Article(id=1211297762306560782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1651766400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-06, revisedDate=1659283200000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725491358, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1675180800000, pubDateStr=2023-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725491358, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725491358, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725491358, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297760624644861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725490957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734526247, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=139, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297763552269077, articleId=1211297762306560782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Environmental capacity change and loss assessment of Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi induced by large-scale reclamation and land-based sewage discharge, columnId=1194652708754920165, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Research Note, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

From 2004 to 2019, human activities have caused a profound and irreversible impact on Qinzhou Bay (QZB) through large-scale land reclamation and land-based sewage discharge. In this study, based on the satellite images and marine charts, a hydro-biogeochemical model was established to analyze the cumulative effect of human activities on water quality in Qinzhou Bay during the past decades. Under the double anthropogenic pressures, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in QZB has slightly decreased from 0.976 mg/L to 0.909 mg/L. But the concentration of inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and inorganic phosphorus (DIP) increased obviously from 0.146 mg/L and 0.023 mg/L to 0.230 mg/L and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. The statistical results show that the area of heavily polluted and severe eutrophication water has increased dramatically, indicating the water quality in QZB being degenerated. According to the characteristics of pollution discharge in the bay, the share rate method was used to calculate the environment capacity in different scenarios. The results show that the actual emissions far exceed the maximum allowed amount in the bay, particularly in Maoling River and Qinjiang River, where the emissions of pollutants need to be reduced urgently. Because of the decrease of the water area and water exchange capacity caused by land reclamation, the environment capacity has reduced compare to the historical situation. The calculation of sewage discharge optimization method for Maowei Sea indicates that Maoling River should share more sewage discharge than Qinjiang River, which is conducive to the improvement of water quality in Maowei Sea. It is estimated that the environmental capacity value loss of Qinzhou Bay caused by two anthropogenic pressures is approximate 2.695 billion per year, so compensation should be considered before exploitation and utilization of the coastal ocean.

, correspAuthors=Dehai Song, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=He Lyu, Shaofeng Zhang, Dehai Song, Xianwen Bao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297765511009137, articleId=1211297762306560782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估, columnId=1194652708993995497, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=研究报道, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在2004–2019年间,人类通过大规模围填海以及陆源排污等活动对钦州湾造成了不可逆转的深远影响。本文基于卫星遥感影像和海图资料,利用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型建立的高精度钦州湾水动力–水质模型,分析了十几年来人类活动的累积效应对钦州湾水质的影响。受围填海和陆源排污两者的影响,钦州湾内化学需氧量(COD)的浓度略有下降(0.976 mg/L下降到0.909 mg/L),但湾内无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的浓度分别从0.146 mg/L和0.023 mg/L增加到0.230 mg/L和0.027 mg/L,无机氮的浓度增加较为显著;统计结果表明,湾内超四类水质海域面积和重度富营养化水域面积大幅度增加,水质环境状况不容乐观。此外根据钦州湾内排污的特点,利用分担率法计算了不同时期下钦州湾的环境容量,结果表明湾内排污量远超最大允许排污量,茅岭江、钦江两条河流的排污量亟需削减;由于围填海导致的海湾面积减小和水交换能力降低,钦州湾环境容量较2008年有明显下降。对茅尾海局部采用排海通量最优法的计算表明,茅岭江应当分担比钦江更多的排污量,才能有利于茅尾海内的水质改善。通过估算发现双重人为压力共同对钦州湾造成了约每年26.95亿元的环境容量价值损失,因此在开发利用海洋前应慎重考虑环境容量损失的补偿方案。

, correspAuthors=宋德海, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*宋德海(1983-),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=uMVnacTn3CaBzLukXFF6Kg==, magXml=+IkwrG7iIn6HKDWLFrzrgw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=UGXpy6Gs/+EQEvH5mH7sDg==, pdfFileSize=1875137, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=GUIUm2NtUTNNuLG+ItZzFA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=3SA4bXP5YP7qdGz/YfpEmg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吕赫(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail:

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3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215304194710491916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304194760823565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, companyId=1215304194710491916, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304195331248938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304195339637547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, companyId=1215304195331248938, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237)])]), Author(id=1215304197738779513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215304197856220035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, authorId=1215304197738779513, language=EN, stringName=Xianwen Bao, firstName=Xianwen, middleName=null, lastName=Bao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215304197961077641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, authorId=1215304197738779513, language=CN, stringName=鲍献文, firstName=献文, middleName=null, lastName=鲍, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
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articleId=1211297762306560782, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304195641627452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, companyId=1215304195633238843, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215304199341003723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Bathymetry in Qinzhou Bay, figureFileSmall=UvbAWodjjR7FqHP7YmLTSw==, figureFileBig=wgEXQb9++1l8qNIzgPSNKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304199445861328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=图1, caption=钦州湾地形图, figureFileSmall=UvbAWodjjR7FqHP7YmLTSw==, figureFileBig=wgEXQb9++1l8qNIzgPSNKQ==, tableContent=null), 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a−c: Chemical oxygen demand; d−f: dissolved inorganic nitrogen; g−i: dissolved inorganic phosphorus; left column for the year of 2008, middle column represents for the year of 2018, right column represents the difference of 2018 minus 2008

, figureFileSmall=xTf/mAXF8pXdlymdbpifvQ==, figureFileBig=//gRYgTq2nleUghLwpKM6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304199886263274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各类污染物浓度分布及差异

a−c: 化学需氧量;d−f: 溶解无机氮;g−i: 溶解无机磷;左:2008年;中:2018年;右:2018年减2008年之差

, figureFileSmall=xTf/mAXF8pXdlymdbpifvQ==, figureFileBig=//gRYgTq2nleUghLwpKM6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304199944983534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Statistical results of different water quality standard areas in Qinzhou Bay, figureFileSmall=65FDC/zzYtVZgYzjCdeZQg==, figureFileBig=VKT1TZw6tnuVRBoS9muX4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304200033063922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=图4, caption=钦州湾不同类别水质面积统计图, figureFileSmall=65FDC/zzYtVZgYzjCdeZQg==, figureFileBig=VKT1TZw6tnuVRBoS9muX4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304200116950006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The eutrophication degree distribution of water body in the Qinzhou Bay

