Article(id=1211297764420481482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651852800000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-07, revisedDate=1661270400000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725491862, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1675180800000, pubDateStr=2023-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725491862, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725491862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725491862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297760624644861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725490957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734526247, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297764714082774, articleId=1211297764420481482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Laboratory experimental study on the lateral melting process of ice layer, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the melting process at the ice-water lateral interface and to quantify the dominant factors affecting the lateral melting rate of ice layer, an ice melting experiment was carried out in a low-temperature water tank. Simultaneous measurements of the ice bottom and surface processes and the lateral melting process of the ice layer were carried out, while the laboratory air temperature, ice temperature at different depths inside the ice samples and water temperature at different depths in open water were recorded, the relationships between different elements and their influence patterns on the lateral melting rate of ice were investigated using correlation analysis methods. The results show that the lateral melting rate at different depths inside the ice samples was slow and uniform in the early stage of melting, with an average melting rate of 0.05 mm/h. The lateral melting rate at different depths in the middle and late stages of melting increased significantly and was no longer uniform, with an average melting rate of 0.15 mm/h. The correlation coefficient of the average lateral melting rate and air temperature (r=0.82) was better than that between the average water temperature (r=0.74) and the water-ice temperature difference (r=0.48). The quantitative relationships of lateral melting rate with temperature (air temperature, water temperature) and depth were established to accurately describe the non-uniformity of the lateral melting process of ice layer. It also verifies the feasibility of conducting non-uniform lateral melting test techniques, and lays the foundation for sea ice tests that more closely resemble real Arctic conditions considering wind speed and light source conditions.

, correspAuthors=Peng Lu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei Jia, Lingqiang Jiang, Peng Lu, Fei Xie, Yongheng Zu, Qingkai Wang, Zhijun Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297768296018509, articleId=1211297764420481482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=冰–水侧向融化过程的实验室试验研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了探究冰层侧向融化过程,定量分析影响冰层侧向融化的主导因素,在低温实验室水槽内实施了浮冰融化实验。同步测量了冰底面和表面生消过程、浮冰侧向融化过程,同时记录了实验室气温、冰样内部不同深度处的冰温及开阔水域不同深度处的水温,利用相关分析方法研究了不同要素之间的关系及其对浮冰侧向融化速率的影响规律。结果表明,融冰前期冰样内部不同深度处的侧向融化缓慢且均匀,平均融化速率为0.05 mm/h;融冰中后期不同深度处的侧向融化速率显著增加且不再均匀,平均融化速率为0.15 mm/h。平均侧向融化速率与气温的相关系数较好(r=0.82),优于其与平均水温(r=0.74)和水–冰温度差(r=0.48)的相关系数。建立侧向融化速率随温度(气温、水温)和深度变化的定量关系,可以准确描述浮冰侧向融化过程的非均匀性。同时验证了进行非均匀性侧向融化试验技术的可行性,为更加接近北极真实情况考虑风速和光源条件的海冰试验奠定了基础。

, correspAuthors=卢鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*卢鹏,教授,主要从事极地海冰变化研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=QyLJwwtZmREtcNv0o5X00g==, magXml=UsPreenQ1Y4yimsqZOgzoA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=Vvy8+nViKFBOnh15NloPWg==, pdfFileSize=2189596, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=O/6mndqg3EpqFT9pq7ZanA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=LLw0NrbBIy39ECyGU1vy9A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

贾磊(1998-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事海冰物理研究。E-mail:

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贾磊(1998-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事海冰物理研究。E-mail:

