Article(id=1211297841515982999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659542400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-04, revisedDate=1665331200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725510243, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1680192000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725510243, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725510243, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725510243, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297835618799960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725508837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924525177, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297841750864035, articleId=1211297841515982999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Researches on characteristics of shapes of freak waves in the Norwegian Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Shapes of freak waves are strongly related to the characteristics of their surrounding sea state. The most probable shape of rogue waves obeys NewWave theory under the narrow band assumption in the linear process. Based on the NewWave theory, the largest wave is located in the center of a wave group and the adjacent waves are symmetrical. However, wide spectral widths containing various frequency components are more common in the ocean. There is still a lack of systematic understanding of the shapes of in-situ measured freak waves and the surrounding waves. Furthermore, key parameters that affect the shapes are not clear. In the present study, shapes of 112 freak waves and the related influence factors from the ocean weather station in the Norwegian Sea are investigated. Merely 52% of freak waves are located in the center of the group, and the possibility of other freak waves occurring towards the front of the wave groups is higher. Besides, shapes of the adjacent prior and following waves of freak waves are asymmetry. Generally, the amplitude of the following wave is larger than that of the preceding one. By quantitatively comparing shapes of the averaged measured rogue waves and based on the NewWave theory, it is found that the spectral width is a key parameter for affecting shapes of freak waves. With the spectral width wider, the difference of profiles of sea surface elevations around the freak waves between the measured and using the NewWave theory is exponentially increasing.

, correspAuthors=Jinhai Zheng, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ruili Fu, Huayi Cai, Aifeng Tao, Jinhai Zheng, Gang Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297846695948689, articleId=1211297841515982999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=挪威海畸形波波形特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

畸形波波形与其所处海况特征密切相关。在线性、窄谱假定下,最可能出现的畸形波波形服从“新波”理论,即最大波位于波群中间且其前后相邻波浪对称。然而,实际海浪谱通常是包含多种频率成分的宽谱。目前对实测畸形波及其附近波面形态特征仍缺乏系统认知,对其影响因素尚不明确。本文基于挪威海气象观测站共112个畸形波序列,分析实测畸形波波形及影响因素。研究表明,只有52%的畸形波在波群中间,其余畸形波在波群前侧的概率更高。此外,畸形波前后相邻波浪并不完全对称,其中位于后侧的波幅普遍更大。通过定量分析实测畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论结果,发现谱宽是影响畸形波波形的关键参数。随谱宽增加,畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论得到的波面序列误差呈指数增加。

, correspAuthors=郑金海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*郑金海(1972-),男,福建省莆田市人,教授,主要从事非线性水波动力学和波流相互作用等研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=nTEXPSVwEi6hgDrMErd3cQ==, magXml=5sRwN9LPzHDZESiXB9JqoQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=6WQxf0DgzTbwhzxeOjnVVg==, pdfFileSize=2881463, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XU9l9rhGQuKBvGkifPA/MA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=zLnw3wEQIdMdTR8GFYT0JQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

付睿丽(1993-),女,甘肃省定西市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

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付睿丽(1993-),女,甘肃省定西市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

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付睿丽(1993-),女,甘肃省定西市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=谱宽)], refs=[Reference(id=1215314006944960597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dysthe K, Krogstad H E, Müller P. 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Nonlinear four-wave interactions and freak waves[J]. 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The black solid line represents a yearly averaged spectrum; the gray shaded represents ensemble spectra for each month

, figureFileSmall=74ywDtHeIKUn+LnvxgdY7g==, figureFileBig=FoUxC0WndVU4MP4/7+6TDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002880680930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图2, caption=2004年挪威海海浪谱

