Article(id=1211297837275550053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023073, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659801600000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-07, revisedDate=1666886400000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725509231, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1680192000000, pubDateStr=2023-03-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725509231, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725509231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725509231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297835618799960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='178', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725508837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766924525177, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212132570683281640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297835618799960, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297837485265262, articleId=1211297837275550053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Interaction between marginal salt marsh patches and tidal channel evolution on tidal flats, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Marginal salt marsh patches play a crucial role in the morphological evolution of salt marsh-tidal flat systems by dissipating hydrodynamics and stabilizing sediment, and the tidal channel can also influence the growth, expansion and erosion of the salt marsh patches. However, the interactions between saltmarsh patch expansion and tidal channel formation are complex and poorly understood. In the study, we established a two-dimensional biomorphodynamic model and introduced a dynamic vegetation module to simulate the spatial-temporal distribution of saltmarsh patches and the geomorphic evolution of the tidal channel system. We explored the two-way feedback between the spatial patterns of the tidal trench system and salt marsh vegetation patches with different initial numbers. Model results showed that the tidal channel extended rapidly to both sides of the sea and land at first, and then developed a large number of creeks, and the salt marsh patches expanded to the periphery and gradually formed a large patch. Besides, the presence of marsh patches can increase the density of tidal channels and promote the development of tidal channels. Further, the orientation of tidal channels was affected by the spatial distribution of marsh patches, which can divert water flow and induce the concentration of tidal flow. Specially, in the early stage of saltmarsh evolution, more tidal channels were formed by the interactions between hydrodynamics and sediment motion with the increase of marsh patch numbers, and in the later stage, the influence of salt marsh clusters gradually changed from promotion to stabilization. However, the expansion and the spatial distribution pattern of salt marsh patches was later limited by the formation of tidal channels reciprocally. Our study extended current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-evolution of marsh patches and tidal channels, and can provide scientific basis for future works on coastal protection and restoration.

, correspAuthors=Zeng Zhou, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Rongcheng Zhang, Xiaotian Zhang, Haobing Cao, Shouqian Li, Yan Lu, Yongjun Lu, Zeng Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297841096561139, articleId=1211297837275550053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统演变相互作用研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团可以通过改变水动力及泥沙运动等过程影响潮沟系统的地形地貌,而潮沟系统的地形特征也会影响盐沼簇团的生长、扩张与侵蚀,但对盐沼簇团与潮沟系统地貌演变的相互作用机制尚缺乏认识。针对这一问题,本文构建了考虑盐沼植被动态演变的潮滩生物动力地貌耦合模型,模拟了盐沼植被簇团生长扩张与潮沟系统地貌演变过程,分析了不同初始数量的盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统的空间格局及形态参数间的双向反馈。结果表明,潮沟先迅速向海陆两侧延伸,后发育出大量分汊;盐沼簇团向周边扩张后未被潮沟切割区域逐渐连成片。少量盐沼簇团能够增加潮沟密度,促进边缘冲刷式潮沟系统的发育。潮沟的走向受盐沼簇团分布位置及数量的影响,多个盐沼植被簇团间的水流集中比单个簇团的边缘水流冲刷更易形成潮沟。在盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统共同发育初期,潮沟系统发育受盐沼植被簇团的促进作用较大,后期潮沟内比簇团边缘更易形成水流汇聚,盐沼簇团的影响逐渐由促进作用转为稳定作用。此外,潮沟的存在限制了盐沼植被的横向扩散,切割了盐沼植被簇团,影响盐沼植被的空间分布格局。本研究揭示了盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统地貌耦合演化机制,可为盐沼潮滩生态系统保护修复提供科学依据。

, correspAuthors=周曾, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*周曾(1986-),教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌学、潮滩系统生物动力过程等方面研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Gr0+Hh25d21ZX28fxThbqA==, magXml=sNBbA1dvzqV9dVoEQ6wEFA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=fECn38PIYIiXoirWFu17Mw==, pdfFileSize=2525248, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cwYptzazBcK5i3towG74yg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Md9scK9iRIzll9lkQ6R1PQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

张荣成(1997-),女,山东省泰安市人,主要从事潮滩生物动力地貌模拟研究。E-mail:

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Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2005, 62(1/2): 119−130., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314013060255999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297837275550053, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=55, rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Coco G, Zhou Zeng, Van Maanen B, et al. Morphodynamics of tidal networks: advances and challenges[J]. Marine Geology, 2013, 346: 1−16., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314013144142080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297837275550053, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=56, rfOrder=73, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Chen, Temmerman S. Does biogeomorphic feedback lead to abrupt shifts between alternative landscape states?: An empirical study on intertidal flats and marshes[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 2013, 118(1): 229−240., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215314013261582595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297837275550053, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=57, rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taramelli A, Valentini E, Cornacchia L, et al. Indications of dynamic effects on scaling relationships between channel sinuosity and vegetation patch size across a salt marsh platform[J]. 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The red five-pointed star is the specific location of the patches