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Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 1981, 111: 439−473., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215304200091784181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(41876213,41922045);辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2007033);国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0605901)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215304193095684753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304193099879058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, companyId=1215304193095684753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304193192153753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304193200542363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, companyId=1215304193192153753, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215304197508092780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Schematic diagram of experimental device (unit: mm), figureFileSmall=a/Cl+3DeyZ6/XtlIvAyDLQ==, figureFileBig=cxraWMIrPnNz3xu8CxFBuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197625533300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图1, caption=实验装置示意图(单位:mm), figureFileSmall=a/Cl+3DeyZ6/XtlIvAyDLQ==, figureFileBig=cxraWMIrPnNz3xu8CxFBuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197763945341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of lateral melting observation device, figureFileSmall=wOW+WAhjFfn97uqm5Q/SvA==, figureFileBig=9Rf+UAVDkEz0wjmeBOfArg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197856220037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图2, caption=侧向融化观测装置图, figureFileSmall=wOW+WAhjFfn97uqm5Q/SvA==, figureFileBig=9Rf+UAVDkEz0wjmeBOfArg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197961077640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Temperature change during the experiment, figureFileSmall=kVKZK62A9AjpCfdVmWz+OA==, figureFileBig=qwBOOmskvHl5GatIuMtsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198099489677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图3, caption=试验期间的气温变化, figureFileSmall=kVKZK62A9AjpCfdVmWz+OA==, figureFileBig=qwBOOmskvHl5GatIuMtsuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198246290323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Comparison of lateral, bottom and surface melting (a) and relationship between cumulative positive air temperature and vertical and lateral melt (b), figureFileSmall=sMN52UOZb7qhWOg+v9lpiQ==, figureFileBig=YfJnwDvcnKCTimapVIAx6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198372119449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图4, caption=侧向、底面以及表面融化量对比(a)和累积正气温与竖向及侧向融化量的关系(b), figureFileSmall=sMN52UOZb7qhWOg+v9lpiQ==, figureFileBig=YfJnwDvcnKCTimapVIAx6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198489559968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Variation of the lateral position of the ice layer, figureFileSmall=xNyaQwsHcZOFDKT1CXLDJA==, figureFileBig=lA4HwGIqZGt7qO4Sk3MnKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198607000484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图5, caption=冰–水界面位置变化, figureFileSmall=xNyaQwsHcZOFDKT1CXLDJA==, figureFileBig=lA4HwGIqZGt7qO4Sk3MnKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198720246699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Ice temperature variation during the experiment

The solid black line is the ice base

, figureFileSmall=xtoEATWiFvQVDLXE+GDnlg==, figureFileBig=QxWqGMKB2sRofg2opeOgHQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198812521393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297764420481482, language=CN, label=图6, caption=试验期间的冰温变化

图中黑色实线为冰底面位置

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Comparison of melting on three sides of the ice layer

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冰样位置融化厚度/cm平均融化速率/(mm·h–1融化体积占比/%
表面80.2457.7
底面50.1536.1
侧面30.096.2
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冰样三面融化对比

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冰样位置融化厚度/cm平均融化速率/(mm·h–1融化体积占比/%
表面80.2457.7
底面50.1536.1
侧面30.096.2
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冰–水侧向融化过程的实验室试验研究
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贾磊 1 , 姜令强 1 , 卢鹏 1, * , 解飞 1 , 祖永恒 1 , 王庆凯 1 , 李志军 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(2): 42-50
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(2): 42-50
冰–水侧向融化过程的实验室试验研究
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贾磊1 , 姜令强1, 卢鹏1, * , 解飞1, 祖永恒1, 王庆凯1, 李志军1
作者信息
  • 1 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024
  • 贾磊(1998-),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事海冰物理研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*卢鹏,教授,主要从事极地海冰变化研究。E-mail:
Laboratory experimental study on the lateral melting process of ice layer
Lei Jia1 , Lingqiang Jiang1, Peng Lu1, * , Fei Xie1, Yongheng Zu1, Qingkai Wang1, Zhijun Li1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
出版时间: 2023-02-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023011
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为了探究冰层侧向融化过程,定量分析影响冰层侧向融化的主导因素,在低温实验室水槽内实施了浮冰融化实验。同步测量了冰底面和表面生消过程、浮冰侧向融化过程,同时记录了实验室气温、冰样内部不同深度处的冰温及开阔水域不同深度处的水温,利用相关分析方法研究了不同要素之间的关系及其对浮冰侧向融化速率的影响规律。结果表明,融冰前期冰样内部不同深度处的侧向融化缓慢且均匀,平均融化速率为0.05 mm/h;融冰中后期不同深度处的侧向融化速率显著增加且不再均匀,平均融化速率为0.15 mm/h。平均侧向融化速率与气温的相关系数较好(r=0.82),优于其与平均水温(r=0.74)和水–冰温度差(r=0.48)的相关系数。建立侧向融化速率随温度(气温、水温)和深度变化的定量关系,可以准确描述浮冰侧向融化过程的非均匀性。同时验证了进行非均匀性侧向融化试验技术的可行性,为更加接近北极真实情况考虑风速和光源条件的海冰试验奠定了基础。

