Article(id=1200732561862423338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024055, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694448000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-12, revisedDate=1712073600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764206551280, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764206551280, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764206551280, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206551280, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200732559459087132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764206550707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206656941, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200732562172801838, articleId=1200732561862423338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Development characteristics and models of beach-bar depositional system constrained by multistage gentle slope landform in continental lacustrine basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sandy and mixed beach-bar, which has good exploration potential, are widely developed in the upper fourth member of Shahejie Formation(Es4U) to the lower third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3L) of the Laizhou Bay Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin. At present, the sedimentary characteristics, genesis mechanism and evolution model of the beach-bar are still poorly understood, which seriously restricts the exploration and prediction of this type of sedimentation. Therefore, this study makes comprehensive use of drilling, logging, and seismic data to finely recover the micro-paleogeomorphology of the study area, clarifies the controlling role of geomorphology of the multi-stage gentle slope on the development of the beach-bar in the study area, sums up the depositional characteristics and the main controlling factors of the sand bodies of the beach-bar at different locations, and constructs the depositional model. The results show that: (1) sandy beach-bar are mainly developed in the front flanks of the braided river delta of the Es4U, which are mainly controlled by the windward geomorphic features of the first-stage gentle slope, strong sediment supply and paleo-wind direction. (2) The thick-layered mixed beach-bar are mainly developed in the windward zone of the secondary gentle slope of the Es4U, which is jointly influenced by paleogeomorphology, medium sediment supply and strong coastal currents. (3) The thin-layered mixed beach-bar are developed in the windward zone of the first-stage gentle slope of the Es3L, which is influenced by the combination of paleogeomorphology, weak sediment supply, paleo-wind direction and littoral current. By dividing the multi-stage gentle slope geomorphology, the establishment of the depositional model can help to predict the distribution of the sand body of the beach-bar and provide a reference for the exploration of the sand body of the beach-bar in the Bohai Bay Basin.

, correspAuthors=Hongtao Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hui Hu, Hongtao Zhu, Xiaofeng Du, Qianghu Liu, Ziyu Liu, Zhongheng Sun, Ziqian Ye, Xianfeng Sun), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200732566903976928, articleId=1200732561862423338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=陆相湖盆多级缓坡地貌约束下的滩坝沉积体系特征与沉积模式, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段广泛发育砂质滩坝与混积滩坝,具有良好的勘探潜力。但有关滩坝的沉积特征、成因机制及演化模式不清,严重制约了该类沉积的勘探与预测。因此,本文综合利用钻井、录井、地震等资料,精细恢复了研究区的微古地貌,明确了多级缓坡地貌对研究区不同位置滩坝发育的控制作用,总结了其沉积特征及主控因素,构建了沉积模式。结果表明:(1)砂质滩坝主要发育于沙四上亚段辫状河三角洲前端侧翼,主要受一级缓坡迎风地貌、强物源供给、古风向共同控制。(2)厚层混积滩坝主要发育在沙四上亚段次级缓坡迎风带,受古地貌、中−强物源、强沿岸流的共同影响。(3)薄层混积滩坝发育在沙三下亚段一级缓坡迎风带,受古地貌、弱物源、古风向、沿岸流的综合影响。通过对多级缓坡地貌的划分,沉积模式的建立,有助于预测滩坝砂体的分布,为渤海湾盆地滩坝砂体的勘探提供借鉴。

, correspAuthors=朱红涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱红涛,教授、博士生导师,主要从事层序地层学、沉积学、地震沉积学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=bzR8MAokbb57Si/7rwdyAw==, magXml=L7mc0gRci7asQyzxX8o0vg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=xllv0N+4X8Kdlhrt2SHYMQ==, pdfFileSize=23257903, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AzZus2e/GgoGbXonvuIsnQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=c/J9USKCSAU4cs9Nt0obrQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

