Article(id=1211297764797968858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1650643200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-23, revisedDate=1661788800000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725491952, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1675180800000, pubDateStr=2023-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725491952, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725491952, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725491952, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297760624644861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725490957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734526247, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297765028655586, articleId=1211297764797968858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Human effects on the residual circulations in the Lingding Bay, Zhujiang River Estuary: a case study of neap tides during flood season, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Over the past 20 years, the morphology of the Lingding Bay in the Zhujiang River Estuary has undergone anomalous changes, which is far beyond natural processes due to the influence of high intensity human activities. Hence, the resulted estuarine dynamics have inevitably influenced as well as the material transport processes. In this study, a three-dimensional model has been setup to explore the changes of residual circulation pattern in the Lingding Bay over the past 20 years and their potential impacts. The results show that the bottom residual flow along the East and West channels is turned towards the Middle Shoal area, which promotes the sedimentation there. The lateral residual circulation in the Middle Shoal depicts a layered structure of the surface to the west and the bottom to the east, mainly driven by the non-linear advection term. The large-scale sand mining in the Middle Shoal has resulted in the eastward shift of the residual circulation structure and the enhancement of the surface and bottom residual currents, which can accelerate the exchange of material between the surface and bottom layers. A longitudinal residual circulation structure exists in the West Channel with the surface layer seaward and the bottom layer landward, driven mainly by barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradient forces. Due to the effect of dredging depth, both the landward baroclinic pressure gradient force and the non-linear convection term are enhanced, the seaward-direction surface residual flow reduces by 22%, while the landward-direction bottom residual flow increases by 24%, which will weaken the exchange capacity of the water body in the western trough during the neap tide period, i.e. slow down the material export, resulting in the siltation of the western trough and the weakening of the water environment. This study can provide implications for understanding of estuarine residual circulation as well as material transport under anthropogenic disturbance.

, correspAuthors=Peng Yao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jinya Mei, Yongping Chen, Nanyang Chu, Min Su, Pei Liu, Peng Yao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297768438624853, articleId=1211297764797968858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=人类活动对珠江伶仃洋余环流结构的影响研究:以洪季小潮为例, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近20 a来,受高强度人类活动影响,珠江伶仃洋滩槽已发生远超自然过程的异变,其河口动力结构必然发生响应,影响物质输运过程。本研究利用三维水动力数值模型,探讨了伶仃洋河口小潮期余环流结构的变化特征及原因。结果表明:近20 a来伶仃洋底层余流强度提高,沿深槽上溯时向中滩偏转,易引起泥沙汇聚于此。中滩存在表层向西,底层向东的横向余环流结构,主要由非线性对流项和科氏力项驱动。中滩大规模采砂后引起对流项变化,造成余环流结构东移,表、底层余流增强,可加快表底层物质交换。西槽内存在表层向海、底层向陆的纵向余环流结构,主要由正压和斜压梯度力驱动。受浚深影响,向陆斜压梯度力和非线性对流项均增强,引起表层余流减小22%,而底层增大24%,这将削弱小潮期西槽内水体交换能力,即减慢物质输出,易造成西槽淤积、水环境恶化等影响。研究成果对研究人类活动干扰下的河口余环流结构及物质输运响应具有一定借鉴意义。

, correspAuthors=姚鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*姚鹏,副教授,主要从事河口海岸动力与泥沙运动研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=YDASgLbhRYoHjigX9L9XZg==, magXml=rJZlt+x2Babc1qRM/BzpFA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lkkD2KaHvkmUvMKWMn5Rnw==, pdfFileSize=5966887, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2MoBUvy9twhR2T8arrBWIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=gHt5lhlAyk1YmXXHJzE+og==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

梅金亚(1997-),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:

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梅金亚(1997-),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:

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梅金亚(1997-),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图1, caption=模型网格示意图(a),伶仃洋河口示意图(b), 1998–2007年地形冲淤变化(c)和2007–2016年地形冲淤变化(d), figureFileSmall=K41qqnQX7OzMS6Vl8tfPzQ==, figureFileBig=YtDfVpqPiXmhmziPT8KlVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202516086899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of simulated and measured tide level values, figureFileSmall=YTO6YOumsrQPD/f9KIRv+A==, figureFileBig=PrZ/SvSIAu1H3JxAA1+/ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202599972984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图2, caption=潮位模拟值与实测值对比, figureFileSmall=YTO6YOumsrQPD/f9KIRv+A==, figureFileBig=PrZ/SvSIAu1H3JxAA1+/ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202700636282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of simulated and measured values of flow velocity (depth average) and flow direction, figureFileSmall=q2YUredgAITWYVY3vhFVUQ==, figureFileBig=e5mqYFuzn3NIHi7SG807Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202767745150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图3, caption=流速(垂线平均)、流向模拟值与实测值对比, figureFileSmall=q2YUredgAITWYVY3vhFVUQ==, figureFileBig=e5mqYFuzn3NIHi7SG807Gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202834854017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Tidal average residual current during neap tide (surface layer), figureFileSmall=tNitUyAmyMvqXwZn1gI/Kg==, figureFileBig=eDfBFsVxTqzhu15lT5SK3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304202918740100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图4, caption=小潮时期潮平均余流(表层), figureFileSmall=tNitUyAmyMvqXwZn1gI/Kg==, figureFileBig=eDfBFsVxTqzhu15lT5SK3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203078123657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Tidal average residual current during neap tide (bottom layer), figureFileSmall=zdtarxaybyVmSfNPmGsuHg==, figureFileBig=QnsxYRq+NTNDdJ8U7aQBuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203174592654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图5, caption=小潮时期潮平均余流(底层), figureFileSmall=zdtarxaybyVmSfNPmGsuHg==, figureFileBig=QnsxYRq+NTNDdJ8U7aQBuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203266867346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Tidally averaged residual current during neap tide along Profile A