The blue line showing the boundary of different eutrophication degree

, figureFileSmall=dvErkZEeWgErQbaUNi6yFw==, figureFileBig=Hd+jx8L8pOYCQAKbZ2FrTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304201404601340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=图5, caption=湾内水体富营养化程度分布

蓝线代表不同类别富营养化程度的分界线

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Pollutant discharge of rivers and sewage outlets in the Qinzhou Bay in 2008

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD/
(t∙a−1
DIN/
(t∙a−1
DIP/
(t∙a−1
1钦州港勒沟桥排污口3 191.090.740.23
2钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口1 143.4220.209.62
3钦州港起步工业园东排水546.887.347.51
4钦州港起步工业园西排水555.364.214.10
5钦州燃煤电厂排水口420.152.303.21
6钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口1 287.041.890.99
7茅岭江16 615.09962.26188.75
8钦江13 527.562 111.93229.39
总计37 286.593 111.11444.03
), ArticleFig(id=1215304201815642116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2008年钦州湾各河流/排污口污染物通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD/
(t∙a−1
DIN/
(t∙a−1
DIP/
(t∙a−1
1钦州港勒沟桥排污口3 191.090.740.23
2钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口1 143.4220.209.62
3钦州港起步工业园东排水546.887.347.51
4钦州港起步工业园西排水555.364.214.10
5钦州燃煤电厂排水口420.152.303.21
6钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口1 287.041.890.99
7茅岭江16 615.09962.26188.75
8钦江13 527.562 111.93229.39
总计37 286.593 111.11444.03
), ArticleFig(id=1215304201916305415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pollutant discharge of rivers and sewage outlets in the Qinzhou Bay in 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD/
(t∙a−1
DIN/
(t∙a−1
DIP/
(t∙a−1
1钦州市犀牛角镇排污口8.191.040.90
2钦州港金桂纸业排污口121.8421.960.49
3钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口5.410.240.38
4钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口311.6032.072.11
5钦州市东排水口(茶山江)4 405.80532.02179.50
6钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口2.860.240.06
7钦州港东排水口67.661.560.33
8钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口24.145.110.43
9钦州港勒沟作业区排污口1.600.590.01
10茅岭江7 919.302 194.20217.40
11钦江8 937.701 589.30117.17
总计21 806.104 378.33518.78
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202016968714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2018年钦州湾各河流/排污口污染物通量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD/
(t∙a−1
DIN/
(t∙a−1
DIP/
(t∙a−1
1钦州市犀牛角镇排污口8.191.040.90
2钦州港金桂纸业排污口121.8421.960.49
3钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口5.410.240.38
4钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口311.6032.072.11
5钦州市东排水口(茶山江)4 405.80532.02179.50
6钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口2.860.240.06
7钦州港东排水口67.661.560.33
8钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口24.145.110.43
9钦州港勒沟作业区排污口1.600.590.01
10茅岭江7 919.302 194.20217.40
11钦江8 937.701 589.30117.17
总计21 806.104 378.33518.78
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202126020622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main parameters of the Qinzhou Bay water-quality model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
浮游植物生长速率/d−11.5
浮游植物死亡率/d−10.05
浮游动物代谢速率/d−10.12
浮游动物死亡率/d−10.025
浮游动物摄食浮游植物速率/d−10.5
Redfield比值16
浮游动物代谢产物无机营养盐的比重0.75
浮游植物吸收DIN的半饱和系数/(mmol·m−310
浮游植物吸收DIP的半饱和系数/(mmol·m−30.16
生物碎屑沉降速率/(m·d−10.3
COD自身降解系数0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202272821268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

钦州湾水质模型所采用的主要参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数取值
浮游植物生长速率/d−11.5
浮游植物死亡率/d−10.05
浮游动物代谢速率/d−10.12
浮游动物死亡率/d−10.025
浮游动物摄食浮游植物速率/d−10.5
Redfield比值16
浮游动物代谢产物无机营养盐的比重0.75
浮游植物吸收DIN的半饱和系数/(mmol·m−310
浮游植物吸收DIP的半饱和系数/(mmol·m−30.16
生物碎屑沉降速率/(m·d−10.3
COD自身降解系数0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202478342169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Average concentration of pollutants and exceeding standard water quality area in Qinzhou Bay between 2008 and 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别CODDINDIP
201820082018200820182008
平均浓度/(mg∙L−10.9090.9760.2300.1460.0270.023
超一类水质面积/km2112.10123.61218.65198.66360.79385.70
超二类水质面积/km251.0485.68178.4760.60212.18191.92
超三类水质面积/km228.7637.93125.2818.11212.18191.92
超四类水质面积/km213.7821.0676.206.7883.5144.68
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202574811165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2018年和2008年条件下钦州湾水体中污染物平均浓度和超标海域面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别CODDINDIP
201820082018200820182008
平均浓度/(mg∙L−10.9090.9760.2300.1460.0270.023
超一类水质面积/km2112.10123.61218.65198.66360.79385.70
超二类水质面积/km251.0485.68178.4760.60212.18191.92
超三类水质面积/km228.7637.93125.2818.11212.18191.92
超四类水质面积/km213.7821.0676.206.7883.5144.68
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202696445986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Areas of different eutrophication water body in the Qinzhou Bay of 2008 and 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份轻度/km2中度/km2重度/km2
注:括号中为占比。
201854.63 (25.85%)56.06 (26.46%)100.67 (47.69%)
200852.98 (29.30%)59.15 (32.72%)68.63 (37.98%)
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202784526373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2018年和2008年条件下钦州湾各类富营养化水体面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份轻度/km2中度/km2重度/km2
注:括号中为占比。
201854.63 (25.85%)56.06 (26.46%)100.67 (47.69%)
200852.98 (29.30%)59.15 (32.72%)68.63 (37.98%)
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202880995369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Results of environment capacity distribution in the Qinzhou Bay in the year of 2018

