Article(id=1211297761534800306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2023021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1659542400000, receivedDateStr=2022-08-04, revisedDate=1662048000000, revisedDateStr=2022-09-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766725491174, onlineDateStr=2025-12-26, pubDate=1675180800000, pubDateStr=2023-02-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766725491174, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766725491174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766725491174, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1211297760624644861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2023', volume='45', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766725490957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766734526247, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1211335657419567925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1211297760624644861, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1211297761773875636, articleId=1211297761534800306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Variations in grain size composition and regional sedimentary effects in the north branch of Huanghe River distal mud induced by climate changes and human activities, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction based on shelf mud deposits remain controversial due to the complexity of coastal dynamic conditions. In this paper, three sediment cores distributed along the sediment transport path in the North Yellow Sea were collected, and the sediment grain size composition, end member, winter storms and Yellow Sea Warm Current strength variation were also analyzed. Based on above analysis, the response mechanism and intensity of different sediment grain size end member to winter storms and Yellow Sea Warm Current were discussed, and sedimentary effect in different regions caused by the above changes was also revealed. The results show that sediment composition in the north branch of Huanghe River distal mud is dominated by the natural condition and human activity over the past 100 years, respectively. Due to the impact of human activities on the sediment flux and composition of the Huanghe River into the sea began to enhance since 1980, and the natural evolution information was destroyed. In addition, through comparing sediment end member of different cores along the sediment transport pathway, the discrepancy in response mechanism and intensity of different end member to winter storms and the Yellow Sea Warm Current were observed before 1980, which reflected significant regional sedimentation effect. Further analysis demonstrated that, the coarse-grained end member is dominated by the winter storm, reflecting intensity of cross-front transport from the north Shandong Peninsula; and the fine-grained end member is controlled by the Yellow Sea Warm Current, representing the long distance transport from the offshore mud patch of the western North Yellow Sea to the eastern coast of the Liaodong Peninsula. Above conclusions indicated that, the sediment grain size is a robust tool for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction; however, the utility of sensitive grain size should be based on sediment source and the characteristics of the sediment hydrodynamic environment analysis, and selection of the sensitive grain size and its implication should be careful.

, correspAuthors=Jianhua Gao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2023 Pratacultural Science. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guang Yang, Chunyu Ren, Yong Shi, Xiaomei Xu, Jianhua Gao), CN=ArticleExt(id=1211297764139463107, articleId=1211297761534800306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=气候变化和人类活动影响下黄河远端泥北支粒度组分变化及其区域沉积效应, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

受限于海洋动力条件的复杂性,基于陆架泥质沉积重建的古气候或古环境一直存在争议。为此,本文在北黄海地区沿沉积物输运路径采集3根柱样,通过沉积物粒度及其端元组分和基于器测数据的东亚冬季风指数和黄海暖流强度,分析了不同泥区沉积物粒度端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流变化的响应机理和强度,揭示了上述变化在不同区域产生的沉积效应。结果表明,近百年以来黄河远端泥北支的沉积物组分变化受到了自然因素和人类活动的共同影响。1980年以后,人类活动对黄河沉积物入海通量及其组成的影响开始增强,并掩盖了自然演化信息。而1980年以前,不同泥区的不同端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流的响应机理和强度存在差异,具有显著的区域沉积效应:粗端元组分受冬季风暴强度变化主导,能够反映山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度的变化;细端元组分受到黄海暖流强度变化主导,反映沉积物从北黄海西部泥区到辽东半岛东岸泥区的输运过程。上述结论说明,虽然粒度是表征古气候和古环境变化的重要标志物,但应根据不同泥区沉积物来源和沉积动力环境的特点,谨慎选择敏感端元组分,正确地使用粒度指标。

, correspAuthors=高建华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。 E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2023, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=equSXdmZq4KSZn32RvxsCA==, magXml=GVTKPATPHPXAcbqq24kUMA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=psgJwdMBXgaLIZEIpXDzBg==, pdfFileSize=2345282, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=EACqbUXWmZUhft2UIyMehQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HheR3bAAyl9hlzdytR/lVQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨光(1997-),男,吉林省通化市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。 E-mail:

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杨光(1997-),男,吉林省通化市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。 E-mail:

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杨光(1997-),男,吉林省通化市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。 E-mail:

