Article(id=1211297762017145270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023029, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1641312000000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-05, revisedDate=1653235200000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725491289, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1675180800000, pubDateStr=2023-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725491289, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725491289, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725491289, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297760624644861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725490957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734526247, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297763397071290, articleId=1211297762017145270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Estimation of ERA5 shortwave radiation budget in the northern South China Sea in summer based on navigation observation data, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The short wave radiation budget on the sea surface is an important physical process of energy exchange at the sea-air interface. In this study, the sea surface short wave radiation flux budget of ERA5 reanalysis data is evaluated by using the observed data of summer scientific research voyages in the northern South China Sea in 2019. The results show that the downward short wave radiation of ERA5 is smaller than the observed data, and the deviation is the largest at 11:00 and 15:00 (Beijing time), up to −100 W/m2. At the same time, the sea surface albedo of ERA5 is generally lower than observed. The bias in ERA5 is small under a high solar altitude angle, being about −0.03, but can reach −0.15 under a low solar altitude. The bias in the downward shortwave radiation and sea surface albedo jointly caused an underestimation of 25.4 W/m2 in the daytime average sea surface net shortwave radiation flux in ERA5. In particular, the albedo underestimation offsets about 50% of the contribution of downward shortwave radiation bias. The results show that ERA5 has different manifestations of sea surface radiation budget deviation under different atmospheric transmittance conditions. We also found that the underestimation of sea surface albedo in ERA5 is caused by its parameterization schemes and put an optimization based on our observation.

, correspAuthors=Bo Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhen Zhang, Gong Zhang, Changwei Liu, Renhao Wu, Murong Qi, Hanyu Deng, Jianqiao Chen, Bo Han), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297766328889882, articleId=1211297762017145270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于走航观测数据的ERA5南海北部夏季短波辐射收支评估, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海表短波辐射收支是海–气界面能量交换的重要物理过程。本研究利用2019年南海北部夏季科考航次的走航观测数据,评估了ERA5再分析数据的海表短波辐射通量收支。结果表明,ERA5的向下短波辐射相比观测偏小,11时和15时(北京时间)的偏差最大,可达−100 W/m2 。与此同时,ERA5的海表反照率整体偏低,其中高太阳高度角时段偏差较小,约为−0.03,低太阳高度角时段偏差较大,约为−0.15。向下短波辐射和反照率的偏差共同造成ERA5白天平均海表净短波辐射通量比观测偏小约25.4 W/m2;其中,反照率低估抵消了约50%向下短波辐射偏差的贡献。研究表明,在不同大气透射率情况下,ERA5的海表辐射收支偏差存在不同表现。ERA5海表反照率的低估可能与其采用的参数化方案在南海北部的适用性不足有关。基于观测本研究也给出了一个简单的参数优化方案。

, correspAuthors=韩博, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*韩博(1982-),男,陕西省宝鸡市人,副教授,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡与大气边界层研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=knQyJHHLoatB4S1CenZsPA==, magXml=275e9smqvdkjXOkTvdPB+Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lS3qADLbhNShSZvjR8M45g==, pdfFileSize=2758922, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3WoEh4GKua/Az+XzI23L0w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=/QVPbsZ7UrkSnHMI1J78Pw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

章振(1997-),男,安徽省合肥市人,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡研究。E-mail:

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章振(1997-),男,安徽省合肥市人,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡研究。E-mail:

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章振(1997-),男,安徽省合肥市人,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡研究。E-mail:

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Periodical of Ocean University of China, 2012, 42(1/2): 153−156., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215304199663965150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608804);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)自主立项项目(SML2020SP007, SML2021SP201);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020A1515110675);广东省自然资源厅广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金(粤自然资合[2022]18号)。, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215304192374264429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304192382653039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, companyId=1215304192374264429, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中山大学 大气科学学院 热带大气海洋系统科学教育部重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304192466539120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304192474927730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, companyId=1215304192466539120, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmospheric and Marine System Science, Ministry of Education, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304192558813812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304192567202421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, companyId=1215304192558813812, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304192642699895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304192651088505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, companyId=1215304192642699895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215304197340320609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Route map of South China Sea scientific expedition in summer of Sun Yat-sen University in 2019

The color indicates the number of days from departure, and the solid diamond indicates the position at 12:00 (Beijing time) on the same day

, figureFileSmall=cLuY/iVwTw9bL9HF0fYwRQ==, figureFileBig=7RZCyg2WZyUI4ufwep6VkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197420012388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2019年中山大学夏季南海科考航次航线图

颜色标识距离出发的天数,实心菱形表明当天12:00(北京时间)所处的位置

, figureFileSmall=cLuY/iVwTw9bL9HF0fYwRQ==, figureFileBig=7RZCyg2WZyUI4ufwep6VkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197529064303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=The observed (a) and ERA5’s (b) downward shortwave radiation flux (Rd) in the daytime during the voyage (23 days). Figures d, e and f are the average daily variation corresponding to a, b and c respectively