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD现状排
放量/(t∙a−1
COD允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIN现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIN允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIP现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIP允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/(t∙a−1
注:“—”代表不需要削减
1钦州市犀牛角镇排污口8.1935.121.042.130.901.57
2钦州港金桂纸业排污口121.84166.3421.9614.677.290.490.210.28
3钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口5.416.100.240.130.110.380.140.24
4钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口311.60336.6732.0717.2314.842.110.731.38
5钦州市东排水口(茶山江)4 405.80626.143 779.66532.0242.88489.14179.5011.57167.93
6钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口2.861.900.960.240.080.160.060.020.04
7钦州港东排水口67.6657.839.831.560.660.90.330.120.21
8钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口24.1424.040.105.112.532.580.430.140.29
9钦州港勒沟作业区排污口1.601.510.090.590.270.320.010.01
10茅岭江7 919.301 596.866 322.442 194.20235.371 958.83217.4013.34204.06
11钦江8 937.701 270.257 667.451 589.30128.111 461.19117.177.56109.61
合计21 806.104 122.7617 683.344 378.33444.063 934.27518.7835.41483.37
), ArticleFig(id=1215304202990047276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2018年钦州湾环境容量分配结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD现状排
放量/(t∙a−1
COD允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIN现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIN允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIP现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIP允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/(t∙a−1
注:“—”代表不需要削减
1钦州市犀牛角镇排污口8.1935.121.042.130.901.57
2钦州港金桂纸业排污口121.84166.3421.9614.677.290.490.210.28
3钦州市钦州港果鹰大道排污口5.416.100.240.130.110.380.140.24
4钦州国星油气有限公司旁排污口311.60336.6732.0717.2314.842.110.731.38
5钦州市东排水口(茶山江)4 405.80626.143 779.66532.0242.88489.14179.5011.57167.93
6钦州港旧国土局办公楼旁排污口2.861.900.960.240.080.160.060.020.04
7钦州港东排水口67.6657.839.831.560.660.90.330.120.21
8钦州七十二泾旅游码头排污口24.1424.040.105.112.532.580.430.140.29
9钦州港勒沟作业区排污口1.601.510.090.590.270.320.010.01
10茅岭江7 919.301 596.866 322.442 194.20235.371 958.83217.4013.34204.06
11钦江8 937.701 270.257 667.451 589.30128.111 461.19117.177.56109.61
合计21 806.104 122.7617 683.344 378.33444.063 934.27518.7835.41483.37
), ArticleFig(id=1215304203073933361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Results of environment capacity distribution in the Qinzhou Bay in the year of 2008

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD现状排放量/(t∙a−1COD允许排
放量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIN现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIN允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIP现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIP允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
注:“—”代表不需要削减
1钦州港勒沟桥排污口3 191.09535.632 655.460.740.440.30.230.170.06
2钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口1 143.42613.91529.5120.2016.333.879.625.384.24
3钦州港起步工业园东排水546.88402.66144.227.345.741.67.514.023.49
4钦州港起步工业园西排水555.36393.50161.864.213.650.564.101.152.95
5钦州燃煤电厂排水口420.15332.7587.402.301.780.523.210.652.56
6钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口1 287.04319.88967.161.892.710.990.590.40
7茅岭江16 615.092 371.8214 243.27962.26182.25780.01188.7526.16162.59
8钦江13 527.561 936.2711 591.292 111.93385.211 726.72229.3944.70184.69
合计37 286.596 906.4230 380.173 111.11598.112 513.00444.0382.82361.21
), ArticleFig(id=1215304203153625141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2008年钦州湾环境容量分配结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号排污口名称COD现状排放量/(t∙a−1COD允许排
放量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIN现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIN允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
DIP现状排放
量/(t∙a−1
DIP允许排放
量/(t∙a−1
削减量/
(t∙a−1
注:“—”代表不需要削减
1钦州港勒沟桥排污口3 191.09535.632 655.460.740.440.30.230.170.06
2钦州港果鹰大道临时污水排放口1 143.42613.91529.5120.2016.333.879.625.384.24
3钦州港起步工业园东排水546.88402.66144.227.345.741.67.514.023.49
4钦州港起步工业园西排水555.36393.50161.864.213.650.564.101.152.95
5钦州燃煤电厂排水口420.15332.7587.402.301.780.523.210.652.56
6钦州市犀牛脚镇排污口1 287.04319.88967.161.892.710.990.590.40
7茅岭江16 615.092 371.8214 243.27962.26182.25780.01188.7526.16162.59
8钦江13 527.561 936.2711 591.292 111.93385.211 726.72229.3944.70184.69
合计37 286.596 906.4230 380.173 111.11598.112 513.00444.0382.82361.21
), ArticleFig(id=1215304203250094138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

Environmental capacity value loss of the bay under two anthropogenic pressures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物处理费用Ci/
(万元∙t−1
平均浓度
变化 ΔNi/
(mg∙L−1
损失的
纳潮量 ΔV/
(108 m3
Di/
(万元∙a−1
D/
(万元∙a−1
COD0.87–0.670.95–20 212.0269 532.2
DIN6.470.84188 451.7
DIP73.030.04101 292.6
), ArticleFig(id=1215304203350757437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762306560782, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

