Article(id=1200732559987569436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024031, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694534400000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-13, revisedDate=1710172800000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764206550832, onlineDateStr=2025-11-27, pubDate=1735574400000, pubDateStr=2024-12-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764206550832, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764206550832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206550832, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200732559459087132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764206550707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764206656941, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200733005095489799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200732559459087132, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=66, endPage=78, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200732560226644766, articleId=1200732559987569436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The control mechanism of multi-stage fracture-related karst reservoirs of carbonate buried hills in Bohai Bay Basin, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The buried hill oil and gas reservoirs have become an important exploration field in China’s marine basins. The northwestern area of Shaleitian area of Bohai Bay Basin is a typical carbonate buried hill zone. Due to the lack of research on the reservoir control effect of multiple stage fractures and their related karstification, the oil and gas exploration of carbonate buried hills is restricted. This paper conducts a detailed analysis of the development characteristics of the fracture-cave system in carbonate buried hill reservoirs in the northwestern Shaleitian Uplift, and studies the reservoir control effects of fractures and karst. The results indicate that the lower Paleozoic carbonate buried hills in the northwestern area of Shaleitian Uplift belong to fracture related karst reservoirs. The reservoir space includes dissolution pores, structural fractures, and expansion pores along the structural fractures. High quality reservoirs have lithological selectivity, and fractures and dissolution pores developed in microlite crystalline dolomite and fine crystalline dolomite are better. The reservoir mainly develops three sets of fractures, with E−W and NE oriented shear fractures mainly related to two tectonic compressions during the Indosinian and Late Yanshanian. The third set of NW oriented tensile fractures is related to the intracratonic movement during the Himalayan orogeny, and compression is the main mechanism for forming high-density fractures. The later stage of extension is a necessary condition for the relaxation of fractures to form reservoir spaces. The Lower Paleozoic carbonate buried hill reservoirs have undergone three stages of karstification, which are karstification in the steady Caledonian tectonic background, karstification in the Indosinian compressive background, and fault block-horst karstification in the Yanshanian-Himalayan extensional background. In summary, the carbonate buried hill reservoirs in the northwestern Shaleitian Uplift are formed by multiple stages and multiple types of tectonic-karst processes, and the analysis of the differences in the degree of recombination in different structural parts is an important factor in understanding the reservoir formation mechanism.

, correspAuthors=Anqing Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zeji Wang, Anqing Chen, Huiyong Li, Qingbin Wang, Xuewei Zhou, Tao Ye, Jian Luo, Shuguang Xiao, Mingcai Hou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200732562801947457, articleId=1200732559987569436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤海湾盆地碳酸盐岩潜山裂缝−岩溶联合控储机制, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

新生古储的潜山油气已成为我国海域盆地的重要勘探领域。渤海湾盆地的沙西北地区是一个典型碳酸盐岩潜山带,由于对其发育的多期裂缝的控储作用及与之相关的岩溶性质缺乏研究,制约了碳酸盐岩潜山的油气勘探。本文通过详细分析沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山储层缝−洞系统发育特征,研究裂缝与岩溶的控储作用。结果表明,渤海海域渤中西南环下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山属于裂缝相关岩溶储层,储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞、构造裂缝和沿构造裂缝溶蚀扩大孔洞,优质储层具有岩性选择性,泥晶白云岩和细晶白云岩发育的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞更好。储层主要发育3期裂缝,E−W向和NE向剪裂缝主要与印支期和燕山末期的两次构造挤压有关,第三期NW向张裂缝则与喜山期的拉张运动有关,挤压作用是形成高密度缝的主要机制,后期的伸展作用是裂缝松弛形成储集空间的必要条件。下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层经历了3期岩溶作用,分别为加里东稳定构造背景的岩溶、印支期挤压褶皱成山背景的岩溶和燕山期−新生代早期伸展背景的断块地垒岩溶。总之,渤海湾盆地沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山储层是多期次多类型构造−岩溶作用联合复合形成的,不同构造部位的联合复合程度差异分析是认识成储规律的重要因素。

, correspAuthors=陈安清, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*陈安清,教授,主要从事沉积学、石油地质学方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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王泽霁(1997—),女,山东省东营市人,主要从事石油地质学研究。E-mail:

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渤海湾盆地碳酸盐岩潜山裂缝−岩溶联合控储机制
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王泽霁 1, 2 , 陈安清 1, 2, * , 李慧勇 3 , 王清斌 3 , 周雪威 1, 2 , 叶涛 2, 3 , 罗健 1, 2 , 肖述光 3 , 侯明才 1, 2
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(12): 66-78
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(12): 66-78
渤海湾盆地碳酸盐岩潜山裂缝−岩溶联合控储机制
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王泽霁1, 2 , 陈安清1, 2, * , 李慧勇3, 王清斌3, 周雪威1, 2, 叶涛2, 3, 罗健1, 2, 肖述光3, 侯明才1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.成都理工大学 自然资源部深时地理环境重建与应用重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
  • 2.成都理工大学 沉积地质研究院,四川 成都 610059
  • 3.中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司,天津 300459
  • 王泽霁(1997—),女,山东省东营市人,主要从事石油地质学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*陈安清,教授,主要从事沉积学、石油地质学方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
The control mechanism of multi-stage fracture-related karst reservoirs of carbonate buried hills in Bohai Bay Basin
Zeji Wang1, 2 , Anqing Chen1, 2, * , Huiyong Li3, Qingbin Wang3, Xuewei Zhou1, 2, Tao Ye2, 3, Jian Luo1, 2, Shuguang Xiao3, Mingcai Hou1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Deep-Time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 2. Institute of Sedimentary Geology, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
  • 3. CNOOC (China) Tianjin Branch, Tianjin 300459, China
出版时间: 2024-12-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024031
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新生古储的潜山油气已成为我国海域盆地的重要勘探领域。渤海湾盆地的沙西北地区是一个典型碳酸盐岩潜山带,由于对其发育的多期裂缝的控储作用及与之相关的岩溶性质缺乏研究,制约了碳酸盐岩潜山的油气勘探。本文通过详细分析沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山储层缝−洞系统发育特征,研究裂缝与岩溶的控储作用。结果表明,渤海海域渤中西南环下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山属于裂缝相关岩溶储层,储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞、构造裂缝和沿构造裂缝溶蚀扩大孔洞,优质储层具有岩性选择性,泥晶白云岩和细晶白云岩发育的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞更好。储层主要发育3期裂缝,E−W向和NE向剪裂缝主要与印支期和燕山末期的两次构造挤压有关,第三期NW向张裂缝则与喜山期的拉张运动有关,挤压作用是形成高密度缝的主要机制,后期的伸展作用是裂缝松弛形成储集空间的必要条件。下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层经历了3期岩溶作用,分别为加里东稳定构造背景的岩溶、印支期挤压褶皱成山背景的岩溶和燕山期−新生代早期伸展背景的断块地垒岩溶。总之,渤海湾盆地沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山储层是多期次多类型构造−岩溶作用联合复合形成的,不同构造部位的联合复合程度差异分析是认识成储规律的重要因素。

潜山油气藏  /  碳酸盐岩  /  裂缝  /  岩溶作用  /  渤海湾盆地

The buried hill oil and gas reservoirs have become an important exploration field in China’s marine basins. The northwestern area of Shaleitian area of Bohai Bay Basin is a typical carbonate buried hill zone. Due to the lack of research on the reservoir control effect of multiple stage fractures and their related karstification, the oil and gas exploration of carbonate buried hills is restricted. This paper conducts a detailed analysis of the development characteristics of the fracture-cave system in carbonate buried hill reservoirs in the northwestern Shaleitian Uplift, and studies the reservoir control effects of fractures and karst. The results indicate that the lower Paleozoic carbonate buried hills in the northwestern area of Shaleitian Uplift belong to fracture related karst reservoirs. The reservoir space includes dissolution pores, structural fractures, and expansion pores along the structural fractures. High quality reservoirs have lithological selectivity, and fractures and dissolution pores developed in microlite crystalline dolomite and fine crystalline dolomite are better. The reservoir mainly develops three sets of fractures, with E−W and NE oriented shear fractures mainly related to two tectonic compressions during the Indosinian and Late Yanshanian. The third set of NW oriented tensile fractures is related to the intracratonic movement during the Himalayan orogeny, and compression is the main mechanism for forming high-density fractures. The later stage of extension is a necessary condition for the relaxation of fractures to form reservoir spaces. The Lower Paleozoic carbonate buried hill reservoirs have undergone three stages of karstification, which are karstification in the steady Caledonian tectonic background, karstification in the Indosinian compressive background, and fault block-horst karstification in the Yanshanian-Himalayan extensional background. In summary, the carbonate buried hill reservoirs in the northwestern Shaleitian Uplift are formed by multiple stages and multiple types of tectonic-karst processes, and the analysis of the differences in the degree of recombination in different structural parts is an important factor in understanding the reservoir formation mechanism.