侧向融化速率  /  温度  /  水深  /  参数化  /  低温试验

In order to investigate the melting process at the ice-water lateral interface and to quantify the dominant factors affecting the lateral melting rate of ice layer, an ice melting experiment was carried out in a low-temperature water tank. Simultaneous measurements of the ice bottom and surface processes and the lateral melting process of the ice layer were carried out, while the laboratory air temperature, ice temperature at different depths inside the ice samples and water temperature at different depths in open water were recorded, the relationships between different elements and their influence patterns on the lateral melting rate of ice were investigated using correlation analysis methods. The results show that the lateral melting rate at different depths inside the ice samples was slow and uniform in the early stage of melting, with an average melting rate of 0.05 mm/h. The lateral melting rate at different depths in the middle and late stages of melting increased significantly and was no longer uniform, with an average melting rate of 0.15 mm/h. The correlation coefficient of the average lateral melting rate and air temperature (r=0.82) was better than that between the average water temperature (r=0.74) and the water-ice temperature difference (r=0.48). The quantitative relationships of lateral melting rate with temperature (air temperature, water temperature) and depth were established to accurately describe the non-uniformity of the lateral melting process of ice layer. It also verifies the feasibility of conducting non-uniform lateral melting test techniques, and lays the foundation for sea ice tests that more closely resemble real Arctic conditions considering wind speed and light source conditions.

