Article(id=1211297838701604982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1658332800000, receivedDateStr=2022-07-21, revisedDate=1667577600000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725509572, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1680192000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725509572, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725509572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725509572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297835618799960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725508837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924525177, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=82, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297839813095543, articleId=1211297838701604982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Geochemistry and source of platinum group elements in cobalt-rich crusts from Caiwei Seamounts in the western Pacific, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the source of platinum group elements (PGE) in cobalt-rich crusts, the samples from Caiwei Seamounts in western Pacific were chosen as the research object, for which XRD, ICP-OES and ICP-MS were used to analyze the mineral composition, major elements contents and PGE contents in cobalt-rich crusts. The results showed that, the main crystalline minerals were vernadites in cobalt-rich crusts, and the minor minerals included quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and carbon fluoride apatite. Also many amorphous ferric minerals were contained in cobalt-rich crusts. In addition, Mn and Fe contents were the highest in cobalt-rich crusts, and PGE were enriched in cobalt-rich crusts. PGE contents were 142−1352 ng/g, and Pt contents were 114−1268 ng/g, in which Pt accounted for more than 80%. PGE contents in the old layers were higher than that in the new layers. And the phosphatization appeared in the old crust layers. Moreover, there was an obvious contrast in PGE of cobalt-rich crusts, Pd group (PPGE) contents were more than Ir group (IPGE). PGE diagrams showed the positive Pt anomalies and negative Pd anomalies. And Pt was enriched and Pd was poor in cobalt-rich crusts. Meanwhile, PGE in cobalt-rich crusts were probably derived from the reaction between seamount basalt and seawater during the oceanic shell erosion process. PGE had positive correlation with CaO, P2O5, Ba and Cu, so PGE were probably enriched in the phosphate phase. In addition, the growth profile of cobalt-rich crust was from top to bottom and from new to old, PGE contents increased gradually. Therefore, oxidative marine environment and high marine productivity had a positive impact on phosphatization, which further promoted the enrichment of PGE. This study provided a certain reference value for revealing the source of PGE in cobalt-rich crusts.

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为探讨富钴结壳铂族元素的来源,以西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳样品为研究对象,利用X射线衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法和质谱法,对富钴结壳样品进行了矿物组成、主量元素和铂族元素含量分析。研究表明,富钴结壳的主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物有石英、斜长石、钾长石和碳氟磷灰石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。富钴结壳中Mn和Fe含量最高,且明显富集铂族元素,铂族总量为142~1 352 ng/g,其中Pt为114~1 268 ng/g,占铂族总量的80%以上。老壳层的铂族元素含量高于新壳层,老壳层发生了磷酸盐化作用。富钴结壳的铂族元素之间发生了分异作用,Pd组(PPGE)含量高于Ir组(IPGE)。铂族元素配分模式显示Pt正异常和Pd负异常,具有Pt富集而Pd亏损特征,推测富钴结壳的铂族元素来源于洋壳蚀变过程中海山玄武岩和海水之间的水−岩反应。富钴结壳的铂族元素与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu正相关,推测铂族元素赋存于磷酸盐矿物相中。富钴结壳生长剖面从上到下,由新到老,铂族元素含量呈逐渐增加趋势,海水氧化性环境和高海洋生产力可增进磷酸盐化作用,从而进一步促进了铂族元素的富集。该研究对于揭示富钴结壳铂族元素的来源具有一定的参考价值。

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高晶晶(1980-),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,主要从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

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高晶晶(1980-),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,主要从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

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高晶晶(1980-),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,主要从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

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Journal of the Chinese Society of Rare Earths, 2011, 29(5): 622−629., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314012854730879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=60, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任向文, 刘季花, 石学法, 等. 麦哲伦海山群M海山富钴结壳成因与成矿时代: 来自地球化学和Co地层学的证据[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 2011, 31(6): 65−74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314012947005572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=61, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ren Xiangwen, Liu Jihua, Shi Xuefa, et al. Genesis and ore-forming stages of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from Seamount M of Magellan Seamounts: evidence from geochemistry and Co chronology[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2011, 31(6): 65−74., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314013060251782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=62, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=侯晓帆, 王珍岩, 李文建, 等. 西太平洋卡罗琳洋脊CM4海山铁锰结壳矿物学和地球化学特征[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2020, 51(5): 1118−1126., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314013139943558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=45, rfOrder=63, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hou Xiaofan, Wang Zhenyan, Li Wenjian, et al. Mineralogy and geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts of Caroline ridge CM4 guyot in the western Pacific[J]. 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V. vernadite, Q. quartz, Pl. plagioclase, Or. orthoclase, CFA. carbonate fluorapatite

, figureFileSmall=uixp8zGDtEHmWgHBNnyK9A==, figureFileBig=+U4QK2zAPher9sYqPgrvtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002784207683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图3, caption=富钴结壳样品X射线衍射图谱

V. 水羟锰矿; Q. 石英; Pl. 斜长石; Or. 钾长石; CFA. 碳氟磷灰石

, figureFileSmall=uixp8zGDtEHmWgHBNnyK9A==, figureFileBig=+U4QK2zAPher9sYqPgrvtw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002847122246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Ternary discrimination diagram of cobalt-rich crusts[28], figureFileSmall=4Sq1KB6UVbnq77J0DkVR8w==, figureFileBig=KqO06dWTnxnGMVohIxEkyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002931008331, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图4, caption=富钴结壳成因判别三角图[28], figureFileSmall=4Sq1KB6UVbnq77J0DkVR8w==, figureFileBig=KqO06dWTnxnGMVohIxEkyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314002993922897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Platinum group elements (PGE) distribution curves in cobalt-rich crusts and other geological bodies, figureFileSmall=8zylCG2ndw3uDWdbkd5vfw==, figureFileBig=L7RdchQwkTp2aJjq+FCUbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003061031766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图5, caption=富钴结壳与其他地质体铂族元素配分曲线图, figureFileSmall=8zylCG2ndw3uDWdbkd5vfw==, figureFileBig=L7RdchQwkTp2aJjq+FCUbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003144917853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Correlation plots of Pt/Pd and Ir/Pd in cobalt-rich crusts and other geological bodies[35], figureFileSmall=sDiiEk9zy8wUb7X16hdA3Q==, figureFileBig=9b+MBNBC5tMETdVzoSgVDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003253969763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图6, caption=富钴结壳与其他地质体Pt/Pd−Ir/Pd关系图[35], figureFileSmall=sDiiEk9zy8wUb7X16hdA3Q==, figureFileBig=9b+MBNBC5tMETdVzoSgVDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003316884327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Correlation plots of platinum group elements (PGE) and major elements in cobalt-rich crusts, figureFileSmall=g9fKhDGeD1LwRzvIl49tBw==, figureFileBig=ou/z1wHsJv8TANdKZD694A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003409159019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图7, caption=富钴结壳铂族元素(PGE)和主量元素之间相关性图, figureFileSmall=g9fKhDGeD1LwRzvIl49tBw==, figureFileBig=ou/z1wHsJv8TANdKZD694A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003501433712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Variation curves of elements contents with depth in the growth profile of cobalt-rich crusts, figureFileSmall=0JcNKLWSXBGwHB1XYBQWMA==, figureFileBig=nVWa+AABV2kGdLarRBWxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003572736886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=图8, caption=富钴结壳生长剖面中元素含量随深度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=0JcNKLWSXBGwHB1XYBQWMA==, figureFileBig=nVWa+AABV2kGdLarRBWxDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215314003639845751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The description of cobalt-rich crusts CD16

