性,目前业务化SST反演算法是以MODIS数据为真值建立的,统计结果表明反演值与实测数据存在一定的系统偏差(−0.03~0.11℃)。
表2可以看出,用实测SST评价目前HY1C/1D的反演产品精度存在较大系统偏差(−0.33~−0.17℃),可以利用实测数据确定算法系数来减少反演产品与实测数据的平均偏差(约0.05℃),但从绝对偏差和均方根误差来看,二种反演系数得到的误差结果差异性不大,都分别为0.65℃和0.85℃左右。实测的反演系数在HY1C白天产品平均绝对偏差和HY1D白天产品均方根误差反而略有上升,小于0.5℃的比例也减少了5%左右(除HY1D夜晚产品外)。表2的统计结果受少量异常数据(绝对偏差大于5℃)影响严重,剔除异常数据的统计结果可能更真实反映实际的遥感SST产品质量。
HY1C与Terra同为上午星,过境时间大致相同,图3a图3b为2020年6月14日的HY1C和Terra全球单日的白天SST分布比较结果。区域范围设定为70°S~70°N,投影分辨率为0.1°×0.1°。热红外通道遥感数据受云影响较大,有云覆盖区域无法获得有效的海表温度数据,因此两种单日SST产品存在一定数据缺失。从空间分布结果来看,两种卫星的单日SST产品在空间分布上基本一致性,具有相同的温度梯度分布结构。从有效数据分布情况看, HY1C的SST图像在高纬度区域获得的有效数据分布范围明显高于Terra,该结果与云检测的控制算法有关。在低纬度区域,Terra卫星的MODIS载荷具有110°的全视场角,可实现2 330 km的扫描宽度[1],其SST图像在两轨相邻轨道的卫星数据之间存在较大的空缺,而HY1C的COCTS具有114°的全视域角来完成单轨2 900 km的地面扫幅,实现了单日全球遥感数据覆盖的能力。统计两种卫星白天图像的有效数据覆盖率,HY1C海洋区域的覆盖率为39.5%,比Terra的相应产品高9%左右。
对这两种SST产品进行像元尺度的精度比较,对同时为有效数据的相同位置SST进行匹配比较,通过散点图形式体现(图4),图4b显示二者在夜晚的全球单日产品比较结果。从图中可以看出,二者在白天和晚上SST差异性较小,绝大部分点分布在1∶1对角线上,从密度分布看,大多数的SST分布在25~30℃范围内。从离散度比较看,白天的SST比夜晚更集中于1∶1线附近,说明HY1C与Terra的单日SST夜晚数据差异性较大,分布也更加离散。
以Terra的SST作为真值,统计HY1C的SST反演结果精度(表3)。统计结果包含了2020年6月14−30日的全球单日数据。从统计结果看,二者的日平均偏差都在0.1℃左右,说明二者之间的系统偏差很小,表明HY1C的红外通道数据和反演算法都比较稳定。绝对偏差在0.6℃左右,均方根误差在0.8℃左右,说明二者相同像元的SST值存在一定离散度,这是由不同仪器的辐射响应和微小的大气观察条件差异等因素引起的。二者的相关系数在0.98左右,说明这两种SST全球产品存在较好的一致性。平均SST在22~24℃之间变化,主要是因为HY1C的全球日覆盖区域存在一些差异,在数据获取方面存在一些问题,许多日产品并不是全球覆盖,存在大范围的数据缺失问题,在业务化系统中,数据的可靠获取需要重点关注。
卫星遥感器的热红外通道可以在白天获取数据,也可以在夜晚获取数据,为全球海洋海表温度昼夜变化研究提供了条件。分别对2020年6月14日COCTS夜晚数据进行全球投影形成夜晚全球单日SST结果(图3c图3d),区域范围设定在70°S~70°N,投影分辨率为0.1°×0.1°。图3d显示了Terra卫星的同一天夜晚SST图像,用于二者的比较。
图3可以看出,HY1C与Terra的夜晚单日SST产品的图像空间分布结构非常相似,没有明显的温度梯度差异问题。HY1C的有效数据覆盖率(35.2%)明显高于Terra(25.9%),这也是由二者单轨扫描幅宽不同和高纬度区域质量控制方案差异等因素造成的。
以Terra夜晚SST为真值,对HY1C的夜晚产品进行误差分析,结果见表4,包含了从2020年6月14−30日的单日夜晚统计结果,分别统计了平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差、相关系数和平均值。