胡慧(1999—),女,湖北省丹江口市人,从事地质学、沉积学研究。E-mail:

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胡慧(1999—),女,湖北省丹江口市人,从事地质学、沉积学研究。E-mail:

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陆相湖盆多级缓坡地貌约束下的滩坝沉积体系特征与沉积模式
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胡慧 1 , 朱红涛 1, * , 杜晓峰 2 , 刘强虎 1 , 刘子玉 2 , 孙中恒 1 , 叶子倩 1 , 孙先锋 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(12): 40-52
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(12): 40-52
陆相湖盆多级缓坡地貌约束下的滩坝沉积体系特征与沉积模式
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胡慧1 , 朱红涛1, * , 杜晓峰2, 刘强虎1, 刘子玉2, 孙中恒1, 叶子倩1, 孙先锋1
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉) 资源学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 2.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100028
  • 胡慧(1999—),女,湖北省丹江口市人,从事地质学、沉积学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*朱红涛,教授、博士生导师,主要从事层序地层学、沉积学、地震沉积学研究。E-mail:
Development characteristics and models of beach-bar depositional system constrained by multistage gentle slope landform in continental lacustrine basin
Hui Hu1 , Hongtao Zhu1, * , Xiaofeng Du2, Qianghu Liu1, Ziyu Liu2, Zhongheng Sun1, Ziqian Ye1, Xianfeng Sun1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Earth Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
  • 2. CNOOC Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100028, China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024055
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渤海湾盆地莱州湾凹陷沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段广泛发育砂质滩坝与混积滩坝,具有良好的勘探潜力。但有关滩坝的沉积特征、成因机制及演化模式不清,严重制约了该类沉积的勘探与预测。因此,本文综合利用钻井、录井、地震等资料,精细恢复了研究区的微古地貌,明确了多级缓坡地貌对研究区不同位置滩坝发育的控制作用,总结了其沉积特征及主控因素,构建了沉积模式。结果表明:(1)砂质滩坝主要发育于沙四上亚段辫状河三角洲前端侧翼,主要受一级缓坡迎风地貌、强物源供给、古风向共同控制。(2)厚层混积滩坝主要发育在沙四上亚段次级缓坡迎风带,受古地貌、中−强物源、强沿岸流的共同影响。(3)薄层混积滩坝发育在沙三下亚段一级缓坡迎风带,受古地貌、弱物源、古风向、沿岸流的综合影响。通过对多级缓坡地貌的划分,沉积模式的建立,有助于预测滩坝砂体的分布,为渤海湾盆地滩坝砂体的勘探提供借鉴。

多级缓坡地貌  /  砂质滩坝  /  混积滩坝  /  莱州湾凹陷  /  主控因素  /  沉积模式

Sandy and mixed beach-bar, which has good exploration potential, are widely developed in the upper fourth member of Shahejie Formation(Es4U) to the lower third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3L) of the Laizhou Bay Sag in the Bohai Bay Basin. At present, the sedimentary characteristics, genesis mechanism and evolution model of the beach-bar are still poorly understood, which seriously restricts the exploration and prediction of this type of sedimentation. Therefore, this study makes comprehensive use of drilling, logging, and seismic data to finely recover the micro-paleogeomorphology of the study area, clarifies the controlling role of geomorphology of the multi-stage gentle slope on the development of the beach-bar in the study area, sums up the depositional characteristics and the main controlling factors of the sand bodies of the beach-bar at different locations, and constructs the depositional model. The results show that: (1) sandy beach-bar are mainly developed in the front flanks of the braided river delta of the Es4U, which are mainly controlled by the windward geomorphic features of the first-stage gentle slope, strong sediment supply and paleo-wind direction. (2) The thick-layered mixed beach-bar are mainly developed in the windward zone of the secondary gentle slope of the Es4U, which is jointly influenced by paleogeomorphology, medium sediment supply and strong coastal currents. (3) The thin-layered mixed beach-bar are developed in the windward zone of the first-stage gentle slope of the Es3L, which is influenced by the combination of paleogeomorphology, weak sediment supply, paleo-wind direction and littoral current. By dividing the multi-stage gentle slope geomorphology, the establishment of the depositional model can help to predict the distribution of the sand body of the beach-bar and provide a reference for the exploration of the sand body of the beach-bar in the Bohai Bay Basin.