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articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=黄海暖流), Keyword(id=1215304195410940717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=跨锋面物质输运)], refs=[Reference(id=1215304198258873237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨作升, 郭志刚, 王兆祥, 等. 黄东海陆架悬浮体向其东部深海区输送的宏观格局[J]. 海洋学报, 1992, 14(2): 81−90., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215304198355342233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, 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Haiyang Xuebao, 2020, 42(1): 78−89., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1215304198049158028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42276170,42106158), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215304192969855620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304192978244230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, companyId=1215304192969855620, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院 海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023)]), AuthorCompany(id=1215304193057936013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215304193062130318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, companyId=1215304193057936013, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215304195637433146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Map of survey location, figureFileSmall=26Y9u9y2Ktt9OgaHqUL2vg==, figureFileBig=2FNnJP8I2KSUZj2Ujjchjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304196891530049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区位图, figureFileSmall=26Y9u9y2Ktt9OgaHqUL2vg==, figureFileBig=2FNnJP8I2KSUZj2Ujjchjw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304196996387661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Vertical distributions of total and excess 210Pb radioactivity in cores N1, N2 and N4 (1 Bq=60 dpm), figureFileSmall=ogNtSAkp1H+OoQz7/vqJ7Q==, figureFileBig=jg4kxaEwjqR7vWo0mEestQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197105439568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, label=图2, caption=柱样N1、N2和N4总210Pb活度和过剩210Pb活度的垂向分布(1 Bq=60 dpm), figureFileSmall=ogNtSAkp1H+OoQz7/vqJ7Q==, figureFileBig=jg4kxaEwjqR7vWo0mEestQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197180937047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Vertical distributions of the mean grain size and frequency distribution curves of cores N1, N2 and N4, figureFileSmall=pM5/MiaoFQtT8VhJChA7Hg==, figureFileBig=xKhxY+zFi68qQH9badICzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197273211741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, label=图3, caption=柱样N1、N2和N4平均粒径垂向变化及端元频率分布曲线, figureFileSmall=pM5/MiaoFQtT8VhJChA7Hg==, figureFileBig=xKhxY+zFi68qQH9badICzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197357097826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Cross wavelet transform between East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) and coarse-grained end member (EM3) of Core N2 (a) and between Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) and fine-grained end member (EM1 and EM2) of core N4 (b) during 1900–1997. Variations in EAWM index (c), sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly of Yellow Sea Warm Current (d), coarse-grained end member (EM3) of Core N2 (e) and fine-grained end member (EM1 and EM2) of Core N4 (f). Correlation between sediment load delivered from the Huanghe River to the sea with coarse-grained end member (EM3) of Core N2 (h) and fine-grained end member (EM1 and EM2) of Core N4 (i) during 1980–2020

EAWM index was derived from reference [34] during 1900–1997 and was calculated using data from reference [35] during 1998–2020. SST anomaly of Yellow Sea Warm Current was calculated using SODA data during 1900–1997 and ERA5 data during 1998–2020

, figureFileSmall=m3B8C0+y/D3HNlw9QizRxw==, figureFileBig=QEeRphfUAw2vutOQqr5+vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197470344039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1900–1997年东亚冬季风和N2粗端元组分(EM3)小波交叉谱(a)以及黄海暖流与N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)小波交叉谱(b)。1900–2020年东亚冬季风指数(c)、黄海暖流温度距平(d)、N2粗端元组分(EM3)(e)、N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)变化(f)和黄河输沙量(g)。1980–2020年黄河输沙量与柱样N2粗端元组分(EM3)(h)和柱样N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)(i)之间的相关性

东亚冬季风指数,1900–1997年数据引自文献[34],1998–2020年数据根据文献[35]的定义计算;黄海暖流温度距平,1900–1997年使用SODA数据计算,1998–2020年使用ERA5数据计算

, figureFileSmall=m3B8C0+y/D3HNlw9QizRxw==, figureFileBig=QEeRphfUAw2vutOQqr5+vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215304197529064304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The information of sample columns

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柱样编号纬度经度水深/m长度/cm
N137.59°N122.88°E4060.5
N238.28°N122.67°E5038
N439.08°N122.32°E2541.5
), ArticleFig(id=1215304197642310518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1211297761534800306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

柱样信息

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柱样编号纬度经度水深/m长度/cm
N137.59°N122.88°E4060.5
N238.28°N122.67°E5038
N439.08°N122.32°E2541.5
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The results of end member unmixing