双重人为压力造成的海湾水环境容量的价值损失

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
污染物处理费用Ci/
(万元∙t−1
平均浓度
变化 ΔNi/
(mg∙L−1
损失的
纳潮量 ΔV/
(108 m3
Di/
(万元∙a−1
D/
(万元∙a−1
COD0.87–0.670.95–20 212.0269 532.2
DIN6.470.84188 451.7
DIP73.030.04101 292.6
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基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估
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吕赫 1, 2 , 张少峰 4 , 宋德海 1, 3, * , 鲍献文 1, 2, 3
海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023,45(2): 139-150
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海洋学报 | 研究报道 2023, 45(2): 139-150
基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估
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吕赫1, 2 , 张少峰4, 宋德海1, 3, * , 鲍献文1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
  • 4 自然资源部第四海洋研究所,广西 北海 536015
  • 吕赫(1997-),男,山东省青岛市人,主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*宋德海(1983-),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail:
Environmental capacity change and loss assessment of Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi induced by large-scale reclamation and land-based sewage discharge
He Lyu1, 2 , Shaofeng Zhang4, Dehai Song1, 3, * , Xianwen Bao1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2College of Oceanic and Atmosphere Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3Laboratory for Ocean Dynamics and Climate, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
  • 4Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai 536015, China
出版时间: 2023-02-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023003
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在2004–2019年间,人类通过大规模围填海以及陆源排污等活动对钦州湾造成了不可逆转的深远影响。本文基于卫星遥感影像和海图资料,利用非结构网格有限体积海洋模型建立的高精度钦州湾水动力–水质模型,分析了十几年来人类活动的累积效应对钦州湾水质的影响。受围填海和陆源排污两者的影响,钦州湾内化学需氧量(COD)的浓度略有下降(0.976 mg/L下降到0.909 mg/L),但湾内无机氮(DIN)和无机磷(DIP)的浓度分别从0.146 mg/L和0.023 mg/L增加到0.230 mg/L和0.027 mg/L,无机氮的浓度增加较为显著;统计结果表明,湾内超四类水质海域面积和重度富营养化水域面积大幅度增加,水质环境状况不容乐观。此外根据钦州湾内排污的特点,利用分担率法计算了不同时期下钦州湾的环境容量,结果表明湾内排污量远超最大允许排污量,茅岭江、钦江两条河流的排污量亟需削减;由于围填海导致的海湾面积减小和水交换能力降低,钦州湾环境容量较2008年有明显下降。对茅尾海局部采用排海通量最优法的计算表明,茅岭江应当分担比钦江更多的排污量,才能有利于茅尾海内的水质改善。通过估算发现双重人为压力共同对钦州湾造成了约每年26.95亿元的环境容量价值损失,因此在开发利用海洋前应慎重考虑环境容量损失的补偿方案。

人类活动  /  水质  /  污染物输运  /  环境容量  /  海洋模型

From 2004 to 2019, human activities have caused a profound and irreversible impact on Qinzhou Bay (QZB) through large-scale land reclamation and land-based sewage discharge. In this study, based on the satellite images and marine charts, a hydro-biogeochemical model was established to analyze the cumulative effect of human activities on water quality in Qinzhou Bay during the past decades. Under the double anthropogenic pressures, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in QZB has slightly decreased from 0.976 mg/L to 0.909 mg/L. But the concentration of inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and inorganic phosphorus (DIP) increased obviously from 0.146 mg/L and 0.023 mg/L to 0.230 mg/L and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. The statistical results show that the area of heavily polluted and severe eutrophication water has increased dramatically, indicating the water quality in QZB being degenerated. According to the characteristics of pollution discharge in the bay, the share rate method was used to calculate the environment capacity in different scenarios. The results show that the actual emissions far exceed the maximum allowed amount in the bay, particularly in Maoling River and Qinjiang River, where the emissions of pollutants need to be reduced urgently. Because of the decrease of the water area and water exchange capacity caused by land reclamation, the environment capacity has reduced compare to the historical situation. The calculation of sewage discharge optimization method for Maowei Sea indicates that Maoling River should share more sewage discharge than Qinjiang River, which is conducive to the improvement of water quality in Maowei Sea. It is estimated that the environmental capacity value loss of Qinzhou Bay caused by two anthropogenic pressures is approximate 2.695 billion per year, so compensation should be considered before exploitation and utilization of the coastal ocean.