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红色五角星处为簇团具体位置

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Number of vegetation patches is 2, the green area is covered by the vegetation

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以盐沼植被簇团数量等于2为例,绿色部分为植被覆盖区域

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Number of salt marsh vegetation patches are 2

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以盐沼植被簇团数量等于2为例

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nt=500, the green area is covered by the vegetation

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nt=500,绿色部分为植被覆盖区域

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nt=500, the green area is covered by the vegetation

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nt=500,绿色部分为植被覆盖区域

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Summary of model parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数取值单位取值依据
水动力参数无植被滩面曼宁系数n00.02无量纲Mariotti[33]
有植被滩面曼宁系数nB0.08无量纲Mariotti[33]
潮差4m江苏沿海实地资料
潮周期12.5h江苏沿海实地资料
泥沙参数沉积物密度2650kg/m3Mariotti[33]
沉降速度0.2mm/sMariotti[33]
临界起动切应力0.2N/m2Mariotti[33]
临界沉降切应力1 000N/m2Mariotti[33]
中值粒径D505μmMariotti[33]
植被参数生长速度r1step−1Best等[32]
最大植被密度承载力K1 200株/m2Best等[32]
植被扩散系数D0.5m2/stepBest等[32]
受潮流切应力影响的植被死亡系数Cτ30(株∙m−2)/( N∙m−2Best等[32]
植被死亡临界切应力τcr,p0.26N/m2Best等[32]
受淹没影响的植被死亡系数Cinund2 000(株∙m−2)/mTemmerman等[21]
植被临界淹没高度Hcr,p0.1mTemmerman等[21]
), ArticleFig(id=1215314002977149929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297837275550053, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模型参数汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型参数取值单位取值依据
水动力参数无植被滩面曼宁系数n00.02无量纲Mariotti[33]
有植被滩面曼宁系数nB0.08无量纲Mariotti[33]
潮差4m江苏沿海实地资料
潮周期12.5h江苏沿海实地资料
泥沙参数沉积物密度2650kg/m3Mariotti[33]
沉降速度0.2mm/sMariotti[33]
临界起动切应力0.2N/m2Mariotti[33]
临界沉降切应力1 000N/m2Mariotti[33]
中值粒径D505μmMariotti[33]
植被参数生长速度r1step−1Best等[32]
最大植被密度承载力K1 200株/m2Best等[32]
植被扩散系数D0.5m2/stepBest等[32]
受潮流切应力影响的植被死亡系数Cτ30(株∙m−2)/( N∙m−2Best等[32]
植被死亡临界切应力τcr,p0.26N/m2Best等[32]
受淹没影响的植被死亡系数Cinund2 000(株∙m−2)/mTemmerman等[21]
植被临界淹没高度Hcr,p0.1mTemmerman等[21]
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潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统演变相互作用研究
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张荣成 1 , 张晓天 1 , 曹浩冰 1 , 李寿千 2 , 陆彦 2 , 陆永军 2 , 周曾 1, 3, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(4): 109-120
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(4): 109-120
潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统演变相互作用研究
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张荣成1 , 张晓天1, 曹浩冰1, 李寿千2, 陆彦2, 陆永军2, 周曾1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210029
  • 3 河海大学 江苏省海岸海洋资源开发与环境安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 张荣成(1997-),女,山东省泰安市人,主要从事潮滩生物动力地貌模拟研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*周曾(1986-),教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌学、潮滩系统生物动力过程等方面研究。E-mail:
Interaction between marginal salt marsh patches and tidal channel evolution on tidal flats
Rongcheng Zhang1 , Xiaotian Zhang1, Haobing Cao1, Shouqian Li2, Yan Lu2, Yongjun Lu2, Zeng Zhou1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
  • 3Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Coast Ocean Resources Development and Environment Security, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2023-03-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023073
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潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团可以通过改变水动力及泥沙运动等过程影响潮沟系统的地形地貌,而潮沟系统的地形特征也会影响盐沼簇团的生长、扩张与侵蚀,但对盐沼簇团与潮沟系统地貌演变的相互作用机制尚缺乏认识。针对这一问题,本文构建了考虑盐沼植被动态演变的潮滩生物动力地貌耦合模型,模拟了盐沼植被簇团生长扩张与潮沟系统地貌演变过程,分析了不同初始数量的盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统的空间格局及形态参数间的双向反馈。结果表明,潮沟先迅速向海陆两侧延伸,后发育出大量分汊;盐沼簇团向周边扩张后未被潮沟切割区域逐渐连成片。少量盐沼簇团能够增加潮沟密度,促进边缘冲刷式潮沟系统的发育。潮沟的走向受盐沼簇团分布位置及数量的影响,多个盐沼植被簇团间的水流集中比单个簇团的边缘水流冲刷更易形成潮沟。在盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统共同发育初期,潮沟系统发育受盐沼植被簇团的促进作用较大,后期潮沟内比簇团边缘更易形成水流汇聚,盐沼簇团的影响逐渐由促进作用转为稳定作用。此外,潮沟的存在限制了盐沼植被的横向扩散,切割了盐沼植被簇团,影响盐沼植被的空间分布格局。本研究揭示了盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统地貌耦合演化机制,可为盐沼潮滩生态系统保护修复提供科学依据。