The blue points in figure f is the relative deviation of ERA5’ downward shortwave radiation flux (Rd) at different times

, figureFileSmall=8V1i9kt2yVjRGZyeY5UPSw==, figureFileBig=kUp7GFm34Xv1bMGJxgB3Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197617144690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图2, caption=航次期间(共23 d)白天逐小时的观测(a)与ERA5(b)的向下短波辐射通量(Rd),以及二者的差值(c)。图d,e,f分别是图a,b,c对应的平均日变化

图 f蓝色散点为ERA5的向下短波辐射通量(Rd)在不同时刻的相对偏差

, figureFileSmall=8V1i9kt2yVjRGZyeY5UPSw==, figureFileBig=kUp7GFm34Xv1bMGJxgB3Og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197751362428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The observed (a) and ERA5’s (b) sea surface albedo (α) in the daytime during the voyage (23 days). Figures d, e and f are the average daily variation corresponding to a, b and c respectively

The blue points in figure f is the relative deviation of ERA5’ α at different times

, figureFileSmall=W25rKxVuoznvi6rzS8rdPg==, figureFileBig=W3v8A3VhQJ5mrNw6NHYeIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197864608644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图3, caption=航次期间(共23 d)白天逐小时的观测(a)与ERA5(b)的海表反照率(α),以及二者的差值(c)。图d,e,f分别是图a,b,c对应的平均日变化

图 f 蓝色散点为ERA5的α在不同时刻的相对偏差

, figureFileSmall=W25rKxVuoznvi6rzS8rdPg==, figureFileBig=W3v8A3VhQJ5mrNw6NHYeIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197961077639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The observed (a) and ERA5’s (b) net shortwave radiation flux (Rnet) in the daytime during the voyage (23 days). Figures d, e and f are the average daily variation corresponding to a, b and c respectively

The blue points in figure f is the relative deviation of ERA5’s Rnet at different times

, figureFileSmall=EPc0sOh/xyUKtOTJ9MrIwA==, figureFileBig=8Kk2XuLIhkUdR/MtZOuZVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198099489678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图4, caption=航次期间(共23 d)白天逐小时的观测(a)与ERA5(b)的净短波辐射通量(Rnet),以及二者的差值(c)。图d,e,f分别是图a,b,c对应的平均日变化

其中图 f 蓝色散点为ERA5的Rnet 在不同时刻的相对偏差

, figureFileSmall=EPc0sOh/xyUKtOTJ9MrIwA==, figureFileBig=8Kk2XuLIhkUdR/MtZOuZVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198250484628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Hourly atmospheric transmittance (τ) of observation (a) and ERA5 (b) during the voyage (23 days), and the time when the observation and ERA5 are the same atmospheric transmittance (c), figureFileSmall=9n/2HHXX7fVr8wJbEoqfMQ==, figureFileBig=bQjIUjcLkDxK2a/dekIBfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198359536536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图5, caption=航次期间(共23 d)白天逐小时的观测(a)与ERA5(b)的大气透射率(τ),以及观测和ERA5为相同大气透射(晴天,混合天,阴天)的时刻(c), figureFileSmall=9n/2HHXX7fVr8wJbEoqfMQ==, figureFileBig=bQjIUjcLkDxK2a/dekIBfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198485365663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Comparison of observed and parameterized albedos on clear-sky (atmospheric transmittance>0.55)

a. Taylor’s method; b. Briegleb’s method; c. Hansen’s method; d. Huang’s method. The red dotted line in the figure is the fitting line, and the corresponding linear fitting equation is listed in the upper left corner, and r is the correlation coefficient

, figureFileSmall=VrGA1pVkHeK7u3qaRp/fjQ==, figureFileBig=0iwRtlQx2bgsdjhnMovSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198602806179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图6, caption=观测与参数化得到的海表反照率在晴天(透射率>0.55)的比较

a. Taylor 参数化方法;b. Briegleb 参数化方法;c. Hansen参数化方法;d. Huang参数化方法。图中红色虚线为拟合线,左上角列出对应的线性拟合方程,其中r为相关系数

, figureFileSmall=VrGA1pVkHeK7u3qaRp/fjQ==, figureFileBig=0iwRtlQx2bgsdjhnMovSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198695080873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The average daily variation of albedo with solar altitude angle (a), and the comparison result between the fitting albedo and the observation (b)

In figure a, the red line and blue line are the results of the new scheme and Taylor scheme respectively; in figure b, the color is filled with the solar altitude angle, the red dotted line is the fitting line equation of the two results, the upper left corner of the picture is the fitting line equation result, and r is the correlation coefficient

, figureFileSmall=IlNVtfnhKKVWyqU4fA5/fg==, figureFileBig=JYxHMLYUN/gAGuuJJ/FhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198757995437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图7, caption=反照率随太阳高度角的平均日变化(a),拟合反照率与实际观测的对比结果(b)