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号构造层深度/mm样品描述
CD16(1)较致密层0~4表面有葡萄体状突起,树丛顶部
CD16(2)4~8树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(3)8~12树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(4)12~16树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(5)16~20柱状构造,黑色
CD16(6)20~24柱状构造,黑色
CD16(7)疏松层24~30树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(8)30~36树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(9)36~42树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(10)42~48树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(11)48~54树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(12)54~60树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(13)致密层60~66斑杂状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(14)66~72柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(15)72~78柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(16)78~84柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(17)84~90层纹状构造,黑色,较多磷酸盐脉
), ArticleFig(id=1215314003736314747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

富钴结壳CD16样品描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号构造层深度/mm样品描述
CD16(1)较致密层0~4表面有葡萄体状突起,树丛顶部
CD16(2)4~8树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(3)8~12树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(4)12~16树丛状构造,黑褐色
CD16(5)16~20柱状构造,黑色
CD16(6)20~24柱状构造,黑色
CD16(7)疏松层24~30树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(8)30~36树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(9)36~42树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(10)42~48树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(11)48~54树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(12)54~60树枝状构造,黄褐色,较多黏土杂质
CD16(13)致密层60~66斑杂状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(14)66~72柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(15)72~78柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(16)78~84柱状构造,黑色,有磷酸盐脉
CD16(17)84~90层纹状构造,黑色,较多磷酸盐脉
), ArticleFig(id=1215314003828589439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Major elements contents of cobalt-rich crusts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号Mn/%Fe/%CaO/%P2O5/%Al2O3/%Na2O/%K2O/%MgO/%TiO2/%Co/%Cu/%Ni/%Ba/%Sr/%Mn/FeCaO/P2O5
CD16(1)19.2518.503.101.042.482.890.661.921.330.460.040.300.110.141.042.98
CD16(2)20.4520.323.200.982.752.830.731.981.440.490.050.320.120.151.013.27
CD16(3)19.5619.763.080.893.062.870.771.921.470.480.060.340.130.140.993.46
CD16(4)23.0419.073.370.882.342.860.702.031.590.610.080.420.140.161.213.83
CD16(5)26.7417.383.750.881.082.990.602.181.840.780.100.530.150.171.544.26
CD16(6)26.7117.633.780.871.123.020.622.162.070.750.110.530.160.171.524.34
CD16(7)22.8217.393.270.781.642.690.651.892.080.570.110.420.150.151.314.19
CD16(8)19.4519.022.980.782.562.510.751.832.080.420.110.340.160.141.023.82
CD16(9)18.2119.612.890.823.082.400.831.861.970.360.110.310.150.140.933.52
CD16(10)17.0820.022.810.854.022.320.992.011.830.330.120.280.150.130.853.31
CD16(11)18.4717.742.950.793.352.350.911.981.880.450.130.330.150.131.043.73
CD16(12)20.6016.073.470.973.032.350.932.092.210.550.160.400.170.131.283.58
CD16(13)20.5616.003.801.142.742.380.902.082.150.530.180.430.180.141.283.33
CD16(14)21.0713.3310.364.931.332.470.571.831.640.390.190.490.170.151.582.10
CD16(15)17.9211.1816.988.881.172.300.501.571.310.250.160.410.150.161.601.91
CD16(16)16.3811.3718.169.991.252.230.471.541.300.210.160.360.170.161.441.82
CD16(17)18.6010.1116.299.110.722.230.481.431.620.340.150.350.200.171.841.79
最小值16.3810.112.810.780.722.230.471.431.300.210.040.280.110.130.851.79
最大值26.7420.3218.169.994.023.020.992.182.210.780.190.530.200.171.844.34
平均值20.4116.746.132.622.222.570.711.901.750.470.120.390.150.151.263.25
), ArticleFig(id=1215314003933447045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