潮沟系统  /  盐沼植被簇团  /  数值模拟  /  地貌演变

Marginal salt marsh patches play a crucial role in the morphological evolution of salt marsh-tidal flat systems by dissipating hydrodynamics and stabilizing sediment, and the tidal channel can also influence the growth, expansion and erosion of the salt marsh patches. However, the interactions between saltmarsh patch expansion and tidal channel formation are complex and poorly understood. In the study, we established a two-dimensional biomorphodynamic model and introduced a dynamic vegetation module to simulate the spatial-temporal distribution of saltmarsh patches and the geomorphic evolution of the tidal channel system. We explored the two-way feedback between the spatial patterns of the tidal trench system and salt marsh vegetation patches with different initial numbers. Model results showed that the tidal channel extended rapidly to both sides of the sea and land at first, and then developed a large number of creeks, and the salt marsh patches expanded to the periphery and gradually formed a large patch. Besides, the presence of marsh patches can increase the density of tidal channels and promote the development of tidal channels. Further, the orientation of tidal channels was affected by the spatial distribution of marsh patches, which can divert water flow and induce the concentration of tidal flow. Specially, in the early stage of saltmarsh evolution, more tidal channels were formed by the interactions between hydrodynamics and sediment motion with the increase of marsh patch numbers, and in the later stage, the influence of salt marsh clusters gradually changed from promotion to stabilization. However, the expansion and the spatial distribution pattern of salt marsh patches was later limited by the formation of tidal channels reciprocally. Our study extended current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the co-evolution of marsh patches and tidal channels, and can provide scientific basis for future works on coastal protection and restoration.