lateral melting rate  /  temperature  /  water depth  /  parameterization  /  low temperature experiment
贾磊, 姜令强, 卢鹏, 解飞, 祖永恒, 王庆凯, 李志军. 冰–水侧向融化过程的实验室试验研究. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (2) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023011
Lei Jia, Lingqiang Jiang, Peng Lu, Fei Xie, Yongheng Zu, Qingkai Wang, Zhijun Li. Laboratory experimental study on the lateral melting process of ice layer[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (2) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023011
北极是地球的三大寒极之一[1],在北半球气候系统中占有着举足轻重的地位。进入21世纪以来,全球气温持续升高,全球变暖已经成为不争的事实[2-3]。北极夏季更多太阳辐射直接到达海洋表面,从而引起冰雪的表面融化及海洋升温[4],加速了海冰的消融并使北极海冰变薄[5-7]。北极较薄的海冰拥有更低的强度,在风浪的作用下大尺寸浮冰更容易发生弯曲破坏,进而断裂成多个小尺寸浮冰;而小尺寸浮冰拥有更多与海水接触的侧向面积,使浮冰的侧向融化行为更为显著[8]。因此,国内外学者对冰–水界面侧向融化过程的研究越来越重视。
Zobuv[9]最早注意到海冰侧向融化对冰层衰退的影响,首次提出描述海冰侧向融化的参数化方案。Josberger[10]依托于实验室内盐水环境下的冰融化物理模型试验,考虑冰–水温度差并提出了平均侧向融化速率的参数化方案。Perovich[11]依托于天然冰间水道开展试验研究,根据观测值对Josberger的平均垂直侧向融化速率参数化方案进行了修正。Steele[12]考虑到浮冰几何形状和大小对侧向融化的影响,根据观测试验和数值模拟引入了浮冰尺寸的相关参数,改进了Perovich[11]提出的海冰侧向融化速率参数化方案,后续支撑了李志军等[13]的研究。国内最早关于北冰洋浮冰–水道热力学系统的现场观测在2008年开展,雷瑞波等[14]观测并记录了水道两侧浮冰侧向轮廓的变化,但其现场观测数据较少,未能建立侧向融化速率的参数化方案。王庆凯等[15-16]在内蒙古自治区的乌梁素海人工开凿开敞水域模拟冰间水道观测系统,观测该湖泊在融冰期间开敞水域处的冰–水侧向剖面变化,建立了由水温和净太阳辐射共同影响的融化速率参数化模型;但因野外实验气象条件难以控制,导致融化期存在负温天气,且重复性不足。艾润冰等[17]在低温实验室的水池中模拟了人工冻结冰在纯热力学、无辐射、无风、静水条件下的冰层侧向融化,最后建立了气温与侧向融化速率的参数化模型。但这些现场观测与实验室试验只关注侧面平均融化速率,没有考虑海冰侧面融化过程的竖向不均匀性,无法准确体现海冰侧向边界的变化过程;同时在试验中只关注气象或者水文条件对融化速率的影响,没有考虑侧向融化中气温、水温和冰温的同步变化过程。
为了弥补上述研究不足,本文在低温实验室内开展冰–水侧向界面融化过程的物理模型试验,同步记录了冰试样的融化过程以及气–冰–水的温度场变化,通过分析实验结果明确了侧向融化过程中的温度场同步变化规律,并揭示了侧向融化的不均匀性。
冰–水侧向界面融化过程试验在大连理工大学低温实验室水槽中进行,试验水槽上方开敞,其余5个面覆盖8 cm厚绝热保温层。试验采用人工冻结淡水冰开展,分为结冰期和融冰期。试验过程中对冰试样的底面生消过程、冰–水侧向界面融化过程、气–冰–水温度变化过程进行同步观测。水槽试验仪器布置图如图1所示。
为了观测结冰期和融冰期冰层底部的变化以及记录不同冰层处的冰温,水槽注水前在水槽底部固定两个超声测距传感器用于测量实验期间的冰厚变化, WUUL超声波传感器的测量范围是0.1~20 m,分辨率为1 mm,测量精度为2 mm。宇征超声波传感器的测量范围是0.1~1 m,分辨率为1 mm,测量精度为5 mm。同时将冰温链L1固定在水槽中,用于测量整个试验期间的冰温变化。试验采用的温度传感器为铂电阻PT1000温度传感器,精度为0.03℃,探头长为1.5 cm、直径为3 mm、总线长为10 m。冰温链L1共配置13个铂电阻温度传感器,其中1个布置在实验室中央用于测量实验室气温,其余12个分别预安装在冰面以下0~0.5 m范围内。所有预先放置的设备固定在水槽之后,对水槽进行注水。待水体稳定12 h之后,对实验室进行降温。结冰期间实时远程监控,待冰厚生长至24 cm时停止降温。此时冰面处于完全封冻状态,人工用电链锯在水槽开凿一个50 cm×50 cm的开敞水域用于侧向融化观测。