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No. of EMSEM R2R2Theta
注:No. of EMS为拟合端元数量;EM R2为所有拟合端元之间线性平方相关性的最大值;R2为测量数据集和拟合的端元数据集之间的线性平方相关性;Theta为测量数据集和拟合端元数据集之间的角度距离。
20.0200.9509.053
30.0200.9747.212
40.0540.9923.932
50.1440.9982.103
60.2180.9991.219
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端元拟合结果

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No. of EMSEM R2R2Theta
注:No. of EMS为拟合端元数量;EM R2为所有拟合端元之间线性平方相关性的最大值;R2为测量数据集和拟合的端元数据集之间的线性平方相关性;Theta为测量数据集和拟合端元数据集之间的角度距离。
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30.0200.9747.212
40.0540.9923.932
50.1440.9982.103
60.2180.9991.219
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气候变化和人类活动影响下黄河远端泥北支粒度组分变化及其区域沉积效应
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杨光 1 , 任春宇 1 , 石勇 1 , 徐笑梅 1 , 高建华 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2023,45(2): 74-84
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海洋学报 | 论文 2023, 45(2): 74-84
气候变化和人类活动影响下黄河远端泥北支粒度组分变化及其区域沉积效应
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杨光1 , 任春宇1, 石勇1, 徐笑梅1, 高建华1, *
作者信息
  • 1 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院 海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023
  • 杨光(1997-),男,吉林省通化市人,研究方向为海洋沉积学。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

*高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。 E-mail:
Variations in grain size composition and regional sedimentary effects in the north branch of Huanghe River distal mud induced by climate changes and human activities
Guang Yang1 , Chunyu Ren1, Yong Shi1, Xiaomei Xu1, Jianhua Gao1, *
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
出版时间: 2023-02-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023021
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受限于海洋动力条件的复杂性,基于陆架泥质沉积重建的古气候或古环境一直存在争议。为此,本文在北黄海地区沿沉积物输运路径采集3根柱样,通过沉积物粒度及其端元组分和基于器测数据的东亚冬季风指数和黄海暖流强度,分析了不同泥区沉积物粒度端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流变化的响应机理和强度,揭示了上述变化在不同区域产生的沉积效应。结果表明,近百年以来黄河远端泥北支的沉积物组分变化受到了自然因素和人类活动的共同影响。1980年以后,人类活动对黄河沉积物入海通量及其组成的影响开始增强,并掩盖了自然演化信息。而1980年以前,不同泥区的不同端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流的响应机理和强度存在差异,具有显著的区域沉积效应:粗端元组分受冬季风暴强度变化主导,能够反映山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度的变化;细端元组分受到黄海暖流强度变化主导,反映沉积物从北黄海西部泥区到辽东半岛东岸泥区的输运过程。上述结论说明,虽然粒度是表征古气候和古环境变化的重要标志物,但应根据不同泥区沉积物来源和沉积动力环境的特点,谨慎选择敏感端元组分,正确地使用粒度指标。

北黄海  /  粒度  /  冬季风暴  /  黄海暖流  /  跨锋面物质输运

Paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction based on shelf mud deposits remain controversial due to the complexity of coastal dynamic conditions. In this paper, three sediment cores distributed along the sediment transport path in the North Yellow Sea were collected, and the sediment grain size composition, end member, winter storms and Yellow Sea Warm Current strength variation were also analyzed. Based on above analysis, the response mechanism and intensity of different sediment grain size end member to winter storms and Yellow Sea Warm Current were discussed, and sedimentary effect in different regions caused by the above changes was also revealed. The results show that sediment composition in the north branch of Huanghe River distal mud is dominated by the natural condition and human activity over the past 100 years, respectively. Due to the impact of human activities on the sediment flux and composition of the Huanghe River into the sea began to enhance since 1980, and the natural evolution information was destroyed. In addition, through comparing sediment end member of different cores along the sediment transport pathway, the discrepancy in response mechanism and intensity of different end member to winter storms and the Yellow Sea Warm Current were observed before 1980, which reflected significant regional sedimentation effect. Further analysis demonstrated that, the coarse-grained end member is dominated by the winter storm, reflecting intensity of cross-front transport from the north Shandong Peninsula; and the fine-grained end member is controlled by the Yellow Sea Warm Current, representing the long distance transport from the offshore mud patch of the western North Yellow Sea to the eastern coast of the Liaodong Peninsula. Above conclusions indicated that, the sediment grain size is a robust tool for paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction; however, the utility of sensitive grain size should be based on sediment source and the characteristics of the sediment hydrodynamic environment analysis, and selection of the sensitive grain size and its implication should be careful.