富钴结壳样品中常量元素含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号Mn/%Fe/%CaO/%P2O5/%Al2O3/%Na2O/%K2O/%MgO/%TiO2/%Co/%Cu/%Ni/%Ba/%Sr/%Mn/FeCaO/P2O5
CD16(1)19.2518.503.101.042.482.890.661.921.330.460.040.300.110.141.042.98
CD16(2)20.4520.323.200.982.752.830.731.981.440.490.050.320.120.151.013.27
CD16(3)19.5619.763.080.893.062.870.771.921.470.480.060.340.130.140.993.46
CD16(4)23.0419.073.370.882.342.860.702.031.590.610.080.420.140.161.213.83
CD16(5)26.7417.383.750.881.082.990.602.181.840.780.100.530.150.171.544.26
CD16(6)26.7117.633.780.871.123.020.622.162.070.750.110.530.160.171.524.34
CD16(7)22.8217.393.270.781.642.690.651.892.080.570.110.420.150.151.314.19
CD16(8)19.4519.022.980.782.562.510.751.832.080.420.110.340.160.141.023.82
CD16(9)18.2119.612.890.823.082.400.831.861.970.360.110.310.150.140.933.52
CD16(10)17.0820.022.810.854.022.320.992.011.830.330.120.280.150.130.853.31
CD16(11)18.4717.742.950.793.352.350.911.981.880.450.130.330.150.131.043.73
CD16(12)20.6016.073.470.973.032.350.932.092.210.550.160.400.170.131.283.58
CD16(13)20.5616.003.801.142.742.380.902.082.150.530.180.430.180.141.283.33
CD16(14)21.0713.3310.364.931.332.470.571.831.640.390.190.490.170.151.582.10
CD16(15)17.9211.1816.988.881.172.300.501.571.310.250.160.410.150.161.601.91
CD16(16)16.3811.3718.169.991.252.230.471.541.300.210.160.360.170.161.441.82
CD16(17)18.6010.1116.299.110.722.230.481.431.620.340.150.350.200.171.841.79
最小值16.3810.112.810.780.722.230.471.431.300.210.040.280.110.130.851.79
最大值26.7420.3218.169.994.023.020.992.182.210.780.190.530.200.171.844.34
平均值20.4116.746.132.622.222.570.711.901.750.470.120.390.150.151.263.25
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004025721736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Platinum group elements (PGE) contents in cobalt-rich crusts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号Os/
(ng·g−1
Ir/
(ng·g−1
Ru/
(ng·g−1
Rh/
(ng·g−1
Pt/
(ng·g−1
Pd/
(ng·g−1
PGE/
(ng·g−1
PPGE/
(ng·g−1
IPGE/
(ng·g−1
PPGE/
IPGE
Pt/PdPt/IrPd/IrδPtδPd
注:Pd组(PPGE)=Rh+Pt+Pd+Au,Ir组(IPGE)=Os+Ir+Ru,δPt=$ {{{\rm{Pt}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} $/$ {\sqrt{{{\rm{Rh}}}_{{\rm{N}}}\cdot{{\rm{Pd}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} }$,δPd=$ {{{\rm{Pd}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} $/$ {\sqrt{{\rm{Pt}}_{{\rm{N}}}\cdot{\rm{Au}}_{{\rm{N}}}} }$,RhN、PtN、PdN、AuN均为C1球粒陨石标准化值;C1球粒陨石数据引自文献[29]。
CD16(1)0.394.9012.47.401143.1014212617.77.1136.923.30.636.320.21
CD16(2)0.444.7015.010.91363.4017015120.17.5139.928.90.725.910.19
CD16(3)0.374.2016.214.01582.6019617620.88.4760.937.70.626.950.15
CD16(4)0.625.4018.415.61842.6022720324.48.3370.934.10.487.660.14
CD16(5)0.695.7019.713.41821.8022319826.17.6110131.90.329.810.08
CD16(6)0.655.7020.117.71971.4024221726.58.2014034.50.2510.50.06
CD16(7)0.326.6019.919.53123.7036233626.812.584.447.30.569.730.13
CD16(8)0.287.8021.322.64873.0054251329.417.516262.40.3815.60.08
CD16(9)0.268.2018.821.95813.7963460827.222.315370.80.4616.90.08
CD16(10)0.228.1018.825.56573.1271368727.125.421181.20.3919.50.08
CD16(11)0.279.8419.533.77743.1284081229.627.424878.60.3220.00.07
CD16(12)0.169.6918.432.38283.6089286528.230.623085.40.3720.30.07
CD16(13)0.1610.7919.241.110733.521148112230.237.230599.50.3323.60.04
CD16(14)0.1610.2520.833.58872.4095492531.329.637086.50.2326.20.04
CD16(15)0.4511.3319.834.58752.2194391331.628.939677.20.1926.50.04
CD16(16)0.1210.5818.940.99322.22100597929.633.142088.10.2125.90.03
CD16(17)0.1713.3620.043.612687.191352132433.539.517694.90.5419.00.06
最小值0.124.2012.47.401141.4014212617.77.1136.923.30.195.910.03
最大值0.6913.421.343.612687.191352132433.539.542099.50.7226.50.21
平均值0.348.0718.725.25673.1062359727.120.718962.50.4115.90.09
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004097024910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

富钴结壳样品中铂族元素含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品号Os/
(ng·g−1
Ir/
(ng·g−1
Ru/
(ng·g−1
Rh/
(ng·g−1
Pt/
(ng·g−1
Pd/
(ng·g−1
PGE/
(ng·g−1
PPGE/
(ng·g−1
IPGE/
(ng·g−1
PPGE/
IPGE
Pt/PdPt/IrPd/IrδPtδPd
注:Pd组(PPGE)=Rh+Pt+Pd+Au,Ir组(IPGE)=Os+Ir+Ru,δPt=$ {{{\rm{Pt}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} $/$ {\sqrt{{{\rm{Rh}}}_{{\rm{N}}}\cdot{{\rm{Pd}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} }$,δPd=$ {{{\rm{Pd}}}_{{\rm{N}}}} $/$ {\sqrt{{\rm{Pt}}_{{\rm{N}}}\cdot{\rm{Au}}_{{\rm{N}}}} }$,RhN、PtN、PdN、AuN均为C1球粒陨石标准化值;C1球粒陨石数据引自文献[29]。
CD16(1)0.394.9012.47.401143.1014212617.77.1136.923.30.636.320.21
CD16(2)0.444.7015.010.91363.4017015120.17.5139.928.90.725.910.19
CD16(3)0.374.2016.214.01582.6019617620.88.4760.937.70.626.950.15
CD16(4)0.625.4018.415.61842.6022720324.48.3370.934.10.487.660.14
CD16(5)0.695.7019.713.41821.8022319826.17.6110131.90.329.810.08
CD16(6)0.655.7020.117.71971.4024221726.58.2014034.50.2510.50.06
CD16(7)0.326.6019.919.53123.7036233626.812.584.447.30.569.730.13
CD16(8)0.287.8021.322.64873.0054251329.417.516262.40.3815.60.08
CD16(9)0.268.2018.821.95813.7963460827.222.315370.80.4616.90.08
CD16(10)0.228.1018.825.56573.1271368727.125.421181.20.3919.50.08
CD16(11)0.279.8419.533.77743.1284081229.627.424878.60.3220.00.07
CD16(12)0.169.6918.432.38283.6089286528.230.623085.40.3720.30.07
CD16(13)0.1610.7919.241.110733.521148112230.237.230599.50.3323.60.04
CD16(14)0.1610.2520.833.58872.4095492531.329.637086.50.2326.20.04
CD16(15)0.4511.3319.834.58752.2194391331.628.939677.20.1926.50.04
CD16(16)0.1210.5818.940.99322.22100597929.633.142088.10.2125.90.03
CD16(17)0.1713.3620.043.612687.191352132433.539.517694.90.5419.00.06
最小值0.124.2012.47.401141.4014212617.77.1136.923.30.195.910.03
最大值0.6913.421.343.612687.191352132433.539.542099.50.7226.50.21
平均值0.348.0718.725.25673.1062359727.120.718962.50.4115.90.09
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004210271123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

The enrichment factors of platinum group elements (PGE) in cobalt-rich crusts and other geological bodies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
富集倍数OsIrRuRhPtPdPGE
注:“−”表示无数据;海水铂族元素单位为fg/g,其他单位均为ng/g;富钴结壳数据为表3中平均值;地壳数据引自文献[5];原始地幔数据引自文献[29];洋壳数据引自文献[30];海山玄武岩数据引自文献[31];海水数据引自文献[32];热液硫化物数据引自文献[33]。
富钴结壳0.348.0718.725.25673.101.77
洋壳0.0040.021.00.22.30.23.72
地壳111151019
海山玄武岩0.81.172.631.456.411.9264.33
海水6.80.12.5794959196
热液硫化物0.81.83.55.59.922
原始地幔3.43.250.97.13.924
f(洋壳)844031912624716167
f(地壳)0.38.119251130.3133
f(海山玄武岩)0.46.97.118101.69.7
f(海水)0.05817.50.32120.053.2
f(热液硫化物)10.1107.21030.3128
f(原始地幔)0.102.53.728800.826
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004327711641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