The background image represents the longitudinal circulation flow velocity, which is in the north-south direction (vertical cross-section direction), positive value (red) indicates that the residual current direction is from inland to sea, and negative value (blue) indicates that the residual current direction is from sea to land

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背景图代表纵向环流流速,为南北方向(即垂直横断面方向),正值(红色)表示余流方向从内陆向海,负值(蓝色)表示余流方向从海向陆

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The background image represents the longitudinal circulation flow velocity, which is in the north-south direction (vertical cross-section direction), positive value (red) indicates that the residual current direction is from inland to sea, and negative value (blue) indicates that the residual current direction is from sea to land

, figureFileSmall=c892nhD4DjTuSmPiEBxFKA==, figureFileBig=buvPgzxEaOURTBO4JMBCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203543691420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图7, caption=B断面小潮时期潮平均垂向环流

背景图代表纵向环流流速,为南北方向(即垂直横断面方向),正值(红色)表示余流方向从内陆向海,负值(蓝色)表示余流方向从海向陆

, figureFileSmall=c892nhD4DjTuSmPiEBxFKA==, figureFileBig=buvPgzxEaOURTBO4JMBCeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203661131936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Tidally averaged residual current on West Channel (positive values mean seaward direction while negative means landward), figureFileSmall=EfakXvplwkiBu8vE6OwLiQ==, figureFileBig=7U2OS9XaGByI7Atbq0hWDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203778572451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图8, caption=西槽小潮时期潮平均纵向余环流(正值向海,负值向陆), figureFileSmall=EfakXvplwkiBu8vE6OwLiQ==, figureFileBig=7U2OS9XaGByI7Atbq0hWDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203883430051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Momentum terms during neap tide along the Profile B in 2007 (a1−a5) and 2016 (b1−b5), figureFileSmall=QJ8K6iDt6mpDKVqcOgknyw==, figureFileBig=kwK0MtK6zXXR0KyiT3sAZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304203984093350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图9, caption=2007年(a1–a5)和2016年(b1–b5) 小潮期B断面动量平衡方程的各项沿程分布, figureFileSmall=QJ8K6iDt6mpDKVqcOgknyw==, figureFileBig=kwK0MtK6zXXR0KyiT3sAZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304204080562344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Momentum terms during neap tide along the West Channel in 2007 (a1–a5) and 2016 (b1–b5), figureFileSmall=B70rIQzxXGseMzn8LBecPw==, figureFileBig=3yEGKnexzPzEdCt8sx7iow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304204177031339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2007年(a1–a5)和2016年(b1–b5)小潮期西槽内动量方程的各项沿程分布, figureFileSmall=B70rIQzxXGseMzn8LBecPw==, figureFileBig=3yEGKnexzPzEdCt8sx7iow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304204265111725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in the mean values of the momentum terms before and after the deepening of the Western Channel (positive values mean southward while negative means northward)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动量方程各项表底层浚深前加速度/
(10−5 m·s−2)
浚深后加速度/
(10−5 m·s−2)
变幅
正压梯度力表层0.790.9925%
底层0.790.9925%
斜压梯度力表层–0.21–0.51143%
底层–4.20–6.1747%
对流项表层0.14–0.243%
底层–0.320.84163%
4项之和表层0.530.30–43%
底层–4.24–5.2724%
), ArticleFig(id=1215304204361580720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764797968858, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