human activities  /  water quality  /  pollutant transport  /  environment capacity  /  ocean model
吕赫, 张少峰, 宋德海, 鲍献文. 基于大规模围填海和陆源排污压力下的广西钦州湾环境容量变化及损失评估. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (2) : 139 -150 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023003
He Lyu, Shaofeng Zhang, Dehai Song, Xianwen Bao. Environmental capacity change and loss assessment of Qinzhou Bay in Guangxi induced by large-scale reclamation and land-based sewage discharge[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (2) : 139 -150 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023003
沿海地带通常为经济发达、人口众多的区域,我国沿海地区仅占国土总面积的13%左右,但却拥有全国约43.5%的人口[1],大规模的海洋经济开发活动使得土地资源稀缺问题愈发严重,为解决这一矛盾,不得不在沿海地区开展大量的围填海工程。自21世纪以来,我国围填海面积的总量达到了近5 135.31 km2[2],但与此同时,大量的人类活动已经改变了海域的自然属性,包括海岸形状、海域面积、海湾容量等[3],这通常会导致海湾水动力减弱、纳潮量降低,从而使得海湾—陆架交换能力下降[4-6];此外大面积的围填海也会对生态环境造成负面效应,造成湾内水质恶化,水体富营养化加剧,产生一系列生态问题[7-9]
钦州湾位于北部湾顶部,广西沿岸中段,南面与北部湾相通,它由内湾(茅尾海)和外湾组成,长约39 km,宽约29 km,是一个半封闭型的天然海湾,地理位置十分突出。为了满足经济发展的需要,大面积的围填海工程已经在钦州湾内展开。受此影响,围填海区域水动力大幅度减弱、海湾纳潮量有所降低,湾内冲淤环境显著改变,进一步导致了钦州湾自净能力越来越弱[10-12],这也意味着污染物更容易在湾内堆积[13]
除围填海外,陆源排污是人类活动改变海湾环境的另一个重要因素。经济和人口的增长带来了大量的陆源污染物,海洋生态系统失衡、赤潮等海洋生态环境问题也因此日益突出。资料分析表明,长期以来钦州湾内水体富营养化程度越来越严重,尤其是内湾茅尾海污染物浓度远高于湾中龙门水道和外湾[14-15]。何帅[16]模拟了钦州湾内以化学需氧量(COD)表征的有机质和溶解无机氮(DIN)的分布状况,并以此计算了湾内的环境容量,表明钦江、茅岭江污染物的残留率偏高。张栋[17]探讨了钦州湾内营养盐的时空变化以及氮的量化减排方案,认为应对径流污染物输入量进行削减;根据钦州湾内氮、磷的分布,Lu等[18]发现在茅尾海内已出现了大面积的超四类水质海域,急需对内湾钦江、茅岭江流域的陆源排污进行削减。
前人研究结果表明,钦州湾的水质环境在不断恶化,整体状况不容乐观。吕赫等[19]已有研究成果也表明大规模围填海已经对钦州湾水动力环境产生了重要影响,而且大规模围填海能够降低陆源排污的减排成效,并进一步恶化陆源排污量增加的环境效应[20]。本文利用课题组已有的两套高分辨率水动力—水质数值模型,在分析近十几年来人类活动的累积效应对钦州湾水质环境影响的基础上,根据湾内的排污状况计算了其环境容量,探讨了人类活动造成的环境容量损失,以及在围填海现状无法改变的情况下排污策略的调整,以期为钦州湾的生态环境治理修复提供一定的理论指导和帮助。
根据Landsat卫星遥感影像,受人类活动围填海的影响,钦州湾的海域面积从2004年到2019年减少了约38.9 km2,其中有3个区域发生了较大的变化(图1):钦州港,约有7.6 km2的海域被填,该处的河道被大幅度束窄;保税港区,向南填海约24.8 km2,在保税港区的东侧建造了三墩公路,围填面积虽只有3.81 km2,但形成了约30.9 km的人工岸线,向钦州湾内延伸13 km,将局部海区分割为两部分;外湾西侧核电站,围填面积仅为1.17 km2左右,但其向湾内伸出了两条长约18 km的不透水浅堤,几乎封闭了它们之间的水体[19]。大面积的围填海导致了地形与岸线的改变,同时也改变了钦州湾的冲淤环境,致使中部水道逐渐消失[12]
陆源污染物数据由钦州市海洋环境监测中心提供,选取了2008年和2018年的数据代表钦州湾围填海前后的陆源排污量,如表1表2所示。可见钦州湾内80%~90%的污染物来自钦江和茅岭江,从2008年到2018年,虽然钦州湾COD的入海通量减少了约41.5%,但DIN和无机磷(DIP)分别增加了40.7%和16.8%。总体来说,钦州湾内入海污染物总量有所增加,湾内水体富营养化的情况加剧,海水水质不断恶化。
本文采用的水动力–水质数值模型基于无结构网格有限体积海洋模式(FVCOM)构建。该模型水平方向上采用三角形网格,可以更好地拟合钦州湾复杂的海岸线;垂直方向上使用σ坐标,采用Mellor-Yamada 2.5阶湍流模式进行物理和数学上的封闭;采用有限体积法保证动量守恒[21]。有关钦州湾水动力模型的配置与验证工作,已在文献[19]中进行了详细的说明。
在钦州湾三维水动力模型的基础上,该模型进一步耦合了简化的营养盐–浮游植物–浮游动物–碎屑(NPZD)模式来模拟钦州湾的水质状况。该模式的理论框架基于围隔实验建立[22],通过对流–扩散输运方程以及主要生物化学过程之间线性叠加,模拟了氮、磷营养盐的主要迁移–转化过程:
$ \frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}t}} = {\left( {\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}} \right)_{{\rm{ adv}}}} + {\left( {\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}} \right)_{{\rm{ dif}}}} + {\left( {\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}} \right)_{{\rm{ geo}}}} + {\left( {\frac{{{\rm{d}}C}}{{{\rm{d}}t}}} \right)_{{\rm{ bio}}}} . $