tidal channel system  /  salt marsh vegetation patches  /  numerical simulation  /  landform evolution
张荣成, 张晓天, 曹浩冰, 李寿千, 陆彦, 陆永军, 周曾. 潮滩前缘盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统演变相互作用研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (4) : 109 -120 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023073
Rongcheng Zhang, Xiaotian Zhang, Haobing Cao, Shouqian Li, Yan Lu, Yongjun Lu, Zeng Zhou. Interaction between marginal salt marsh patches and tidal channel evolution on tidal flats[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (4) : 109 -120 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023073
潮滩是海陆相互作用的关键区域,在保护生物多样性、提供海岸防护等方面具有重要生态和社会经济价值[1-2]。在生态文明建设与海岸带综合保护与利用的背景下,滨海潮滩湿地保护与修复已成为学术界的关注热点,对其生物地貌相互作用机制的认知是进行科学保护修复与管理的基础。
盐沼潮滩是指被盐生植物覆盖并有规律地受海水浸涨的陆地[3],其演化一直是学术界关注的热点。盐沼植被具有弱流、固沙、储水等功能[4-5]。当潮流传播到盐沼区域时,盐沼植被会极大增加潮流通过时的摩擦阻力[6]。此外,盐沼对泥沙输运的影响也不容忽视[7-9],盐沼植被减弱了水流挟沙能力且一定程度上抑制了底床悬沙质的再悬浮,促进了泥沙沉降和滩面物质堆积[7]。大量现场观测数据表明,盐沼潮滩内的水体悬沙浓度显著低于无植被生长的光滩区域[10-12]。取决于当地泥沙供给条件与植被类型等因素,其海侧前缘时常发育有盐沼簇团(即在潮滩上以斑块状或簇团状集中分布的盐沼植被),这是盐沼植被影响下盐沼滩与光滩的主要过渡地貌形态之一[7, 13-14],盐沼前缘处的地貌变化最为显著,这一区域的地形地貌的变化也通常被用来表征区域性淤涨或侵蚀,具有重要的研究价值。
盐沼潮滩上也通常伴随着潮沟系统的发育,潮沟大多由潮流冲刷形成,是潮滩上最活跃的地貌单元之一[15],在水文连通、物质循环等方面起着重要作用[16]。近年来,国内外许多学者开展了对盐沼植被与潮沟地貌演变相互作用的研究。盐沼植被通过改变水动力过程及泥沙运动等因素影响潮沟系统的地形地貌。盐沼植被对潮沟发育的影响一般在于会减少侵蚀并增加其稳定性[7],且潮滩的中等尺度形态发育强烈依赖于盐沼的种类和组成[17]。盐沼植被可以稳定已存在的潮沟系统[18],盐沼滩潮沟长度与植被类型的对应关系较强,潮沟密度与植被覆盖度呈现显著的负相关关系[19-20]。也有部分研究表明,植被可以在潮滩上引发水流集中和岸壁侵蚀[21],单个盐沼植被簇团边缘常有潮沟生长,潮沟头部一直向盐沼植被前缘延伸[22-24]图1),且米草属植被主导的湿地更有利于潮沟的发育[25]。野外观测与数值模拟结果表明,互花米草盐沼潮沟具有密度较大、宽度较小而深度较大、分支较多、溯源侵蚀较为显著等特征。由于互花米草的阻挡作用,在盐沼外侧的潮水会掏蚀潮滩底部泥沙,形成显著的边缘冲刷式潮沟;而在潮沟中潮水漫滩时,盐沼潮滩内潮水流速降低,泥沙沉积,多形成沿岸堤[26-27]。此外,潮沟的发育演变也会影响盐沼区植被的分布与扩张。潮沟漫滩的水盐交互可改变潮滩生境,是盐沼湿地植被空间格局形成的重要驱动力[28-30]。盐沼植被陆向扩张的宽度和幅度取决于所在区域潮沟的发育程度[27],盐沼植被的种子捕捉量、萌发率和幼苗存活率均与距潮沟的距离有关,随着远离潮沟区域,植物定植率降低[31]。但由于潮沟内水动力增强,潮沟的存在也会抑制盐沼植被的生长与横向扩张[24]
现阶段国内外关于潮滩生物地貌演变已有一定研究,但多侧重于大片盐沼植被对潮滩−潮沟系统地貌的单向影响[18, 32],且缺乏对盐沼植被簇团从定植到演化的研究,尚未形成完整的理论体系,对于盐沼影响下潮沟系统的演变机理及盐沼植被对地貌变化的响应机制认识仍然不足。因此,研究盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统地貌演变的相互作用对进一步支撑完善相关理论具有重要意义。本文以潮流为主导作用的潮滩为例,建立盐沼潮滩生物动力地貌模型,分别对无植被生长以及不同分布的盐沼植被簇团影响下的潮沟系统进行分析,探究盐沼植被与潮沟系统地貌演变的相互作用机制。