图a中红线和蓝线分别为新方案结果和Taylor方案结果;b中填色为太阳高度角,红色虚线为两结果的拟合线方程,左上角为拟合线方程结果,r为相关系数

, figureFileSmall=IlNVtfnhKKVWyqU4fA5/fg==, figureFileBig=JYxHMLYUN/gAGuuJJ/FhcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198812521394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The average diurnal variation of sea surface albedo observed (a) and ERA5 (b) respectively

The red, blue and black box charts represent clear, mixed and cloudy sky conditions respectively

, figureFileSmall=EWf1mpLGSzs08OeI1Mhvcg==, figureFileBig=ubbLgs67pZ7D0FhnfbWSdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198896407476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图8, caption=观测(a)和ERA5(b)的海表反照率平均日变化

图中红色、蓝色、黑色箱型图分别代表晴天混合天和阴天

, figureFileSmall=EWf1mpLGSzs08OeI1Mhvcg==, figureFileBig=ubbLgs67pZ7D0FhnfbWSdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304198971904953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=The box chart of the average daily variation of the scattered sea surface albedo from this observation

The red, blue and yellow solid lines are Payne[9], Séférian et al[42] and the observed scattered sea surface albedo respectively

, figureFileSmall=TiWoKDsfWQSApWevnYegmA==, figureFileBig=Z6GtM8gjI/s2+b6dz+lRGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304199064179647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=图9, caption=本次观测散射辐射海表反照率的平均日变化箱型图

图中红色、蓝色、黄色实线分别为Payne[9]、Séférian等[42]和本次观测的散射反照率

, figureFileSmall=TiWoKDsfWQSApWevnYegmA==, figureFileBig=Z6GtM8gjI/s2+b6dz+lRGg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304199135482818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Average daily variation of sea surface albedo contribution (α), downward shortwave radiation flux (Rd) contribution, covariate terms contribution and sea surface net shortwave radiation flux (ΔRnet) (unit: W/m2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间α 贡献项Rd贡献项协方差项ΔRnet
注:每列的最大值用黑体表示。
7:0023.8–18.1–6.2–0.5
8:0035.4–58.28.1–31.0
9:0035.6–38.7–3.9–7.0
10:0035.6–35.7–0.6–0.7
11:0030.5–75.4–1.4–46.3
12:0019.5–85.61.2–64.8
13:0015.0–34.91.8–18.1
14:0021.7–39.90.6–17.6
15:0029.6105.7–4.380.4
16:0034.3–81.2–5.0–51.9
17:0033.2–23.4–3.76.1
18:0027.2–15.9–4.56.9
平均值28.4–51.0–2.8–25.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215304199244534727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

海表反照率(α)贡献项、向下短波辐射通量(Rd )贡献项、协方差项和海表净短波辐射通量(ΔRnet)的平均日变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间α 贡献项Rd贡献项协方差项ΔRnet
注:每列的最大值用黑体表示。
7:0023.8–18.1–6.2–0.5
8:0035.4–58.28.1–31.0
9:0035.6–38.7–3.9–7.0
10:0035.6–35.7–0.6–0.7
11:0030.5–75.4–1.4–46.3
12:0019.5–85.61.2–64.8
13:0015.0–34.91.8–18.1
14:0021.7–39.90.6–17.6
15:0029.6105.7–4.380.4
16:0034.3–81.2–5.0–51.9
17:0033.2–23.4–3.76.1
18:0027.2–15.9–4.56.9
平均值28.4–51.0–2.8–25.4
), ArticleFig(id=1215304199387141070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average of ERA5 and observed sea surface albedo (α), downward shortwave radiation flux (Rd) and sea surface net shortwave radiation flux (Rnet) under different atmospheric transmittance scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
τ(样本数)观测 ERA5
αRd/(W·m–2)Rnet/(W·m–2) αRd/(W·m–2)Rnet/(W·m–2)
晴天(66)0.12710.03635.320.05645.73615.87
混合天 (67)0.14382.96337.330.06385.95365.24
阴天 (9)0.13153.32135.440.06212.47200.17
), ArticleFig(id=1215304199479415763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297762017145270, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同透射率情景下ERA5和观测的海表反照率(α), 向下短波辐射通量(Rd )和海表净短波辐射通量(Rnet)的平均