从表中可以看出,HY1C夜晚SST的单日平均偏差都在0.27℃之内,但都为负值, HY1C反演结果比Terra平均高0.16℃。单日绝对偏差在0.72~0.82之间变化,平均值为0.78℃。单日均方根误差在0.91~0.99℃变化,平均值为0.95℃。相关系数变化范围为0.82~0.89。二者的平均温度分别为23.59℃和24.67℃。对比了2020年10月HY1C与Terra两颗卫星的单日SST产品,白天和夜晚的遥感图像在空间分布结构上保持良好一致性,每日的误差统计结果都很接近,说明单日HY1C产品具有良好的稳定性。
从HY1C与Terra的SST图像空间分布看,白天和夜晚的产品都不存在明显差异。但从误差统计结果看,假设Terra的SST作为真值,夜晚的HY1C产品存在−0.16℃的系统偏差,绝对偏差和均方根误差也大于白天产品,相关系数也明显低于白天。因此,HY1C的SST遥感产品有待进一步验证和提高。
HY1D是2020年6月10日发射,6月14日开始形成全球单日卫星遥感数据覆盖,其搭载的COCTS热红外通道与HY1C相同,在当地时间下午1:30前后下行过境,与Aqua卫星过境时间接近,可开展二者之间的SST产品比较。2020年6月14日白天全球单日的HY1D和Aqua图像比较结果见图5a图5b,区域范围为70°S~70°N,等经纬度投影,分辨率为0.1°×0.1°。
图5的SST数据空间分布情况来看,两种图像产品没有明显的差异,说明二者的SST空间分布具有良好的一致性。但有效数据覆盖率存在明显差异,HY1D的白天全球单日产品的覆盖率为39.5%,明显高于Aqua(29.5%),这是由卫星扫描宽幅和质量控制算法的差异引起的。从上述HY1C/1D的全球单日遥感图像覆盖情况看,HY1C和HY1D的COCTS遥感器的宽幅设计真正实现了全球范围的遥感数据单日重访周期。
利用Aqua产品对HY1D的SST值进行定量分析,将二者同时具有有效数据的像元作为匹配点,将二者的比较结果显示在图6中,图6b显示二者全球单日夜晚产品比较结果。
从白天的散点图看,二者的海表温度范围基本保持一致,可以看出两种卫星的白天SST产品差异性较小,大部分数据点都分布在1∶1线附近。夜晚的SST值在高温(大于25℃)情况下,存在一定程度的偏低现象,很可能是由两种载荷的仪器响应特性差异引起的,但这种现象在其他散点图(图4图6a)中没有明显体现,因此其真实原因有待进一步调查和分析。
将Aqua产品作为真值,对匹配点的HY1D反演结果进行误差统计,表5列出了2020年6月14−30日的HY1D全球单日白天SST误差情况。从表中可以看出,平均偏差在−0.05℃到0.10℃之间变化,这半个月的平均偏差为0.02℃,说明二者的系统偏差非常小。单日绝对偏差在0.51℃到0.65℃之间变化,平均值为0.59℃,均方根误差的变化范围为0.70~0.86℃,平均值为0.79℃,相关系数在0.97到0.98之间,平均值为0.98。二者的平均全球海洋SST值分别为23.17℃和23.20℃。
从2020年6月的下半个月单日全球SST误差统计结果看,HY1D和Aqua误差情况与HY1C和Terra非常接近,平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数基本相同,说明HY1C/HY1D的SST产品完全可以替代Terra/Aqua的产品。
对HY1D的夜晚SST产品也与Aqua的进行了比较,其2020年6月14日的全球单日投影产品比较结果见图5c图5d,对两幅图的有效数据匹配点的定量比较结果见图6b。区域范围设定在70°S~70°N,投影分辨率为0.1°×0.1°。比较两幅图像的空间分布结构,二者在对应的区域都不存在明显差异,但HY1D的有效数据覆盖率(33.4%)明显高于Aqua(24.7%)。