营养盐浓度随时间的变化取决于4个因素,式(1)等号右侧前两项为分别为通过对流和扩散作用产生的局地营养盐浓度随时间的变化,后两项分别为地球化学过程和生物过程导致的局地营养盐浓度随时间的变化。该模式共包含DIN、DIP、溶解有机氮(DON)、溶解有机磷(DOP)、浮游植物(PPT)、浮游动物(ZPT)、生物碎屑(DPT)和COD等8个状态变量。其中,COD是独立于其余变量之外的,其变化过程包括对流–扩散以及一级动力降解过程。该模式的营养盐迁移转化过程如图2所示,本文所采用的模式参数列于表3中。该模式已在胶州湾[7, 22-23]、莱州湾[24]、苏北沿岸[25]等区域得到了较好的应用,更多有关该模式的介绍可参考Li等[7, 22]的工作。
对钦州湾水质模型作了如下处理:(1)不对浮游植物和浮游动物进行细化分类;(2)浮游植物对营养盐的吸收满足氮磷之间的Redfield比值16∶1;(3)没有对氮和磷营养盐细化分类。由于采用正压模型,通过三角函数将钦州湾的温度年际变化设置为8~32℃,这符合钦州湾的实际情况。因此,由排污输入的营养盐则成为浮游植物生长的主要因素。
本文利用该模型,分别模拟了2008年和2018年钦州湾内的水质状况,其中2008年情景采用了2004年的水深岸线数据(大规模围填海前)和表1中的排污数据;2018年情景采用了2019年的水深岸线数据(大规模围填海后)和表2中的排污数据。模型启动方式为冷启动,运行两年,第一年用来使模型稳定,第二年的模拟结果用来进行分析[19-20]。文献[20]已经给出了这一水质模型的验证结果,本文不再详述。模型结果与观测资料整体分布相似,模型结果在分布趋势和量级上基本可以反映出实测资料的情况。考虑到全年中4–8月排污量较大,影响更为显著,故本文中选取该时间段的结果进行分析。
根据钦州湾内排污口及河流资料(表1表2)可知,入海污染物主要来自于流入茅尾海内的茅岭江、钦江以及钦州市东排水口。由于钦州湾内排污布局较为稳定,所以在计算环境容量时,可采用分担率法。分担率法适用于河流、排污口资料较为齐全,排污结构和营养盐分布较为稳定的小范围区域[26]。该方法已被应用在许多沿海地区并取得了良好的效果[27-28]
响应系数场体现了污染物输入与海域水体之间的响应关系,这是控制海水水质和排污总量的关键,它是污染源排放单位强度的源强下形成的浓度场,可用αijxy)表示,其中i表示污染源,j表示水质控制点,即在第i个污染源排放下第j个水质控制点的响应系数。污染物浓度分布场对源强的响应基本符合线性关系,认为通过各个排污单元单独排放的浓度之和基本等于各排污单元同时全部排放条件下的浓度。
分担率指各污染源的影响在海域总体污染影响中所占的份额(百分率),分担率的定义可表示为
$ {\gamma _{ij}}(x,y) = {C_{ij}}(x,y)/{C_i}(x,y) \text{,} $
式中,Cijxy)为第i个污染源在第j个水质控制点形成的浓度场;Cixy)为各污染源排放下的浓度场。可根据近似的线性叠加原理,求得m个污染源共同作用下的浓度场:
$ {C_i}(x,y) = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{C_{ij}}(x,y) = } \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{\alpha _{ij}}(x,y) \cdot {Q_{ij}}} . $
(1)根据海洋功能区划确定水质控制点。
(2)利用计算得到的响应系数场αijxy)和分担率场$\gamma_i $,求得满足水质目标条件下第i个污染源的分担浓度值C0ix,y)。
(3)根据C0ixy)求出满足水质目标条件下第i个污染源的允许排放量Q0i,即:
$ {C_{0i}}(x,y) = {\gamma _i}(x,y) \cdot {C_0}(x,y) \text{,} $
$ {Q_{0i}} = {C_{0i}}(x,y)/{\alpha _i}(x,y) = {\gamma _i}(x,y) \cdot {C_0}(x,y)/{\alpha _i}(x,y) . $
(4)整个海区的允许排放量即环境容量为:
$ {Q_0} = \sum\limits_{i = 1}^m {{Q_{0i}}} . $
排海通量最优法本质是线性规划问题,目标为求得最大允许排放量max$\displaystyle\sum {{Q_i}} $,同时要满足各水质点浓度符合目标区域的海水水质标准,约束条件为
$ \left( {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {\alpha _{11}} & {\alpha _{12}}& {\alpha _{13}} \\ {\alpha _{21}}& \cdots &{\alpha _{2j}} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ {{\alpha _{i1}}}& \cdots &{{\alpha _{ij}}} \end{array}} \right) \left( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {Q_1} \\ {Q_2} \\ \vdots \\ {Q_i} \\ \end{array} \right) + \left( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} C_1^0 \\ C_2^0 \\ \vdots \\ C_i^0 \\ \end{array} \right) \leqslant \left( \begin{array}{*{20}{c}} C_1^{\rm{s}} \\ C_2^{\rm{s}} \\ \vdots \\ C_i^{\rm{s}} \\ \end{array} \right), $
式中,αij为对应的响应系数场;Qi为污染物的排海通量;Ci0为污染物的背景浓度;而CiS为国家水质标准所要求的污染物浓度值。
在双重人为压力下海湾环境容量的损失可以依据影子工程法[29]进行计算,水环境容量的价值损失主要取决于海湾纳潮量的减小以及湾内污染物浓度的升高[30],因此产生的价值损失值为