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
τ(样本数)观测 ERA5
αRd/(W·m–2)Rnet/(W·m–2) αRd/(W·m–2)Rnet/(W·m–2)
晴天(66)0.12710.03635.320.05645.73615.87
混合天 (67)0.14382.96337.330.06385.95365.24
阴天 (9)0.13153.32135.440.06212.47200.17
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基于走航观测数据的ERA5南海北部夏季短波辐射收支评估
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章振 1 , 张功 1, 2 , 刘长炜 1, 2 , 吴仁豪 1, 2 , 齐木荣 1 , 邓汉虞 1 , 陈剑桥 1 , 韩博 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(2): 51-61
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(2): 51-61
基于走航观测数据的ERA5南海北部夏季短波辐射收支评估
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章振1 , 张功1, 2, 刘长炜1, 2, 吴仁豪1, 2, 齐木荣1, 邓汉虞1, 陈剑桥1, 韩博1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学 大气科学学院 热带大气海洋系统科学教育部重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082
  • 2 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082
  • 章振(1997-),男,安徽省合肥市人,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*韩博(1982-),男,陕西省宝鸡市人,副教授,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡与大气边界层研究。E-mail:
Estimation of ERA5 shortwave radiation budget in the northern South China Sea in summer based on navigation observation data
Zhen Zhang1 , Gong Zhang1, 2, Changwei Liu1, 2, Renhao Wu1, 2, Murong Qi1, Hanyu Deng1, Jianqiao Chen1, Bo Han1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Tropical Atmospheric and Marine System Science, Ministry of Education, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
  • 2Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China
出版时间: 2023-02-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023029
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海表短波辐射收支是海–气界面能量交换的重要物理过程。本研究利用2019年南海北部夏季科考航次的走航观测数据,评估了ERA5再分析数据的海表短波辐射通量收支。结果表明,ERA5的向下短波辐射相比观测偏小,11时和15时(北京时间)的偏差最大,可达−100 W/m2 。与此同时,ERA5的海表反照率整体偏低,其中高太阳高度角时段偏差较小,约为−0.03,低太阳高度角时段偏差较大,约为−0.15。向下短波辐射和反照率的偏差共同造成ERA5白天平均海表净短波辐射通量比观测偏小约25.4 W/m2;其中,反照率低估抵消了约50%向下短波辐射偏差的贡献。研究表明,在不同大气透射率情况下,ERA5的海表辐射收支偏差存在不同表现。ERA5海表反照率的低估可能与其采用的参数化方案在南海北部的适用性不足有关。基于观测本研究也给出了一个简单的参数优化方案。

海表反照率  /  向下短波辐射通量  /  大气透射率  /  太阳高度角

The short wave radiation budget on the sea surface is an important physical process of energy exchange at the sea-air interface. In this study, the sea surface short wave radiation flux budget of ERA5 reanalysis data is evaluated by using the observed data of summer scientific research voyages in the northern South China Sea in 2019. The results show that the downward short wave radiation of ERA5 is smaller than the observed data, and the deviation is the largest at 11:00 and 15:00 (Beijing time), up to −100 W/m2. At the same time, the sea surface albedo of ERA5 is generally lower than observed. The bias in ERA5 is small under a high solar altitude angle, being about −0.03, but can reach −0.15 under a low solar altitude. The bias in the downward shortwave radiation and sea surface albedo jointly caused an underestimation of 25.4 W/m2 in the daytime average sea surface net shortwave radiation flux in ERA5. In particular, the albedo underestimation offsets about 50% of the contribution of downward shortwave radiation bias. The results show that ERA5 has different manifestations of sea surface radiation budget deviation under different atmospheric transmittance conditions. We also found that the underestimation of sea surface albedo in ERA5 is caused by its parameterization schemes and put an optimization based on our observation.