用Aqua夜晚SST产品作为真值,评价HY1D相应产品的误差情况,结果见表6表6包含了2020年6月14−30日的全球单日夜晚SST统计结果。平均偏差都在0.15℃以内,除6月14日外都为负值,说明存在微小的偏小现象,但总体平均偏差只有0.09℃,总体平均绝对偏差和均方根误差分别为0.61℃和0.82℃,平均相关系数为0.96,这些统计结果与白天产品的误差情况相差不大。对比2020年10月两颗卫星的单日产品,结果显示两种产品在白天和夜晚的数据依然保持较高的一致性,白天产品的平均偏差、绝对偏差和均方根误差分别为0℃、0.62℃和0.83℃,相关系数为0.99,夜晚产品分别为0.02℃、0.64℃和0.86℃,相关系数为0.99。
分别对两颗上午星(HY1C与Terra)和两颗下午星(HY1D与Aqua)的全球单日SST图像进行长时间序列的比较,发现这4颗卫星的白天和夜晚产品都非常稳定,每天的散点图分布也十分类似,每日误差统计表明,HY1C/1D的SST产品与Terra/Aqua具有良好的一致性,可以替代或融合处理来开展相关的海表温度研究。
鉴于单日全球SST产品存在大量空缺数据区域,许多海洋学研究采用融合产品来提高数据覆盖率,其中月平均产品被广泛应用。He等[28]利用2000−2013年期间的Terra/Aqua月平均SST数据观测了浙−闽离岸沿岸锋和次近海沿岸锋的时空变化。Putra等[29]使用2015−2017年的MODIS月平均3级SST产品分析了月海表面温度波动,确定了最热海表温度月份与珊瑚白化现象的关系。更有一些研究使用月平均产品作为真值对海洋模式的海表温度模拟结果进行验证[30],月产品在海气过程季节性和年际变化研究与海洋研究建模等方面已经表现出非常重要的价值。本文制作了2020年7月的HY1C白天月平均产品,结果见图7a图7b,同时给出了Terra同期月平均产品,用于二者比较。从空间结构分布看,二幅图像非常相似。
图7a图7b为HY1C和Terra的SST白天月平均产品结果比较,从空间分布上看HY1C的有效数据覆盖率已经达到Terra的水平,两个产品的一致性从数据分布密度图(图8)上看差异性很小。一致性的统计分析结果(表7)显示,两者的平均偏差为−0.09℃,绝对偏差为0.51℃,RMSE为0.70℃,R为0.99,差异很小。而夜晚产品结果(图7c, 图7d)显示,在太平洋东部热带海域及北半球高纬度地区,Terra存在较多的数据缺失,HY1C产品的整体空间覆盖率更好。两者SST的夜晚月平均产品平均偏差为−0.18℃,绝对偏差为0.52℃,RMSE为0.72℃,R为0.99,差异很小,并且月产品的白天和夜晚之间差异相较于日产品明显降低。对比2018年10月至2021年12月这两颗卫星的月平均产品,白天和夜晚SST产品在空间结构分布和误差统计结构都表明二者保持着较高的一致性,从两种产品较小的差异性以及HY1C SST产品较高的稳定性等方面可以初步判断HY1C海表温度对Terra产品具有可替代性。
图9为HY1D和Aqua的SST白天和夜晚月平均产品比较,同一时间段,Aqua的产品空间覆盖率要低于HY1D结果,尤其是HY1D的夜晚产品效果在北半球高纬度和赤道东太平洋海域明显好于Aqua。图10为两者相同时间段产品的密度散点图,结果显示两者的月平均产品一致性很高,表7给出了两者统计分析结果。HY1D与Aqua的SST白天月平均产品的平均偏差为−0.20℃,绝对偏差为0.58℃,RMSE为0.81℃,R为0.99,夜晚产品平均偏差为−0.17℃,绝对偏差为0.61℃,RMSE为0.84℃,R为0.99。2020年7月至2021年12月这两颗卫星的月平均产品在白天和夜晚的数据依然保持较高的一致性,统计分析结果进一步表明了HY1D对Aqua产品也具有可替代性。
HY1C与HY1D的成功在轨运行,已经成为了我国海洋水色环境监测网络中的重要组成部分,并通过上下午组网的方式全天候对海表温度等海洋要素进行监测,它们的融合产品有助于提高遥感产品的有效数据覆盖率,而遥感产品一致性是开展融合处理的前提条件,有必要评价HY1C/1D的SST产品一致性问题。通过这两颗卫星同一天的相同像元位置的有效数据进行比较,从误差统计结果可以判断二者之间的一致性,其中单日白天全球投影的匹配数据统计结果见表8,以HY1C作为真值统计HY1D的误差情况。