本研究采用数值模拟的方法,基于开源的MarshMorpho2D动力地貌模型进行改进[32-33],构建盐沼植被生物动力地貌模型。MarshMorpho2D模型系统是一套可进行水流、波浪、生态、泥沙输移、床底地貌等各个过程之间相互作用数值模拟的模型,计算效率非常高。前人基于本模型已开展了一系列研究,如模拟三角洲系统的地貌变化[34]、探究潮滩滩面侵蚀[35]以及潮滩地貌对海平面上升[36]、沉积物供应的响应[36]等。原始的MarshMorpho2D模型基于植被分布与滩面高程的关系对盐沼植被进行了较为概化的考虑,本研究新增加了盐沼植被动态定植、扩散和生长模块[32],以下对本模型和相关改进模块进行简要介绍。
本模型包括潮流模块、泥沙输运与地貌演变模块以及改进的动态植被模块等,可考虑水–沙–植被–地貌之间的耦合作用。
因为潮滩水深较浅,潮流多由摩擦主导,所以前人通常忽略浅水方程中的时间变化项和惯性项[36-37],仅考虑摩擦作用,动量方程考虑水深和底床粗糙度[38],通过线性化摩擦项并使用曼宁公式[38],将方程简化为
$ U \propto \frac{{{h^{4/3}}}}{{{n^2}}}\nabla \eta \text{,} $
$ \nabla \cdot (hU) = \frac{{r/2 - \max [({{ - r} / 2},\min (z,{r / 2})]}}{{T/2}}\text{,} $
式中,$U = ({U_x},{U_y})$为平均水深流速及平均潮流流速(单位:m/s),忽略涨落潮方向;h为潮汐平均水深(单位:m),忽略潮内变化;$n$为曼宁糙率系数,根据是否有植被生长设为${n_0}$${n_{\rm{B}}}$η为水位值(单位:m); T为潮汐周期(单位:s);r为潮差(单位:m);z为相对于平均海平面(MSL)的底床高程(单位:m)。
一个潮周期内流速分布为$u = {U_p}\sin (t2{\text{π}} /T)$${U_p}$为最大流速,则
$ \left| U \right| = \frac{1}{T}\int_0^T {u{\rm{d}}t} . $
则由潮流引起的底部切应力为
$ {\tau _c} = \rho g{n^2}{h^{1/3}}{u^2} \text{,} $
式中,g为重力加速度(单位:m/s2);ρ为水的密度(单位:kg/m3)。
因为潮滩多由细颗粒泥沙组成,所以在计算沉积物输运时考虑悬移质主导。悬沙输运假定以潮汐扩散为主[38]。假设泥沙浓度场处于稳定状态,质量平衡为
$ \nabla \cdot \left[ {\left( {K + {K_0}} \right)h\nabla {c_{\rm{H}}}} \right] = D - E \text{,} $
$ {K_i} = \frac{{kU_i^2T}}{2}\quad \left( {i = x,y} \right) \text{,} $
式中,$K = ({K_x},{K_y})$为潮汐扩散系数(单位:m2/s);${K_0}$为水平紊流扩散系数(单位:m2/s),可在无潮流情况下考虑泥沙的输运;D为泥沙的沉积通量(单位:kg/(m2 ∙s));E为泥沙的侵蚀通量(单位:kg/(m2∙s));${c_{\rm{H}}}$为底床淹没期间的平均悬沙浓度(单位:kg/m3);潮汐扩散系数${K_i}$根据混合长度理论计算[39]k为无量纲系数,设置为1。
床面演化方程为
$ \frac{{\partial z}}{{\partial t}} = \frac{{D - E}}{{{\rho _{\rm{s}}}}} \text{,} $
式中,${\ \rho _{\rm{s}}}$为沉积物密度(单位:kg/m3)。
盐沼动态植被模块使用前人提出的植被净增长公式[18, 21, 32, 40]
$ \frac{{{\rm{d}}P}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} = \frac{{{\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{growth}}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} + \frac{{{\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{diff}}x}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} + \frac{{{\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{diff}}y}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} - \left(\frac{{{\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{inund}}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} + \frac{{{\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{flow}}}}}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}\right) \text{,} $