North Yellow Sea  /  grain size  /  winter storm  /  Yellow Sea Warm Current  /  cross-front transport
杨光, 任春宇, 石勇, 徐笑梅, 高建华. 气候变化和人类活动影响下黄河远端泥北支粒度组分变化及其区域沉积效应. 海洋学报, 2023 , 45 (2) : 74 -84 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023021
Guang Yang, Chunyu Ren, Yong Shi, Xiaomei Xu, Jianhua Gao. Variations in grain size composition and regional sedimentary effects in the north branch of Huanghe River distal mud induced by climate changes and human activities[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2023 , 45 (2) : 74 -84 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2023021
受东亚冬季风引起的冬季风暴驱动,中国东部陆架泥区的沉积物存在“夏储冬输”的输运模式[1],因此沉积记录中蕴含着丰富的动力变化、古气候和古环境演变信息。冬季风暴引起的水动力增强可影响沉积物的粒度组成[2],基于这一原理,许多学者以粒度敏感组分作为替代性指标,分析东亚冬季风强度在不同时间尺度的变化[3-6]。但也有一些学者对粒度敏感组分反演东亚冬季风强度变化的适用性和准确性仍存在一些疑问[4, 7-11]。Tu等[12]对中国东部陆架区有关粒度敏感组分反演的全新世东亚冬季风演化的研究进行了梳理,对所有15个站位的反演结果分3个时间尺度进行了对比。结果发现,不同泥区(甚至同一泥区不同位置)得到的冬季风演化趋势差异较大,有的时间段甚至趋势相反,建议谨慎使用粒度敏感组分反演东亚冬季风强度变化。因此,针对不同的沉积环境,需要厘清冬季风暴、动力过程与沉积物粒度组分变化之间的相互关系,正确认识粒度组分在相关研究中的代表性和有效性。
事实上,粒度组分变化是物源、冬季风暴及其与之相关的动力过程和陆架环流等多重因素共同所致,非冬季风暴单一主导[12-14]。另外,由于不同海域的动力环境具有较大的差异,即使是同一来源的沉积物,其对冬季风暴强度的响应在不同区域也可能产生不同的沉积效应。因此,基于过程−产物关系,从与冬季风暴密切相关的特定海洋动力过程入手,系统分析气候变化−冬季风暴−动力过程−沉积效应之间的关系,有助于理解沉积物粒度对沉积物供给、冬季风暴和相应动力过程变化的响应机理,认识上述变化在不同区域产生的沉积效应,从而为正确使用粒度指标反演古气候和古环境变化提供理论依据。
传统意义上的黄河远端泥是包括从莱州湾开始,环山东半岛直至南黄海中部的全新世泥质沉积体系[15-17];但最新研究表明,辽东半岛东岸泥区西部的细粒沉积物大部分来源于黄河[18]。因此,本文将北黄海西部泥区和辽东半岛东岸泥区西部统称为黄河远端泥北支,而传统的黄河远端泥叫做黄河远端泥南支。冬季风暴影响下,山东半岛北岸黄河来源物质能够突破锋面(黄海暖流与鲁北沿岸流)的“屏蔽效应”,产生跨锋面物质输运。一部分跨锋面沉积物沉降在北黄海西部泥区,而另一部分在黄海暖流的输运下进入辽东半岛东岸泥区[19]。沉积物在泥区间的输运与冬季风暴和陆架环流密切相关,对气候变化敏感;此外,该地区沉积物主要来源于黄河,近年来的物源供给深受人类活动影响。因此,黄河远端泥北支是研究气候变化(与冬季风暴和陆架环流相关的动力过程)、人类活动(沉积物供给)和粒度组分间相互变化关系,及其在不同区域引发的沉积效应的理想区域。
基于以上认识,本文通过沿黄河远端泥北支的3个泥质区采集柱样,进行高分辨率沉积物粒度分析,结合210Pb定年,在百年时间尺度上,分析不同泥区沉积物粒度端元组分对冬季风暴和黄海暖流变化的指示意义,探讨沉积物组分对物源供给、冬季风暴和陆架环流强度变化的年际/年代际响应规律及其在不同时间段的主控因素,在此基础上分析和对比不同泥区对上述变化的响应差异。