富钴结壳与其他地质体铂族元素富集倍数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
富集倍数OsIrRuRhPtPdPGE
注:“−”表示无数据;海水铂族元素单位为fg/g,其他单位均为ng/g;富钴结壳数据为表3中平均值;地壳数据引自文献[5];原始地幔数据引自文献[29];洋壳数据引自文献[30];海山玄武岩数据引自文献[31];海水数据引自文献[32];热液硫化物数据引自文献[33]。
富钴结壳0.348.0718.725.25673.101.77
洋壳0.0040.021.00.22.30.23.72
地壳111151019
海山玄武岩0.81.172.631.456.411.9264.33
海水6.80.12.5794959196
热液硫化物0.81.83.55.59.922
原始地幔3.43.250.97.13.924
f(洋壳)844031912624716167
f(地壳)0.38.119251130.3133
f(海山玄武岩)0.46.97.118101.69.7
f(海水)0.05817.50.32120.053.2
f(热液硫化物)10.1107.21030.3128
f(原始地幔)0.102.53.728800.826
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004428374941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation matrix of elements in cobalt-rich crusts

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素MnFeCaOP2O5Al2O3Na2OK2OMgOTiO2CoCuNiBaSrRhPtPGE
注:相关系数为Pearson简单系数,n=17;**表示置信度P为99%;*表示置信度P为95%。
Mn1
Fe0.2331
CaO–0.389–0.927**1
P2O5–0.431–0.917**0.998**1
Al2O3–0.3820.708**–0.659**–0.630**1
Na2O0.754**0.562*–0.536*–0.556*–0.1051
K2O–0.1510.662**–0.736**–0.719**0.924**–0.1091
MgO0.637**0.722**–0.853**–0.874**0.4260.593*0.605*1
TiO20.3740.288–0.539*–0.553*0.243–0.0560.554*0.531*1
Co0.936**0.447–0.623**–0.653**–0.0930.774**0.1360.805**0.4721
Cu–0.198–0.718**0.544*0.525*–0.286–0.742**–0.095–0.3170.275–0.3371
Ni0.813**-0.2660.0770.021–0.640**0.366–0.3800.3250.2710.625**0.3321
Ba–0.058–0.673**0.493*0.487*–0.388–0.624**–0.162–0.3480.394–0.1720.844**0.3101
Sr0.491*–0.4740.513*0.487*–0.893**0.301–0.840**–0.268–0.2930.2380.0380.598*0.2381
Rh–0.458–0.771**0.655**0.658**–0.208–0.874**–0.098–0.534*0.103–0.535*0.904**0.0260.847**0.0041
Pt–0.524*–0.748**0.631**0.640**–0.153–0.910**–0.057–0.558*0.090–0.590*0.877**–0.0660.823**–0.0600.976**1
PGE–0.520*–0.749**0.632**0.641**–0.157–0.909**–0.059–0.558*0.093–0.587*0.879**–0.0620.826**–0.0560.978**1.000**1
), ArticleFig(id=1215314004537426849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297838701604982, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

富钴结壳元素之间相关系数矩阵表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素MnFeCaOP2O5Al2O3Na2OK2OMgOTiO2CoCuNiBaSrRhPtPGE
注:相关系数为Pearson简单系数,n=17;**表示置信度P为99%;*表示置信度P为95%。
Mn1
Fe0.2331
CaO–0.389–0.927**1
P2O5–0.431–0.917**0.998**1
Al2O3–0.3820.708**–0.659**–0.630**1
Na2O0.754**0.562*–0.536*–0.556*–0.1051
K2O–0.1510.662**–0.736**–0.719**0.924**–0.1091
MgO0.637**0.722**–0.853**–0.874**0.4260.593*0.605*1
TiO20.3740.288–0.539*–0.553*0.243–0.0560.554*0.531*1
Co0.936**0.447–0.623**–0.653**–0.0930.774**0.1360.805**0.4721
Cu–0.198–0.718**0.544*0.525*–0.286–0.742**–0.095–0.3170.275–0.3371
Ni0.813**-0.2660.0770.021–0.640**0.366–0.3800.3250.2710.625**0.3321
Ba–0.058–0.673**0.493*0.487*–0.388–0.624**–0.162–0.3480.394–0.1720.844**0.3101
Sr0.491*–0.4740.513*0.487*–0.893**0.301–0.840**–0.268–0.2930.2380.0380.598*0.2381
Rh–0.458–0.771**0.655**0.658**–0.208–0.874**–0.098–0.534*0.103–0.535*0.904**0.0260.847**0.0041
Pt–0.524*–0.748**0.631**0.640**–0.153–0.910**–0.057–0.558*0.090–0.590*0.877**–0.0660.823**–0.0600.976**1
PGE–0.520*–0.749**0.632**0.641**–0.157–0.909**–0.059–0.558*0.093–0.587*0.879**–0.0620.826**–0.0560.978**1.000**1
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西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳铂族元素地球化学特征与来源
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高晶晶 1, 2 , 刘季花 1, 2 , 张辉 1, 2 , 闫仕娟 1, 2 , 汪虹敏 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(4): 82-94
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(4): 82-94
西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳铂族元素地球化学特征与来源
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高晶晶1, 2 , 刘季花1, 2, 张辉1, 2, 闫仕娟1, 2, 汪虹敏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
  • 2 崂山实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 高晶晶(1980-),女,山东省青岛市人,工程师,主要从事海洋地球化学分析研究。E-mail:

Geochemistry and source of platinum group elements in cobalt-rich crusts from Caiwei Seamounts in the western Pacific
Jingjing Gao1, 2 , Jihua Liu1, 2, Hui Zhang1, 2, Shijuan Yan1, 2, Hongmin Wang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China
  • 2Laboratory for Marine Geology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
出版时间: 2023-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023039
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为探讨富钴结壳铂族元素的来源,以西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳样品为研究对象,利用X射线衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法和质谱法,对富钴结壳样品进行了矿物组成、主量元素和铂族元素含量分析。研究表明,富钴结壳的主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物有石英、斜长石、钾长石和碳氟磷灰石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。富钴结壳中Mn和Fe含量最高,且明显富集铂族元素,铂族总量为142~1 352 ng/g,其中Pt为114~1 268 ng/g,占铂族总量的80%以上。老壳层的铂族元素含量高于新壳层,老壳层发生了磷酸盐化作用。富钴结壳的铂族元素之间发生了分异作用,Pd组(PPGE)含量高于Ir组(IPGE)。铂族元素配分模式显示Pt正异常和Pd负异常,具有Pt富集而Pd亏损特征,推测富钴结壳的铂族元素来源于洋壳蚀变过程中海山玄武岩和海水之间的水−岩反应。富钴结壳的铂族元素与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu正相关,推测铂族元素赋存于磷酸盐矿物相中。富钴结壳生长剖面从上到下,由新到老,铂族元素含量呈逐渐增加趋势,海水氧化性环境和高海洋生产力可增进磷酸盐化作用,从而进一步促进了铂族元素的富集。该研究对于揭示富钴结壳铂族元素的来源具有一定的参考价值。