式中,P为盐沼总茎密度(单位:株/ m2);${P_x}$为盐沼茎密度(单位:株/m2),此处x可代指生长(growth)、扩散(diff)、淹没(inund)、潮流切应力(flow)。
植被生长由植被密度定义,植被密度达到能确保为每个网格单元内的植被提供足够的资源的指定最大承载能力时停止生长。植被生长公式为
$ {\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{growth}}}} = rP\left( {1 - B} \right) \times {\rm{d}}t \text{,} $
式中,r为植被密度的增长率(单位:step−1);P为植被密度(单位:株/m2);B=P/K,为参数化后的植被生物量[41],是无量纲系数,取值区间为0~1,K为每个网格单元对植被的最大承载密度(单位:株/m2)。
植被扩散公式为
$ {\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{diff}}x}} = D\left( {\frac{{{P_{x - 1}} - 2P + {P_{x + 1}}}}{{{\rm{d}}{x^2}}}} \right) \times {\rm{d}}t \text{,} $
$ {\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{diff}}y}} = D\left( {\frac{{{P_{y - 1}} - 2P + {P_{y + 1}}}}{{{\rm{d}}{y^2}}}} \right) \times {\rm{d}}t \text{,} $
式中,D为植被扩散系数(单位:m2/step);Px−1Px+1Py−1Py+1表示附近网格的植被密度(单位:株/m2)。
每个网格内的植被在淹水超过临界淹水高度一定时间后或底床切应力超过侵蚀植被的临界切应力时,植被死亡。植被死亡控制方程为
$ {\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{inund}}}} = {C_{{\rm{inund}}}}\left( {H - {H_{{\rm{cr}},{\rm{p}}}}} \right) \text{,} $
$ {\rm{d}}{P_{{\rm{flow}}}} = {C_\tau }\left( {\tau - {\tau _{{\rm{cr}},{\rm{p}}}}} \right) \text{,} $
式中,Cinund为受淹没影响的植被死亡系数(单位:(株∙m−2)/m);H为植被淹没高度(单位:m);Hcr,p为植被临界淹没高度(单位:m);Cτ为受潮流切应力影响的植被死亡系数(单位: (株∙m−2)/( N∙m−2) );τ为底床切应力(单位:N/m2);τcr,p为临界底床切应力(单位:N/m2)。
在每个植被时间步长之后,动力地貌模型记录了每个网格单元中高度、植被密度、阻力系数、底床糙率和植被相对覆盖度的变化。
本模型选取5 km×5 km的矩形计算区域,网格大小设置为4 m×4 m。初始底面高程参考江苏海岸潮滩实际剖面形态[42],设置从–5 m(平均海平面下)至1.5 m(平均海平面以上)的缓坡(图2b)。盐沼植被定植需要低淹水、低扰动、切应力小等适当的“机会窗口”[43-46],因此将不同数量的初始盐沼植被簇团设置在初始高程为1~1.5 m内的适当位置(图2c图2f)。由于模型网格设置,初始盐沼植被簇团大小为4 m×4 m。对于各个算例的盐沼植被簇团情况,未改变盐沼植被簇团的初始大小及生长、扩散等植被参数,使潮沟形态参数具有可比性。
模型参数根据江苏沿海潮滩情况及模型限制来设置。水动力只考虑潮流,周期为12.5 h,潮差为4 m;底床沉积物仅设置黏土,临界起动切应力为0.2 Pa;海边界设置悬沙浓度为40 mg/L。模型的具体参数选取见表1
为研究植被对潮沟系统发育过程的影响,设置了无植被的潮滩和有2个初始盐沼植被簇团影响的潮滩两种工况,对100、300、500个时间步长(nt)后的潮滩–潮沟系统地貌演变过程进行分析(图3,绿色部分为植被覆盖区域)。100个时间步长后潮滩已有部分大尺度顺直潮沟发育,随着时间的推移,潮沟以同时向海、向陆延伸的方式迅速发育,一些规模较大的潮沟出现大量潮沟分支,潮沟密度显著增加,但主潮沟位置已基本稳定,部分小潮沟消亡。同时,在潮沟发育初期,潮沟侧重于向陆侧纵向延伸,仅在部分初始盐沼植被簇团边缘有少量潮沟分支生成(图3d);300个时间步长后,无植被生长的潮滩共有20条潮沟发育,有植被生长的潮滩潮沟数量为26,增加了30%;纵向地貌稳定后,在盐沼植被簇团未生长区域主潮沟向两侧发育出大量潮沟,有植被生长的潮滩比无植被生长潮滩的潮沟数量增加15.4%。可以看出,由于植被对水流的阻挡作用及簇团边缘的水流汇聚作用,盐沼植被簇团的存在不仅影响了盐沼区潮沟的位置和走向(图3i图3iv),也显著增加了潮沟的数量,使潮沟更易分汊,促进了潮沟系统的发育。此外,这种促进作用在潮沟发育初期更显著,随时间的增加,潮沟内比簇团边缘更易形成水流汇聚,此时地形引导的侵蚀占主导地位,盐沼簇团对水流的阻挡和改道不足以造成沟槽侵蚀,且由于其弱流、固沙等生物特性,对潮沟的影响逐渐由促进作用转为稳定作用。