黑色实线为全年平均谱形;灰色阴影为每月平均谱形

, figureFileSmall=74ywDtHeIKUn+LnvxgdY7g==, figureFileBig=FoUxC0WndVU4MP4/7+6TDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002972955622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Scatter plot for significant wave heights and averaged periods of the Norwegian Sea during 2004, figureFileSmall=8gKTCUSPIuxco1Kau/jA9Q==, figureFileBig=NGVCUHLpU/HFCzDzwu6ATQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003052647404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2004年挪威海有效波高–平均周期散点分布图, figureFileSmall=8gKTCUSPIuxco1Kau/jA9Q==, figureFileBig=NGVCUHLpU/HFCzDzwu6ATQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003149116396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Scatter plot for steepness and spectral widths of the Norwegian Sea during 2004, figureFileSmall=LT3ps+N/LcgSfOTcX51shQ==, figureFileBig=jyGvYA7iR/vWtroTwm1p+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003262362609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2004年挪威海全年波陡–谱宽散点分布图, figureFileSmall=LT3ps+N/LcgSfOTcX51shQ==, figureFileBig=jyGvYA7iR/vWtroTwm1p+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003354637300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Comparisons of exceedance probabilities between measured wave heights and the Rayleigh distribution (a), probability distributions of non-dimensionalized wave heights of freak waves (b) in the Norwegian Sea, figureFileSmall=LiTxlEhHd5PiOBI3MPP+kA==, figureFileBig=4XUkk+0ClFVDL6Rswvy8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003526603769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图5, caption=挪威海实测波高累积概率分布与瑞利分布的对比(a)及实测畸形波无量纲波高分布(b), figureFileSmall=LiTxlEhHd5PiOBI3MPP+kA==, figureFileBig=4XUkk+0ClFVDL6Rswvy8LA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003627267070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Typical measured time series containing freak waves

a. A freak wave with a greater wave-crest amplitude than the wavetrough (July 8, 2004); b. a freak wave with almost identical amplitude of wave-crest and wavetrough (February 18, 2004); c. a freak wave corresponding to a deeper wavetrough (July 6, 2004)

, figureFileSmall=PQ7hgx7EJzATfM7jaluCyw==, figureFileBig=rf5yOWWA7KvCVZINuALnow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003727929346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图6, caption=典型实测畸形波序列

a. 畸形波波峰明显大于波谷(2004年7月8日);b. 畸形波波峰、波谷接近(2004年2月18日);c. 畸形波波谷明显大于波峰(2004年7月6日)

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Where "+" indicates the corresponding positions of wave crests

, figureFileSmall=QLiwsBK8WmFFcn1YK59e0A==, figureFileBig=NgfFUo11TGStdk/4xighkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004105416721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图8, caption=畸形波群内各参数示意图

图中“+”表示波浪波峰对应的位置

, figureFileSmall=QLiwsBK8WmFFcn1YK59e0A==, figureFileBig=NgfFUo11TGStdk/4xighkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004172525587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Probability distributions of the relative position of the largest wave-crest (or wavetrough) within a wave group, figureFileSmall=ywK/Vz3C4wCYv6pIfmbyjw==, figureFileBig=24qFJh3zS+Z0+HjqinuzEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004243828759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图9, caption=波群内最大波峰(或波谷)的相对位置概率分布, figureFileSmall=ywK/Vz3C4wCYv6pIfmbyjw==, figureFileBig=24qFJh3zS+Z0+HjqinuzEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004327714843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Distributions of the relative position of the largest wave-crest (or wavetrough) within a wave group as a function of the number of waves (a), the normalized maximum wave height (b), wave steepness (c), and spectral width (d), figureFileSmall=vzUtz6R2tTozHM2dJYwSrQ==, figureFileBig=RoE6mwT8hLjxrMH2C6Q2zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004432572446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图10, caption=波群内最大波峰(或波谷)的相对位置随波群内波浪个数(a)、最大无量纲波高(b)、波陡(c)及谱宽(d)的变化, figureFileSmall=vzUtz6R2tTozHM2dJYwSrQ==, figureFileBig=RoE6mwT8hLjxrMH2C6Q2zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004550012962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Probability distributions of asymmetry for the the adjacent preceeding and following wave-crest (wavetrough) of the largest wave-crest (wavetrough), figureFileSmall=BwuZpTHJ8bJIhjtA4Kxesw==, figureFileBig=dAXKclOysLPEvlCmKytwPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004663259174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图11, caption=波群最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波峰(或波谷)不对称性概率分布, figureFileSmall=BwuZpTHJ8bJIhjtA4Kxesw==, figureFileBig=dAXKclOysLPEvlCmKytwPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004776505388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Distributions of the asymmetry for the the adjacent preceeding and following wave-crest (wavetrough) of the largest wave-crest (wavetrough) as a function of the normalized maximum wave height (a, b), wave steepness (c, d), and spectral width (e, f), figureFileSmall=jJaDQbyFq5c9QF6qraEB0Q==, figureFileBig=hCQrpIJs0UlCiVxX6fBwdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004864585774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图12, caption=波群最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波峰(或波谷)不对称程度随波群内最大无量纲波高(a,b)、波陡(c,d)及谱宽(e,f)的变化, figureFileSmall=jJaDQbyFq5c9QF6qraEB0Q==, figureFileBig=hCQrpIJs0UlCiVxX6fBwdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314004940083249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Normalized temporal profile of sea surface elevations around the observed maximum crest height (a) and the maximum trough height (b) in the Norwegian Sea during 2004

