Article(id=1200732563590468307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024085, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1702310400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-12, revisedDate=1709136000000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764206551691, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764206551691, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764206551691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206551691, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200732559459087132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764206550707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206656941, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=65, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200732563930206941, articleId=1200732563590468307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Hyperpycnal flow found in submarine fan of the Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan Basin: evidence from the drilling cores, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Submarine fans developed in the middle Miocene Meishan Formation possess significant potential for natural gas exploration. Most of scholars believed that these Miocene submarine fans were formed primarily by turbidity currents. However, drilling cores revealed the presence of pebbles with a particle size of up to 5 cm in the sandy conglomerates. These sandy conglomerates exhibited good roundness and poor sorting, indicating that the traditional turbidity formation mechanism cannot fully explain the origin of this type of sandy conglomerates. Furthermore, the classic submarine fan model has limitations in predicting the distribution of sand bodies. Through a comprehensive study involving core, thin section observation, and grain size analysis, we have conducted a systematic investigation of the petrological characteristics and sedimentary structures of submarine fan in the study area. Our findings suggest that submarine fans in the study area resulted from the interaction of turbidity and hyperpycnal flow deposits. We have identified distinct sequences of turbidites and hyperpycnalites within the submarine fan. Based on the paleogeomorphlogy of the study area, we have established a genetic evolution