表8可以看出,HY1D的白天SST平均比HY1C低0.15℃,绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别相差0.92℃、1.04℃和0.83,每天的统计数据非常接近,说明这两颗卫星在白天测量的SST稳定性良好。对全球单日夜晚SST产品也进行了统计分析,结果见表9
表9的统计结果看,HY1D夜晚单日全球SST产品与HY1C比较,其平均偏差、绝对偏差、均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.13℃、1.05℃、1.09℃和0.73,这些统计结果与这两颗卫星白天数据比较结果接近,每天的相关统计数据变化值都很小,说明HY1D和HY1C夜晚产品的稳定性良好。与HY1C比较,HY1D夜晚产品的平均偏差都为正值,但白天产品的平均偏差都为负值,目前还不清楚造成该现象的原因。而有人统计了Terra/Aqua的单日白天和夜晚SST产品的一致性,偏差和均方根误差结果证明了两种产品的良好一致性,并且也表现出白天产品平均偏差为负值,夜晚产品为正值的现象[31]
对HY1C与HY1D的SST产品(2020年6月14日)进行了融合处理(图11),图11b为这两颗卫星晚上融合产品。从这两幅图像的空间结构看,不存在因融合产生的空间分布不连贯问题,说明这两颗卫星的SST产品具有良好的一致性,其融合产品不会生成虚假的锋面信息。白天和晚上融合产品的有效数据覆盖率分别为45%和48%,比单颗卫星的覆盖率有明显提高,北半球高纬度地区和热带印度洋海域的数据缺失范围大大减小。
将HY1C/1D的单日全球融合产品与Terra/Aqua的融合结果进行了比较,统计分析了二者的差异(表10),表中把Terra/Aqua融合产品作为真值,评价HY1C/1D的融合结果。从表中可以看出,白天融合产品的平均偏差为0.14℃,绝对偏差为0.74℃,RMSE为0.97℃,相关系数为0.98;夜晚融合产品的平均偏差为0.15℃,绝对偏差为0.51℃,RMSE为0.71℃,相关系数为0.99。两种融合产品的空间分布结构的一致性非常高,误差相对稳定。
从误差统计结果分析,HY1C与HY1D每天的变化幅度小于HYIC/ID与Terra/Aqua之间的变化量,说明相同性能遥感器的测量结果具有更好的一致性,有助于提高SST融合产品的稳定性。但相关统计结果也表明,HY1C与HY1D的绝对偏差和均方根误差都明显偏大,说明二者测量结果的离散度较大,可能是由COCTS四元并扫的非均匀性校正不够理想造成的[32],另一个重要原因是其质量控制方案引起的,需要进一步探究较大离散度的原因,提出合适的解决方案,来提高COCTS的SST产品质量。
利用卫星观测对海表温度进行反演常常由于云覆盖、辐射定标、仪器响应非线性等情况存在不同程度的数据缺失和异常数据[33-34],进而影响到海表温度产品质量。从目前SST遥感产品看,反演算法已非常成熟,对业务化反演产品性能提升空间已不大。其产品性能主要受质量控制方案影响,不同控制方案和阈值设置对SST图像的有效数据覆盖率和误差统计结果都有较大影响,如利用标准温度参考图进行质量控制就是设置不同的固定阈值来测试阈值与误差的关系,进而得到最佳阈值[34],还有使用样本3倍标准差作为阈值的方法对红外SST产品进行质量控制[31]。简单来说,阀值设置越严格,数据覆盖率越低,误差统计结果越理想。因此,需要进行多种方案的测试比较,确定合适的质量控制方案。
图11中两幅子图分别是两种不同的质量控制方案对HY1C与HY1D融合形成的白天与夜晚单日全球SST产品,可以进一步将白天与夜晚图像融合生成单日融合产品,结果见图12a。与融合前产品相比,图12a的数据覆盖率有大幅提高。HY1C/1D两颗卫星同一天中可产生4次全球覆盖的海表温度产品,进行融合处理就可以得到拥有更多有效数据的SST日产品。在热带印度洋海域、大西洋东部和热带太平洋海域,可以看出数据缺失面积大大减小。但是融合后的产品在一些数据缺失区域边缘附近存在部分异常值,其数值明显低于周围正常海温区域的反演值,主要是由云的边缘效应造成的。这些异常区域是造成误差统计结果偏大的主要原因,也严重影响了遥感产品的质量和业务化应用,应该通过更严格的质量控制方案进行剔除,结果见图12b