分别取有2个盐沼植被簇团覆盖的潮滩经历100、300、500个时间步长后的垂直于岸线3 km处(I-I剖面)及距离陆边界1 km处(II-II剖面)断面的局部沿程高程和生物量进行对比(图4)。随着时间的增加,由于海边界处持续有来沙,整体潮滩滩面抬高至2 m左右,根据野外实测数据及前人的数值模拟结果[47-49],此淤积速度在合理范围内。100个时间步长时,潮滩发育尚不成熟,在沿岸方向表现的较为明显,滩面凹凸不平,0.5 m内的高程起伏波动较多,在有植被生长区域这种现象更为显著,高程起伏最高可达2.13 m,说明盐沼潮滩受盐沼植被影响较大。300个时间步长后,受潮流和泥沙等地貌因子以及盐沼植被等生态因子的影响,泥沙的沉积作用显著,潮滩滩面平均高程抬高约0.9 m,大部分潮滩的小冲沟被填平,潮滩整体地貌趋于平缓;少数小冲沟被潮水冲刷成为较大的主要潮沟,且发育成熟。此外,盐沼植被簇团对潮沟的改道作用较显著(图4i图4iv)。500个时间步长后,剖面处潮滩地貌整体变化不大,整体滩面平均高程较300个步长时抬高约0.1 m,有少量新潮沟生成,大部分潮沟高程平均减小约0.3 m。
分别取有无盐沼植被簇团生长的潮滩在500个时间步长后的流速–切应力–地貌–生物量进行对照分析(图5)。潮沟发育时,潮滩上的潮流对潮滩进行局部冲刷,水流流速及底床切应力增大,生成大量潮沟。有盐沼植被簇团生长的潮滩,盐沼植被通过弱流、固沙等生物特性以及对水流的阻挡作用,改变水流走向,水流在盐沼植被簇团边缘以及两盐沼植被簇团中间集中,潮流流速增大,最大约为0.18 m/s,对潮滩的冲刷作用变强,潮滩底床切应力随之增大,最高可达0.73 N/m2,超过临界底床切应力后起动泥沙生成潮沟,即盐沼植被簇团通过影响潮滩系统中的水沙作用,间接影响潮沟系统的地貌演变。
分别在不同发展时间内潮沟相关形态参数进行统计,随时间的推移,500个时间步长后有大量潮沟发育,数量以及总长度与100个时间步长后分别增加64.1%和33.5%,而由于海边界涌入的大量泥沙沉积,潮沟的平均宽度和总体积有了较显著的下降,分别下降32.6%和36.6%。由于潮沟长度、宽度及深度的共同变化,总面积及宽深比并未呈现出单调递增或递减的趋势。值得一提的是,由于100个时间步长时潮沟地貌发育尚未稳定,潮沟的总面积、总体积以及宽深比的数值较潮沟稳定后差距较大。
从上述研究可知,盐沼植被簇团对潮沟系统的发育具有重要影响。在盐沼植被与潮滩共同发育的初级阶段,盐沼植被簇团主要起到侵蚀作用,促进潮沟数量及长度的增加从而促进潮沟的发育;而在后期,植被的存在将稳定潮沟系统。这也进一步验证并补充了相关文献的发现[21, 24, 50-52]
为研究盐沼植被簇团数量(N)与潮沟系统地貌演变的对应关系,分别在潮滩上设置了不同分布的盐沼植被簇团,对500个时间步长后潮沟地貌及盐沼植被簇团的结果进行对比(图6)。盐沼区潮沟的走向受盐沼植被簇团数量及分布位置的控制,由于植被对水流的阻挡作用,与无植被时对比潮沟更易向盐沼植被簇团两侧产生新的潮沟分支(图6)。盐沼植被簇团数量越多,潮沟分汊越显著,簇团数量为4时比簇团数量为1时的潮沟数量增加32.4%(图7a),这是因为盐沼植被改变了潮滩的水沙动力(图5)。水流集中在相邻盐沼植被簇团之间,流速及底床切应力增大,在底床切应力足够大时,便可形成通道侵蚀,形成大量边缘冲刷式潮沟。但由于盐沼植被簇团的弱流、固沙等作用,其内部及后部的水流及底床切应力均减小,充分的沉积物使得潮间带的地形和地貌发生变化,仍然在一定程度上限制了部分潮沟的发育,影响了潮沟系统的演变。
通过对比各点高程与其周围平均高程的相对高低识别潮沟[53],并统计在不同发展时间内潮沟相关形态参数,图7比较分析了潮沟的数量、总长度、平均宽度、总面积、总体积、宽深比以及盐沼植被簇团面积与不同分布的簇团之间的关系。随着盐沼植被簇团数量的增加,同一时刻(即同一条折线上)潮沟的数量、总长度及总面积均呈显著的上升趋势,且与盐沼植被簇团的面积变化呈现正相关对应关系,说明盐沼植被簇团数量的增加促进了潮沟的发育,但潮沟的平均宽度及宽深比则与之相反,表示盐沼植被簇团易造成潮沟分汊,且随着盐沼植被面积的增大,盐沼植被簇团数量越多,潮滩上越易形成又细又密的潮沟,这与野外观测的观点相符[27]。植被覆盖下的潮沟,由于水流的冲刷作用增大导致潮沟深化,并通过侵蚀源头形成新的、较小的潮沟。盐沼植被簇团数量由1个变为2个时,潮沟的总长度及面积有了显著上升,表示盐沼植被簇团间的水流集中比单个簇团的边缘水流冲刷更易形成潮沟。
对比500个时间步长后I-I断面及II-II断面的局部沿程高程及生物量(图8),潮滩滩面高程的空间变化与盐沼植被簇团分布位置呈现显著的对应关系。由于盐沼植被对泥沙的捕获作用,有盐沼植被生长的区域滩面略高于无盐沼植被生长的区域。由于植被对水流的阻挡作用,水流在多个盐沼植被簇团之间集中,并在盐沼植被簇团边缘掏蚀泥沙,盐沼簇团边缘及不同簇团之间均有潮沟生成,且潮沟深度超出无盐沼植被生长的潮滩约0.2~0.5 m。更多的盐沼植被簇团不一定产生更深的潮沟,在发育较为成熟的潮沟里,水动力条件以及冲刷程度受到盐沼植被簇团的影响较小,部分较深的潮沟对应的盐沼植被簇团数量不同(图8a)。同时,由于地形与水动力的双向相互作用,未受植被簇团影响的潮沟的位置及断面深度也会存在一些小的差异(图8iv)。