为观测融冰期间冰–水侧向界面的消融过程和记录不同水深处的水温,在开敞水域布置冰–水界面侧向融化观测系统,由滑台导轨、运行控制中心、超声测距传感器(Tritech PA500)组成。通过运行控制中心控制导轨带动超声测距传感器按照设定的规律上下运动,以测量水下不同深度处超声传感器到模型冰的距离,从而获得模型冰侧向剖面。PA500超声波测距传感器探头长度为16 cm,分辨率为1 mm,测距精度为2.5 mm,量程为0.1~10 m。PA500超声波测距传感器的初始入水深度为2 cm,设置超声向下运动时在水面以下0.02~0.22 m间每隔0.02 m处分别进行时长5 min的观测,在观测完0.22 m处的点之后,超声会缓慢上升到设置的第一个点位重新开始观测。在开敞水域处布置水温链L2,L2共配置9个温度传感器,分别布置在水面以下0~0.5 m范围内用于测量开敞水域不同深度处的水温,现场设备布置如图2所示。
本次试验的结冰期历时7 d,融冰期历时14 d,试验期间实验室的气温变化如图3所示。结冰期实验室气温维持在–10~–20℃,融冰期自4月2日开始;但4月7日之后才逐渐产生显著的侧向融化,因此以4月7日为时间节点将整个过程分为融冰前期和融冰中后期。融冰期开始,实验室气温在10 h内从–17 ℃左右升温到5℃,气温在融冰前期维持在4~6℃,融冰中期维持在6~8℃,融冰后期维持在8~10℃,期间4月7–8日是由于实验室的其他原因造成的临时降温。试验期间同步测量冰底生消过程、实验室气温、冰–水侧向界面融化过程、冰样内部不同深度处的冰温和开敞水域不同深度处的水温。试验期间冰底部生消、冰–水侧向消融、气温、冰温、水温要素数据采样的时间间隔均为1 min。
首先将超声测距传感在水下每个悬停位置处所测得的5个测量值取平均,然后观察某一深度处的变化趋势筛除离散点,再利用线性插值补全离散点,最后通过中值滤波得到该深度处的精确测量值。结合滑台行程,理论上可得到11个悬停位置处的测量值,将这11个位置处的测量值连接起来便可得到该时间段的冰–水侧向界面的剖面,不同时刻的侧向剖面进行排列,即可得到冰–水侧向界面的剖面变化过程。考虑到侧向融化的尺度很小及超声测距传感器的测量数据存在一定的误差,将每10个不同时刻(约10 h)的整个纵向剖面的测量值取平均值,作为该时间段内中间时刻的剖面测量值,同时将每10个不同时刻所对应的该时间段内的气温、不同深度处水温及冰温取平均作为该时间段内中间时刻的温度要素值。为了将垂向冰温、水温与侧向融化速率在同一深度处相对应,对冰温及水温在深度方向进行插值处理[17]
由于超声的工作原理,在测量冰–水侧向界面位置的过程中当其临近水面时会受到水面反射影响,在临近冰底时会受到冰–水侧向界面不平整的影响,因此超声传感器在最上层和最下层的测量值存在明显偏差。为减少结果分析误差,虽然生长末期冰厚达24 cm,数据分析中融冰前期只计入深度4~20 cm范围的测量值,融冰中后期只计入深度8~20 cm范围的测量值。
图4a给出了在整个融化过程中,冰层的侧向融化、底面融化及表面融化三者间的对比,图4b给出了累积正气温与总竖向融化量、总侧向融化量的拟合关系;对应的融化量、平均融化速率、融化体积占比见表1
图4a可以看出,冰样表面融化几乎在融冰期一开始便出现,这是因为冰试样上表面最先与升温的空气直接接触而产生融化。融冰开始3 d后底面融化逐渐出现,并且融化速率随着时间不断加快。明显的侧向融化现象出现的最晚,大约在融冰开始5 d之后才逐渐观测到了冰–水侧向剖面产生较大的变化。如表1所示,在同样的试验环境下,表面的平均融化速率要高于底面的平均融化速率,且二者均高于侧面的平均融化速率。相应的表面融化体积占比最高,为57.7%,底面的融化体积占比次之,为36. 1%,侧面的融化体积占比最小,为6.2%。根据北极夏季海冰融化现有研究[12, 18],海冰的侧面融化体积占比在5%~20%之间,因此本试验中的侧面融化量与现场情况相比偏低但仍在有效范围之内。