sea surface albedo  /  downward shortwave radiation flux  /  transmissivity  /  solar altitude angle
章振, 张功, 刘长炜, 吴仁豪, 齐木荣, 邓汉虞, 陈剑桥, 韩博. 基于走航观测数据的ERA5南海北部夏季短波辐射收支评估. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (2) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023029
Zhen Zhang, Gong Zhang, Changwei Liu, Renhao Wu, Murong Qi, Hanyu Deng, Jianqiao Chen, Bo Han. Estimation of ERA5 shortwave radiation budget in the northern South China Sea in summer based on navigation observation data[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (2) : 51 -61 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023029
太阳(短波)辐射通常是指波长小于3 μm的整体辐射。它是驱动地球大气环流和水文循环的主要能量,直接决定大气与上层海洋的层结结构[1-3]。海洋约占地球表面的71%,海洋吸收的短波辐射能量可以通过洋流和大气环流调节全球气候[4-6],进而影响着全球气候系统以及海洋生态系统的物理和生物过程[7-8]
地球表面向上与向下短波辐射通量之比值称为反照率[9-10]。海表反照率(α)是海洋能量收支重要参数,也是海–气相互作用研究分支之一,但由于海表辐射观测存在许多技术难题[11-12],导致人们对海表反照率在海洋的分布和变化规律的认识上还存在较多不足。如固定点的观测多借助铁塔平台实现,观测数据质量好,但仅能代表近海,对远洋的空间代表性不足[13-14]。飞机或者卫星遥感观测范围广,但观测高度远离海表,将高空获得数据反推到海表时,反演算法带来的不确定性对最终结果会产生较大影响[15-17]。与这些观测技术相比,科考船走航观测具有空间覆盖范围较大,观测高度接近海面的优点,但由于成本较高,一般无法长期有效开展[18]
借助于已有的海表观测数据,目前许多海表反照率参数化方案被广泛运用在数值天气及气候模式中[19-21]。这些数值模式与全球气候观测网络相结合,产生了各种尺度的同化产品,如全球再分析数据。目前全球再分析数据在全球海洋大气相互作用,尤其是对大范围气候尺度上的机理认识,具有不可替代的作用[22-23]。但由于目前尚无全球覆盖的辐射观测网络,同化产品的海表反照率实际上只是数值模式的结果,与实际观测结果存在一定的偏差[24-26]。这些偏差会进一步影响局地海表能量收支准确结果的获取以及由此调控的海气相互作用,进而影响再分析数据中低层大气变量在海洋区域的代表性[27-28]。因此,利用观测对大气再分析数据的海表短波辐射收支状况进行评估,是了解再分析数据代表性的关键步骤,也为发展海表反照率参数化方案提供参考。
综上所述,本文将利用观测数据对南海北部区域太阳辐射和海表反照率的再分析数据结果进行评估,并对海表反照率的参数化方案给出优化建议。
本研究所用观测数据来自2019年中山大学南海夏季科考航次,航次航线如图1所示,整个航次一共28 d,研究选用观测时段为6月9日至7月1日,共23 d。观测区域主要集中在19°~23°N,113°~119°E。观测于2019年6月8日开始于广东省惠州市,1周后到达21°N, 118°E附近开展站位观测,而后返回惠州补给。后半航段仍从惠州出发,行进至20°N, 115°E附近进行站位作业。之后继续向东,继而转北,在7月5日返回惠州。
本次航段的辐射通量观测设备采用CNR4净辐射传感器(Kipp & Zonen,荷兰)。两套辐射观测设备分别安装在科考船左右舷,距离最近船身约3 m,观测高度距海表约12 m。该设备观测误差小于1%,一个有效观测周期为6~18 s,是目前地表辐射观测的主流设备。辐射观测数据每半小时平均后并存储在数采器中。在高太阳高度角下,通过对比发现左右舷的向下短波辐射通量(Rd)和向上短波辐射通量(Ru)观测结果均具有较好的一致性(图略)。在低太阳高度角下,为了避免船身对直射短波的遮挡作用,研究选择向阳一侧设备获取的观测数据。考虑到观测设备的精度和最大量程,本研究剔除了向下短波辐射小于10 W/m2和大于1 000 W/m2的观测样本。为方便与再分析数据对比,将观测的逐分钟数据处理为逐小时平均。如无特殊说明,本文中所用时间均为北京时。
本文选用目前国际上的新一代再分析数据—ERA5作为评估对象。ERA5是欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF) 在2017年发布的第5代气候再分析数据集。与第4代产品ERA-Interim相比,ERA5有更精细化的时空分辨率(ERA-Interim:80 km,3 h;ERA5:31 km,1 h),更密的垂直分层(ERA-Interim:60层;ERA5:137层),改进的预报系统(Integrated Forecasting System Cycle 41r2),以及改进的辐射传输模型[29]。本研究主要使用ERA5提供的向下短波辐射和海表净短波辐射的逐小时数据。本文用双线性插值将再分析资料的格点数插值到观测最近时刻坐标,再与观测结果进行对比。ERA5数据的空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°,时间分辨率为逐小时。需要注意的是,ERA5的海表反照率对直射和散射有不同的考虑:直射辐射反照率采用Taylor提出的的参数化方法[10],散射光部分则取固定值0.06[30]