潮沟系统的发育与盐沼植被簇团的数量及位置有较强的对应关系。每个盐沼植被簇团边缘均有潮沟生成,盐沼植被簇团数量越多,潮沟分汊越显著,潮沟系统的宽深比越小,更易形成又细又密的复杂潮沟系统。野外观测数据验证了这一观点[22-24, 27]
潮沟的发育状况也直接决定了盐沼植被簇团的扩张程度,两者间双向动力反馈机制是潮沟发育的重要环节。前人研究发现潮滩高程是直接决定盐沼植被生存和分布最重要的环境因子之一[54],而潮沟发育引起的水沙变化是盐沼植被空间格局形成的重要驱动力,决定了其在自然和生态因素下的长期发展和演变[28-30, 55],远离潮沟区域植被定植率降低[31]。但由于潮沟内水动力增强,也会抑制盐沼植被的横向扩张[24]。对初始数量为4的盐沼植被簇团在100、300、500个时间步长后的潮沟地貌及盐沼植被发育进行重叠对比(图9)。在盐沼植被与潮沟系统共同发育的初期(100个时间步长内),盐沼植被簇团的生长受潮沟的影响作用较小,反之,潮沟的发育受盐沼植被簇团的影响作用较大。随着潮滩泥沙淤积,滩面高程抬高为盐沼植被簇团的生长创造了更好的条件,前缘植被对沉积物的截留增强了沉积物的稳定性,从而使簇团更好的生长扩散。在受潮沟影响较弱区域,较小的簇团可以开始合并成更大的簇团,盐沼植被簇团逐渐连成片。在潮沟断面内水位超出植被临界淹没高度时,潮沟中增加的水深和潮流切应力造成植被死亡,阻止了植被的横向扩张和生长并切割了盐沼植被簇团,直接影响了盐沼植被的空间分布规律。随着时间的推移,盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统相互作用,最终将改变盐沼植被的空间格局,形成被主要潮沟切割的盐沼潮滩。这一发现也进一步验证了其他相关研究[21, 24, 56-57]
本文通过改变盐沼植被簇团的数量及分布位置,探讨了盐沼植被簇团与潮沟系统地貌演变的双向反馈机制,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)盐沼植被簇团的存在促进了盐沼植被簇团边缘潮沟系统的发育。这种促进作用在潮沟发育初期更显著,随时间的增加,潮沟内比盐沼簇团边缘更易形成水流汇聚,地形导致的侵蚀占主导地位,盐沼簇团对潮沟发育的影响逐渐由促进作用转为稳定作用。
(2)潮滩滩面高程的空间变化受盐沼植被簇团分布的控制,潮沟的走向和盐沼植被簇团数量及位置呈现显著的对应关系。盐沼植被簇团边缘易冲刷形成潮沟,多个盐沼植被簇团间的水流集中比单个簇团的边缘水流冲刷更易形成潮沟。
(3)盐沼植被的演化也受潮沟发育和演变的影响,潮沟限制了盐沼植被的横向扩散,切割盐沼植被簇团,形成新的植被格局。
本数值模拟研究的结果与潮滩−潮沟系统现场实测吻合,对认识盐沼潮滩湿地的演变机制并预测其未来演变可提供科学支撑。未来研究中,可考虑潮滩剖面坡度对潮滩生物地貌的影响,同时开展室内实验、现场观测与控制试验,构建不同类型盐沼植被的生物过程与物理过程的相互作用关系式,研发考虑不同类型盐沼植被和种群竞争下的潮滩演变生物动力地貌模型,将盐沼潮滩演变从定性向定量层面推进。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(41976156);江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BK20220020);江苏省优秀青年科学基金(BK20200077)。
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2023年第45卷第4期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023073
  • 接收时间:2022-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-03-31
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-07
  • 修回日期:2022-10-28
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(41976156);江苏省碳达峰碳中和科技创新专项(BK20220020);江苏省优秀青年科学基金(BK20200077)。
作者信息
    1 河海大学 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    2 南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210029
    3 河海大学 江苏省海岸海洋资源开发与环境安全重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098

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*周曾(1986-),教授,主要从事河口海岸地貌学、潮滩系统生物动力过程等方面研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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