西太平洋  /  采薇海山群  /  富钴结壳  /  铂族元素  /  地球化学  /  来源

To explore the source of platinum group elements (PGE) in cobalt-rich crusts, the samples from Caiwei Seamounts in western Pacific were chosen as the research object, for which XRD, ICP-OES and ICP-MS were used to analyze the mineral composition, major elements contents and PGE contents in cobalt-rich crusts. The results showed that, the main crystalline minerals were vernadites in cobalt-rich crusts, and the minor minerals included quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and carbon fluoride apatite. Also many amorphous ferric minerals were contained in cobalt-rich crusts. In addition, Mn and Fe contents were the highest in cobalt-rich crusts, and PGE were enriched in cobalt-rich crusts. PGE contents were 142−1352 ng/g, and Pt contents were 114−1268 ng/g, in which Pt accounted for more than 80%. PGE contents in the old layers were higher than that in the new layers. And the phosphatization appeared in the old crust layers. Moreover, there was an obvious contrast in PGE of cobalt-rich crusts, Pd group (PPGE) contents were more than Ir group (IPGE). PGE diagrams showed the positive Pt anomalies and negative Pd anomalies. And Pt was enriched and Pd was poor in cobalt-rich crusts. Meanwhile, PGE in cobalt-rich crusts were probably derived from the reaction between seamount basalt and seawater during the oceanic shell erosion process. PGE had positive correlation with CaO, P2O5, Ba and Cu, so PGE were probably enriched in the phosphate phase. In addition, the growth profile of cobalt-rich crust was from top to bottom and from new to old, PGE contents increased gradually. Therefore, oxidative marine environment and high marine productivity had a positive impact on phosphatization, which further promoted the enrichment of PGE. This study provided a certain reference value for revealing the source of PGE in cobalt-rich crusts.