$ D = \sum {(\Delta {N_i} \cdot \Delta V) \cdot {C_i} \times }365 \text{,} $
式中,D为双重人为压力下造成的海湾环境容量价值损失值;ΔNi表示污染物现状与历史时期湾内平均浓度之差;ΔV表示围填海前后海湾的纳潮量之差;Ci为污染物的人工处理费用。
钦州湾各污染物浓度分布大致的趋势表现为:内湾为高浓度值区域,内湾至外湾浓度逐渐降低,到了外湾污染物浓度值已相对较低。图3展示了2008年和2018年钦州湾各污染物浓度的平均结果。在多年人类活动的压力下,钦州湾水质环境有了较大的变化。虽然2018年COD的排污量较历史有了很大程度的减少,但钦州湾COD的浓度没有表现出太多相应的变化趋势,茅尾海西部COD浓度大幅度降低了1.0 mg/L左右,因茅岭江排污大量减少,由2008年的16 615.09 t/a减少到2018年的7 919.30 t/a。尽管东侧排污量基本相当(2008年为13 527.56 t/a,2018年为13 343.5 t/a),但茅尾海东侧COD浓度高于2008年约1.0 mg/L,说明钦江区域的污染物在现状条件下更加难以从茅尾海内扩散。2018年外湾排污口COD排放量减少,故在钦州港和三墩公路处COD浓度有所降低。
2018年DIN的浓度显著高于2008年的,首先是因为高强度的陆源排污,DIN的排放总量由3 111.11 t/a上升到了4 378.33 t/a,导致了钦州湾内更多的DIN存在;同时围填海使得湾内水体难以扩散至外海,加剧了DIN的堆积。茅尾海内DIN浓度增加范围在0.2 mg/L以上,距离河流或排污口越近浓度增量越大;到了外湾增量逐渐减小,仅在三墩公路西侧受岸线的变化影响DIN浓度有所降低。对于DIP来说,受排污量增加的影响,2018年茅尾海内DIP浓度是高于2008年的,但在龙门水道处和钦州港三墩公路围填海区域东西两侧其浓度值有所降低;外湾DIP浓度变化很小,这与排污口的变化以及湾内DIN大幅度增加有一定程度的关系。
湾内污染物的平均浓度可以表示为
$ C = \frac{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{C_i} \cdot {S_{ i}} \cdot {h_i}} }}{{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{S_{ i}} \cdot {h_i}} }} \text{,} $
式中,Ci为每个网格点污染物的浓度;Sihi为每个网格对应的面积和水深,计算范围为图1中的区域,计算结果列于表4中。2018年COD的平均浓度为0.909 mg/L,DIN为0.230 mg/L,DIP为0.027 mg/L;而2008年COD的平均浓度为0.976 mg/L,DIN为0.146 mg/L,DIP为0.023 mg/L。相比较而言,2018年陆源输入的COD相比于2008年已经减少了41.52%,但2018年钦州湾内COD的平均浓度减少了仅6.86%,即0.067 mg/L,说明在围填海的背景下,COD排放量的减少并没有带来显著的湾内浓度降低;而DIN的陆源输入相比于2008年增加了约40.73%,相应地湾内DIN的平均浓度从0.146 mg/L上升到了0.230 mg/L,增长幅度达到了57.53%,说明在围填海和陆源排污增加的共同作用下,湾内优势性元素氮的上升幅度非常显著。对于DIP来讲,额外16.83%的污染物排放使得其湾内平均浓度增加了17.39%,表明人类活动并没有让限制性元素磷的浓度产生大幅度地增长。
此外,依据海水水质标准统计了各类水质的海域面积,2018年钦州湾COD超四类水质标准海域面积为13.78 km2,DIN为76.20 km2,DIP为83.51 km2;而2008年钦州湾COD超四类水质标准海域面积为21.06 km2,DIN为6.78 km2,DIP为44.68 km2图4给出了两个时期3种污染物各类水质海域面积的对比情况,湾内COD超四类水质的海域面积略有减小,DIP的超四类水质面积有所增加。但对于DIN来说,湾内水质显著恶化,可以明显的看出2008年DIN超二类及以上水质的海域面积和所占比例都相对较小,而2018年超三类及以上水质的海域面积大幅度增加,增加幅度达到了约7倍,超四类水质的面积更是达到了11.2倍。
进一步根据COD、DIN以及DIP的浓度,可以计算出钦州湾内水体的富营养化指标(EI),公式如下:
$ \rm EI=[COD]\times [DIN]\times [DIP]\times 10^6/4\;500\text{,} $
式中,EI≥1为富营养化,其中1≤EI≤3为轻度富营养化,3<EI≤9为中度富营养化,E>9为重度富营养化。计算结果列于表5中,2008年重度富营养化海域面积为68.63 km2,占比约为37.98%,基本覆盖整个茅尾海北侧区域,富营养化最为严重的区域集中在钦江河口区域(如图5所示);2018年与2008年相比,最显著的差异在茅尾海区域,重度富营养化面积已经达到了100.67 km2,占比高达47.69%,茅尾海内几乎全部水域为重度富营养化状态,这一结果也与2017 年钦州市海洋环境公报中所发布的结果吻合。重度富营养化面积占比大幅增加,并由茅尾海向外湾扩展,说明人类活动严重恶化了茅尾海内的水质环境。
根据调查数据,2018年COD入海排放量为21 806.10 t/a,DIN为4 378.33 t/a,DIP为518.78 t/a。环境容量的计算结果如表6所示,2018年钦州湾COD的允许排放量为4 122.76 t/a,DIN的允许排放量为444.06 t/a,DIP的允许排放量为35.41 t/a。可见,钦州湾污染物排放量严重超标。而钦州湾主要污染源输入来自于茅岭江、钦江以及钦州市东排水口,三者对钦州湾污染物浓度的贡献约占90%以上(茅岭江和钦江各占38%左右,钦州市东排水口约占18%),计算结果显示这3处排污口的排放量远超允许排放量,需进行大幅度排污削减。
表7展示了2008年环境容量的计算结果,钦州湾COD的允许排放量为6 906.42 t/a,DIN的允许排放量为598.11 t/a,DIP的允许排放量为82.82 t/a。钦州湾污染物排放量依然严重超标,此时钦州湾主要污染源仍是茅岭江和钦江,两者对钦州湾污染物浓度的贡献约占90%以上,其中茅岭江约占39%左右,钦江约占52%。