首先对观测时段海表短波辐射收支基本状况进行评估。海表反照率可以从向上和向下短波辐射通量的比值计算得到:
$ \alpha =\frac{{R}_{{\rm{u}}}}{{R}_{{\rm{d}}}}. $
由式(1)可知,(海洋)下垫面吸收的太阳短波辐射通量(Rnet)可以表示为
$ {R}_{{\rm{net}}}={R}_{{\rm{d}}}\cdot \left(1-\alpha \right). $
由式(2)可知,影响海表吸收短波辐射通量的要素为入射短波强度和海表反照率。考虑到Rnet对于海洋能量收支起着决定性作用,再分析数据对于 Rdα 描述的真实性直接决定了其他近海表通量(如感热,潜热通量),大气和海洋基本要素场,乃至更大尺度大气环流场演变的准确性。
图2可以看出,观测和ERA5给出的 Rd 存在显著差异—主要表现为ERA5呈现出低估,ERA5相较于观测的相对偏差约在−25%~−5%。从平均日变化上看,ERA5虽然能够较好描述Rd的日变化,且对早晨(7时)和黄昏(18时)时刻的描述与观测较为一致,但ERA5显著低估了正午时刻的Rd峰值。观测的Rd峰值约为820 W/m2,而ERA5仅有约720 W/m2。同时,观测的Rd在12时至14时之间的差异不大,而ERA5的峰值却集中在13时。ERA5对Rd的最显著低估出现在11时和15时,可达100 W/m2
Rd 的逐日变化主要受天气条件影响。整体而言,ERA5虽然能基本反映典型阴晴天的Rd变化,但对由于天气系统过境产生的 Rd 快速变化与观测存在一定差异。例如,6月20日至23日是连续4 d的典型晴天,ERA5与观测值在这个时段均大于其他时段。ERA5也能较好地再现6月14日典型阴天条件下Rd的减小。但与之相比,在6月14日和28日前后,低压系统过境带来云量增加,进而导致观测的Rd快速变化。而ERA5的Rd并不能对该天气系统作出响应,与实际观测值相比呈显著高估,最高可达400 W/m2。造成这个现象一方面可能源于ERA5低估了云对短波辐射传输过程的影响[31];另一方面,在天气背景转换阶段单点观测的空间代表性与格点数据存在较大差异[32]
图3给出了ERA5和观测海表反照率的比较。结果表明,ERA5的海表反照率与观测结果差异更加显著,ERA5相较于观测的相对偏差约在−80%到−30%。由于在低太阳高度角( θ )时刻海表会呈现镜面反射的特征[33]α会随着θ的增加而减小[34],表现出典型“U”型特征。观测结果显示清晨和黄昏时刻的α均大于0.2。与之相比,ERA5给出的α虽然也呈现“U”型变化,但最大值仅有0.1左右。即使在正午时刻(12:00),观测的海表反照率约为0.07,高于ERA5的0.05。
从逐日变化看,观测的α在6月14日和28日两个典型阴天出现显著的高值,即便在正午时刻也在0.1左右。这个现象由两方面原因造成,一方面是散射辐射在阴天占比相较于晴天要高[9],而散射辐射在高太阳高度角时的海表反照率要高于直射辐射[12]。另一方面,天气过程过境时,海表风速较大,由此产生的白冠会显著增加海表反照率[34]。与观测相比,ERA5的给出的α在这两个阴天虽然也较晴天偏高,但仅为0.06左右,这与ERA5中散射辐射的反照率取固定值0.06有关。
由于ERA5的Rdα都存在较大偏差,需要进一步明确其海表净短波辐射通量(Rnet)与观测的差异。Rnet的结果如图4所示,ERA5依旧存在明显低估,ERA5相较于观测的相对偏差约在−15%到10%。观测Rnet 峰值大约为700 W/m2,而ERA5约为600 W/m2。观测的Rnet峰值约在中午12时, ERA5 Rnet的峰值在14时。与 Rd的整体低估不同, ERA5在早晨和傍晚对Rnet有略微高估,高估约10 W/m2,这归结于ERA5在这个时段对α的低估。在除早晨和傍晚的其他时刻,ERA5对Rnet 是低估的。ERA5 的Rnet低估最大时刻在11时,12时和15时,低估约80 W/m2Rnet的逐日变化分布与Rd图2)接近。值得注意的是,在6月14日和28日两个典型阴天,ERA5的Rnet是呈现明显的高估,峰值可接近400 W/m2
ERA5给出的Rnet的偏差来自于Rdα的偏差。为了定量分析二者对 Rnet 的贡献,计算二者的差值并用ΔRnet表示,ΔRnet可以表述为
$ \Delta {R}_{{\rm{net}}}={R}_{{\rm{d}}}^{{\rm{E}}}\cdot (1-{\alpha }^{{\rm{E}}})-{R}_{{\rm{d}}}^{{\rm{O}}}\cdot (1-{\alpha }^{{\rm{O}}}) \text{,} $
$ \Delta {X}={{X}}^{\mathrm{E}}-{{X}}^{\mathrm{O}} \text{,} $
式中,上标E代表ERA5;O代表观测;X代表各个变量。式(3)可以进一步写作:
$ \Delta {R}_{{\rm{net}}}=-{R}_{{\rm{d}}}^{{\rm{O}}}\cdot \Delta \alpha +{\Delta R}_{{\rm{d}}}\cdot \left({1-\alpha }^{{\rm{O}}}\right)-\Delta {R}_{{\rm{d}}}\cdot \Delta \alpha \text{,} $
式中将ΔRnet 分解为3项,分解结果的右边第1项命名为 α贡献项,第2项为Rd 贡献项,第3项为协方差项,单位均为 W/m2
表1给出的结果来看,ERA5在观测时段的ΔRnet 约为−25.4 W/m2,主要来自于Rd贡献项,约为−51 W/m2 。与之相比,ERA5对α的低估造成的净短波辐射正偏差平均约为28.4 W/m2,抵消了多数Rd贡献。协方差的贡献在白天平均后基本可以忽略。