造成3个方向发生显著融化的时间及融化量不同的原因是控制因子的差异。虽然影响冰样融化速率的因素众多,但在实验的控制变量中,主要的差异包括:(1)冰样的表面融化受气温的影响,当气温高于冰点时表面融化就会发生。冰底面和侧面融化受水温的影响,而在融化后期底部水温逐渐升高(见3.2.2节)。此时,底面处的水温要比冰侧面接触的水温高,当底面和侧面的水温高于冰点时就会发生融化。(2)表面、底面、侧面与介质的接触面积不同,冰表面与空气接触的面积大致等于冰底面与水接触的面积,两者都远远大于冰侧面与水接触的面积。因此冰的表面融化最先发生,底面融化稍晚,侧向融化最后发生。
图4b(黑点)可见,在融化过程中随着累积正气温的增加,冰样竖向融化量逐渐增大,与文献[19]提出的累积正气温(ST)与冰样消融过程的线性关系吻合良好(r=0.96)。与此类似,冰样侧向融化量也随着累积正气温的增加逐渐增加(图4b中红点),且同样呈现为良好的线性关系(r=0.94)。
图5给出了融冰前期、融冰中后期冰–水侧向界面位置的变化。初始冰–水侧向界面剖面由人工切割造成。融化期间在冰未脱离水槽边壁之前,冰样表面及底面不断融化导致水面与冰面的距离逐渐减小,为保持水面不超过冰面,多余水体会通过水槽侧面连通管自动排出。
图5可知,融冰前期冰–水界面位置变化较为缓慢且均匀,平均侧向融化速率约为0.05 mm/h,各垂向深度处的冰面较为平整,不存在明显的冰侧曲面。融冰中后期冰–水界面位置变化较快且存在明显梯度,平均融化速率约为0.15 mm/h,侧向融化速率显著加快,侧向冰面不再平整,中下层的侧向融化速率逐渐快于中上层。需要说明的是,由于冰层与水槽连接处经历了较为剧烈的融化,使得冰层于4月10日早上5时前后与边壁分离,冰样在水浮力的作用下发生缓慢的抬升,10 h内冰样由与侧壁固结变为漂浮状态。为防止出现零点漂移,此时调整侧向超声观测的初始点位于冰–水界面处继续观测。
试验期间冰下0~25 cm处的冰温变化趋势如图6所示,黑色实线代表冰底面位置。结冰期间,上层冰温(0~6 cm)受气温影响较大,中层冰温(9~15 cm)及下层冰温(18 ~25 cm)受气温影响相对不敏感,保持稳定升高,冰层内沿深度方向存在约1℃/cm的温度梯度。随着冰厚的增加,冰层生长速度减小。融冰期间,实验室升温之后各层冰温升高至0℃共用时10 h左右,升温过程相对较快,并且各层冰温同时升高无明显滞后性,融冰前期各层冰温均稳定维持在0℃左右。融冰中期各层冰温的下降,与实验室的临时气温突变有关。融冰后期冰样表层融化显著,使部分温度探头直接与空气接触,已通过零点位置修正从图中剔除。
融冰期在开敞水域内,水下0~50 cm的水温变化趋势如图7所示,上层(0~5 cm)水温受气温影响较大,波动明显且与气温的变化趋势非常相近,无明显滞后性。中间层水体(6~21 cm)水温受气温影响较小且未观测到明显的分层现象。底层(30~50 cm)水温受气温影响最小,但在融冰中后期反常增加,部分原因是因为水体在0~4℃区间密度是随温度增大的,表层加热的水体会逐渐沉降到水槽底部;但是这个过程较为微弱,贯通水体的竖向相对高温带只在图7中零星出现。另一个可能的原因是在长期升温过程中,由于水槽底部保温层间隙,导致水体底部被额外加热,造成下层的水温随着水深增加。这一过程也进一步解释了冰的底面融化早于侧面融化、且底面融化厚度大于侧面融化厚度的现象。布置于冰样内部的冰温链L1同样观测到了底层水温的这种变化,而且规律完全一致。但是必须说明的是,底层水温升高的影响范围在试验过程中始终维持在水深25 cm以下,密度关系层较稳定,且直接导致冰样侧面融化的是水深20 cm范围之内的水体,因此底层水温变化对侧向融化的直接影响可以忽略。
融冰期间中,气温是影响冰–水界面侧向融化的关键因素[16];因为气温影响着水温的变化,而水温直接控制着冰–水界面的融化。把融冰期各时间段的平均侧向融化速率与气温拟合,结果如图8所示。
融冰期间实验室温度在4~10℃逐步升高,冰层侧向融化速率也随之递增。通过拟合可得到平均侧向融化速率Mr与实验室气温Ta的关系式为
$ {M}_{\rm{r}}={{1.184\times 10}}^{{-3}}{{T}}_{{\rm{a}}}^{{2.54}}\text{,}\;\; 4{\text{℃}}\geqslant T_{\rm{a}}\geqslant 10{\text{℃}}\text{,} \;\; r=0.82 \text{,} $
式中,MrTa的单位分别为mm/h、℃。图8中4~8℃区间的数据点分布偏少且不均匀,是因为此温度段设置在融冰前中期。此时侧向融化速率很小,为减少仪器精度带来的误差影响,融冰前中期取点的时间间隔较大(48 h),导致融冰前期的数据点较后期偏少。