北黄海是被辽东半岛、山东半岛和朝鲜半岛包围的半封闭海域,冬季流系主要受鲁北沿岸流、辽南沿岸流和黄海暖流控制。研究区冬季多西北风和北风,6级(10.8~13.8 m/s)以上的大风虽四季都有出现,但以冬季强度大、春季次数多为主要特征,且大风区多位于渤海海峡至山东半岛顶端成山头一带[17]。北黄海西侧沉积物以粉砂和黏土为主,由南向北依次分布着环山东半岛泥质沉积、北黄海西部泥质沉积和辽东半岛东岸泥质沉积[19]图1)。黄河物质入海后,在鲁北沿岸流的输运下经渤海海峡进入北黄海,在黄海暖流的约束下,一部分绕过成山头后向南输运,形成环山东半岛泥质沉积[15, 20];另一部分则向东北方向扩散进入北黄海,形成北黄海西部泥质沉积[16, 19, 21]
先前的研究认为,鸭绿江入海物质随辽南沿岸流向西南输运,形成了辽东半岛东岸泥质区[22-24]。而最新研究发现,山东半岛北岸的黄河来源物质也可扩散至辽东半岛东岸泥区[19, 25-26]。浅剖数据也显示,北黄海西部泥区和辽东半岛东岸泥区之间存在细颗粒沉积物通道将二者相连,即山东半岛北岸的沉积物可通过特定的路径输运到辽东半岛东岸[13]
2020年12月对北黄海西部海域进行野外调查(图1),用单管取样器采集3根短柱样,放入冰箱冷冻保存,柱样信息如表1所示。粒度测试以0.25 cm间隔进行分样,共560个子样。210Pb测试中,柱样上端0~10 cm以1 cm间隔分样,10 cm到底部以4 cm间隔分样,共58个子样。采用常量初始浓度(CIC)模式建立沉积物岩芯年代序列,计算沉积速率[27]。在MATLAB环境下运用Paterson和Heslop[28]提供的 Analysize-masters程序对粒度数据进行端元分析,选择参数化方法中Gen. Webull 分布函数进行端元分解。以上实验均于南京大学海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室完成。
研究区海表温度数据有两个来源:1900–1997年采用SODA2.2.4版本的逐月再分析资料[29-31],其涵盖的时间范围是1871–2010年,空间分辨率为0.5°;1998–2020年采用欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA5月平均海表面温度资料[32-33],时间范围是1950–2020年,空间分辨率为0.25°。在黄海暖流主轴选取A区(图1),分析其在1900–2020年11月、12月、翌年1月、翌年2月和翌年3月的海表温度变化,指示黄海暖流的强度。本文所使用的东亚冬季风指数有两个来源:1900–1997年的东亚冬季风指数引自文献[34];1998–2020年的东亚冬季风指数是根据西伯利亚高压和阿留申低压强度之差定义[35],计算中所使用的海平面气压数据取自美国NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料[36]。东亚冬季风指数和海表温度的两套数据分别在1960–1997年和1951–2000年间重合,通过对比发现,同一指标的两套数据在重合的时间段内的阶段性变化趋势相同,具有可联用性。使用小波交叉谱的方法研究气候指标与沉积物端元组分之间相关关系,为避免产生边界效应,在小波变换前将原资料序列进行了对称性的拓展[37]
柱样N1、N2和N4不同深度层位对应的210Pb活度如图2所示。柱样N1 的210Pb垂向分布较为复杂,在0~10 cm范围内,210Pb分布较为紊乱,10 cm以下呈现多次倒置的现象。柱样N2和N4分别在14 cm和18 cm达到本底值,经计算,二者的沉积速率均为0.28 cm/a,该结果与研究区已有测年结果较为一致[38-40]。柱样N2和N4的沉积时间分别为1884–2020年和1871–2020年。由于本文沉积柱样的分样间隔为0.25 cm,因此沉积记录解译的时间分辨率可达0.89 a,可反映年际/年代际环境变化信息。
柱样N1、N2和N4的平均粒径Φ分别介于6.18~7.27、6.05~6.87和5.65~6.88之间,平均值分别为6.75、6.52和6.48(图3)。柱样N1平均粒径Φ在6.0~7.0之间剧烈波动,但总体趋势稳定,而柱样N2和N4平均粒径Φ则具有明显的阶段性变化:在33.75~25.5 cm深度内平均粒径先变细后变粗;而在25.25~20 cm和14.5~11.5 cm深度内由粗到细,在17.75~14.75 cm、11.25~8.75 cm和5.5~1.5 cm深度内由细到粗,此外,在19.75~18 cm、8.5~5.75 cm和1.25~0 cm深度内又出现相反的变化趋势。