3个贡献项的平均日变化特征存在显著差异。α贡献项在太阳高度角较小的清晨和午后较大,其中最大值出现在10时前后,平均可达35.6 W/m2。与之相比,Rd 贡献项的绝对值大值集中在正午和午后,平均最大值出现在15时,可达 −105.7 W/m2。此时ΔRnet也呈现最大的负偏差,为 −80.4 W/m2。协方差项全天都较小,最大值出现在8时,仅有 −8.1 W/m2。值得注意的是,在一些时段,如10时,由于α贡献项与Rd贡献项大小接近且符号相反,此时ERA5给出的净短波辐射与观测最为接近。因此, ERA5对Rd的低估主导了观测区域海表短波净短波辐射通量的偏差,而ERA5低估的海表反照率部分抵消了Rd低估带来的影响。
大气中的直射辐射和散射辐射对应的地表反照率存在差异[12, 35-36]。因此,有必要讨论不同大气透射率(τ)下ERA5的α分布,及ERA5的α偏差对 Rnet 的影响。在相同时刻,τ可以表示为海表短波辐射通量(Rd)和大气层顶向下辐射通量(Rtop)的比值[37-38]
$ \mathrm{\tau }=\frac{{R}_{{\rm{d}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}}} \text{,} $
式中,Rtop通常是太阳常数S0(1 367 W/m2)和日地距离(d)的函数:
$ {R}_{{\rm{top}}}=\frac{{S} _{0}}{{d}^{2}}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\mathrm\;{\theta } \text{,} $
$ d=1+0.016\;7\;\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\left(2\mathrm{{\text{π}} }\frac{{\rm{DOY}}-93.5}{365}\right)\text{,} $
式中,DOY(day of year)表示日序。根据计算的τ将ERA5和观测数据分为3种情况[37]:晴天对应 τ > 0.55,混合天为 0.25 < τ ≤ 0.55,阴天为 τ ≤ 0.25。
图5给出了根据观测与ERA5的Rd结合式(6)计算的 τ 随时间的变化。在整个航段,观测的晴天,混合天和阴天的时段有154 h,101 h和35 h;与之相比,ERA5给出的结果却是80 h,173 h和23 h。因此,对走航式观测点所处时空大气状况的描述差异,可能是ERA5对南海海表短波辐射收支描述差异的原因之一。
选择ERA5与观测的τ 处在相似大气透过率情景的时刻进行比较(表2)。从α来看,ERA5在混合天和阴天比较接近,晴天最低,约为0.05。而观测的α则在混合天最大,约为0.14,晴天次之,阴天最小。ERA5的α在3种透射率情况都是明显低估。
在晴天、混合天和阴天,ERA5给出的日平均 Rd分别为645.73 W/m2、385.95 W/m2和212.47 W/m2;同种情景下的观测结果分别为710.03 W/m2、382.96 W/m2和153.32 W/m2。因此,ERA5对Rd的低估主要发生在晴天时段,平均低估64.3 W/m2;在混合天和阴天时段,ERA5对Rd实际上是呈现高估的状态,且阴天的高估要更加显著,平均为59.15 W/m2。因此,2019年航次的观测时段晴天占比较大是ERA5在这个时段整体Rd低估的原因之一。
进一步计算可知,晴天情况下ERA5给出的Rnet与观测相比是低估的,平均低估约19.45 W/m2。与之相比,在混合天和阴天,ERA5给出的Rnet却是显著的高估,分别低估约27.91 W/m2和64.73 W/m2。结合前面Rdα的分析结果可知,ERA5在整个观测时段表现出Rnet的低估,实际上是晴天占据主导的结果。如果在混合天或者阴天占比较大的情况下,ERA5与观测在Rnet的比较上可能会有不同的结果。本次观测航次阴天样本较少,存在一定的不确定性,阴天情况海洋短波收支的对比需要进一步依赖未来的观测实验。
ERA5对α描述的差异根源于其数值模型中参数化方法的局限性。ERA5反照率直射部分参数化方案采用Taylor在1996年提出的参数化方法[10]
$ \alpha =\frac{0.037}{1.1{\mu }^{1.4}+0.15}\text{,} $
式中, μ为 sin(θ), θ为太阳高度角。对于散射光部分,ERA5海表反照率直接取固定值0.06。因此,在晴天观测时段,ERA5的比较结果体现了Taylor参数化方法在南海区域的适用性。图6a给出了Taylor参数化与观测的α在晴天的比较。Taylor参数化得到的α仅为观测结果的35%,为显著的低估。实际观测结果表明α不仅仅受太阳高度角影响,如,当θ>80°时,观测的α介于0.03至0.2之间,而Taylor参数化方案的结果则集中在0.03附近。
除了Taylor参数化方法外,不少学者根据不同的观测数据提出了不同的α参数化方案。如,Briegleb等[39]同样提出了仅考虑太阳高度角的参数化方案:
$ \alpha =\frac{0.026}{{\mu }^{1.7}+0.065}+0.15(\mu -0.1)(\mu -0.5)(\mu -1) . $
除了考虑太阳高度角以外,考虑对α有潜在影响的气象要素的方案也被提出并大量应用于数值模式中。例如考虑了近地层风速的Hansen方案[40]
$ \alpha =0.021+0.042\;1{x}^{2}+0.128\;3{x}^{3}-0.04{x}^{4}+\frac{3.12{x}^{5}}{5.68+w}+\frac{0.074{x}^{6}}{1+3w} \text{,} $
式中,x = 1–μw为海表面风速。考虑风速与饱和水汽压的Huang方案[37]
$ \alpha \text=\frac{\text{0.026}}{{\text{μ}}^{\text{4/3}}\text{+0.083}}\text+0.002\;5w-0.005{e}_{0}-0.015, $
式中,w为海表面风速;e0为海表面水汽压。