multistage gentle slope landform  /  sandy beach-bar  /  mixed beach-bar  /  Laizhou Bay Sag  /  main control factor  /  sedimentary model
胡慧, 朱红涛, 杜晓峰, 刘强虎, 刘子玉, 孙中恒, 叶子倩, 孙先锋. 陆相湖盆多级缓坡地貌约束下的滩坝沉积体系特征与沉积模式. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (12) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024055
Hui Hu, Hongtao Zhu, Xiaofeng Du, Qianghu Liu, Ziyu Liu, Zhongheng Sun, Ziqian Ye, Xianfeng Sun. Development characteristics and models of beach-bar depositional system constrained by multistage gentle slope landform in continental lacustrine basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (12) : 40 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024055
滩坝作为浅水湖泊或海相盆地边缘的砂体[14],结构成熟度高、储层物性较好,靠近油源,有利于油气聚集,具有良好的勘探前景[56]。在断陷盆地缓坡带,浅水区容易发育滩坝砂体[710],如渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、四川盆地均已发现含滩坝储层的油气田,钻井揭示滩坝储层具有良好的孔隙度和渗透率,勘探开发效果较好[9, 1113]。因此,湖相滩坝储层已成为中、新生代湖盆重要的勘探目标[1416]
莱州湾凹陷古近系沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段发育砂质滩坝和以碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩为主的混积滩坝,是南部缓坡带重要的岩性油气藏勘探领域之一。湖泊滩坝的发育受古地形、水动力环境、物源、以及湖平面变化等诸多因素的共同影响[17]。其中古构造特点及构造运动下的古地貌对滩坝的形成和分布有关键性影响[1819]。在前人的研究中,针对莱州湾凹陷南部缓坡带的滩坝,仅对沙三下的混积滩坝进行了特征分析及成因探讨[20],并未见对沙四上亚段滩坝的相关报道。且前人在论述古地貌条件对滩坝的控制作用时,仅仅是将古地貌作为一个统一的地貌背景来探讨宏观古地貌在滩坝形成中所起的主导作用,较为笼统[2122]。仍缺少对研究区沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段滩坝的发育特征、沉积模式、演化规律等相关研究,也缺乏古地貌与滩坝沉积之间的关联性认识。因此,本次研究针对莱州湾凹陷南部缓坡带沙四上亚段到沙三下亚段滩坝砂体,以钻井、地震资料为基础,利用古地貌恢复手段,恢复了沉积区微古地貌,划分出多级缓坡,明确滩坝的发育特征,并建立滩坝的沉积模式,为后续滩坝砂体的预测和勘探提供理论依据。