the western Pacific  /  Caiwei Seamounts  /  cobalt-rich crusts  /  platinum group elements  /  geochemistry  /  source
高晶晶, 刘季花, 张辉, 闫仕娟, 汪虹敏. 西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳铂族元素地球化学特征与来源. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (4) : 82 -94 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023039
Jingjing Gao, Jihua Liu, Hui Zhang, Shijuan Yan, Hongmin Wang. Geochemistry and source of platinum group elements in cobalt-rich crusts from Caiwei Seamounts in the western Pacific[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (4) : 82 -94 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023039
富钴结壳是一种重要的大洋海底矿产资源,主要由铁锰氧化物和氢氧化物组成,富含Co、Ni、Cu、稀土(REE)和铂族(PGE)等战略金属元素[1-2],具有巨大的开发潜力和经济价值。铂族元素包括Os、Ir、Ru、Rh、Pd和Pt 6种元素,在元素周期表中紧密相邻,外层电子结构相似。铂族元素具有化学性质稳定、不易受变质作用干扰等特殊的地球化学性能,可以用于物质来源、成矿作用和岩石成因等地球化学示踪研究[3-4]。铂族元素在地壳的平均含量为0.064 ng/g[5],在地幔为1.05 ng/g[5],在地核为48.1 ng/g[5],在洋壳为5.52 ng/g[5],而太平洋海山富钴结壳中铂族元素总量为100~2 000 ng/g[6],其含量远高于主要地质储库的丰度。同时,富钴结壳的Ru、Rh和Pt含量接近或超过工业品位[7],可将富钴结壳称为铂族元素伴生矿床,具有重要的工业意义。因此,富钴结壳是继陆地铂族矿产资源之后,极具潜在经济价值的海底矿产资源[8-9]
目前,富钴结壳的调查与研究工作取得了一些阶段性成果,主要体现在物质组成、分布规律及成因机制等方面[10-12],这些成果为富钴结壳的深入调查和研究奠定了基础。关于富钴结壳的元素地球化学的研究,已不仅限于常量、微量元素和稀土元素研究,而扩展向低含量铂族元素的研究。铂族元素同稀土元素一样,具有化学性质稳定、不易受变质作用干扰等特殊的地球化学性能,可以作为一种地球化学指示剂[13-14],为研究地球化学演化过程以及物质来源提供新手段,特别是为地外物质来源提供证据。Halbach等[15]研究发现,富钴结壳的铂族元素主要有海水和宇宙微粒两种来源,铂族元素与锰氧化物一起从海水中沉淀而富集于富钴结壳。同时,从铁锰结壳中发现直径为 0.1~0.35 mm富含Ni的铁陨石,认为铁锰结壳的铂族元素可能来自铁陨石等地外物质微粒。姚德等[16]通过富钴结壳Re-Os同位素的研究发现,除了大洋玄武岩等蚀变释放的地幔源铂族元素进入富钴结壳外,可能大部分铂族元素来源于地外物质微粒。孙晓明等[17]通过惰性气体同位素分析发现,富钴结壳的疏松层在沉积过程中,有陨石碎屑或宇宙尘等地外物质微粒的参与,地外物质的加入是铂族元素富集的重要原因。赵宏樵和赵建如[18]研究得出,热液成因结壳的铂族元素配分模式与水成成因结壳有所不同,热液结壳比水成结壳的生长速率快得多。任江波等[19]发现陆源碎屑物质的Os同位素比值远大于幔源物质和地外物质,而富钴结壳的Os同位素与海水具有较好的对应关系,富钴结壳的铂族元素具有亲陆源属性。总结起来,铂族元素的来源主要有海水源、地幔源、生物源、天体源、海底热液源和陆源等[20],其富集机制主要有氧化沉淀富集、还原沉淀富集、表面吸附富集和地外物质混入富集等[20],这些成果均反映出富钴结壳的成矿物质具有多源性和富集机制的复杂性。
因此,本文针对富钴结壳铂族元素多源性成矿特征提出研究思路,选取西太平洋采薇海山群富钴结壳样品为研究对象,系统地探讨了矿物组成和铂族元素地球化学特征,旨在解决铂族元素的来源和富集特征问题,为大洋富钴结壳的成矿理论研究提供科学依据。
选择西太平洋麦哲伦海山区的采薇海山群富钴结壳样品CD16作为研究对象,是由“大洋一号”考察船在执行大洋DY105-16A航次时用拖网取得,站位位置为15.880 9°N,155.168 8°E,水深为1 838 m。富钴结壳样品CD16采样站位如图1所示。
富钴结壳样品为板状结壳,具有明显3层结构,由上到下分为较致密层、疏松层和致密层,基岩为角砾岩。上层是较致密层,树丛状或柱状构造,黑褐色,表面发育葡萄体状突起;中间层是疏松层,树枝状构造,黄褐色,黏土杂质等较多;下层是致密层,柱状或层纹状构造,黑色,坚硬,发育磷酸盐脉。其中,上较致密层和中间疏松层为新壳层样品,下致密层为老壳层样品。沿富钴结壳生长剖面方向,用不锈钢刀分层取得17个微层样品,取样间距大约为4~6 mm。样品手标本照片如图2所示,具体取样信息和样品描述如表1所示。将取得样品烘干后,用玛瑙研钵研磨至200目,置于干净的样品袋中,备用。
称取(50.00±0.50) mg样品于溶样内胆中,加入硝酸1.0 mL、盐酸1.0 mL、氢氟酸1.0 mL,加盖封闭后于烘箱190℃加热48 h。冷却后于电热板上150℃蒸至湿盐状,加入硝酸1.0 mL蒸干后,再加入20% (V/V)盐酸溶液3.0 mL、1.0 µg/g铑内标溶液0.5 mL,加盖封闭后于烘箱150℃加热8 h。冷却后用2% (V/V)硝酸溶液定容至50 g,摇匀备测。常量元素用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES,Thermo iCAP 6300型)测定。分析过程中用国家标准物质GBW 07337、GBW 07338和GBW 07339监控数据质量,保证元素相对误差均在5%以内,回收率均在90%~110%之间。样品测试工作在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋地质实验室完成。
根据文献[2122]中铂族元素分析方法,对富钴结壳样品进行预处理,步骤如下:称取(1.00±0.05) g样品于卡洛斯管中,加入盐酸5 mL除去碳酸盐后,准确加入194Pt 、105Pd、193Ir、101Ru和190Os稀释剂,再加入硝酸10 mL,加盖封闭卡洛斯管后,于烘箱170℃加热24 h。冷却后将卡洛斯管放入冰箱冷冻2 h,用蒸馏法分离Os,用Te-SnCl2共沉淀法分离剩余溶液中Pt、Pd、Ru、Rh、Ir,沉淀经硝酸溶解后于电热板上150℃蒸干,然后用王水溶解残渣,将溶液转移至15 mL离心管后离心,取上层清液经过阳离子交换树脂柱,收集滤液备测。铂族元素用电感耦合等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS,Thermo X series 2型)测定。分析过程中用国家标准物质MCPt-1和MCPt-2监控数据质量,保证铂族元素相对误差均在10%以内,回收率均在85%~115%之间。样品测试工作均在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋地质实验室完成。
将富钴结壳粉末样品置入专用载样杯中压成薄片,利用X射线粉晶衍射仪(XRD,日本理学 D/MAX2500HB+/PC型)进行扫描分析。样品矿物鉴定工作在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋地质实验室完成。
采薇海山群富钴结壳CD16样品矿物鉴定图谱如图3所示。结果表明,富钴结壳样品主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿(δ-MnO2,V),它是在强氧化环境下生成的一种水成氧化物,它的出现暗示富钴结壳的生长环境为氧化环境[23]。另外,作为典型成岩作用的钡镁锰矿,没有在富钴结壳样品中出现,这说明富钴结壳基本没有受到成岩作用影响,主要通过水成沉积作用形成。
富钴结壳新壳层样品CD16(3)、CD16(5)和CD16(12)比老壳层CD16(15)和CD16(17)含有较多的碎屑矿物,如石英(Q)、斜长石(Pl)和钾长石(Or)。其中,石英含量的多少可以用来表示富钴结壳生长环境的变化,如陆源碎屑物质对富钴结壳生长的影响[24]。新壳层样品中石英含量较多,这说明富钴结壳在此生长时期接受了较多的陆源碎屑物质。