model for the submarine fan in Meishan Formation. This model reveals that the hyperpycnites dominated by feldspathic litharenite, exhibit low compositional maturity. Poor sorting and subangular-circular of the rocks indicate middle-to-high structural maturity. Typical features of hyperpycnal flow include orientated gravel within block sandy conglomerates, reverse-to-normal grain order bedding, parallel bedding, carbonaceous debris, and biological fossil fragments. Multi stage superimposed turbidite sequence and hyperpycnites sequence developed in submarine fan in the study area. The early Meishan period is primarily composed of turbidite submarine fan lobes, while the middle Meishan period is dominated by hyperpycnites submarine fan channels. The late Meishan period, on the other hand, is mainly composed of turbidite submarine fan channels. We predict that more favorable submarine fan sand bodies could be found in the southern part of the study area. The results can serve as a basis for predicting the distribution of favorable submarine fan reservoirs of the Qiongdongnan Basin, and they hold significance for selecting exploration and development targets for hydrocarbon exploration.

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琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇天然气勘探潜力大。大多数学者认为梅山组海底扇为浊流成因,但钻井岩心揭示,砂砾岩中发育粒径高达5 cm的砾石,砂砾岩段磨圆度好,分选性差,海底扇的浊流成因无法解释此类砂砾岩成因,同时,经典的海底扇模式对砂体分布预测存在局限。基于岩心、薄片观察和粒度分析,对研究区海底扇岩石学特征和沉积构造开展系统研究,提出研究区海底扇为浊流和异重流交互沉积成因,区分了浊积岩与异重岩垂向叠置序列;结合古地貌特征,建立起梅山组海底扇成因演化模式。结果表明,研究区梅山组异重岩成分成熟度低,以长石质岩屑砂岩为主,岩石分选极差、磨圆次棱角−圆状,为中−高结构成熟度;块状砂质砾岩中,砾石定向排列、逆正粒序层理、平行层理、炭屑与生物化石碎片等构造是异重流沉积的典型特征;研究区海底扇发育多期浊积岩与异重岩叠置序列,梅山组早期以浊流沉积朵叶为主,中期以异重流沉积水道为主,晚期以浊流沉积水道为主,预测研究区南部发育更有利的海底扇储集砂体。成果可以为琼东南盆地海底扇有利砂体分布预测提供依据,对油气田勘探开发目标选取具有指导意义。

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熊连桥(1986—),男,四川省金阳县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事沉积与储层地质研究。E-mail:

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熊连桥(1986—),男,四川省金阳县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事沉积与储层地质研究。E-mail:

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熊连桥(1986—),男,四川省金阳县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事沉积与储层地质研究。E-mail:

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Sedimentary structure and compositional maturity of A1 well clastic rock in Meishan Formation in the Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan Basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性样品数分选性单晶石英(Q)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
长石(F)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
岩屑(R)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
泥质杂基百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
结构与成分
成熟度评判
砾岩273~52/21.10~20.5/9.424~81.5/54.70~7/1.6低结构成熟
极低成分成熟
含砂砾岩1931~55.5/40.57~19/12.715.5~42/280~10/1.9中−低结构成熟
低成分成熟
粗砂岩920~32.5/25.411~19/14.732~52/43.30~2/0.7中结构成熟
极低成分成熟
细−中砂岩1036~63/53.37~13/10.110.5~40/17.70~5/0.8高结构成熟
中成分成熟
粉砂岩551.5~56/53.88~12/1014.5~15.5/150~0/0高结构成熟
中成分成熟
), ArticleFig(id=1200812298207088660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200732563590468307, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

琼东南盆地乐东凹陷A1井梅山组碎屑岩沉积结构与成分成熟度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岩性样品数分选性单晶石英(Q)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
长石(F)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
岩屑(R)百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
泥质杂基百分含量/%
(低~高/平均)
结构与成分
成熟度评判
砾岩273~52/21.10~20.5/9.424~81.5/54.70~7/1.6低结构成熟
极低成分成熟
含砂砾岩1931~55.5/40.57~19/12.715.5~42/280~10/1.9中−低结构成熟
低成分成熟
粗砂岩920~32.5/25.411~19/14.732~52/43.30~2/0.7中结构成熟
极低成分成熟
细−中砂岩1036~63/53.37~13/10.110.5~40/17.70~5/0.8高结构成熟
中成分成熟
粉砂岩551.5~56/53.88~12/1014.5~15.5/150~0/0高结构成熟
中成分成熟
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琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重流:来自岩心的证据
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熊连桥 1 , 谢晓军 1 , 唐武 1 , 白海强 1 , 刘子玉 1 , 于进鑫 1 , 陈莹 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(12): 53-65
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(12): 53-65
琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重流:来自岩心的证据
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熊连桥1 , 谢晓军1, 唐武1, 白海强1, 刘子玉1, 于进鑫1, 陈莹1
作者信息
  • 1.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100028
  • 熊连桥(1986—),男,四川省金阳县人,博士,高级工程师,主要从事沉积与储层地质研究。E-mail:

Hyperpycnal flow found in submarine fan of the Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan Basin: evidence from the drilling cores
Lianqiao Xiong1 , Xiaojun Xie1, Wu Tang1, Haiqiang Bai1, Ziyu Liu1, Jinxin Yu1, Ying Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1. CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024085