渤海湾盆地是中国东部最重要的含油气盆地之一[23]。莱州湾凹陷位于渤海湾盆地东南部,为郯庐断裂带控制发育的箕状凹陷,整体呈“菱形”状,具有南北分带、东西分块、北断南超的构造格局[20]。莱州湾凹陷北靠莱北低凸起,南接潍北凸起,东、西夹于郯庐走滑带东支与中支之间(图1)。凹陷内部可划分为北部陡坡带、中央隆起带、南部缓坡带、北洼、南洼、东北洼共6个次级地形单元[24]。根据钻井揭示,莱州湾凹陷自下而上发育中生界、古近系孔店组、沙河街组、东营组,新近系馆陶组、明化镇组及第四系平原组。沙河街组可划分为沙四段、沙三段、沙一二段,其中沙四段又可进一步划分为沙四上亚段与沙四下亚段。沙四下亚段的底部与孔店组呈超覆接触,顶部为一套扇三角洲沉积;沙四上亚段为一套滨浅湖泥滩、砂质滩沉积,岩性主要为红褐色泥岩、灰绿色泥岩、黄色细砂岩。沙三段为一套深湖−半深湖至滨浅湖三角洲沉积序列,可划分为沙三上、沙三中、沙三下三个亚段。沙三下亚段南部缓坡带含有厚层泥质石灰岩、砂砾岩及凝灰质细砂岩,为一套滩坝沉积。沙三中亚段发育不等厚层的砂泥岩,局部含有火山岩、灰白色钙质粉砂岩。沙三上亚段岩性为不等厚互层的细砂岩、中砂岩、局部见灰质粉砂岩及煤层。
莱州湾凹陷南部缓坡带是一个历经多次块体旋转与差异抬升的翘倾型斜坡带[25]。具体表现出东部早期隆起晚期斜坡及西部早期斜坡晚期隆起的构造演化格局,高点从沙四时期到沙三时期自东向西迁移的多期差异构造抬升特征。由于郯庐断裂走滑挤压,南部缓坡带受到挤压作用差异旋转抬升及次生走滑断裂改造,局部隆升,形成斜坡(图2)。
古气候可以通过影响降水量、湖流、水体的盐度进而影响古水系的流量及盆地沉积充填特征,是控制盆地沉积过程的根本因素[27]。莱州湾凹陷沙四至沙三时期古气候发生明显的转变,为滩坝的发育奠定了基础。KA-2井钻井揭示沙四下时期发育多层红色泥岩,指示该时期为暴露水面与干旱的气候环境。而在沙四上亚段与沙三下亚段沉积时期,则发育薄层砂岩和灰岩,指示此时气候为温热、半干旱气候,发育灰质滩坝与混积滩坝。此外,前人通过孢粉资料也证实了沙四时期至沙三时期气候发生了转变[28]。沙四下亚段孢粉组合以干旱气候类型的紫萁孢属、水龙骨单缝孢属、麻黄粉属、副桤木粉属、朴粉属、旋花粉属、紫树粉属、唇形三沟粉属为主。而到了沙四上−沙三下亚段沉积时期,美星介的出现与盘星藻属含量持续增加,指示该时期的水体变浅,盐度下降,为微咸水−半咸水的滨浅湖[29]。沙三中−沙三上沉积时期,孢粉组合以球形疑源类为主,开始发育渤海藻亚科分子,同时指示淡水−微咸水滨浅湖环境的具棒、刺状分子增加,说明水体深度增加,盐度下降,为淡水−微咸水的滨浅湖[29]。因此,在这种变化性气候的大背景下,沙四上亚段至沙三下亚段的温热、半干旱气候,导致水体蒸发量大,湖水盐度较高,处于过饱和状态,为碳酸盐滩坝形成所需“暖、清、浅、咸”的环境提供了有利条件。
风向是影响滩坝发育的重要因素之一。风不但具有侵蚀、搬运和沉积的能力,还可以向水体传输能量和动量,营造波浪和风生水流,成为湖盆滨岸带沉积物搬运的源动力[14]。亚洲季风是地球上最强大的季风系统,现今其影响范围横跨10°~55°N,从热带到暖温带。而前人研究揭示新生代早期亚热带地区主要受炎热干燥的气候控制,中纬度地区主要是潮湿的气候[30]。在41 Ma之前,亚洲季风主要在20°~22°N以下的亚洲热带地区盛行,大多数亚洲地区受副热带高压的影响为炎热干燥的气候;在41~26 Ma季风气候北上增强,向北移动到温带[30]。同样在相邻的东营凹陷,沙四上亚段沉积时期(45~42 Ma),中国东部已经处于明显的季风气候下,主要受到从极地方向吹来的冬季风(北风)的影响[31]。因此,在同属济阳坳陷的莱州湾凹陷,该时期研究区同样受到北风的影响,导致南部缓坡带整体成为一个迎风带,在波浪由北向南的传播中,沉积物被二次改造搬运到南部缓坡带沉积形成滩坝。