富钴结壳老壳层样品CD16(15)和CD16(17)含有较多的碳氟磷灰石(CFA),而在新壳层CD16(3),CD16(5)和CD16(12)并没有发现。碳氟磷灰石的出现,表示富钴结壳生长初期出现了沉积间断,是海洋发生磷酸盐化事件的记录[25]。老壳层样品中发现了较多的碳氟磷灰石,这说明富钴结壳在此生长时期受到了磷酸盐化事件的影响。
此外,富钴结壳样品并没有发现铁结晶矿物的衍射峰,但是衍射谱线的背景值却较强,结合化学分析结果推断,富钴结壳中含有大量非晶态的铁氧/氢氧化物(FeOOH•nH2O)[24]。强氧化环境有利于水成型铁锰氧化物的生长,在矿物组成上以结晶程度较差的水羟锰矿和非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物为主[26],由此推断富钴结壳的生长环境是氧化环境。
因此,采薇海山群富钴结壳样品主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物包括石英、斜长石、钾长石和碳氟磷灰石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。根据矿物类型可以分为锰矿物相、铁矿物相、碎屑矿物相和生物成因相。
采薇海山群富钴结壳CD16样品主量元素含量见表2。结果显示,在主量元素中,Mn和Fe含量最高,其中,Mn含量为16.38%~26.74%,平均值为20.41%;Fe含量为10.11%~20.32%,平均值为16.74%。其次是CaO、P2O5、Na2O、Al2O3、MgO、TiO2和K2O,其中,CaO含量为2.81%~18.16%;P2O5含量为0.78%~9.99%;Na2O含量为2.23%~3.02%;Al2O3含量为0.72%~4.02%;MgO含量为1.43%~2.18%;TiO2含量为1.30%~2.21%;K2O含量为0.47%~0.99%。再次是Co、Ni、Ba、Sr和Cu,其中,Co含量为0.21%~0.78%;Ni含量为0.28%~0.53%;Ba含量为0.11%~0.20%;Sr含量为0.13%~0.17%;Cu含量为0.04%~0.19%。
富钴结壳CD16样品CaO/P2O5比值为1.79~4.34,平均值为3.25,均大于碳氟磷灰石(1.621)和氟磷灰石(1.318)的CaO/P2O5比值[27]。富钴结壳底部老壳层的CaO和P2O5含量明显较高,太平洋海山磷酸化富钴结壳CaO/P2O5比值小于2时[19],表示富钴结壳发生了磷酸盐化作用。并且在样品底部致密层发现较多磷酸盐脉,说明富钴结壳老壳层样品发生了磷酸盐化作用。富钴结壳CD16样品Mn/Fe比值为0.85~1.84,平均值为1.26,相对较低。海底铁锰矿床Mn/Fe比值是早期成岩作用的影响指标[26],Mn/Fe比值越小,受水成作用的影响越大;而Mn/Fe比值越大,受成岩作用的影响越大。因此,富钴结壳CD16样品Mn/Fe比值较小,受水成作用影响较大。此外,富钴结壳成因判别三角图(图4)显示[28],富钴结壳CD16样品为水成沉积成因,明显富集Co、Ni和Cu,基本没有受到海底热液活动和成岩作用的影响。
采薇海山群富钴结壳CD16样品中铂族元素含量如表3所示。结果显示,富钴结壳的铂族元素明显富集,铂族总量为142~1 352 ng/g,平均值为623 ng/g。其中,在所有铂族元素中,Pt含量明显高于其他铂族元素,Pt含量为114~1 268 ng/g,平均值为567 ng/g,占铂族总量的80%以上,富Pt是富钴结壳中铂族元素的明显特征。其次是Rh、Ru、Ir和Pd,而Os含量最低。Pd组(PPGE)含量为126~1 324 ng/g,平均值为597 ng/g,Ir组(IPGE)含量为17.7~33.5 ng/g,平均值为27.1 ng/g,PPGE/IPGE比值为7.11~39.5,平均值为20.7,由此可见,铂族元素的PPGE含量明显高于IPGE。富钴结壳CD16样品上层铂族元素总量平均值为200 ng/g,中间层为664 ng/g,下层为1 081 ng/g,其大小顺序为:下层、中间层、上层。由此可见,构造层由上到下,由新到老,铂族元素含量逐渐增加,老壳层的铂族元素含量明显高于新壳层。
富钴结壳的特征元素对Pt/Pd比值为36.9~420,远大于C1球粒陨石(1.84)的值[29];Pt/Ir比值为23.3~99.5,远大于C1球粒陨石(2.22)的值[29];Pd/Ir比值为0.19~0.72,小于C1球粒陨石(1.21)的值[29]。由此可见,富钴结壳样品铂族元素之间发生了分异作用。富钴结壳中δPt为5.91~26.5,δPt远大于1,表现出明显Pt正异常;δPd为0.03~0.21,δPd远小于1,表现出明显Pd负异常,因此,富钴结壳的铂族元素具有Pt富集而Pd亏损特征。此外,富钴结壳样品上层δPt平均值为7.85,δPd平均值为0.14;中间层δPt为17.0,δPd为0.09;下层δPt为24.2,δPd为0.04。δPt大小顺序为下层、中间层、上层,δPd大小顺序为上层、中间层、下层。因此,构造层由上到下,δPt呈增大趋势而δPd呈减小趋势。δPt可以反映富钴结壳形成时海水氧化性的强弱程度[20],这说明构造层由上到下,由新到老,海水氧化性呈增强趋势,则海水强氧化性有利于Pt正异常,从而促进了铂族元素的富集。
为了直观地反映采薇海山群富钴结壳的铂族元素富集特征,对富钴结壳与其他地质体如洋壳、地壳、海山玄武岩、海水、热液硫化物和原始地幔的铂族元素含量进行比较,用富集倍数(以f表示)来表示富钴结壳与其他地质体的铂族元素含量比值[31],其富集倍数结果见表4。结果显示,富钴结壳的铂族元素明显高于洋壳、地壳、海山玄武岩、热液硫化物、原始地幔和海水,富集倍数分别是167、33、9.7、28、26和3.2×10−6。相比于其他铂族元素,Pt的富集倍数较大,分别为247、113、10、103、80和12×10−6。由此可见,富钴结壳的铂族元素对地壳、海山玄武岩、热液硫化物和原始地幔的富集倍数相当,在9.7~33之间,对洋壳的富集倍数较大,为167倍,而对海水的富集倍数明显偏大,即富钴结壳的铂族元素比海水高6个数量级。因此,富钴结壳比其他地质体明显富集铂族元素。
目前,对于富钴结壳中铂族元素来源仍无最终定论,总结起来主要有地幔源、海水源、生物源、天体源、海底热液源和陆源等方面[20],这些研究成果均反映了富钴结壳的成矿物质具有多源性特点。采薇海山群富钴结壳和其他类型地质体,如海山玄武岩、洋壳、原始地幔、铁陨石、热液硫化物和海水的铂族元素进行C1球粒陨石标准化,其配分曲线见图5。结果显示,尽管富钴结壳不同构造层中铂族元素含量变化较大,但铂族元素的配分曲线总体上呈平行分布,配分模式基本一致,这表明控制铂族元素富集的地球化学行为过程基本一致。
富钴结壳的铂族元素配分模式均表现为Pt正异常、Pd负异常,而海水显示Os和Rh正异常、Ir负异常,海底热液硫化物显示Rh正异常、Pd负异常,洋壳和海山玄武岩显示Pt正异常、Pd负异常,而原始地幔和铁陨石则无异常。与其他地质体比较,富钴结壳的铂族元素配分模式与海水、原始地幔、铁陨石和海底热液硫化物明显不同,这表明富钴结壳的铂族元素可能不是直接来自正常海水和原始地幔,也不是来自于铁陨石等地外物质,基本上没有受到海底热液活动的影响。富钴结壳的铂族元素配分模式与洋壳、海山玄武岩比较相似,均显示Pt正异常、Pd负异常特征,推断富钴结壳的铂族元素来自洋壳的蚀变释放[31, 34]
富钴结壳、海山玄武岩、洋壳、原始地幔、铁陨石、C1球粒陨石、热液硫化物和海水的Pt/Pd−Ir/Pd关系图如图6所示。结果显示,富钴结壳与玄武岩、洋壳的关系点均位于壳源线区域范围内[35],而原始地幔、热液硫化物、铁陨石和球粒陨石的关系点均位于幔源线区域范围内[35]。由此可见,富钴结壳与原始地幔、热液硫化物、铁陨石和球粒陨石不具有相关性,因此,原始地幔、海底热液、陨石等地外物质并不是铂族元素的主要来源。而富钴结壳与洋壳、海山玄武岩之间存在相关性,这进一步推断富钴结壳的铂族元素来自于洋壳的蚀变释放[31, 34]
西太平洋海域的水深在500~1 250 m范围内为最小含氧带(OMZ)[36],它为富钴结壳提供了丰富的成矿物质。富钴结壳生长在最小含氧带下方的海山表面,海山玄武岩和海水之间发生水–岩反应,释放的是铂族元素的络合物形式[27],在较强的氧化环境下,海水中可溶性Pt2+被氧化成不溶性Pt4+,并随铁锰氧化物胶体颗粒一起沉淀,使Pt与其他铂族元素分离,从而造成富钴结壳的Pt明显富集。而Pd与其他铂族元素相比,离子半径较大[20],且具有较强的地球化学活性,在海水中的溶解度较高,难以被铁锰氧化物胶体颗粒所吸附,从而导致富钴结壳的Pd明显亏损。
为了进一步揭示采薇海山群富钴结壳铂族元素的来源,开展了铂族元素和主量元素之间的相关性分析,其相关性结果见图7。结果显示,PGE与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu有正相关性关系,PGE与Mn、Fe、Na2O、MgO和Co有负相关性关系,PGE与Al2O3、K2O、TiO2、Ni和Sr相关性不明显。因此,富钴结壳的铂族元素与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu存在正相关关系。