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琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇天然气勘探潜力大。大多数学者认为梅山组海底扇为浊流成因,但钻井岩心揭示,砂砾岩中发育粒径高达5 cm的砾石,砂砾岩段磨圆度好,分选性差,海底扇的浊流成因无法解释此类砂砾岩成因,同时,经典的海底扇模式对砂体分布预测存在局限。基于岩心、薄片观察和粒度分析,对研究区海底扇岩石学特征和沉积构造开展系统研究,提出研究区海底扇为浊流和异重流交互沉积成因,区分了浊积岩与异重岩垂向叠置序列;结合古地貌特征,建立起梅山组海底扇成因演化模式。结果表明,研究区梅山组异重岩成分成熟度低,以长石质岩屑砂岩为主,岩石分选极差、磨圆次棱角−圆状,为中−高结构成熟度;块状砂质砾岩中,砾石定向排列、逆正粒序层理、平行层理、炭屑与生物化石碎片等构造是异重流沉积的典型特征;研究区海底扇发育多期浊积岩与异重岩叠置序列,梅山组早期以浊流沉积朵叶为主,中期以异重流沉积水道为主,晚期以浊流沉积水道为主,预测研究区南部发育更有利的海底扇储集砂体。成果可以为琼东南盆地海底扇有利砂体分布预测提供依据,对油气田勘探开发目标选取具有指导意义。

异重流  /  沉积序列  /  海底扇  /  梅山组  /  琼东南盆地

Submarine fans developed in the middle Miocene Meishan Formation possess significant potential for natural gas exploration. Most of scholars believed that these Miocene submarine fans were formed primarily by turbidity currents. However, drilling cores revealed the presence of pebbles with a particle size of up to 5 cm in the sandy conglomerates. These sandy conglomerates exhibited good roundness and poor sorting, indicating that the traditional turbidity formation mechanism cannot fully explain the origin of this type of sandy conglomerates. Furthermore, the classic submarine fan model has limitations in predicting the distribution of sand bodies. Through a comprehensive study involving core, thin section observation, and grain size analysis, we have conducted a systematic investigation of the petrological characteristics and sedimentary structures of submarine fan in the study area. Our findings suggest that submarine fans in the study area resulted from the interaction of turbidity and hyperpycnal flow deposits. We have identified distinct sequences of turbidites and hyperpycnalites within the submarine fan. Based on the paleogeomorphlogy of the study area, we have established a genetic evolution model for the submarine fan in Meishan Formation. This model reveals that the hyperpycnites dominated by feldspathic litharenite, exhibit low compositional maturity. Poor sorting and subangular-circular of the rocks indicate middle-to-high structural maturity. Typical features of hyperpycnal flow include orientated gravel within block sandy conglomerates, reverse-to-normal grain order bedding, parallel bedding, carbonaceous