西槽浚深前、后动量平衡方程各项沿程平均值的变化(正:向南,负:向北)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动量方程各项表底层浚深前加速度/
(10−5 m·s−2)
浚深后加速度/
(10−5 m·s−2)
变幅
正压梯度力表层0.790.9925%
底层0.790.9925%
斜压梯度力表层–0.21–0.51143%
底层–4.20–6.1747%
对流项表层0.14–0.243%
底层–0.320.84163%
4项之和表层0.530.30–43%
底层–4.24–5.2724%
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人类活动对珠江伶仃洋余环流结构的影响研究:以洪季小潮为例
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梅金亚 1, 2 , 陈永平 1, 2 , 储南洋 3 , 苏敏 2 , 刘培 4 , 姚鹏 1, 2, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(2): 27-41
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(2): 27-41
人类活动对珠江伶仃洋余环流结构的影响研究:以洪季小潮为例
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梅金亚1, 2 , 陈永平1, 2, 储南洋3, 苏敏2, 刘培4, 姚鹏1, 2, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
  • 3 珠海澳大科技研究院,广东 珠海 519031
  • 4 珠江水利委员会珠江水利科学研究院,广东 广州 510611
  • 5 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 梅金亚(1997-),男,河南省信阳市人,主要从事河口海岸水动力环境方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*姚鹏,副教授,主要从事河口海岸动力与泥沙运动研究。E-mail:
Human effects on the residual circulations in the Lingding Bay, Zhujiang River Estuary: a case study of neap tides during flood season
Jinya Mei1, 2 , Yongping Chen1, 2, Nanyang Chu3, Min Su2, Pei Liu4, Peng Yao1, 2, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 2College of Harbor Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
  • 3Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai 519031, China
  • 4The Pearl River Hydraulic Research Institute, Guangzhou 510611, China
  • 5State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Office Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2023-02-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023013
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近20 a来,受高强度人类活动影响,珠江伶仃洋滩槽已发生远超自然过程的异变,其河口动力结构必然发生响应,影响物质输运过程。本研究利用三维水动力数值模型,探讨了伶仃洋河口小潮期余环流结构的变化特征及原因。结果表明:近20 a来伶仃洋底层余流强度提高,沿深槽上溯时向中滩偏转,易引起泥沙汇聚于此。中滩存在表层向西,底层向东的横向余环流结构,主要由非线性对流项和科氏力项驱动。中滩大规模采砂后引起对流项变化,造成余环流结构东移,表、底层余流增强,可加快表底层物质交换。西槽内存在表层向海、底层向陆的纵向余环流结构,主要由正压和斜压梯度力驱动。受浚深影响,向陆斜压梯度力和非线性对流项均增强,引起表层余流减小22%,而底层增大24%,这将削弱小潮期西槽内水体交换能力,即减慢物质输出,易造成西槽淤积、水环境恶化等影响。研究成果对研究人类活动干扰下的河口余环流结构及物质输运响应具有一定借鉴意义。

纵向余环流  /  横向余环流  /  人类活动  /  伶仃洋河口  /  三维数值模型

Over the past 20 years, the morphology of the Lingding Bay in the Zhujiang River Estuary has undergone anomalous changes, which is far beyond natural processes due to the influence of high intensity human activities. Hence, the resulted estuarine dynamics have inevitably influenced as well as the material transport processes. In this study, a three-dimensional model has been setup to explore the changes of residual circulation pattern in the Lingding Bay over the past 20 years and their potential impacts. The results show that the bottom residual flow along the East and West channels is turned towards the Middle Shoal area, which promotes the sedimentation there. The lateral residual circulation in the Middle Shoal depicts a layered structure of the surface to the west and the bottom to the east, mainly driven by the non-linear advection term. The large-scale sand mining in the Middle Shoal has resulted in the eastward shift of the residual circulation structure and the enhancement of the surface and bottom residual currents, which can accelerate the exchange of material between the surface and bottom layers. A longitudinal residual circulation structure exists in the West Channel with the surface layer seaward and the bottom layer landward, driven mainly by barotropic and baroclinic pressure gradient forces. Due to the effect of dredging depth, both the landward baroclinic pressure gradient force and the non-linear convection term are enhanced, the seaward-direction surface residual flow reduces by 22%, while the landward-direction bottom residual flow increases by 24%, which will weaken the exchange capacity of the water body in the western trough during the neap tide period, i.e. slow down the material export, resulting in the siltation of the western trough and the weakening of the water environment. This study can provide implications for understanding of estuarine residual circulation as well as material transport under anthropogenic disturbance.