莱州湾凹陷南部属于箕状断陷缓坡型构造样式(图3),相对于北部陡坡带裂陷期南部活动性相对较弱。沙四下时期南部缓坡带整体为缓坡背景,KA构造区东侧局部剥蚀向周围供源。沙四上−沙三下时期,整个研究区处于构造变革期,南部缓坡带在构造活动影响下发生掀斜翘倾,早期缓坡带转变为多级坡折带。沙三中时期,KA构造区西侧抬升,低隆起自东向西迁移,至沙三上与沙一二时期,KA构造区持续抬升,遭受剥蚀。因此,南部缓坡带层序从早期到晚期依次经历了缓坡型充填、多级坡折型充填以及剥蚀过程。
莱州湾凹陷南部斜坡带为多期构造抬升改造的翘倾型斜坡[25]。在南北向地震剖面(图4a)可以看到显示断裂上下盘孔店−沙四沉积地层厚度相近,表明此时中央隆起带还未形成,南部整体背景为斜坡。连井上,斜坡东侧KA-4井和KA-7井没有钻遇沙四段,而且沙三下段较西侧厚度较小,剥蚀量较大(图4c图5),说明此时的斜坡向北倾斜,且东部高于西部,而沙三下−沙三中沉积时期,受走滑断裂左旋-右旋转换的影响,斜坡区的断裂差异活动,导致断块旋转掀斜,斜坡东部下沉、西部升高,中央隆起带快速形成。低隆高点自东向西迁移,西部在沙三下之后沉积的地层被剥蚀,只有部分残留。而东部下沉被淹没,接受沉积。此时,南部挠曲斜坡局部高点发育,造成KA-6井沙三下段沉积的地层被剥蚀(图4b)。
因此,在以上南部缓坡带形成、高点迁移的大背景下,根据研究区沙四段与沙三段地貌沉积背景,对南部缓坡带进行地貌级次划分。在莱州湾凹陷南部斜坡带整体为缓坡地貌的背景中,可明显见到缓坡内部仍具有多个坡折点(图6),具备多级坡折的特征。因此,根据内部坡折的位置以及古风向的影响,可进一步将缓坡带划分成两个级次,在坡折之上划分为一级缓坡迎风带,坡折之下划分为次级迎风带。
南部缓坡带滩坝沉积模式受KA构造区翘倾迁移、多级缓坡迎风带地貌、古风向及沿岸流改造等多种因素的共同制约。基于古地貌与井震特征,在南部缓坡带识别出A、B、C 3个不同特征的滩坝。
通过对已钻井位分析,并结合邻区地震相模式总结,建立研究区内地震相−岩性耦合关系。南部缓坡带存在3大类地震相并对应3种岩性组合(图7)。其中,滩坝A为组合丘状、单层席状的砂质滩坝,地震相表现为中−弱振幅、中−低频率、中−低连续性。滩坝B为组合丘状、单层席状,为厚层组合式混积滩坝,地震相表现为强−中强振幅、中−高频、中−高连续性,上部岩性以石灰岩为主,下部岩性为白云岩夹砂岩。含碳酸盐岩振幅变强,其中灰岩振幅强于白云岩。滩坝C为薄层混积滩坝,地震相表现为席状,强振幅、中−高频、高连续性特征,岩性为砂岩夹灰岩及极薄层白云岩。
砂质滩坝A位于南部缓坡带的KA构造区,所处水下低隆构造背景,位于三角洲侧翼,发育于沙四上时期。目前虽无井钻遇,但通过与东营凹陷内砂质滩坝作对比[32],以及根据其物源来自于潍北低凸起供源的辫状河三角洲,推测这套沉积是一套受沿岸流、季风气候改造的砂质滩坝。潍北低凸起的基底母岩岩性为太古界变质岩与中生界火成岩,成砂效率高,滩坝发育于近三角洲供源处,因此具备物源供给强、砂质含量高、结构成熟度好的特征。在地震反射剖面中,砂质滩坝整体呈组合丘状反射结构,单层呈席状反射结构,内部为中−弱振幅、中−低频、中−低连续性特征(图8)。
滩坝B位于南部缓坡带次级迎风带位置,发育在鼻状构造侧翼,是一套受沿岸流、季风气候改造的混积滩坝。该地区具备物源充足、强水动力改造、多级沿岸流改造、季风改造的有利条件。在垂向上,滩坝B混积岩滩坝表现为强振幅、中−高连续的丘形反射结构(图9)。在平面上,滩坝B被中部断裂分割成南北两部分。其中北部区域地势较低,沉积厚度厚,南部区域地势高,沉积厚度薄。在单井上响应早期盐度高、相对干旱炎热,晚期较为湿润温暖的古气候特点,早期为中弱−弱振幅的白云岩与砂岩组合,此时白云岩的含量可高达75.2%,而到了晚期则逐渐转变为中−强振幅的石灰岩,自下而上石灰岩的含量不断增加,滩坝顶部石灰岩的含量可高达94%。