debris, and biological fossil fragments. Multi stage superimposed turbidite sequence and hyperpycnites sequence developed in submarine fan in the study area. The early Meishan period is primarily composed of turbidite submarine fan lobes, while the middle Meishan period is dominated by hyperpycnites submarine fan channels. The late Meishan period, on the other hand, is mainly composed of turbidite submarine fan channels. We predict that more favorable submarine fan sand bodies could be found in the southern part of the study area. The results can serve as a basis for predicting the distribution of favorable submarine fan reservoirs of the Qiongdongnan Basin, and they hold significance for selecting exploration and development targets for hydrocarbon exploration.

hyperpycnal flow  /  sedimentary sequence  /  submarine fan  /  Meishan Formation  /  Qiongdongnan Basin
熊连桥, 谢晓军, 唐武, 白海强, 刘子玉, 于进鑫, 陈莹. 琼东南盆地乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重流:来自岩心的证据. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (12) : 53 -65 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024085
Lianqiao Xiong, Xiaojun Xie, Wu Tang, Haiqiang Bai, Ziyu Liu, Jinxin Yu, Ying Chen. Hyperpycnal flow found in submarine fan of the Meishan Formation in Ledong Sag in Qiongdongnan Basin: evidence from the drilling cores[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (12) : 53 -65 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024085
关于深水沉积,主要认为是沉积物重力流成因[1],根据重力流沉积动力学条件和负载,可分为浊流、碎屑流、液化流、滑塌等多种沉积类型[2];根据流体的力学性质,可分为岩崩、滑坡、块体流、流体流等[3];根据主要支撑机制,可识别出浊流、液化流、颗粒流、碎屑流(泥石流)4种类型[1];而Shanmugam[4]将碎屑流进一步划分为砂质和泥质碎屑流2种类型。深水重力流沉积具有偶发而动、沿坡搬运、择低而积、有限分布、条状朵状等特点[5],但是,在深水研究中既存在大量块体搬运和碎屑流,也发育浊积岩,因此,试图用一种模式来解释复杂的深水沉积系统,这在实践中肯定是行不通的[6]。浊流沉积作用形成的水道与叶状体的扇模式[7]认为陆架斜坡区沉积物过路不留,滑塌与碎屑流形成的斜坡模式[4],预测斜坡区也能找到物性好的砂体,同时解释了无沉积构造的块状砂岩成因。但是细粒砂岩中叠瓦状展布的粗碎屑成因无法通过碎屑流搬运机制来解释[8],为了合理地解释一些从盆地边缘向盆地中心沿伸的条带状砂体的成因以及深水重力流体中水道的成因提出了异重流沉积[9]。Mulder和Syvitski[10]提出,携带沉积物颗粒的流体密度大于稳定环境水体的密度,这种受浮力影响小、沿盆地底部流动的高密度流体称为异重流。异重流沉积强调的是从河流到盆底的“一次搬运”,主要为洪水成因,与传统认识的沉积物再搬运成因深水重力流砂体之间存在明显的差异[11];沉积序列、底载搬运和陆源有机质等特征与沉积物再搬运形成的浊流之间在一定的差别[12]