The gray shaded represents all wave profiles for the measured freak waves; the blue shaded represents wave profiles using the NewWave theory based on the same wave conditions as the measured freak waves; black dash lines represent measured averaged wave shapes; blue solid lines represent averaged wave shapes based on the NewWave theory for different wave cases

, figureFileSmall=Y4bTPiZtRvkBVgZZrwjPbw==, figureFileBig=wZ3FaoZdzNLUSMa0slnNqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314005011386420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图13, caption=2004年挪威海波峰占优(a)与波谷占优(b)的畸形波及其附近波面无量纲波形

灰色阴影为实测畸形波波形;蓝色阴影为与实测畸形波相同波况下的“新波”理论波形;黑色虚线为实测平均波形;蓝色实线为不同海况下基于“新波”理论得到的平均波形

, figureFileSmall=Y4bTPiZtRvkBVgZZrwjPbw==, figureFileBig=wZ3FaoZdzNLUSMa0slnNqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314006340980794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Variations of the errors of total wave surface and of the extreme values between the measured and using the NewWave theory with the normalized maximum wave height (a, b), wave steepness (c, d) and spectral width (e, f), figureFileSmall=ep4OBIfde89UvvS/xDP23w==, figureFileBig=vxPGvKK07GK1iuqgisBvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314006420672573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图14, caption=实测畸形波波形与“新波”理论计算的最大波高附近波面的全局与极值误差随着最大无量纲波高(a,b)、波陡(c,d)、谱宽(e,f)的变化, figureFileSmall=ep4OBIfde89UvvS/xDP23w==, figureFileBig=vxPGvKK07GK1iuqgisBvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314006529724481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Normalized temporal profile of sea surface elevations around the observed maximum crest height in typical spectral widths (a) and the maximum trough height (b) in the Norwegian Sea during 2004

The gray shaded represents all wave profiles for the measured freak waves; the blue shaded represents wave profiles using the NewWave theory based on the same wave conditions as the measured freak waves; black dash lines represent measured averaged wave shapes; blue solid lines represent averaged wave shapes based on the NewWave theory for different wave cases

, figureFileSmall=vYEJHUYFJlHn8Mwb9+fstg==, figureFileBig=oDPZL/M8muN+j3Dimk5qRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314006630387781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297841515982999, language=CN, label=图15, caption=2004年挪威海典型谱宽下波峰占优(a)与波谷占优(b)的畸形波及其附近波面无量纲波形