longitudinal residual circulation  /  lateral residual circulation  /  human activities  /  Lingding Bay  /  three-dimensional numerical model
梅金亚, 陈永平, 储南洋, 苏敏, 刘培, 姚鹏. 人类活动对珠江伶仃洋余环流结构的影响研究:以洪季小潮为例. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (2) : 27 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023013
Jinya Mei, Yongping Chen, Nanyang Chu, Min Su, Pei Liu, Peng Yao. Human effects on the residual circulations in the Lingding Bay, Zhujiang River Estuary: a case study of neap tides during flood season[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (2) : 27 -41 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023013
河口余流是剔除周期性潮信号之后的水体净流动,是河口动力结构的重要指征。余流与平均的时间尺度密切相关,如小潮期、大潮期、季节周期、年际等,且不同时段的余流流态不同,控制动力因子也存在差异。受径流、潮汐、水下地形、水体密度梯度等因素影响,其中径流、潮汐作为河口的重要动力因素,河口余流多呈现环流结构,三维特征显著,对物质输运[1-2]、泥沙捕聚[3-4]、最大浑浊带[5]形成等具有重要意义。当今世界各大河口普遍遭受人类活动影响,浅滩围垦使岸线突变,河口纳潮量减小[6],潮波传播受到影响,造成驱动河口余流结构的机制转变[7]。航道浚深、采砂活动等会直接改变地貌形态,影响河口余环流结构,进而影响河口物质输运过程,给河口区域的行洪排沙、水质及生态环境带来诸多不确定因素[8]。因此,开展人类活动影响下河口余环流结构变化研究对于维持河口生态环境健康、保障防洪安全等具有重要实践价值。
伶仃洋是珠江河口最大的河口湾,汇集虎门、蕉门、洪奇沥和横门等珠江4个入海口门的来水来沙,并受南海潮波影响,动力条件复杂[9]。Wong 等[10-11]综合考虑了河口的各种动力因子,深入讨论了珠江河口及邻近海域的环流模式。王彪[12]发现伶仃洋河口环流存在明显的潮周期时空变化,环流在小潮后的中潮期间最为显著。Lin等[13]研究了1971−2012年伶仃洋海域的水动力结构变化,发现在小潮期间,海岸线变化使西滩和西槽表层余流流速增加,但中滩和东槽表层余流降低;水深变化使西滩和中滩的表层和底层余流流速降低。易侃和龚文平[14]研究了伶仃洋的横向环流,认为其主要由径流、潮流以及地形三者之间的相互作用形成。以往的研究多针对于特定时期的环流或者平面余流结构,然而近几十年来人类活动对伶仃洋的直接干预已远超其自然过程,出海航道不断疏浚变深、中滩采砂挖深、浅滩不断围垦等,河口三滩两槽的地貌格局发生巨大变化,必将引起伶仃洋河口动力因素的变化[15]。因此,研究河口格局异变背景下的余环流结构变化特征,对伶仃洋河口动力结构研究至关重要。本研究基于三维水动力数值模拟手段,对近20 a来伶仃洋洪季小潮余环流结构的变化特征开展研究,探讨航道浚深及河口采砂的影响。研究结果可进一步加深对珠江河口异变背景下河口动力响应的理解,为大湾区绿色高质量发展提供科学依据。
伶仃洋平面形态为喇叭形,其宽度由口门处的50 km减少到虎门处的6 km,河口的轴向长度约为70 km(图1b)。伶仃洋地形地貌总体上可划分为“三滩两槽”,空间上由西到东依次为西滩、西槽、中滩、东槽和东滩。不同季节注入伶仃洋内的径流量差异很大,洪季(5–9月)径流量的平均值为8 000 m3/s,旱季(10月至翌年4月)为2 000 m3/s[16]。伶仃洋潮汐为不正规半日潮,以M2分潮为主,其次为K1分潮[17]
基于收集到的1998年、2007年和2016年海图资料,发现受航道疏浚、人工采砂和滩涂围垦等影响,伶仃洋地形变化显著(图1c图1d),主要表现为中滩、西槽和东槽地形的下切以及口门附近的围垦等。1988–2008年伶仃洋浅海岸区填海造陆面积达200 km2,其后放缓[18];2012年西槽水深增大至18 m[19];2009年之前东槽浚深强度不大,水深保持在7 m左右,2009年之后,东槽北段由7 m浚深至15 m[20]
本研究数值模型基于开源软件Delft3D建立,数值计算方法详见模型手册[21],此处不再赘述。本研究重点关注的是伶仃洋河口,但是考虑到上游径流与外海边界效应,所以模型范围从老鸭岗延伸至万山群岛和外伶仃岛的部分海域,模型网格如图1a所示。水平方向采用正交曲线网格,网格最小分辨率约为60 m,最大分辨率约为400 m;垂向网格采用σ坐标,均分为10层。模型率定的相关参数主要有底摩阻系数(曼宁系数)、黏滞系数(水平和垂向)、扩散系数(水平和垂向),在率定模型的过程中选择最优的一组参数组合。模型上游边界条件为时间序列流量值,外海开边界为天文潮位,包括13个分潮(M2、S2、N2、K2、K1、O1、P1、Q1、MF、MM、M4、MN4、MNS4),均由珠江河网–陆架水动力模型提供[9]。珠江口外海开边界处底层盐度为34.5,表层为33.5,上游边界设为0.1。根据水文观测数据,模型计算时间为2007年7月10日至8月31日,便于对模型进行率定和验证。依据库朗数稳定条件,模型时间步长设为18 s。模型水体温度设为常数30℃,使用冷启动方式运行(即初始水位、流速场等均为0)。伶仃洋河口内波浪一般较小,多以0~2级波高为主,3级波高次之,澳门站多年平均有效波高为0.49 m[22],因此波浪对于流场的影响较为微弱,但受台风影响较大,本文仅研究常规天气下余环流结构,波浪对于流场的影响可以忽略。值得说明的是,为保证研究聚焦,本研究仅关注洪季小潮时期的径潮动力,暂未考虑风的影响。