珠江口盆地海底扇天然气田的发现开启了我国深水沉积油气勘探的序幕[13]。琼东南盆地中新统中央峡谷重力流水道[1415]、海底扇[16]相继发现天然气大气田,而乐东–陵水凹陷海底扇成群、成带分布[16],油气勘探潜力巨大[1718]。乐东−陵水凹陷梅山组发育大量深水沉积砂体,有学者认为陵水凹陷梅山组深水扇为陆架边缘三角洲−峡谷(下切谷)−深水扇的沉积模式[19];认为梅山组二段海底扇为低密度浊流成因,这些海底扇来源于陆架边缘三角洲,同时受内波、内潮汐和等深流等底流的影响,造成海底扇砂体具有牵引流的粒度特征[20]。关于中新统梅山组海底扇成因,学者大多认为以浊流成因为主[16, 1920];有学者对梅山组发育的深水扇特征、沉积模式及控制因素进行了研究[19, 21],从平面上分析了不同钻井揭示的海底扇岩相特征[16]。前人研究表明,盆地北部陆坡及深海平原环境发育块体流沉积并且模拟了高密度流(hyperpycnal flow)受地貌控制的过程[22];此外,盆地北部L13区海底扇分支水道沉积存在多个逆粒序砂岩−正粒序砂岩−平行层理砂岩的叠置,A1海底扇向上以砾岩沉积为主,具反递变层理,可见5次反粒序变化,自下而上,砾石粒径越来越大,含量越来越高[15],因此,这些砂砾岩的成因无法用浊流沉积来解释,同时,对同一口钻井揭示的海底扇不同深度段对应的沉积机制尚未见报道。钻井揭示梅山组海底扇砂体样式多、储层非均质性强[16],因此,梅山组海底扇沉积特征及成因机制研究仍需完善。
本文以乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇为研究对象,基于岩心、薄片观察和粒度分析,解剖海底扇纵向叠置样式与平面展布特征,分析其成因机制,建立了研究区海底扇成因演化模式,以期为研究区有利砂体分布预测提供建议。
琼东南盆地位于海南岛南部,呈NEE向展布,盆地从北往南划分为北部隆起区、中央坳陷带和南部隆起带,其中乐东凹陷位于盆地中央坳陷带西部(图1a),面积约为1 × 104 km2[2324]。盆地经历了前裂谷期、裂陷期、热沉降期以及加速沉降期四大构造演化阶段[2526]。盆地主要由早古生代变质岩、碳酸盐岩和白垩系火山岩构成[27],古近纪以来,该盆地中央坳陷带继承发育NE-SE向负向盆底地形,中中新世末逐渐形成北部陆架陆坡,与南部隆起组成南部、北部高,中部“凹槽”,且西高东低、向东延伸的古地形特征[15],自下而上,发育了始新统岭头组,渐新统的崖城组和陵水组,中新统的三亚组、梅山组和黄流组,上新统的莺歌海组,第四系乐东组[26]。其中始新统岭头组以中深湖相沉积为主,渐新统崖城组、陵水组及下中新统三亚组主要为海陆过渡−滨浅海相沉积,中中新世后随着琼东南盆地陆架−陆坡体系形成,中新统梅山组及以上地层表现为半深海−深海沉积特征[24]图1b)。
梅山组沉积时期,在盆地发生两次大规模海退的背景下,广泛发育重力流沉积[18];乐东−陵水凹陷已呈现典型的陆架陆坡沉积背景[28],总体上为半深海−深海沉积体系,岩性主要为泥岩夹薄层粉砂岩−细砂岩[29]。区域上,梅山组可分为两段,其中,下部梅二段岩性主要为泥岩及砂质泥岩互层,梅一段主要为泥岩夹薄层泥质砂岩或粉砂岩[23]。受北部斜坡带物源影响[16],海底扇母岩类型主要为沉积岩和花岗岩[30],这类海底扇扇体厚度大、岩性粒度粗(以细砂−中粗砂岩为主)[15, 24, 28]
乐东凹陷A1井钻遇梅山组海底扇,梅一段以厚层砂岩、砂质砾岩为主,梅二段为厚层泥岩夹薄层砂岩,取心段位于梅一段上部,本文重点对取心段进行分析。砂质砾岩中,砾石含量高,粒径最高可达5 cm左右,砾石磨圆度较好,以次圆状为主,分选差(图2a);含砂砾岩中碎屑颗粒粒径变化大,粒径从粉砂−粗砂级,砂岩颗粒以次棱角状−次圆状为主(图2b);根据QFR岩石组成分类,A1井砂岩以长石岩屑砂岩为主,部分岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑石英砂岩(图2c)。对陆源碎屑组分统计和对比可以看到(表1),砾岩和粗砂岩陆源碎屑组分以岩屑为主,其次为单晶石英,长石较次之。而含砂砾岩、中−细砂岩和粉砂岩陆源碎屑组分以石英为主,岩屑次之,长石较次之。不同粒级砂岩和砾岩的泥质杂基含量平均在0~1.9%之间,仅在砾岩和含砂砾岩的个别样品泥质杂基含量为7%或10%。整体上砾岩、含砂砾岩和粗砂岩属于中−低结构成熟度、低−极低成分成熟度。而粉砂岩、细砂岩和中砂岩属于高结构成熟度、中等成分成熟度。研究区砂岩结构成熟度,反映海底扇沉积的水动力条件较强,对碎屑的泥质淘洗较干净,利于原始孔隙发育;而砾岩、砂质砾岩中碎屑颗粒分选较差、颗粒以次棱角状−次圆状为主,表明砂体搬运距离较近。
粒度概率累计曲线可见跳跃总体和悬浮总体构成的两段式(图3a)和滚动、跳跃及悬浮总体共存的多段式(图3b),多段式曲线中,跳跃总体段斜率低,与悬浮总体交截点在粒径4附近,其中悬浮总体占比50%~70%。两段式曲线跳跃总体和悬浮总体段的斜率都比较高,表明粒度分选性较好;多段式曲线有两个交截点,次总体粒度区间跨度大(−2.0~4.0)、斜率范围大(5°~65°),分段性明显,悬浮总体占比可达70%左右,表明存在足以让砾石滚动的水体能量。
总体上,A1井梅山组砂岩粒度粗分选差为主,磨圆度变化大。其岩石粒级分布自极细至砾石均有分布(粒度中值100~10 000 μm),粒级偏粗,岩石为砾岩或砂砾岩、不等粒砂岩、粗砂岩比例较大,其次为细砂岩,纯中砂岩和粉砂岩比例较低。砂砾岩或砂岩分选差为主要,分选差−中,分选好的较少见。碎屑常为次棱−次圆或次圆−次棱状,可见砾石高度磨圆(图2a)。区域沉积环境研究表明,当前层段处于海底扇[1516],岩石学和粒度特征反映该井区为近物源背景、强水动力条件的异常重力流沉积,同时发育了碎屑流与浊流。
岩心观察表明,梅山组海底扇沉积构造类型多样,发育侵蚀面、块状层理、逆正粒序、平行层理、变形构造等,还可见到陆地或浅水区搬运而来的生物化石碎片等。