图12b是对融合产品进行更严格的质量控制后生成的结果,基本消除了缺失数据边缘区域的异常值分布和反演过程中因仪器信噪比等因素造成的异常数据。但是由于海洋中一些中尺度现象同样会出现明显的温度异常情况,在质量控制中也会被识别为错误数据而剔除。如图12b中的东太平洋赤道海域SST以热带不稳定波(TIWs)[35]形式呈现的尖峰状分布被误识别为异常而剔除。而类似热带不稳定波、中尺度涡等海洋中尺度现象对研究海洋中尺度能量与热量收支平衡有着非常重要的作用,因此在质量控制时需要平衡海洋实际存在的特殊现象与遥感数据异常引起的虚假信息情况。
由于卫星红外遥感可以测量昼夜海表温度,为海表温度昼夜变化的相关研究提供直接的数据来源,已有不少学者利用相关产品进行了研究。Song等[26]使用10年的MODIS-Aqua数据分析了东海大陆架海域海表温度日变化特征;Karagali和 Høyer[36]使用6年的卫星遥感数据和夜间浮标SST数据对大西洋海表温度日变化进行了比较全面的描述,同时分析SST昼夜变化结果亦可以进一步了解相关卫星产品稳定性。将2020年6月14的HY1C与HY1D的白天融合图像与夜晚的相减,生成全球$ \Delta T $分布,结果见图13a图13b显示了MODIS的相同产品。现有研究结果表明,昼夜的海表温度存在明显温差可被卫星遥感检测到。总体上,该时间段北半球中低纬度的昼夜温差明显大于高纬度区域[37],这种温差特征应该在图13中体现出来。但是实际上,图13的空间结构分布没有体现出这种现象。
图13a来看,SST日变化振幅分布较为离散,明显的几个大值区分布在太平洋东部、大西洋西部以及地中海部分地区。MODIS昼夜SST数据计算得到的$ \Delta T $分布(图13b)同样十分离散,但是明显的大值区也主要分布在中低纬度海域,并且出现的主要大值区范围与HY1C/1D结果大致相同,SST昼夜差异最大超过2℃。由于海洋上空大气条件差异、算法和探测器误差造成两种卫星产品计算得到$ \Delta T $分布都出现不同程度的负值区域[27],昼夜产品的数据覆盖点差异造成$ \Delta T $分布的数据缺失范围较大,尤其是在波罗的海和阿拉伯海地区造成了大面积的数据缺失,而这两个地区受季风时期强日照和低风速的影响却是昼夜差异较为明显的地区[38]。因此目前仅仅通过COCTS或者MODIS的逐日SST产品进行海表温度昼夜变化的研究并不能达到比较好的效果,存在着一定局限性。
从HY1C/1D与Terra/Aqua的多种海表温度数据产品对比来看,无论是多时间尺度的空间分布情况,还是多轨数据融合处理前后的差异,亦或是昼夜产品变化差异,两种卫星SST产品表现出了较高的一致性和较高的稳定性。因此COCTS的SST产品已经对MODIS相应产品表现出可靠的可替代性和较高的精度,可以在海洋锋面、亚中尺度涡的识别等研究中作为有效数据源[39]。但是,SST产品依然存在一些诸如产品质量控制中梯度变化较大数据的保留和计算SST日变化差异中表现的局限性与不足的问题,因此在未来的业务化和海洋水色遥感卫星发展中,还需要结合实际的海洋特殊现象与海洋研究现状改进质量控制方案以及提高探测器的探测能力。同时,在使用多源SST产品进行融合产品的研究中,也需考虑不同传感器和不同质量控制算法所带来的SST反演结果上的差异。
(1)卫星遥感海表温度具有良好空间连续性,一直是海洋学研究的重要数据来源。HY1C/1D作为我国自主研发的海洋水色卫星,其单日和月平均的全球遥感图像与Terra/Aqua比较,空间分布结构基本相同。利用有效数据匹配点进行误差分析,平均偏差、绝对偏差和均方根误差统计结果都较小,两者相关系数都达到0.98,相关统计结果表明二者具有良好的一致性。单日全球SST产品的长时间序列比较结果表明,每天的误差统计结果变化范围都很小,说明这两颗卫星的SST业务化产品稳定性很高,已经具备了对Terra/Aqua遥感产品的可替代性条件。