灰色阴影为实测畸形波波形;蓝色阴影为与实测畸形波相同波况下的“新波”理论波形;黑色虚线为实测平均波形;蓝色实线为不同海况下基于“新波”理论得到的平均波形

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挪威海畸形波波形特征研究
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付睿丽 1 , 才华艺 2 , 陶爱峰 1 , 郑金海 1, * , 王岗 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(4): 133-143
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(4): 133-143
挪威海畸形波波形特征研究
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付睿丽1 , 才华艺2, 陶爱峰1, 郑金海1, * , 王岗1
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023
  • 付睿丽(1993-),女,甘肃省定西市人,主要从事波浪水动力研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*郑金海(1972-),男,福建省莆田市人,教授,主要从事非线性水波动力学和波流相互作用等研究。E-mail:
Researches on characteristics of shapes of freak waves in the Norwegian Sea
Ruili Fu1 , Huayi Cai2, Aifeng Tao1, Jinhai Zheng1, * , Gang Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Coastal Disaster and Protection, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2023-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023031
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畸形波波形与其所处海况特征密切相关。在线性、窄谱假定下,最可能出现的畸形波波形服从“新波”理论,即最大波位于波群中间且其前后相邻波浪对称。然而,实际海浪谱通常是包含多种频率成分的宽谱。目前对实测畸形波及其附近波面形态特征仍缺乏系统认知,对其影响因素尚不明确。本文基于挪威海气象观测站共112个畸形波序列,分析实测畸形波波形及影响因素。研究表明,只有52%的畸形波在波群中间,其余畸形波在波群前侧的概率更高。此外,畸形波前后相邻波浪并不完全对称,其中位于后侧的波幅普遍更大。通过定量分析实测畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论结果,发现谱宽是影响畸形波波形的关键参数。随谱宽增加,畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论得到的波面序列误差呈指数增加。

畸形波  /  挪威海  /  波形  /  不对称  /  谱宽

Shapes of freak waves are strongly related to the characteristics of their surrounding sea state. The most probable shape of rogue waves obeys NewWave theory under the narrow band assumption in the linear process. Based on the NewWave theory, the largest wave is located in the center of a wave group and the adjacent waves are symmetrical. However, wide spectral widths containing various frequency components are more common in the ocean. There is still a lack of systematic understanding of the shapes of in-situ measured freak waves and the surrounding waves. Furthermore, key parameters that affect the shapes are not clear. In the present study, shapes of 112 freak waves and the related influence factors from the ocean weather station in the Norwegian Sea are investigated. Merely 52% of freak waves are located in the center of the group, and the possibility of other freak waves occurring towards the front of the wave groups is higher. Besides, shapes of the adjacent prior and following waves of freak waves are asymmetry. Generally, the amplitude of the following wave is larger than that of the preceding one. By quantitatively comparing shapes of the averaged measured rogue waves and based on the NewWave theory, it is found that the spectral width is a key parameter for affecting shapes of freak waves. With the spectral width wider, the difference of profiles of sea surface elevations around the freak waves between the measured and using the NewWave theory is exponentially increasing.