滩坝C所处一级缓坡迎风带,局部位于水下低隆起,此位置在沙三下时期的古地貌中属于湖湾部位,是沿岸流能量衰减部位。沿岸流所携带的泥沙在此沉降堆积,形成了一套受沿岸流、季风气候改造的混积岩滩坝。在地震剖面中,地震同相轴呈异常强振幅反射,表现出高频、强振幅、中高连续性的反射特征(图10)。在平面上,受断裂分隔的限制,该滩坝呈孤立状分布于相邻断裂中间。在相邻单井上,则表现出单砂层薄、岩性组合复杂,主要为砂岩夹灰岩、极薄层白云岩的特征。
在沙四上沉积时期,潍北凸起陆源供给强,三角洲展布面积大。滩坝整体形态呈片状,单个呈丘状,平行于湖岸分布。其展布形态受KA井区差异抬升控制,东侧及西侧高部位限制了物源优势输入路径。在一级缓坡迎风带上,由于三角洲前缘斜向侧翼物源供给强,受波浪冲刷水动力条件较强,发育砂质滩坝(图11滩坝A)。在远离物源时物源供给强度减弱,发育混积滩坝。在次级迎风带上,陆源供给减弱,弱沿岸流作用改造三角洲侧翼砂质滩坝,地势较一级缓坡迎风带较低,低位卸载,整体为静水环境,发育混积滩坝(图11)。
在沙三下沉积时期,潍北凸起物源大幅萎缩,供给能力减弱,同时在该时期构造活动导致的差异抬升作用的控制下,地貌较沙四上沉积时期坡度变大,水动力较沙四上段减弱,在KA-4井区以及一级缓坡迎风带内主要发育极薄层的混积滩坝(图12)。
研究区滩坝的发育主要受古地貌、物源、古风向、沿岸流等四个因素的共同影响,具体表现为地貌分级控制滩坝发育位置、物源强弱控制滩坝发育类型、风向控制滩坝发育形态、沿岸流叠加改造滩砂。这四个因素之间也会相互影响共同制约滩坝的发育。其中,古地貌对滩坝发育的位置及厚度具有重要的作用。南部缓坡带在沙四上−沙三下沉积时期,地形整体平缓,有利于沉积物的垂向加积,是滩坝沉积的有利地貌条件。同时南部缓坡带并不是单一的缓坡背景,而是具有局部高低起伏的多级缓坡地貌特征,有利于砂体经过波浪的改造后在斜坡区多级高点处沉积,避免了斜坡过缓,导致波浪作用弱,不容易形成高能水动力环境,难以对沉积物进行充分改造,进而难以发育滩坝沉积的情况。因此,与单一缓坡背景相比,多级缓坡迎风带具有更好的滩坝发育的改造条件,有利于滩坝大规模呈条带状展布。且古地貌高点与低点之间的交汇地带往往是水动力能量减弱、沉积物优先卸载的场所,有利于沉积物卸载堆积形成滩坝。其次,物源是滩坝发育的物质基础也决定滩坝发育的类型,陆源供给强,易形成砂质滩坝(滩坝A),陆源供给弱,易形成混积滩坝(滩坝B、C)与碳酸盐岩滩坝。南部缓坡带在沙四上−沙三下沉积时期接受潍北凸起及KA构造区局部高点剥蚀供源,具有砂质滩坝形成的物质基础。物源供给从沙四上时期至沙三下时期逐渐减少,一级缓坡迎风带内滩坝类型也由砂质滩坝(滩坝A)转变为混积滩坝(滩坝C)。此外,古风向对滩坝砂体的展布具有明显的控制作用。在莱州湾凹陷沙四上−沙三下沉积时期,来自极地的北风通过郯庐走滑西支断层与莱北一号断层之间的风口由北向南吹到南部缓坡带,营造的波浪与风生水流是砂体改造、搬运、形成滩坝的源动力。沿岸流的影响主要集中远离物源的区域以及古地貌低洼处。研究区北风营造的波浪在南部缓坡削减、偏移,受科里奥利力的影响,形成向东偏转的力。因此在南部断隆带前端,存在自西向东的沿岸流。此时,由于缓坡迎风带的古地貌高点与低点的交汇地带是水动力的削弱地带,因此,更有利于沿岸流携带砂体沉积形成滩坝。