以2007年模型为基准算例,基于1998年与2016年海岸线与水下地形数据,分别建立1998年和2016年伶仃洋数值模型。为保证可比性,模型参数(如开边界条件、涡黏系数、底摩阻系数等)均以2007年为准,模拟时段为洪季(7–8月)。通过对比分析3个算例的河口余环流结构,研究地形变化对河口余环流的影响。
采用2007年8月13日至17日的实测潮位和流速数据对2007年模型进行验证。观测时段,风速均值不超过5 m/s,同时本研究关注的是潮周期尺度(小潮期)的余环流结构,因此风对潮周期尺度余流的影响有限,暂不考虑风的影响。各站点位置如图1b所示,共有16个测站,其中潮位站4个,流速站12个。本文选取代表站点验证模型的可信度,验证结果的量化指标基于模型精度参数[23](Skill Score,SS):
$ {\rm{SS}}=1-\frac{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(M_{i}-O_{i}\right)^{2}}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(|M_{i}-\overline{O}|+| O_{i}-\overline{O}|\right)^{2}} \text{,} $
式中,Mi为模拟物理量;Oi为实测物理量;$\overline{O}$为实测物理量的平均值。当SS大于0.65时,模型可信度极高;SS为0.5~0.65时,模型可信度较好;SS为0.2~0.5时,模型可信度一般[23]
实测潮位数据与模型计算值对比结果如图2所示,模型计算值与实测潮位数据吻合度较高,模型可以准确地捕捉到大潮和中潮的潮位和相位方面的变化。各潮位站的SS都大于0.9,表明该时间段内潮位数值模拟结果较好。
图3为实测流速(垂线平均)、流向数据与数值模型计算值对比结果,可以看出数值模拟与实测流速过程整体吻合。除V7站、V9站和V12站外,研究区域内潮流测站的流速、流向的SS均大于0.80,表明该时间段内潮流数值模拟结果较好。基于流速模拟结果,进一步计算了观测站位余流的模拟结果,并与实测数据进行对比。结果表明各站位表层余流流速误差平均在15.5%以内,流向误差在11.6%以内,底层余流流速误差平均在23.9%以内,流向误差在7.3%以内,这不仅表明模型可靠度良好,同时也可佐证在模拟时间内风对该区域余流的影响较小。
由此可见,建立的伶仃洋数值模型在潮位、流速及流向方面与实测数据吻合度较高,在量值上和变化趋势上都与实测数据一致,该模型可用于伶仃洋余环流方面的研究。
余流场采用欧拉余流计算方法,对空间固定点的潮流流速在潮周期(25 h)取平均后得到,计算公式如式(2)。由于伶仃洋河口理查森数Ri仅在小潮期出现大于0.8的状态,即伶仃洋河口小潮期分层较为显著,余环流结构更为突出[24]。因此分别计算1998年、2007年和2016年小潮期的潮平均余流场,开展对比分析。
$ U_{{\rm{E}}}=\frac{1}{T} \int_{t_{0}}^{t_{0}+T} u {\rm{d}} t \text{,} $
式中,UE为欧拉余流(单位:m/s);u表示垂向上某层水体的流速(单位:m/s);t0t分别代表小潮起始时间和时间;T为计算欧拉余流的周期,本研究选取小潮期25 h。
选取3个典型断面(图1b),计算分析伶仃洋余环流垂向结构特征。其中,A断面位于外伶仃洋,东部位于珠江口中华白海豚自然保护区内,西部处于伶仃洋最大浑浊带核心区域内,能够反映盐淡水交互作用下河口的动力特征。B断面横跨内伶仃洋,重点关注中滩区域地形改变对于横向环流结构的影响。通过对比A断面和B断面的垂向余流结构,也可对比分析内外伶仃洋动力结构的异同。C断面主要位于伶仃洋主航道西槽内,是物质输运的主要通道,用于对比分析20 a来西槽浚深对纵向环流结构的影响。
图4给出了珠江伶仃洋河口小潮期不同年份的表层潮平均余流场。小潮期,表层余流流向与东、西两槽走向基本一致(图4a),以落潮方向为主。1998年,表层余流流速较大的区域集中在东、西两槽和中滩区域,平均流速达0.4 m/s。在川鼻水道处,余流流速为0.1 m/s,西滩处余流流速为0.1 m/s。湾顶处,深槽下泄余流较强、浅滩处较弱的特征与王彪[12]数值模拟结果相一致。与1998年相比,2007年余流流态基本一致,但在西槽、东槽和大濠水道处,余流流速提高0.05 m/s,部分浅滩流速降低0.1 m/s(图4b)。与2007年相比,2016年在中滩区域表层余流流速提高0.2 m/s,在川鼻水道处,余流流速增大0.1 m/s。西槽内伶仃洋段,表层余流流速降低约0.2 m/s。西槽外伶仃洋段,表层余流流速降低约0.1 m/s(图4c)。