freak waves  /  Norwegian Sea  /  wave shapes  /  asymmetry  /  spectral widths
付睿丽, 才华艺, 陶爱峰, 郑金海, 王岗. 挪威海畸形波波形特征研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (4) : 133 -143 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023031
Ruili Fu, Huayi Cai, Aifeng Tao, Jinhai Zheng, Gang Wang. Researches on characteristics of shapes of freak waves in the Norwegian Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (4) : 133 -143 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023031
畸形波(Freak Wave/Rogue Wave),也称为“疯狗浪”“海洋怪兽”,一般定义为波高不小于背景波列2倍有效波高的异常大波[1]。畸形波发生突然且能量巨大,严重威胁航行船舶及海上结构物安全,是典型的灾害性海浪[2]。挪威海位于北大西洋,拥有丰富的石油钻井平台和渔业资源,也是我国海上“丝绸之路”建设的重要节点。2012年,中国在挪威海成功布放了首个极地大型海洋观测浮标[3],2017年,我国在该海域建设了世界首座半潜式智能海上渔场[4]。此外,我国还是挪威船东最重要的船舶来源国,挪威船队约1/3的船舶由中国船厂生产。同时,挪威海海域也是历年来遭遇畸形波事件最频繁的海域之一。著名的“新年波”序列就发生在挪威海海域,该波浪最大波高为25.6 m,造成Draupner石油平台严重破坏[5]。2007年11月9日,挪威海Ekofisk平台遭遇畸形波Andrea受损[6]。挪威北海Alwyn、Brent、Dunlin等平台也多次遭遇畸形波事件[7-9]。2019年3月23日,在挪威海航行的“维京天空”号邮轮遭遇巨浪导致引擎故障,包括8名中国公民在内的1 300余人被困海上。研究该海域畸形波统计特性是保证船舶航行、海上结构物安全的前提,也是推动我国“一带一路”战略高质量发展的重要基础。
目前,对挪威海畸形波统计特征的研究主要集中在发生概率、波高分布等方面。Stansell[10]通过分析该海域14场风暴中出现的畸形波,发现畸形波发生概率与波面的偏度、峰度有关,且瑞利分布高估了实测畸形波的重现期。Feng等[11]探讨了谱宽、谱形等对该海域最大波高的影响,提出了修正的最大波高计算公式。然而,波形作为反映畸形波动力特性的重要特征,目前研究仍然较少。
根据畸形波波峰、波谷及其附近波面幅值,畸形波形态主要分为4种:(1)波峰陡峭而波谷相对平坦,并且波峰明显大于周围的波浪;(2)波峰与波谷幅值接近;(3)波谷较深而波峰较小;(4)连续出现几个大波,称为“三姊妹波”。Didenkulova[12]分析波罗的海畸形波波形,发现63%的畸形波波峰幅值显著高于波谷,且没有连续大波出现。陶爱峰等[13]分析江苏海域畸形波波形,发现全年大多数畸形波呈现波峰与波谷对称的形态。Slunyaev等[14]、Sergeeva和Slunyaev[15]、Zhang 等[16]基于物理及数值模型试验,证明随着波浪非线性增强,大部分畸形波波峰高于波谷,且畸形波波峰后的波谷相对于波峰前波谷更深。
为了定量描述畸形波及其附近波面的波形,Tromans等[17]基于线性、窄谱假定,建立了最可能发生的极限波浪理论模型:“新波”理论。该理论认为:畸形波群波形与所在海况的自相关函数成正比,最大波峰位于波群中间,且前后两侧波浪对称。研究表明,当波浪非线性较弱时,其平均畸形波波形与“新波”理论结果吻合较好[18-19]。但随非线性增加(波陡增大),畸形波的波峰前后两侧波谷具有明显的水平及垂直不对称性,波峰明显前倾,其后波谷比其前的波谷更深。此外,最大波峰也更靠近波群前侧[20]。这些研究主要基于窄谱海况,即波浪能量主要集中在谱峰频率附近,海浪谱谱宽趋于0。然而,实际海浪往往包含多种频率成分,其海浪谱以宽谱为主[21]。目前对宽谱波况下畸形波形态特征仍缺乏系统认知,对导致畸形波不对称的关键因素也没有深入研究。
本文基于挪威海定点926 h累计428 041个波浪的实测资料,基于“无量纲尺度不均匀小波能量”定量识别不同谱宽、波陡海况下包含的畸形波波群[22-23],分析畸形波及其周围波浪波形特征,并建立影响畸形波不对称性的关键参数,为研究畸形波生成机理及其与结构物相互作用奠定基础。
本文基于挪威海海洋气象站Mike所在位置(66°N,2°E,水深为2 200 m,图1)历时1年(从2004年1月1日3时59分至12月31日23时14分)的波面序列进行分析。波面通过船载波浪记录仪测得,采样频率为1.69 Hz,每次采样为30 min。在2004年9月4日以前,每日采样4次,之后每日采样8次。通过对原始可疑数据筛选排除[24],最终得到1 851组共428 041个可靠有效的实测波浪。