假设端元数为2、3、4、5、6的情况下,对所有粒度数据进行拟合(表2)。通过对比发现,端元数为3时,R2达到0.97以上。依据在满足拟合程度情况下端元数应尽量较少的原则,选取3个端元对研究区柱样粒度数据进行分解,结果如图3所示。柱样N1是单峰分布,而柱样N2和N4为双峰分布。本文将EM1和EM2选做细端元组分,在柱样N2和N4中的占比分别为60.87%和82.33%;EM3代表粗端元组分(图3)。沉积物粒度的频率分布曲线显示,柱样N2的粗峰和细峰相当,而柱样N4的细峰显著大于粗峰,以细峰为主。柱样N2和N4粗端元组分具有不同的粒径分布范围,而二者细端元组分的粒径分布范围却较为一致,N4细端元组分含量高于N2。
本文通过器测数据分析了近百年以来东亚冬季风指数和黄海暖流的年代际变化,结果显示东亚冬季风在20世纪70年代中期以前,主要有2次增强期(1930–1939年和1957–1968年)和3次减弱期(1905–1929年、1940–1956年和1969–1975年)(图4c)。1988年和1999年前后东亚冬季风发生了显著变化:1988年开始东亚冬季风从强变弱,到1999年之后又开始增强,2010年后又出现减弱趋势,与前人的研究结果较为一致[34, 41]
黄海暖流自20世纪初至60年代末,主要有2次增强期(20世纪初至20年代中期和30年代末至40年代末)和2次减弱期(20世纪20年代中期至30年代末和50年代初至60年代末)(图4d)。20世纪70年代处于海温相对较高时期,20世纪80年代处于海温相对较低时期。1988年前后,海温发生阶段性变化,出现由冷至暖的状态跃迁。1999–2014年,黄海暖流呈减弱的趋势。2014年后,黄海暖流呈增强趋势。黄海暖流变化的结果与前人的研究结果较为一致[42-48]
从山东半岛北岸、北黄海西部和辽东半岛东岸3个泥区的物源供给关系来看:山东半岛北岸泥区(柱样N1),是跨锋面物质的“源”;北黄海西部泥区(柱样N2)发挥着“中转站”的功能,既是部分跨锋面沉积物的“汇”,同时也是输运至辽东半岛东岸沉积物的 “源”;而辽东半岛东岸泥区(柱样N4)则是部分跨锋面沉积物最终的“汇”。
本文3个柱状沉积物端元组分的沿程变化,也较好地解释了3个泥区的物源供给关系。从山东半岛北岸和北黄海西部泥区来看,虽然二者的沉积物粒径分布范围较为一致,但前者为单峰,而后者为双峰分布(图3)。另外,从端元组分的变化来看,两个泥区柱样N1和N2的细端元组分EM2的含量大致相当,分别为45.57%和44.28%;但柱样N2的粗端元组分(EM3)的含量(39.13%)大于柱样N1(30.35%)。另外,柱样N2的EM1组分含量(16.59%)小于柱样N1(24.07%)。这可能是由于跨锋面沉积物的粗颗粒组分在北黄海西部泥区沉降,而细颗粒组分又被输运至辽东半岛东岸泥区,导致柱样N2的粗端元组分含量更高。由此可见,虽然两个泥区的沉积物具有同源性,但由于动力分选作用,改变了沉积物的组成。冬季风暴越强,所导致的跨锋面沉积物越粗[49];因此,EM3组分可以较好地指示山东半岛北岸泥区沉积物跨锋面输运强度的变化,其含量的变化可能反映冬季风暴的强度变化。
从北黄海西部和辽东半岛东岸泥区来看,二者均为双峰分布,但N4柱样细峰更为明显,而粗端元组分(EM3)的粒径分布范围明显区别于柱样N1和N2。这说明柱样N4粗端元组分与柱样N1和N2来源不同,其可能来源于鸭绿江及辽东半岛东岸中小河流。从柱样N4与N2的细端元组分看,二者的粒径分布范围较为一致,表明二者具有同源性。但从北黄海西部泥区转运而来的跨锋面输运沉积物,多为细颗粒组分,从而导致柱样N4的细端元组分含量(82.33%)大于柱样N2(60.87%)。数值模拟结果也显示[49],在冬季风暴作用下,渤、黄海水位发生低频波动,北部水位降低,而南部水位增高;冬季风暴松驰阶段,黄海暖流增强,从山东半岛北岸跨锋面输运而来的细颗粒组分物质,能够在黄海暖流的输运下进入辽东半岛东岸。因此,柱样N4的细端元组分(EM1和EM2)的变化又与黄海暖流息息相关,可用来指示黄海暖流的强度变化。