在艾润冰等[17]的淡水冰侧向融化研究中也通过拟合得到了气温与水下深度8 cm处侧向融化速率的参数化方案为${M}_{\rm{r}}{=}{0}{.063\;63}{{T}}_{\text{a}}^{\text{1.243}}$r=0.76),如图8中红色点所示。本文的拟合结果要优于文献[17],之所以会存在差异,是因为本试验的气温控制范围(4~10℃)要高于其试验的气温控制范围(0~4℃),使得本试验中的侧向融化速率对于气温的响应更加显著,相应的拟合关系更好。而在气温为4℃附近时,本文测得的侧向融化速率要偏低于文献[17],是因为本文的实验室气温控制在4℃附近时冰样处于融化前期,平均水温偏低约0.6℃;而文献[17]的气温控制在4℃附近时冰样处于融化后期,水下深度8 cm处水温偏高约0.7℃。水温是引发冰样侧向融化的直接因素,导致在相同气温时本文的侧向融化速率偏低。
图9给出了基于不同深度处的水温和冰温得到冰侧面平均水温、平均水–冰温差与平均侧向融化速率的关系。拟合发现,侧向融化速率随着水温及水–冰温差的升高以幂函数形式快速升高,平均水–冰温差在0.5~0.6℃之间,与平均侧向融化速率的相关系数为0.48;平均水温的温度范围在0.7~0.9℃之间,与平均侧向融化速率的相关系数为0.74。
平均侧向融化速率Mr与平均水温Tw的关系式为
${{M}}_{{\rm{r}}}{=0.83}{{T}}_{{{\rm{w}}}}^{{5.78}}\text{,} \quad 0.7{\text{℃}}\leqslant T_{\rm{w}} \leqslant 0.9{\text{℃}} \text{,} \quad r = 0.74\text{,} $
平均侧向融化速率Mr与水冰温差Tw−I的关系式为
$ {{M}}_{{\rm{r}}}{=2.76}{{T}}_{{{\rm{w}}-{\rm{I}}}}^{{4.21}}\text{,} \quad 0.5{\text{℃}}\leqslant T_{{\rm{w}}-{\rm{I}}} \leqslant 0.6{\text{℃}} \text{,} \quad r = 0.48\text{,} $
式中,Tw${{T}}_{{{\rm{w}}-{\rm{I}}}}$单位均为℃。
平均侧向融化速率与水温的拟合关系比与气温的拟合结果稍差,但比与水–冰温差的拟合偏好。因为试验中水温、冰温测点位于远离冰–水侧向融化界面的实际位置,融化发生时在侧向冰–水界面处会形成边界层,水流发生紊乱,导致所测得的水温会与侧向冰–水界面上的实际水温产生偏离[20],从而水温与平均侧向融化速率的拟合比实际情况在一定程度上要差一些。同样处于远场位置的冰温也会与侧向冰–水界面上的实际冰温产生水平方向差异。除此之外,冰温与水温的变化范围仅在0.1~0.2℃以内,较气温变化范围(约6℃)更窄,对融化速率的影响更加强烈的同时,也导致有限的测量误差对变化趋势的影响更加明显。
为了体现融化过程在冰侧面的不均匀性,图10给出了在融化后期不同深度处的侧向融化速率与气温的关系。在相同的气温下,不同深度处的侧向融化速率随着气温的变化不尽相同,而且随着深度的增加侧向融化速率有着同步增长的趋势。
因此,可以认为冰–水界面侧向融化分别同时受温度和深度的共同影响。通过二元回归分析可分别拟合得到侧向融化速率关于气温和深度、水温和深度的关系式为
$\begin{split} &{{M}}_{{\rm{r}}}({Z},{{T}}_{{{\rm{a}}}})={{1.65\times 10}}^{{-6}}{{\rm{e}}}^{{3.08Z}}{\times}{{T}}_{{{\rm{a}}}}^{{4.68}}\text{,} \quad \\&0.4\leqslant Z\leqslant 0.8;4 {\text{℃}}\leqslant T_{\rm{a}}\leqslant 10{\text{℃}}\text{,}\quad r=0.68\text{,}\end{split} $
$\begin{split}&{{M}}_{{\rm{r}}}({Z},{{T}}_{{{\rm{w}}}})=0.39{\rm{e}}^{{1.97Z}}{\times }{{T}}_{{{\rm{w}}}}^{{8.74}}\text{,} \quad \\&0.4\leqslant Z\leqslant 0.8;0.7{\text{℃}}\leqslant T_{\rm{w}}\leqslant 0.9{\text{℃}}\text{,}\ \quad r=0.69 ,\end{split} $
式中,Z代表归一化的深度,在0~1内变化,1对应超声测量最大深度范围20 cm处。侧向融化速率关于气温/水温和深度的变化关系如图11所示。