图6给出了4种不同的参数化方法和观测的比较结果。从图中结果可知,尽管4种参数化方案与观测相比都不同程度地低估了α,Briegleb方案和Huang方案相比较Taylor方案都有较为明显的改进。Briegleb方案相比较Taylor法的改进说明即便仅考虑太阳高度角,参数化方案的数学表达和具体系数因研究区域的不同需要做出相应的修正或优化。而Huang方案的结果则说明,考虑更加完备的物理过程是未来α参数化发展的重要方向。例如在近岸海域,考虑近岸破碎波[41],水体叶绿素[42]对短波辐射的反射、吸收和散射,以及在海表面粗糙下的太阳闪光[43],风造成的海面白冠[44-46]。随着考虑更完备物理过程的α参数化方案大量应用于数值模式中,未来对于海表能量收支的模拟结果和同化产品都将更加接近实际观测。
已知选取的参数化方案均偏低,进一步采用Taylor方案的函数形式对直射部分反照率进行参数优化。对观测反照率和μμ=sin(θ),θ为太阳高度角)进行最小二乘法迭代拟合,得拟合方程如下:
$ \alpha =\frac{0.093}{1.1{\mu }^{2.7}+0.32}. $
图7a给出了观测的海表反照率随太阳高度角的平均日变化。可以看到基于式(13)的新方案明显修正了Taylor方案的负偏差。此外,Taylor方案与观测反照率的相关系数为0.58(图6a),新方案与观测结果的相关系数约为0.77(图7b)。因此,新方案相较于Taylor方案更加符合本次反照率观测事实。不过,本修正方程仅仅考虑太阳高度角对反照率的影响,在相同太阳高度角处,观测反照率存在离散区间,说明有未考虑的变量影响反照率的大小,进一步的参数化优化依赖于更多相关气象参数的观测研究。
云和气溶胶通过改变海表入射光路径影响了散射辐射占比。在本研究时段3种透射情形时的观测和ERA5反照率的平均日变化如图8所示。随着大气透射降低,混合天时“U”型分布的曲率小于晴天时,阴天时海表反照率没有明显日变化。在高太阳高度角(图8a),观测的晴天正午反照率约为0.045,混合天时约为0.07,阴天约为0.12;对应的ERA5的结果为0.04, 0.05和0.06。因此,ERA5的散射海表反照率的取值在南海可能偏低。
图9进一步给出了观测与已有参数化方案的海表散射反照率的结果。Payne[9]提出散射海表反照率(αdiff)约为定值0.06。Séférian等[42]则给出αdiff约为0.064。图9给出了本次观测αdiff的平均日变化,大体处于0.1~0.15。观测αdiff平均大小约为0.12(图9黄色线),高于前人的结果。这种差异可能来自于不同区域海洋水体性质的差异。考虑到海表辐射收支模拟的精确化要求,需要未来更多的观测实验对海表反照率更精确刻画。
本文采用2019年夏季中山大学南海北部走航观测数据对ERA5海表短波辐射收支情况进行了综合评估。主要结论如下:
(1)在本次观测范围内,ERA5数据的α和向下短波辐射通量(Rd)均存在明显低估。ERA5的α在早晨和傍晚约偏低0.15,在中午约偏低0.03;Rd在观测时段平均约偏低51 W/m2,平均最大负偏差出现在15时,平均约为−81.4 W/m2
(2)ERA5给出的Rd负偏差造成了其海表净短波辐射通量(Rnet)的负偏差,但α的负偏差抵消了约一半Rd的贡献,使得ERA5最终给出的Rnet 负偏差仅有25.4 W/m2
(3)当观测与再分析处于相近大气透射率(晴天,混合天,阴天)情景时,发现ERA5对Rnet的低估主要发生在晴天,在混合天和阴天时ERA5给出的Rnet相比较观测均有明显的高估。因此,评估时段天气整体状况可能是影响再分析数据海表能量收支整体评估结果的重要因素。
(4)ERA5采用的Taylor 方案给出的α相比较观测存在明显的低估,而Briegleb方案和Huang方案相比较Taylor方案都有较为明显的改进。对Taylor方案进行参数优化可以极大地减少误差。
(5)本次观测估算出的海表散射反照率约为0.12,高于ERA5采用的0.06。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608804);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)自主立项项目(SML2020SP007, SML2021SP201);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020A1515110675);广东省自然资源厅广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金(粤自然资合[2022]18号)。
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023029
  • 接收时间:2022-01-05
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-05
  • 修回日期:2022-05-23
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国家重点研发计划(2020YFA0608804);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海)自主立项项目(SML2020SP007, SML2021SP201);广东省基础与应用基础研究基金(2020A1515110675);广东省自然资源厅广东省海洋经济发展(海洋六大产业)专项资金(粤自然资合[2022]18号)。
作者信息
    1 中山大学 大气科学学院 热带大气海洋系统科学教育部重点实验室,广东 珠海 519082
    2 南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519082

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*韩博(1982-),男,陕西省宝鸡市人,副教授,主要从事海–气界面能量平衡与大气边界层研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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