天气尺度上,山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运由冬季风暴触发;但在年际/年代际尺度上,其强度变化又反映了冬季风暴与黄海暖流间的相互博弈,体现了二者的综合影响。从沉积物供给角度来看,山东半岛北岸泥区和北黄海西部泥区沉积物来源于黄河,辽东半岛东岸泥区沉积物大部分来源于黄河物质的远端输运。但近年来,人类活动影响下黄河入海沉积物的通量和粒径均发生了显著变化[50],这可能也会对端元组分的含量变化产生影响。本文的研究时段为百年时间尺度,而黄河入海输沙量自20世纪80年代快速减少[51-52]。因此,本文从1900–1979年(受自然因素影响)和1980–2020年(受人类活动影响)两个时间段,讨论山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度的年际/年代际变化。
1900–1979年,在东亚冬季风和黄海暖流共同影响下,北黄海西部泥区的粗端元组分和辽东半岛东岸泥区的细端元组分存在两种变化模式,即同向变化和反向变化(图4e图4f)。当冬季风暴和黄海暖流同步增强或减弱时(同向变化),北黄海西部(柱样N2)和辽东半岛东岸泥区(柱样N4)的端元组分含量也相应的增加或减少,如1950–1956年。而当冬季风暴和黄海暖流的强度变化呈反向时,柱样N2和N4的端元组分含量变化则相对复杂。在冬季风较强,而黄海暖流较弱时,柱样N2的粗端元组分含量较高,显示山东半岛北岸物质跨锋面输运到强度增强;而柱样N4的细端元组分含量较少,说明输运到辽东半岛东岸泥区的跨锋面物质减少,例如1930–1939年和1957–1968年。当冬季风较弱,而黄海暖流增强时,柱样N2和N4的端元组分含量出现与上述相反的变化趋势,如1900–1929年、1940–1949年和1969–1979年。由此可见,在年际/年代际时间尺度上,山东半岛北岸跨锋面的沉积物从北黄海西部到辽东半岛东岸的输运过程对冬季风暴和黄海暖流有着不同的响应机制。
为进一步研究跨锋面物质输运对冬季风暴和黄海暖流的响应机制,本文分别将柱样N2粗端元组分(EM3)和柱样N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)与东亚冬季风和黄海暖流进行小波交叉谱分析,以进一步探讨上述两个过程的主控机制。结果显示,柱样N2粗端元组分(EM3)与东亚冬季风在1900–1960年呈现出周期为32 a的共振关系,二者的相关性在周期内较强,且在1900–1936年通过了95%的显著性检验(图4a)。这说明在年际/年代际尺度上,冬季风暴对山东半岛北岸的跨锋面输运强度的影响更为显著,且粗端元组分(EM3)对东亚冬季风强度的变化更为敏感。柱样N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)与黄海暖流在1900–1960年呈现出周期为32 a的共振关系,二者的相关性在周期内较强,且在1900–1940年通过了95%的显著性检验(图4b),这反映了黄海暖流强度更能影响跨锋面物质从北黄海西岸到辽东半岛东岸的输运过程,且细端元组分(EM1和EM2)对黄海暖流强弱的变化更为敏感。
受人类活动影响,1970年以后的黄河入海输沙量呈现减少的趋势(图4g[51]。柱样N2的粗端元组分(EM3)和柱样N4的细端元组分(EM1和EM2)自1980年才开始分别出现增加和减少的趋势(图4e图4f),具有10 a的滞后期。这可能是由于,黄河三角洲具有丰富的细颗粒沉积物储备,即使流域物源供给减少的情况下,仍可为细颗粒物质的远端输运提供充足的物源;另一方面,沉积物从黄河口输运到北黄海西岸和辽东半岛东岸,也需要一定的时间,上述两种因素可能导致两个泥区的沉积物对黄河入海输沙量减少的响应在时间上存在滞后。东海内陆架泥区的研究也表明,其南部沉积物粒度对长江入海输沙量的响应在10年的尺度上也存在滞后期[53]。通过对1980年后沉积物端元组分和黄河输沙量进行相关分析,发现黄河年入海输沙量和柱样N2粗端元组分含量(EM3)的相关系数为–0.40(p<0.01),但与柱样N4细端元组分(EM1和EM2)的相关系数达到了0.59(p<0.01)。这说明,辽东半岛东岸泥区的沉积物组分对黄河入海输沙量减少的响应更加强烈,1980年后柱样端元组分的变化和黄海年输沙量的减少有关。之前的研究已经表明,黄河输沙量的减少导致山东半岛沿岸泥区的沉积物粒度粗化[54];而本文的研究进一步证明,北黄海西部泥区以至于更加遥远的辽东半岛东岸泥区也对由人类活动引发的黄河沉积物入海通量减少产生了沉积响应。