通过高通滤波(选择截止频率为0.04 Hz)排除长周期波浪的干扰后,挪威海全年海浪谱的平均谱形见图2,波浪谱峰周期主要集中在7.0~13.0 s。根据统计结果,该测站海浪谱以单峰谱为主(占69 %),其余海浪谱谱形为双峰谱或多峰谱。
进一步分析挪威海全年有效波高和平均周期的变化,其中波高通过上跨0点法计算,有效波高为每组波列(历时30 min)前1/3大波的平均波高;平均周期为
$ {T_z} = 2{{\text{π}}} \sqrt {{m_0}/{m_2}} , $
式中,m0m2分别为谱的0阶矩与2阶矩:
$ {m_0} = \int_0^\infty {S(\omega ){\rm{d}}\omega } , $
$ {m_2} = \int_0^\infty {{\omega ^2}S(\omega ){\rm{d}}\omega } , $
式中,ω是波浪角频率;Sω)为海浪谱密度。
挪威海全年有效波高和平均周期的散点图见图3,该海域全年有效波高主要集中在1~4 m范围内,平均周期在5~10 s内,且有效波高(Hs)与平均周期(Tz)的变化趋势基本一致。
该测站全年波陡、谱宽及BFI数(Benjamin-Feir Index)的散点分布见图4。其中,波陡定义为
$ \varepsilon = \frac{{2{{\text{π}} ^2}}}{g}\frac{{{H_s}}}{{T_z^2}}, $
式中,g为重力加速度。
谱宽定义为[25]
$ {Q_p} = \frac{2}{{m_0^2}}\int_0^\infty {\omega {S^2}(\omega ){\rm{d}}\omega }.$
该谱宽参数受海浪谱截止频率影响较小,且其值随谱宽增加而减小。
BFI数也称为调制不稳定因子,反映波浪波陡与谱宽的比值[26],计算公式为
$ {\text{BFI}} = {k_z}\sqrt {{m_0}} {Q_p}\sqrt {2{\text{π}} } , $
式中,kz为波浪平均周期对应的波数,根据线性色散关系计算。由图4可以看出,该海域全年超过90%海况波陡(ε)小于0.12,谱宽参数分布在2~10之间,对应 BFI因子小于1.0。
了解挪威海波浪特征要素后,基于畸形波的定义—波高不小于2倍有效波高(H ≥ 2Hs)的波浪[1],提取该海域全年出现的畸形波序列,分析畸形波发生概率及波形特征。
经过统计,该海域在2004年共428 041个波浪中共出现112个畸形波,畸形波发生概率为0.026 1%,小于瑞利分布的理论结果(0.033 3%)。实测波高累积概率分布与瑞利分布的对比见图5a,无量纲波高较小(H/Hs < 1.5)时,实测结果与理论分布吻合较好;随着无量纲波高增加,两者有轻微偏离,其中瑞利分布预测的概率略大于实际波高的统计结果。进一步,分析实测畸形波的无量纲波高分布(图5b),畸形波无量纲波高服从指数分布,在2.0~2.2之间的出现概率最大,占83%。随着无量纲波高增加,对应的畸形波数逐渐减少,且最大畸形波无量纲波高为2.53。
通过观察挪威海畸形波波形,发现主要分为3种类型:(1)畸形波的波峰幅值明显高于波谷(图6a,其中η为波面);(2)畸形波的波峰与波谷幅值接近(波峰、波谷差在10%以内,图6b);(3)畸形波的波谷幅值明显大于波峰(图6c)。各类波形占比见图7,61%的畸形波对应波峰与波谷差在10%以内,其余畸形波中,波峰明显大于波谷的占比更多(占30%),这与其他海况研究结果类似[20]
本文中,基于“无量纲尺度不均匀小波能量”识别各独立波群[22-23]。波群内最大波的出现位置定义为[20]
$ \xi = \frac{{{F_c} - 1}}{{{N_f} - 1}}, $
式中,当波群内最大波为波峰占优(其波峰幅值大于波谷)时,Fc为波群内最大波峰对应的序号,Nf为该波群内总波峰数;当最大波为波谷占优(波谷幅值大于波峰)时,Fc为波群内最大波谷对应的波谷序号,Nf为该波群内总波谷数。以波峰占优的畸形波群为例,NfFc定义见图8,该图中$\xi $ = 0.5,即波群内最大波峰位于波群中间。
为对比畸形波群与不含畸形波的普通波群中最大波的出现位置,分析实测所有波群内最大波峰(或波谷)的相对位置概率分布,见图9。可以看出,畸形波群与普通波群中最大波的出现位置类似,其中最大波峰(或波谷)位于波群中间(0.34≤ $\xi $ ≤0.67)的概率均最高,超过50%。此外,普通波群内最大波峰(或波谷)位于波群前侧($\xi $ < 0.34)和波群后侧($\xi $ > 0.67)的概率接近,但畸形波群内最大波浪位于波群前侧的概率更大,可能与畸形波对应的波浪非线性更强有关。