图11a中,侧向融化速率随着气温和深度的增加逐渐增大,式(4)的适用范围分别为0.4≤Z≤0.8,4℃≤Ta≤10℃。在图11b中,侧向融化速率随着水温和深度的变化情况也类似,式(5)的适用范围分别为0.4≤Z≤0.8,0.7℃≤Tw≤0.9℃。与式(1)至式(3)相比,式(4)和式(5)能够准确地描述侧向融化速率在深度上的不均匀性。然而,根据试验结果,造成这种不均匀性的直接原因,与不同深度处冰–水温度差的关系较弱,因为式(5)中水温变化仅在0.2℃以内。更重要的原因是因为越靠近冰底,侧向融化的发生越容易受到冰侧水体热通量和冰底水体热通量的共同作用,在相同的冰–水温差条件下产生比中层更大的融化速率。类似的现象在前人成果中也有报告:李志军等[13]的实验中,规则圆盘形冰试样最终融化成光滑球底状;在雷瑞波等[14]的北极夏季海冰的观测现场中,浮冰侧面次表层和底层的融化较中层更加显著,可能是侧向海洋热通量、底面垂直向上的海洋热通量以及传输到冰底的太阳短波辐射复合作用的结果。本试验中尽管使用的是淡水,但整体水温较低,最高不超过2℃,因此保持了与极地现场一致的水温背景条件。与前人的平均融化速率相比,本文的研究结果与现场的情况更加吻合,可以更加准确地描述冰侧面融化的真实情况。
本文通过开展低温实验室水槽试验来模拟冰的侧向融化过程,通过测量试验期间的冰底生消过程、冰–水侧向界面消融过程、实验室气温、冰温及水温,定量探究实验室环境下冰–水侧向界面的变化过程及其影响因素。得出了以下结论。
(1)融冰期的冰–水界面侧向融化中,上部(0~5 cm)融化受气温影响明显,下部(5~20 cm)融化受水温的直接影响。
(2)融冰前期侧向融化缓慢且速率较为均匀;融冰中后期侧向融化逐渐加速,越靠近冰底越容易受到冰侧水体热通量和冰底水体热通量的共同作用,导致侧向融化速率随着水下深度的增加而显著增加。
(3)同一条件下,冰–水界面侧向融化速率小于底面融化速率和表面融化速率,全过程中表面融化、底面融化和侧向融化在总融化量中的占比分别为57.7%、36.1%和6.2%。
(4)平均冰–水侧向融化速率与气温的相关性最高,其次是平均水温,再次是水冰温差;而侧向融化速率的非均匀性可以由温度(气温、水温)和深度的二元关系来定量表征。
影响北极海冰侧向融化的因素众多,本研究是在无盐、无风、无辐射的变温条件下进行的,探究了影响侧向融化速率的关键因素与物理过程,验证了进行非均匀性侧向融化试验技术的可行性。下一步通过补充风速、光源等条件进行海冰试验,可以期待得到更加接近北极真实情况的变化规律,为侧向融化的参数化提供支撑。其次,本试验中冰试样的侧向融化量较表面和底面融化量偏低,与北极夏季海冰侧向融化真实贡献相比也略低,后期实验中可以通过人为调整增加侧向融化占比,让其侧向融化特性更显著地体现。
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876213,41922045);辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2007033);国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0605901)。
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2023年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023011
  • 接收时间:2022-05-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-07
  • 修回日期:2022-08-24
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国家自然科学基金(41876213,41922045);辽宁省兴辽英才计划项目(XLYC2007033);国家重点研发计划(2018YFA0605901)。
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    1 大连理工大学 海岸和近海工程国家重点实验室,辽宁 大连 116024

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*卢鹏,教授,主要从事极地海冰变化研究。E-mail:
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