图5为伶仃洋小潮期不同年份的底层潮平均余流场。总体而言,底层的余流流速要比表层的弱得多,余流流向差别明显。外伶仃洋及深槽处余流以涨潮方向为主导地位,流向从海向陆;川鼻水道和西滩北部区域,余流流向从陆向海。1998年,底层余流流速较大区域集中于深槽和川鼻水道处,余流流速在湾口处为0.1 m/s,沿着西槽上溯到中滩北端,流速逐渐减小。由暗士顿水道进入到伶仃洋的余流流速为0.15 m/s,沿着东槽上溯到赤湾附近。在川鼻水道处,余流流速为0.1 m/s,流向为向海。与1998年相比,2007年余流流态基本一致,但在西槽和矾石水道处余流流速增大0.05 m/s(图5b)。在大濠水道处,余流流速增大0.1 m/s。同时,2007年余流沿着西槽上溯到南沙港区的最南端,比1998年增大约5 km。与2007年相比,2016年余流发生了显著变化,在西槽和铜鼓航道内,余流流速增大0.1 m/s,余流流向基本一致。在川鼻水道处,余流流速降低了0.1 m/s。在中滩区域,底层余流流向发生改变,分别从西槽和东槽指向中滩,余流流速增大0.1 m/s(图5c)。深槽区表层向海、底层向陆的余流结构与Wong等[10]的数值模拟结果相一致。
图6给出了小潮期A断面不同年份的垂向余流场。1998年A断面横向余流场显示(图6a矢量场),西滩上以距西边界8 km为界,西侧余流流速非常小;东侧表层和底层余流向西,表层流速为0.1 m/s,底层流速为0.03 m/s。在铜鼓浅滩处,表层余流向西,流速为0.15 m/s;中底层余流向东,余流流速为0.05 m/s,呈现逆时针环流特征。A断面纵向余流则出现横向差异(图6a背景图),其中向海余流出现在A断面中上层,以西滩东部和东槽表层余流最强,流速超过0.2 m/s;向陆余流集中于深槽和浅滩的底层区域,呈现出典型的纵向环流结构,与图4图5所示的余环流结构一致。
与1998年相比,2007年在铜鼓浅滩区域“底层向东,表层向西”的横向环流基本一致(图6b)。西槽与铜鼓浅滩交界处的西向余流流速增大0.04 m/s;铜鼓浅滩处纵向向海余流范围缩窄,向陆余流范围扩大,其余区域纵向余流基本一致。与2007年相比,2016年西滩上距西边界8 km处为界,西侧表层余流向西,流速为0.1 m/s,中层余流向西,流速为0.03 m/s,形成顺时针环流结构;东侧表层和底层余流向西,表层流速为0.15 m/s,底层流速为0.03 m/s。在西槽与西滩交界处形成一处新的顺时针环流结构。
图7为小潮期B断面不同年份的垂向余流流场。1998年横向余流场显示(图7a),在西滩与西槽交界区域,表层余流向东,流速为0.1 m/s,底层余流向西,流速为0.03 m/s,呈现顺时针环流结构。在西槽与中滩上存在表层余流向西、中底层余流向东的逆时针环流结构,其中表层流速为0.1 m/s,底层在西槽内流速为0.01 m/s,底层在中滩上流速为0.1 m/s。东槽存在底层向西、表层向东的横向环流结构,表底层流速为0.1 m/s。在纵向上,仅深槽底部和滩槽交界处为向陆余流,其余大部分区域均为向海余流,最大向陆余流流速集中在深槽的底层,最大向海余流集中在西槽与东槽之间的表层水体。
2007年B断面横向余流流场与1998年基本一致,西滩与西槽交界处、西槽与中滩交界处的两处余环流均略向东移,西槽内纵向向陆余流流速有所增强,增幅为0.1 m/s。2016年,西滩与西槽交界处被表、底层均为西向的余流占据(表层流速为0.1 m/s,底层为0.01 m/s),原顺时针环流结构西移至西滩区域。中滩区域出现较多深坑,西槽与中滩上余环流结构向东偏移,表层横向余流流速提高20%,底层则提高50%。东槽余环流结构呈现两处“反对称”型环流结构,同时表层余流流速提高30%。
图8给出了小潮期C断面不同年份的垂向余流流场。2007年C断面垂向余流场显示出西槽内明显的纵向余环流结构(图8a),其中表层余流向海,流速为0.3 m/s,中底层余流向陆,流速为0.15 m/s。与2007年相比,2016年西槽内纵向余环流的结构基本一致,但余流流速发生显著变化,表层向海余流减弱22%,底层向陆余流增强24%(图8b)。
为探索驱动余环流的关键因素,已有研究常通过对动量平衡方程的主导项进行分解(即动量分析法,公式(3)[1]),对河口余环流的形成机制进行研究:
$ \frac{\partial u}{\partial t}=\underbrace {\overline{-g\nabla \eta }}_{\mathrm{正压梯度力}}\underbrace {\overline{-\frac{g}{{\rho }_{0}}{\int }_{z}^{\eta }\nabla \rho {\rm{d}}z}}_{\mathrm{斜压梯度力}}\underbrace {\overline{-fv}}_{\mathrm{科氏力}}\underbrace {\overline{-\left(u\cdot \nabla \right)u}}_{\mathrm{对流项}}+\underbrace {\overline{\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({K}_{{\rm{v}}}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right)}}_{\mathrm{摩擦项}}\text{,} $
式中,u为余流流速;η为水位;ρρ0分别为水体密度和平均水体密度;f为科氏加速度;Kv为垂向黏滞系数。上划线代表小潮潮平均值。基于动量分析法,Scully等[25]发现非线性对流项是哈得孙河口余环流形成的主导因素;Chen等[1]认为珠江黄茅海河口横向余流主要受正压和斜压梯度力的影响;在胡安·德富卡海峡、珠江黄茅海河口、鸭绿江河口,科氏力项、对流项与压力梯度力之和共同驱动余环流的形成[26-27]。如前文所述,近20 a伶仃洋主要受浚深和采砂的影响,地形发生显著变化,对河口余环流产生了深刻影响。为进一步分析地形变化对余环流结构影响的原因,本研究采用动量平衡分析法,探讨典型断面余环流驱动因子及地形变化的影响。根据Scully等[25]和Wu等[28]的研究,余流加速度($\partial {\rm{u}}/ \partial {\rm{t}} $)非常小,可以忽略不计,式(3)可以改写为:
$\underbrace {\overline{-\frac{\partial }{\partial z}\left({K}_{\mathrm{v}}\frac{\partial u}{\partial z}\right)}}_{\mathrm{摩擦项}}= \underbrace {\overline{-g\nabla \eta }}_{\mathrm{正压梯度力}} \underbrace {\overline{-\frac{g}{{\rho }_{0}}{\int }_{z}^{\eta }\nabla \mathrm{\rho }\mathrm{d}{z}}}_{\mathrm{斜压梯度力}} \underbrace {\overline{-fv}}_{\mathrm{科氏力}}-\underbrace {\overline{\left(u\cdot \nabla \right)u}}_{\mathrm{对流项}}. $
基于不同年份伶仃洋三维水动力数值模拟结果,分别计算正压与斜压梯度力、对流项、科氏力项及上述4项总和(缩写为CAP),分析近20 a余环流变化的原因。
1998–2016年,中滩区域地形出现大幅度下切现象,尤其在2008年后由于伶仃洋中滩大规模的人工采砂活动,形成了容积达7×108 m3 的巨型采砂坑。这些采砂坑最大挖深为27.5 m,平均深度为6.15 m,部分采砂坑与西槽和东槽连通,对伶仃洋的滩槽结构产生直接影响[29]图1d)。对比不同年份的余环流结构发现,西槽与中滩区域余环流结构横向范围缩窄,表层横向余流强度提高20%,底层余流强度提高50%(图7)。
中滩大规模采砂前,正压梯度力正值分布在深槽区域内,引起表层余流向东加速,正压梯度力负值主要集中于中滩处,造成表层余流向西加速(图9a1)。斜压梯度力在中滩处显示较强的东向加速度,导致底层东向余流流速增大(图9a2)。科氏力项表现为底层向东加速、中上层向西加速的两层结构,量级可达2×10−5 m/s2图9a3)。对流项显示中滩有较强的东向加速度,驱动余流向东(图9a4)。总体而言,B断面正压梯度力、斜压梯度力、对流项、科氏力项之和的分布(图9a5)与横向余环流结构一致(图7)。但是,正压梯度力与斜压梯度力项量级相当,但方向相反,因此CAP项主要由对流项与科氏力项贡献,是引起B断面余环流的主要驱动因素。
中滩地形下切后,B断面正压梯度力、斜压梯度力和对流项的格局发生显著变化。其中,正压梯度力与斜压梯度力正、负值均显著增强,增幅可达40%(图9b1图9b2)。正压梯度力与斜压梯度力量级相当,方向相反,二者相互平衡,这与采砂前一致。对流项比大规模采砂前显著增强,正值主要分布于深坑内,负值集中于深坑东、西两侧高坎处,即东、西向加速度在中滩呈现横向交替分布态势(图9b4)。科氏力项则与2007年的情况基本一致(图9b3)。由此可见,中滩地形变化后,正压与斜压梯度力分布虽有变化,但其由于相互平衡,对余环流结构变化影响较小,对流项与科氏力项对余环流结构的贡献占主导地位。对流项与科氏力项叠加后,表、底层量级比采砂前增强30%,是引起表、底层余环流强度提高、余环流结构压缩东移的主要原因。
对于宽浅型河口,在深槽附近的浅滩区域采砂会造成局部地形下切,改变原有滩槽结构,造成横向余环流结构范围缩窄、表层和底层横向余流强度提高,这是由对流项和科氏力项强度提升所引起。浅滩采砂引起的余环流结构变化一方面提高了采砂区域水体的垂向掺混,加快了表底层物质交换;另一方面,由于底层余流流向由深槽指向中滩,其强度增大可引起采砂坑内细颗粒泥沙的快速聚集。
20世纪90年代后,西槽被确定为伶仃洋的出海主航道。1996–2000年,西槽从6.5 m浚深到11.5 m,2010–2012年继续浚深至18 m[20]。浚深后,西槽(南沙港区至大濠水道)小潮期表层余流仍以落潮方向为主导,平均流速比浚深前降低22%;底层余流以涨潮方向为主导,平均流速则比浚深前增强24%,沿深槽上溯距离增大(图5图8)。
沿西槽纵向断面(图1中C断面),利用动量平衡法对西槽内余环流驱动机制进行分析,如图10所示。西槽浚深前、后的动量平衡方程各项加速度沿程平均值及其变化列于表1。西槽浚深前,正压梯度力沿程以正值为主,驱动槽内余流向南(外海)运动(图10a1)。西槽内斜压梯度力显示较强的北向加速度,由表层向底层逐渐增强,带动底层余流向陆运动(图10a2)。对流项显示南、北向加速度交替出现,正值主要集中于西槽内深坑处,负值处于较浅处(图10a4)。西槽内科氏力项量级较小,可忽略不计(图10a3)。结合表1可知,西槽内表层向海、底层向陆的纵向环流结构主要由正压与斜压梯度力所引起,且斜压梯度力大小远大于正压,造成底层向陆余流范围及强度大于表层向海余流。
西槽浚深后,槽内正压梯度力、斜压梯度力以及对流项的分布变化较小,但量值发生变化。与浚深前相比,西槽内正压梯度力向南(外海)方向增强25%(图10b1),加快表层余流向海流动。斜压梯度力表、底层分别向北(内陆)方向增强143%和47%,可驱动底层盐水上溯距离更远(图10b2)。对流项表层加速度方向由南转向北,强度提高43%,底层加速度由北转向南,强度提高163%,造成表层、底层余流发生变化(图10b4)。这是由于中滩采砂活动,在内伶仃洋有部分区域与西槽相连通,引起西槽过水断面宽度扩大,水流能量扩散,造成对流项发生变化。据表1可知,浚深后西槽余流仍由正压梯度力和斜压梯度力主导,但是浚深后表层对流项加速度由向海转为向陆,使得表层总加速度减小(43%),是造成表层余流减小的原因(图9)。浚深后动量方程4项之和(CAP)底层向北方向加速度增强24%,主要由斜压梯度力贡献,是底层向陆余流流速增强的主要原因。