本文主要研究波群内包含波浪个数、最大无量纲波高、谱宽、波陡等特征参数对最大波相对位置的影响(图10)。可以看出,当波群内波数Nw在3~21变化时,最大波峰(或波谷)在波群相对位置的平均值均接近0.5,且在相同波数下,畸形波群与普通波群的结果无显著区别,说明最大波位置与波群内波数无关。此外,随波群内无量纲最大波高的增加,最大波的出现位置无明显规律,其平均值仍在0.5附近,这与北太平洋海域波群规律相似[20]。在相同波陡下,畸形波群内最大波峰(或波谷)平均位置与普通波群相比轻微靠前。而在相同谱宽下,畸形波群内最大波峰(或波谷)平均位置明显偏前,因此,波陡与谱宽可能是影响最大波在波群中出现位置的重要参数。
波群内最大波前后相邻波峰(或波谷)的对称程度根据以下公式判断:
$ {\sigma _1} = \frac{{{\eta _x} - {\eta _1}}}{{{\eta _x}}}, \quad {{\sigma _2} = \frac{{{\eta _x} - {\eta _2}}}{{{\eta _x}}}} , $
式中,当波群内最大波为波峰占优,ηx为波群最大波峰对应的幅值,η1为其前相邻波峰幅值,η2为其后相邻波峰幅值;当波群内最大波为波谷占优时,ηx为波群最大波谷对应的幅值,η1为其前相邻波谷幅值,η2为其后相邻波谷幅值。当σ1σ2值越接近,表示波群最大波峰(或波谷)前后两侧波峰(或波谷)越对称;当σ1 > σ2,表示其前波峰小于其后波峰,反之亦然。
波群内最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波峰(或波谷)不对称性概率分布见图11。在挪威海普通波群中,σ1σ2主要集中在0.2~0.5范围,而对畸形波群,σ1σ2主要分布在0.4~0.7,且畸形波与前后相邻波的幅值差在0~0.2区间内的出现概率显著低于普通波群,表明畸形波幅值往往显著高于周围波浪,呈现“水墙”特征。此外,对比畸形波相邻两侧幅值,发现σ1 <σ2的概率更大,说明畸形波相邻幅值不完全对称,其后相邻波幅往往大于其前波幅。这与之前北太平洋实测畸形波[20]及数值、物理模型试验结果相似[14-16]
分析波群最大无量纲波高、波陡、谱宽等参数对最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波峰(或波谷)不对称程度的影响(图12)。由图12a图12b可以看出,随着无量纲最大波高的增加,波群最大波峰(或波谷)与其前相邻波峰(或波谷)的差σ1逐渐增大,而与其后相邻波峰(或波谷)的差σ2轻微减小,即随波群无量纲最大波高的增加,最大波峰(或波谷)其前邻波幅显著降低,最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波幅不对称性增加。由图12c图12d可以看出,在相同波陡下,畸形波群最大波峰(或波谷)前后相邻波幅不对称程度大于普通波群,主要表现为其前波峰(或波谷)小于其后波峰(或波谷)幅值。随波陡增加,最大波峰相邻波幅不对称程度变化规律性不强。根据图12e图12f,相同谱宽下,畸形波群其前波峰(或波谷)明显小于其后波峰(或波谷)幅值,这与波陡影响规律相似。此外,随谱宽变宽(Qp减小),最大波峰相邻波幅不对称程度增加,其前波峰(或波谷)幅值普遍小于其后波峰(或波谷),该现象在畸形波群中更为突出。
为定量分析挪威海畸形波群波形,将全年畸形波根据波峰及波谷占优分类,并与“新波”理论对比(图13)。其中“新波”理论得到的最大波高附近的波面ηt[17]
$ {\eta _t}(x,t) = \frac{{{\eta _a}}}{{{\sigma ^2}}}\sum\limits_n {S({\omega _n})} \cos ({k_n}x - {\omega _n}t + {\varphi _n}), $
式中,${\sigma ^2} =\displaystyle \int_0^\infty {S(\omega ){\rm{d}}} \omega = {m_0}$$\displaystyle \sum\limits_n {S({\omega _n})\cos ({k_n}x - {\omega _n}t + {\varphi _n})}$为已知谱的自相关函数;ηa是已知可能发生的最大波幅。
可以看出,实测畸形波的波形与“新波理论”结果整体吻合较好。然而,不论是波峰占优还是波谷占优的实测畸形波,其相邻波峰、波谷都呈现一定的不对称性。进一步,分别计算畸形波前后相邻波浪(共3个波浪)波面(图8红框)的全局误差与极值误差。其中,全局误差Errg为畸形波及其前后相邻波面序列的整体误差:
$ {\rm{Err}}_{\rm{g}} = \frac{{{{\displaystyle\int_0^T {\left| {{\eta _t}(t) - {\eta _m}(t)} \right|} }^2}{\rm{d}}t}}{{{{\displaystyle\int_0^T {\left| {{\eta _t}(t)} \right|} }^2}{\rm{d}}t}} \times 100{\text{%}} , $