通过对研究区滩坝发育的有利条件分析、已钻井评价以及滩坝平面分布规律研究,明确了不同缓坡背景与盆内物源体系供给耦合关系下的滩坝发育特征,建立了多级缓坡迎风带滩坝沉积模式(图13)。认为南部潍北凸起的辫状河三角洲在沙四上至沙三下时期仍具备一定的供源能力,且三角洲的展布形态受KA井区差异抬升的影响,局部高点对三角洲具有阻挡作用,表现为受地貌限制的沉积。在一级缓坡迎风带上受三角洲前缘斜向侧翼强物源供给,抑制了碳酸盐岩的形成,此时砂质滩坝发育。同时,在边缘地带靠近次级缓坡迎风带区域,由于物源供给较弱,局部发育碳酸盐岩和砂岩混积的混积滩坝。在次级迎风带上,离物源区渐远,陆源碎屑供给减弱,限制了砂质滩坝的发育,此时,在古地貌高点与低点交汇的洼地,受弱沿岸流作用搬运,改造侧翼砂质滩坝,发育混积滩坝。在更远离物源区时,陆源碎屑供给进一步萎缩,有利于碳酸盐岩滩坝的形成。
目前,同为济阳坳陷的东营凹陷内部滩坝砂体累计探明储量高达3.3 × 108 t[33]。莱州湾凹陷和东营凹陷都具有北断南超、凹中有隆的洼陷结构,且两凹陷在沙四上时期南部同为缓坡背景,均发育滩坝沉积,表明莱州湾凹陷的滩坝砂体具有很大的油气勘探潜力。因此,通过建立多级缓坡迎风带滩坝沉积模式有利于寻找莱州湾凹陷以及其他相似背景下滩坝砂体的位置,预测有利储层分布,为后续的油气勘探提供参考。
(1) 莱州湾凹陷沙四上−沙三下沉积时期,南部缓坡带为迎风带,具有局部高低起伏的多级缓坡地貌特征,是滩坝发育的有利区带。
(2) 受潍北凸起物源供给、沿岸流、地貌等多种因素的共同控制,研究区发育3种不同特征的滩坝沉积。滩坝A为组合丘状、单层席状的砂质滩坝;滩坝B为组合丘状、单层席状,为厚层组合式混积滩坝;滩坝C为薄层混积滩坝。
(3) 沙四上沉积时期,潍北凸起陆源供给强,三角洲展布面积大,受波浪水动力条件较强,在一级缓坡迎风带发育砂质滩坝。在远离物源的次级缓坡带部位,则发育受沿岸流改造的厚层混积滩坝。沙三下沉积时期,潍北凸起物源供给萎缩,地貌较沙四上时期坡度变大,水动力相对减小,主要发育极薄层的混积滩坝。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42172127)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41872149)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41902112)
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2024年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024055
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2024-04-03
基金
国家自然科学基金(42172127)
国家自然科学基金(41872149)
国家自然科学基金(41902112)
作者信息
    1.中国地质大学(武汉) 资源学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    2.中海油研究总院有限责任公司,北京 100028

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*朱红涛,教授、博士生导师,主要从事层序地层学、沉积学、地震沉积学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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