针对宽浅型河口,深槽浚深会造成槽内对流项和斜压梯度力项的增强,致使小潮期表层余流减小,底层余流增大,沿深槽上溯距离增大。这一方面使得小潮期向陆净输移的悬沙量增加,增大深槽淤积风险。另一方面,洪季上游径流充沛,深槽表层余流的减弱不仅易减缓污染物的向外海迁移,影响河口湾内水质安全,也会弱化小潮期深槽泄洪能力,增大洪涝灾害风险。
河口余流控制因子复杂,受径流、潮汐、水下地形、水体密度梯度等多因子影响,同时余流与统计的时间尺度也密切相关,不同时间尺度(如潮平均、月平均、年平均等)的余流流态不同,控制余流的动力因子也存在差异。本研究主要关注径潮动力影响下潮周期尺度的余环流结构及其变化,在此基础上探讨近20 a来人类活动的影响,后续研究可进一步考虑风等其他因子的影响,以期加深对伶仃洋余环流的形成机制的理解。
长时间序列统计资料显示,伶仃洋河口夏季常风向为SE风向,年平均风速在6 m/s以下,季风对余环流影响在季节尺度才能体现出来[22],对于本文所探讨的潮周期尺度影响较小。伶仃洋河口台风期间风速可达10 m/s以上,台风引起的风暴增水往往会造成严重的水位抬升,驱动形成的风生环流、造成河口环流结构改变,对于潮周期尺度的余环流影响较大[30]。近年来,进入南海的台风强度有加强的趋势,珠江伶仃洋河口余环流结构对于台风响应尚不清楚。因此,风的变化对于伶仃洋河口余环流的影响值得进一步研究。
本研究以珠江伶仃洋为研究对象,基于三维水动力数值模拟手段,分析了近20 a洪季小潮时段河口余环流结构变化特征,探讨了河口余环流结构变化原因及其潜在影响,主要结论如下:
(1)伶仃洋平面余流表层向海,底层向陆。近20 a来表层余流流态基本不变,仅强度有所变化,变幅在20%范围内。底层余流沿深槽上溯距离增大,且向中滩偏转,强度提高。河口底层余流沿深槽上溯过程中,向中滩采砂坑内偏转,中滩采砂坑可能会变成东槽和西槽底层余流携带泥沙的沉积汇。
(2)中滩区域横向余环流结构表现为表层余流向西,底层余流向东,非线性对流项和科氏力项是驱动中滩余环流的主要因素。大规模采砂在中滩局部区域形成深浅不一的采砂坑,使得中滩横向余环流结构压缩东移,且表层余流强度提高20%,底层强度提高50%。中滩地形下切引起的对流项增强、分布调整是造成横向余环流结构变化的主要原因。
(3)西槽纵向余环流结构为表层向海,底层向陆,主要受正压与斜压梯度力驱动。浚深后,西槽余环流结构与浚深前基本一致,但向陆斜压梯度力项和对流项均增强,引起表层余流向海强度减弱,底层余流向陆增强。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51979076,51809296);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(B200202057,2019B04514);中国博士后科学基金(2021M70378);大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室开放基金(LP2207);广州市南沙区水务局科技项目(2022-263)。
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2023年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023013
  • 接收时间:2022-04-23
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-23
  • 修回日期:2022-08-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(51979076,51809296);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(B200202057,2019B04514);中国博士后科学基金(2021M70378);大连理工大学海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室开放基金(LP2207);广州市南沙区水务局科技项目(2022-263)。
作者信息
    1 河海大学 水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室,江苏 南京 210098
    2 河海大学 港口海岸与近海工程学院,江苏 南京 210098
    3 珠海澳大科技研究院,广东 珠海 519031
    4 珠江水利委员会珠江水利科学研究院,广东 广州 510611
    5 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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*姚鹏,副教授,主要从事河口海岸动力与泥沙运动研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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