侵蚀下切以粗粒的砂质砾岩侵蚀细砂岩(图4a)或侵蚀粉砂质泥岩(图4b)、较粗的砂岩侵蚀较细粒砂岩或泥质沉积(图4c图4d)为主。水体流速增强时,携带的粗碎屑颗粒对下部早期沉积的物质发生侵蚀,随着水体流速降低,侵蚀作用减弱,碎屑颗粒发生沉积,从而在一次水体能量增强到减弱的过程中,早期沉积物与晚期沉积物之间可发育层内侵蚀面[9]。洪水期,水体能量较强,侵蚀作用比较明显,可见到碎屑颗粒速搬运沉降所形成的槽模(图4c图4d)。
A1井梅一段发育厚层块状砂岩、砂砾岩,块状层理分布广泛。块状砂质砾岩中,砾石多为椭圆状,可见粒径高达5 cm的巨砾,总体上,砾石长轴的排列有一定的方向性(图4e),块状砂岩内部可见丝带状泥岩撕裂屑呈平行−叠瓦状分布(图4f)。砾石和泥岩撕裂屑的定向排列特征与砂质碎屑流中杂乱分布特征[12]不同,定向排列的砾石表明砂质碎屑流中存在层状流体,同时也反映了砂质碎屑流整体“冻结式”沉积特征[31]。砾石的定向排列表明水体能量较强时的底载搬运作用。
逆正粒序层理可见于砂质砾岩和中−粗砂岩中,自下而上表现为细粒−粗粒−细粒连续出现(图4g图4h),逆粒序顶部和正粒序底部可见侵蚀面(图4h);单个逆正粒序层理厚度可从几厘米至几十厘米不等,在细粒的砂岩中逆正粒序对厚度较薄,通常为2~5 cm(图4i),而粗粒的砂质砾岩中的逆正粒序对厚度较大,可达30 cm左右(图4g)。逆正粒序层理反映了洪水能量由强到弱的变化过程[9]
波状层理多见于粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩中(图4d),为水体搬运速率小于等于沉积速率时形成,而水体能量较大,搬运速率大于沉积速率时形成平行层理(图4d)。
研究区砂岩、砂质砾岩中可以见到炭屑(图4j)、植物碎片(图4k)和碳酸盐岩砾石(图4l)。炭屑大多以薄纹层状发育于粉砂岩中,属于漂浮沉积而成层发育(图4j);植物碎片为河流携带的陆源植物根茎[15],碎片较大时可与砂砾岩混杂堆积(图4k);碳酸盐岩砾石为浅水环境形成的生物礁化石碎片(图4l),其与砂砾岩混杂堆积,并且数量上不占主导,表明并非因某种触发机制引起的碳酸盐岩滑塌。炭屑与生物化石碎片反映了洪水期,河流将陆地或浅水物质搬运至深水环境,体现了水体的负载搬运机制。
由于早期沉积物,尤其是细粒沉积物尚未固结成岩,或处于准同生阶段时,被晚期粗碎屑覆盖,沉积物由于差异压实作用导致变形,形成包卷层理或滑塌变形构造(图4m)。滑塌变形构造为重力流沉积的典型标志,可以在异重岩[12]和浊积岩中见到[2]
A1井梅二段以厚层泥岩夹薄层砂岩,以半深海相泥岩沉积为主,夹有薄层粉−细砂岩、泥质粉砂岩[24],尚未取心。根据测录井和取心,对梅一段垂向沉积序列进行分析,认为梅一段上部发育典型浊流成因的鲍玛序列,梅一段下部发育异重流成因的异重岩序列。
A1井从4 787 m至梅一段顶界,逐渐由细砂岩、粉砂岩变为泥质粉砂岩,GR曲线在下部以低值与高值突变,向上从高值向低值渐变,总体呈现出正粒序特征,取心段4 774 m至4 773 m可识别出两个不完整的鲍玛序列(图5)。(1)下部鲍玛序列,该层段底部可见灰色块状细砂岩侵蚀下部泥岩,为鲍玛序列A段;向上变为浅灰色粉砂岩,发育平行层理,为鲍玛序列下平行层理段(B1段);向上变为发育波状层理的粉砂岩,为鲍玛序列C1段;上部被灰色块状泥岩覆盖,为鲍玛序列E1段(图4d)。(2)上部鲍玛序列,该段底部细砂岩侵蚀下部鲍玛序列E段,可见槽模,平行层理,为鲍玛序列B2段;其上可见波状层理C2段、上部平行纹层D2段和泥岩E2段。粒度概率曲线为跳跃和悬浮总体两段式(图5),并且悬浮总体占比达80%以上,反映了浊流沉积特征。
Mulder和Chapron[32]认为异重流是完全有别于浊流的一种全新深水地质营力。A1井岩石粒度、沉积构造特征指示该井发育异重流沉积。
A1井4 822.8~4 829.7 m深度范围发育多个逆粒序(Ha)−正粒序(Hb)砂质砾岩段,GR曲线表现为下部从高值向低值渐变,再从高值向低值渐变的反旋回−正旋回对,属于典型的异重流沉积(图6)。Ha段下部为细砂岩,向上变为细砾岩、粗砾岩,含泥岩撕裂屑,砾石磨圆度较高、呈定向排列、对下伏砂岩侵蚀、含有生物化石碎片,反映了一个由悬浮−跳跃搬运向滚动搬运转变的特征,表明水体能量由弱变强;Hb段从下至上由砾石长轴呈定向排列的砂质砾岩(图4e)渐变为细粒的中砂岩、细砂岩,细砂岩中可见炭屑纹层、平行层理,反映了一个由滚动搬运向悬浮−跳跃搬运转变的特征,表明水体能量由强变弱。
前人研究表明,可容空间变化可以用Fischer曲线来反映,同时体现相对海平面变化[3335]。A1可容空间变化曲线与莺琼盆地海平面变化曲线总体趋势一致,表明可容空间变化曲线反映了研究区海平面变化。综合测录井资料及梅一段浊积岩和异重岩序列识别特征,建立其梅山组海底扇沉积演化序列(图7),其中梅二段海平面较高,岩性主要为半深海泥岩夹粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,以浊流沉积为主,海平面相对较低时发育异重流沉积。梅一段沉积时期,总体为海平面下降的背景[36],研究区发生过多期异重流水道和浊积水道沉积,梅一段早期海平面相对较高,以浊流沉积为主;梅一段晚期海平面大幅度降低,以异重流−浊流交互沉积为特征(图7)。