通过上述计算得出,钦州湾内COD允许排放量由2008年的6 906.42 t/a下降到2018年的4 122.76 t/a;DIN的允许排放量由598.11 t/a下降到444.06 t/a;DIP的允许排放量由82.82 t/a下降到35.41 t/a。钦州湾环境容量明显减小,而湾内污染物浓度并未下降,水质不容乐观。从环境容量的结果可以看出,茅尾海内受大规模围填海累积效应的影响,其环境容量总量已有明显下降,同时又受到更高强度陆源排污的影响,这导致茅尾海内污染物浓度持续上升,水体富营养化程度逐步增加,目前已处于重度富营养化的状态[15, 31],可能会进一步导致赤潮、海水酸化等灾害,因此需要优先对茅尾海内的主要污染源进行减排。
分担率的结果表明茅岭江、钦江以及钦州市东排水口是钦州湾污染物的主要来源,但其缺点在于没有统筹考虑各个污染源之间的分配问题,考虑到茅尾海内污染物排放量过多和水交换能力偏弱的问题,应当优先削减此区域污染物排放量,故进一步用排海通量最优法计算了茅尾海内的环境容量,求得局部最大允许排放量和更为合理的排污布局结构。
2018年茅尾海内COD最大允许排放量约为4 293.80 t/a,DIN最大允许排放量约为583.36 t/a,DIP最大允许排放量约为49.79 t/a。茅尾海内污染物的允许排放量是有所提高的,但整体上看现状排放量仍然是远超允许排放量的,说明茅尾海内的污染物排放量亟需削减。图6展示了局部优化结果,可以看出在2018年条件下茅岭江应当分担更多的污染物排放量,分担率大约在75%,而钦江区域(包括钦州市东排水口)的污染物排放量更应大幅度削减,排污布局应当向茅岭江大于钦江转变。
2008年茅尾海内局部排污计算优化的结果为:COD最大允许排放量约为4 857.87 t/a,DIN最大允许排放量约为697.10 t/a,DIP最大允许排放量约为90.60 t/a。在2008年条件下,钦江所应承受的污染物排放量是应略大于茅岭江的,但两者相差不大。2018年的允许排放量是低于2008年的,说明人类活动影响导致的水动力变化使水质进一步恶化,并且茅尾海内的排污布局从钦江大于茅岭江向茅岭江大于钦江转变,说明茅尾海东侧区域受人类活动等因素影响较大,其水动力已有一定程度的衰减,排放的污染物难以向外海扩散。
根据模型的计算结果,围填海造成的纳潮量损失约为0.95×108 m3表4给出了2018年和2008年钦州湾水体污染物的平均浓度。钦州市污水处理厂对污水的处理应达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准,依据《2018年钦州市环境统计公报》、《钦州市人民政府办公室关于印发钦州市水污染防治行动计划工作方案的通知》中的处理方案以及《关于调整钦州城区港区等污水处理收费标准的通知》[32-34],可估算各类污染物的处理费用Ci。按照式(8)的计算结果如表8所示,围填海和陆源排污双重人为压力下钦州湾的环境容量损失价值总计约为每年26.95亿元,可见在人类活动影响下海湾环境容量损失是相当大的,人类活动开发和利用海洋确实可以带来一定的经济效益,但同时也应慎重考虑其造成的海洋生态环境损失。
本文基于FVCOM模型,结合历史资料,再现了2008年和2018年的钦州湾水质状况,模拟结果能够表征各污染物的分布特点,可以用于分析人类活动对钦州湾水质环境的影响。研究结果表明:
(1) 在多重人为压力的影响下,钦州湾内的水质环境已发生了较大的改变。受排污量减小的影响,钦州湾内COD平均浓度有所下降,但DIN和DIP平均浓度显著增加;统计结果显示钦州湾超四类水质海域面积和重度富营养化水体面积较2008年大幅度增加,水质衰退较为明显。
(2)根据钦州湾的排污特点,用分担率法计算并分析了钦州湾环境容量变化,湾内主要污染物来自流入茅尾海的茅岭江、钦江以及钦州市东排水口,整体来看钦州湾污染物排放量远超最大允许排放量。由于围填海使得钦州湾面积减小、水交换能力下降,进一步导致COD、DIN和DIP 3种污染物允许排放量分别下降了2 783.7 t/a、154.1 t/a和47.4 t/a。
(3)结合文献[20]研究成果,通过恢复海湾水动力的方式改善水质的效果最佳。但当围填海状态无法改变时,钦州湾水质的改善工作应该首先考虑减少整个钦江、茅岭江流域的排污量。茅尾海内排海通量最优法的结果表明,在人类活动影响下钦江河口的水动力减弱更为明显,因此茅岭江需要分担更多的污染物入海通量,才能有利于茅尾海内水质的改善。此外,茅尾海内水交换能力偏弱,茅尾海国家级海洋公园、茅尾海红树林自然保护区对海水水质的要求也更高,将污染源转移到钦州湾外湾进行排放会是一个更合理的选择。
(4)在双重人为压力下海湾环境容量损失价值达到了约每年26.95亿元,因此在围填海和陆源排污等政策实施前应当考虑环境容量损失的补偿方案。
致谢:感谢青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室超算平台对本研究提供的计算服务支持。
  • 广西重点研发计划(桂科AB1850023);泰山学者工程专项经费(tsqn202211056)。
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2023年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023003
  • 接收时间:2022-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-06
  • 修回日期:2022-08-01
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广西重点研发计划(桂科AB1850023);泰山学者工程专项经费(tsqn202211056)。
作者信息
    1 中国海洋大学 物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    2 中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    3 青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室 海洋动力过程与气候功能实验室,山东 青岛 266237
    4 自然资源部第四海洋研究所,广西 北海 536015

通讯作者:

*宋德海(1983-),男,山东省青岛市人,教授,主要从事近海环流与物质输运研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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