综上所述,黄河远端泥北支沉积物粒度组分的变化很好地记录了自然过程和人类活动的双重影响:1900–1979年间,北黄海西部到辽东半岛东岸泥区粒度敏感组分的变化反映了自然因素(东亚冬季风和黄海暖流)的变化;而1980–2020年,受人类活动影响的沉积物供给变化,掩盖了自然过程的信号变化,导致上述两个泥区的沉积物敏感端元组分含量的变化,更多地体现了黄河入海输沙量减少的信号,甚至掩盖了气候变化信息。而上述结论也进一步揭示,沉积物粒度及其组分变化是反映气候变化和人类活动双重影响下陆架泥区沉积环境演化的有效指标,但不同区域沉积物粒度对不同影响因素变化的响应机理和响应强度有着显著的差异,具有显著的区域沉积效应。例如,在自然变化主导阶段,北黄海西部泥区的粗端元组分变化可反映冬季风暴强度变化,但辽东半岛东岸泥区的细端元组分变化与冬季风暴并无直接关系;而1980年代以来,人类活动更是直接导致了黄河远端泥北支沉积物粒度组分粗化趋势。因此,在使用粒度指标进行沉积环境演化分析过程中,一定要根据不同泥区的沉积物来源和沉积动力环境特点,立足于过程–产物间的关系,结合器测数据验证粒度指标指示古气候和古环境变化的可行性,在厘清物源、动力和冬季风暴关系的基础上,正确使用粒度指标。
百年时间尺度上,黄河远端泥北支沉积物不同组分对不同动力过程的敏感程度存在显著差异:沉积物的粗端元组分(EM3)对冬季风暴的变化更为敏感;而细端元组分(EM1+ EM2)的含量变化与黄海暖流强度变化更为相关。沉积物组分不同阶段变化存在两个主导因素:1900–1979年,黄河远端泥北支粒度组分反映了自然因素的变化;而1979–2020年主要受黄河入海输沙量的减少主导,人类活动信号掩盖了自然因素的影响。
从年际/年代际变化看,沉积物组分对自然因素变化的响应机理存在区域差异:粗端元组分变化可很好地反映山东半岛北岸跨锋面物质输运强度的变化,受冬季风暴强度变化所主导;细端元组分变化与沉积物从北黄海西部泥区到辽东半岛东岸泥区的输运过程更为密切,主要受控于黄海环流的强度变化。这也导致不同泥区粒度端元组分对气候变化的响应具有显著的区域沉积效应:当东亚冬季风强盛,北黄海西部泥区的沉积物粗颗粒组分增多,而黄海暖流增强则有利于将更多细颗粒组分输运至辽东半岛东岸泥区;此外,辽东半岛东岸泥区的细颗粒组分对20世纪80年代以后的入海输沙量减少具有更强烈的响应。
上述结论显示,反演古气候和古环境变化时,应结合器测数据验证粒度指标的可行性,在厘清不同泥区沉积物粒度端元组分对特定海洋动力的指示意义基础上,谨慎并正确地使用粒度指标。
致谢:南京大学地理与海洋科学学院吕纪轩、张硕、曲玉冰以及舒卓参与了样品采集工作,刘胜璟在室内分析实验中提供了帮助,刘焘在绘图方面提供了帮助,审稿专家为本文提出了宝贵的修改意见,在此一并感谢!
  • 国家自然科学基金(42276170,42106158)
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2023年第45卷第2期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2023021
  • 接收时间:2022-08-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-26
  • 出版时间:2023-02-01
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  • 收稿日期:2022-08-04
  • 修回日期:2022-09-02
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国家自然科学基金(42276170,42106158)
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    1 南京大学 地理与海洋科学学院 海岸与海岛开发教育部重点实验室,江苏 南京 210023

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*高建华(1973-),教授,主要从事海洋沉积动力学研究。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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