梅山组沉积时期古地貌特征表明,A1井位于盆地平原带(图8a),北东方向陆棚坡折带处持续发育大型沟谷(图8b),是研究区可靠的物源通道,前人研究也认为物源主要来自北东方向[16, 37]。从斜坡沟谷处到研究区,砂体输送距离超过60 km,相比D井更远离物源(图8a),而D井被认为是海底扇的典型代表,有学者根据壁心、GR曲线、粒度概率曲线和C−M图等揭示其发育海底扇水道沉积[16]
地震振幅属性特征表明(图8c),A1井区发育大型海底扇朵叶体,面积超过1 000 km2,而D井所在区域海底扇朵叶体面积约200 km2。结合A1岩心粒度特征、沉积构造特征等表明,研究区接受了长距离、长时间、强水动力物源供给,但振幅属性显示A1井位于朵叶体远端(图8c),表明振幅属性可能难以准确反映研究区海底扇分布。A1井在梅山组沉积时期虽然位于盆地平原地带,但也处于砂体输送的主干道上。
梅山组沉积时期,琼东南盆地处于区域大海退背景下[36],可进一步识别出至少5期次一级海平面升降旋回,其中,中后期海平面大幅度下降,且持续时间长[37]。这一时期,陆架上的三角洲碎屑物质不断向盆地推进[16],大型三角洲的发育为深水海底扇沉积物质输入提供了条件。同时,由于大规模海退,意味着河流作用增强,洪水期强烈的水动力可将陆源物质长距离输送到海底平原。
古地貌特征表明,斜坡区坡度可达3°左右,地形坡度较陡,有利于异重流以高势能转变为高动能,形成分布范围广的沉积物[38]。古气候研究表明,梅山组时期处于半干燥−半潮湿气候条件,古气温从早中新世达到阶段峰值后逐渐变冷[39]。半干旱气候条件下,持续时间长、周期性的洪水作用为异重流形成创造了有利条件[11]
综合海平面变化、古地形、古气候、物源条件分析,认为梅山组沉积时期具备异重流发育条件,利用异重流成因机制能够合理地解释一些从盆地边缘向盆地中心沿伸的条带状砂体的成因以及深水重力流体中水道的成因[9],也就合理的解释了A1井距离物源区距离远,但是砂砾岩粒度粗、磨圆度较高、砂体厚度大的原因。
根据A1井异重岩与浊积岩叠置序列,建立了研究区海底扇成因演化模式(图9):(1)梅山组沉积早期,海平面较高,河流作用较弱,研究区以浊流沉积为主,发育浊流沉积海底扇朵叶,岩性以泥岩、粉砂岩为主;(2)梅山组沉积中期,海平面大幅度下降,河流作用变强,洪水携带大量碎屑进入盆地,研究区发育异重流水道沉积,发育厚层块状砂岩,岩性以粉−细砂岩、砂质砾岩为主,分选较差,物性较差;(3)梅山组沉积晚期,海平面略微上升,研究区以浊流沉积为主,发育浊流水道,岩性以粉砂岩、细砂岩为主,分选较好,物性较好。
深水重力流砂体的形成机制会在很大程度上影响砂体的展布、质量和连通性等特征[11],总体上异重流时期砂体分选较差,而浊流时期砂体分选较好,导致异重岩物性比浊积岩物性差。此外,根据研究区海底扇成因演化模式预测,A1井以南存在海底扇砂体,并且由于砂体搬运距离更远,分选性、磨圆度相比A1井更好,砂体粒度相比A1井更细,可发育更好的储集砂体。
(1)乐东凹陷梅山组海底扇发育异重岩,岩性以长石岩屑砂岩为主,分选差,粒度变化大,包括粉砂岩、细砂岩、中砂岩、粗砂岩,砂质砾岩,砾石含量高,粒径最高可达5 cm,砾石磨圆度较好,以次棱角−圆状为主,岩石表现出高结构成熟度、低成分成熟度;概率累计曲线两段式和多段式反映牵引流沉积特征。
(2)研究区海底扇发育浊积岩序列和异重岩序列,浊积岩序列以多期不完整的鲍玛序列叠置为主,异重岩序列主要为多个逆粒序(Ha)−正粒序(Hb)砂质砾岩段叠置。
(3)异重流沉积发育侵蚀下切、块状砂质砾岩中砾石定向排列、逆正粒序层理、平行层理、炭屑与生物化石碎片等构造;浊流沉积发育平行层理、波状层理、块状层理等构造。
(4)梅山组时期海平面大幅度下降、古地形坡度较陡、半干旱气候,研究区具备异重流发育条件;梅山组沉积早期,以浊流沉积朵叶为主,中期以异重流水道为主,晚期以浊流水道为主,预测研究区南部可发育更有利的海底扇储集砂体。
致谢:感谢匿名审稿专家对论文修改提出的宝贵意见!
  • 国家自然科学基金(U24B2016)
  • 南海北部深水区深层温压场差异性演化对优质储层的控制机理
  • 中国海洋石油集团有限公司“十四五”重大科技项目(KJGG2021-0100)
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2024年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024085
  • 接收时间:2023-12-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-12
  • 修回日期:2024-02-29
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国家自然科学基金(U24B2016)
南海北部深水区深层温压场差异性演化对优质储层的控制机理
中国海洋石油集团有限公司“十四五”重大科技项目(KJGG2021-0100)
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    1.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100028
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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