式中,T为对比的时长;ηt为“新波”理论得到的波面;ηm为实测畸形波波面;dt为时间步长。
极值误差Errm反映实测畸形波前后相邻2个波峰、波谷(共4个波面极值)与“新波”理论的差别:
$ {\rm{Err}}_{\rm{m}} =\frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^4 {{{\left| {{\eta _{it}} - {\eta _{im}}} \right|}^2}} }}{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^4 {{{\left| {{\eta _{it}}} \right|}^2}} }} \times 100{\text{%}} . $
实测畸形波波形与“新波”理论计算的最大波高附近波面的全局与极值误差随着最大无量纲波高、波陡、谱宽的变化见图14。全局与极值误差随波陡及最大无量纲波高的变化规律不明显。然而,随着谱宽变宽(Qp减小),实测畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论计算的波面误差逐渐增加,且全局误差、极值误差与谱宽之间均呈现良好的指数关系,相关系数在0.90以上。因此,谱宽是决定畸形波波形的关键参数。
典型谱宽下,实测畸形波及其附近波面波形与“新波”理论的对比见图15。可以清晰看出,谱宽参数为3.07时,波峰占优的实测畸形波的平均波形与理论波形偏差均较大,当谱宽参数为5.02时,平均波形与新波模型吻合较好。
本文重点关注挪威海深水畸形波波形特征及影响因素。首先分析了测站全年共428 041个波浪的统计特征,发现该海域以单峰谱为主(占69%),有效波高主要在1~4 m范围内,平均周期在5~10 s,超过90%的海况波陡小于0.12,BFI数小于1.0。此外,该海域既包含窄谱,也包含宽谱对应波况。
在这些实测波列中,共发现112个畸形波,畸形波发生概率为0.026 1%。畸形波波形根据其波峰、波谷占比主要分为3类:(1)波峰和波谷幅值相当;(2) 波峰明显高于波谷;(3)波谷明显高于波峰。其中,61%的畸形波对应波峰和波谷幅值接近(相差在10%以内),30%的畸形波波峰明显高于波谷。通过研究不同波浪参数下畸形波的平均波形,发现与“新波”理论推导得到的最可能出现畸形波波形不同的是,只有52%的畸形波在波群中间,26%的畸形波靠近波群前侧,22%的畸形波在波群后侧。并且畸形波前后相邻波浪并不完全对称,位于其后的波幅普遍大于前侧。通过定量分析实测畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论结果,发现谱宽是影响畸形波波形的主要参数。随谱宽增加,畸形波的平均波形与“新波”理论得到的波面序列误差呈指数增加。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52201319);国家自然科学基金委−山东联合基金重点支持项目(U1906230);中国博士后科学基金(2022M711018);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20220980,BK20220082);江苏省卓越博士后计划(2022ZB169);中央高校基本科研业务费(B220201045)。
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2023年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023031
  • 接收时间:2022-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-04
  • 修回日期:2022-10-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52201319);国家自然科学基金委−山东联合基金重点支持项目(U1906230);中国博士后科学基金(2022M711018);江苏省自然科学基金(BK20220980,BK20220082);江苏省卓越博士后计划(2022ZB169);中央高校基本科研业务费(B220201045)。
作者信息
    1 河海大学 海岸灾害及防护教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    2 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116023

通讯作者:

*郑金海(1972-),男,福建省莆田市人,教授,主要从事非线性水波动力学和波流相互作用等研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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