为了探讨富钴结壳中铂族元素和主量元素之间相关性关系,利用SPSS软件计算了元素之间的相关系数,其相关系数矩阵如表5所示。结果显示,PGE与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu的相关系数分别为0.632、0.641、0.826和0.879,具有正相关性关系;PGE与Mn、Fe、Na2O、MgO和Co的相关系数分别为–0.520、–0.749、–0.909、–0.558和–0.587,具有负相关性关系;PGE与Al2O3、K2O、TiO2、Ni和Sr的相关系数分别为–0.157、–0.059、0.093、–0.062和–0.056,相关性不明显。同时,Pt与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu的相关系数分别为0.631、0.640、0.823和0.877,具有正相关性关系,Rh与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu的相关系数分别为0.655、0.658、0.847和0.904,具有正相关性关系。因此,富钴结壳的铂族元素与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu之间有一定联系。富钴结壳的铂族元素与Fe、Mn的负相关性,应该是受到了磷酸盐化作用的影响。铂族元素和Co、Cu、Ni等水成元素一样,早期受到了铁、锰水合物的清扫作用进入富钴结壳中,而磷酸盐化过程活化了铁、锰氧化物矿物,从而进一步促进了铂族元素的富集。
根据前人矿物学和元素赋存状态研究得出[37-40],富钴结壳的矿物相主要包括锰矿物相、铁矿物相、碎屑矿物相和生物成因相。其中,Mn赋存于锰矿物相,Fe赋存于铁矿物相,Al和K赋存于碎屑矿物相,Ca、P、Ba和Cu赋存于生物成因相。因此,富钴结壳铂族元素的来源除了与洋壳和海水有关外,与其中的磷酸盐矿物相也有着密切关系,推测富钴结壳铂族元素赋存于磷酸盐矿物的生物成因相中。Koschinsky等[6]通过淋滤实验研究发现,未磷酸盐化富钴结壳中,稀土元素主要赋存在铁氧化物相中,Pt主要赋存在铁氧化物相中,而磷酸盐化富钴结壳中,稀土元素主要赋存在残渣态中,Pt主要赋存在锰氧化物相中。任向文等[41]通过富钴结壳元素的相关性分析发现,在未磷酸盐化新壳层中,稀土元素主要赋存在锰氧化物相中,而在磷酸盐化老壳层中,稀土元素除了赋存在铁、锰氧化物相外,主要是以独立于碳氟磷灰石(CFA)的矿物相存在,可能是稀土磷酸盐矿物。若要进一步证实铂族元素的赋存状态,到底是赋存于碳氟磷灰石矿物晶格中,还是以铂族磷酸盐矿物存在,下一步需要借助微区原位分析和同步辐射等技术手段进行解决。
采薇海山群富钴结壳样品CD16生长剖面中主量元素和铂族元素随深度变化曲线见图8,其变化曲线显示了富钴结壳成长历史时期中元素的演化特征。结果显示,CaO和P2O5含量在新壳层(上层和中间层)基本保持不变,在老壳层(下层)呈明显增加的趋势。P2O5/CaO比值在新壳层变化不大,在老壳层呈明显增加的趋势,这说明富钴结壳老壳层样品发生了磷酸盐化作用[19]。Mn/Fe比值可以用来指示海洋氧化还原条件的变化[26]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,Mn/Fe比值呈增高–降低–增高变化,所指示的海洋氧化环境呈高–低–高变化。δPt可以反映富钴结壳形成时海水氧化性的强弱程度[20, 31]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,δPt呈增大趋势,在下层老壳层出现明显的高点,这表明富钴结壳在此生长时期,海水氧化性较强。
此外,Al2O3可以用来反映风尘碎屑物质的沉降情况[42]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,Al含量呈降低–增高–降低变化,表示风尘活动呈低−高−低变化。这是因为在此生长时期,风尘活动频繁,可能是风尘活动为富钴结壳沉积提供了更多的碎屑物质所致。Sr/Ca比值可以作为海洋古生产力的高低指标,Ca含量除受磷酸盐化影响外,富钴结壳中Ca含量变化不大,因此,可以把Sr含量变化作为海洋古生产力的高低指标[43]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,Sr含量呈增高–降低–增高变化,表示当时的海洋生产力呈高–低–高变化。Co含量变化可以指示富钴结壳生长速率的快慢程度[44]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,Co含量呈增高–降低–增高–降低变化,表示富钴结壳的生长速率呈慢–快–慢–快变化。Ba和Cu是表示海洋生物生产力高低的重要指标[45]。富钴结壳从上到下,由新到老,Ba和Cu含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,在下层老壳层具有明显的高点,这表明富钴结壳在此生长时期,海洋生物生产力较高。
富钴结壳生长剖面从上到下,由新到老,铂族元素含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,在下层老壳层具有明显的高点。由此可见,铂族元素的变化特征和Mn/Fe、P2O5/CaO、δPt、Sr、Ba和Cu的变化趋势存在相似之处。因此,海水氧化性环境和高海洋生产力可增进磷酸盐化作用,从而进一步促进了铂族元素的富集。
(1)采薇海山群富钴结壳的主要结晶矿物为水羟锰矿,次要矿物有石英、斜长石、钾长石和碳氟磷灰石,同时含有大量非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物。水羟锰矿和非晶态铁氧/氢氧化物的出现,推断富钴结壳的生长环境是氧化环境,主要通过水成沉积作用形成。
(2)采薇海山群富钴结壳中Mn和Fe含量最高,Mn为16.38%~26.74%,Fe为10.11%~20.32%。富钴结壳明显富集铂族元素,其铂族总量为142~1 352 ng/g,Pt含量为114~1 268 ng/g,占总量的80%以上。老壳层中铂族元素含量高于新壳层,老壳层发生了磷酸盐化作用。富钴结壳的铂族元素之间发生了分异作用,PPGE含量高于IPGE,具有Pt富集而Pd亏损特征。
(3)采薇海山群富钴结壳铂族元素的配分模式与洋壳、海山玄武岩比较相似,均显示Pt正异常和Pd负异常特征,推测铂族元素来源于洋壳蚀变过程中海山玄武岩和海水之间的水–岩反应。铂族元素与CaO、P2O5、Ba和Cu正相关,推测铂族元素赋存于磷酸盐矿物相。
(4)富钴结壳的生长剖面从上到下,由新到老,铂族元素含量逐渐增加,铂族元素和Mn/Fe、P2O5/CaO、δPt、Sr、Ba和Cu的变化趋势相似。海水氧化性环境和高海洋生产力可增进磷酸盐化作用,从而进一步促进了铂族元素的富集。
  • 崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202203602);国家自然科学基金(40976038);国际海域资源调查开发“十三五”资源环境课题(DY135-C1-1-04)。
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2023年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023039
  • 接收时间:2022-07-21
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2022-07-21
  • 修回日期:2022-11-05
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崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202203602);国家自然科学基金(40976038);国际海域资源调查开发“十三五”资源环境课题(DY135-C1-1-04)。
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    1 自然资源部第一海洋研究所 自然资源部海洋地质与成矿作用重点实验室,山东 青岛 266061
    2 崂山实验室 海洋地质过程与环境功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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