(2)目前,HY1C/1D 业务化遥感SST 反演算法的参数是以MODIS 测量值作为真值确定的,有助于提高两种卫星数据的一致性,其平均偏差约为0.1℃,但与实测SST 的平均偏差则达到−0.3℃。而以实测SST 来确定反演系数,反演得到的SST与实测SST 的平均偏差为0.05℃,但平均绝对偏差和均方根误差和用MODIS确定反演参数得到的结果都相差不大,相关系数都为0.9,因此还需要从多方面因素综合来确定合适的业务化SST 反演算法。
(3)SST产品的质量控制方案是影响误差统计结果的重要因素,严格的质量控制可显著减小误差统计值,但会明显减少海洋锋面、中尺度涡等变化剧烈区域的有效数据,阻碍SST遥感数据在这些领域的应用。因此,合适的质量控制方案对SST业务化处理系统是至关重要的,需要进一步研究质量控制方案来实质性提高SST产品质量。
(4)全球SST昼夜变化是一个重要的海洋短期变化现象,HY1C/1D具备了海温昼夜变化探测能力,但目前业务化算法没有考虑昼夜对红外辐射传输的影响差异,需要开发合适的昼夜算法。同时热红外传感器的稳定性和灵敏度需要进一步提高来探测昼夜SST的微小变化。相信不久,遥感SST产品可以为海温的昼夜真实性变化探测提供数据支撑。
(5)相关结果表明,HY1C/1D的SST产品已经可以作为亚中尺度现象等方面研究重要的数据源,在高纬度地区和赤道区域的有效数据覆盖率都明显优于Terra/Aqua产品,可提升这些区域的应用范围和研究水平,同时针对全球SST的研究还需要在四元并扫的不均性校正[32]和质量控制方案提升等方面来进一步提高全球SST产品质量。
  • 国家重点研发计划支持项目(2016YFC1400901);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0602);国家自然科学基金(61991454);高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项(05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-2)。
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2023年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023040
  • 接收时间:2021-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-03-01
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  • 收稿日期:2021-04-17
  • 修回日期:2022-10-10
基金
国家重点研发计划支持项目(2016YFC1400901);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0602);国家自然科学基金(61991454);高分辨率对地观测系统重大专项(05-Y30B01-9001-19/20-2)。
作者信息
    1 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    2 中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,上海 200083
    3 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州),广东 广州 511458
    4 国家卫星海洋应用中心,北京 100081
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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