buried hill reservoir  /  carbonate rock  /  fracture  /  karstification  /  Bohai Bay Basin
王泽霁, 陈安清, 李慧勇, 王清斌, 周雪威, 叶涛, 罗健, 肖述光, 侯明才. 渤海湾盆地碳酸盐岩潜山裂缝−岩溶联合控储机制. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (12) : 66 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024031
Zeji Wang, Anqing Chen, Huiyong Li, Qingbin Wang, Xuewei Zhou, Tao Ye, Jian Luo, Shuguang Xiao, Mingcai Hou. The control mechanism of multi-stage fracture-related karst reservoirs of carbonate buried hills in Bohai Bay Basin[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (12) : 66 -78 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024031
油气勘探中的潜山(buried hill)一词是指位于盆地基底并被更年轻的地层沿不整合面披覆的基岩凸起[1],其蕴藏的油气资源被称为“基岩油气藏”。盆地深层和超深层的基岩已成为全球勘探热点[23]。渤海湾盆地是我国重要的含油气盆地(图1a),也是我国最早进行潜山勘探的盆地之一。2019年,在渤海湾盆地BZ19-6构造发现大型变质岩花岗岩潜山油气藏,探明地质储量近3 × 108 t[4]。随后,又在BZ13-2、BZ26-5等发现潜山油气藏[5],掀起了潜山基岩油气藏的勘探热潮。下古生界碳酸盐岩地层是渤海湾新生代盆地的基岩类型之一,20世纪70年代发现的任丘油田是渤海湾盆地最早成功勘探的潜山油气藏,其储层就是碳酸盐岩[6]。目前,又在渤中凹陷周缘发现有BZ28-1、BZ21-22、CFD2-1等多个小型含油气构造,表明碳酸盐岩潜山亦具有重要的勘探潜力,研究表明储层是相关富油凹陷周缘构造能否成藏的关键因素[79]
渤海湾盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩经历了强烈而复杂的断裂作用和多期岩溶改造[1011]。针对渤海湾盆地这类复杂的新生代断陷盆地,前人已通过盆地内多个油田的案例对碳酸盐岩基底潜山储层的成因机制展开研究:如大港油田千米桥潜山下古生界碳酸盐岩储层主要受岩溶作用影响,包括早期淡水表生岩溶和后期深埋热液溶蚀改造叠加改造[12];济阳坳陷碳酸盐岩潜山储层则是多种储集类型共存的复合型储集体,发育有风化壳带、水平溶蚀带、断层裂缝溶蚀带和顺层岩溶带4套储层[1315]。这些案例充分说明了碳酸盐岩潜山储层的形成机制是非常复杂的[9, 16]。在渤海海域内的沙西北地区,通过先期岩心观察,揭示了碳酸盐潜山的储集空间主要是由缝−洞系统组成,并伴有多期次的方解石脉充填现象,表明该地区的碳酸盐岩经历了裂缝和岩溶的双重改造。但是对于裂缝和岩溶的关系以及它们如何联合控储缺乏研究,从而影响了对储层发育分布规律的认识,并制约了碳酸盐岩潜山的油气勘探。为此,本文试图从区域构造演化出发,详细分析沙西北构造带碳酸盐岩储层缝−洞系统的形成过程,揭示储层发育的主控因素,为该类潜山勘探提供一种新的模式。
渤海湾盆地位于华北板块东部(图1a),是一个典型的新生代陆相断陷盆地,勘探面积约为20 × 104 km2,为中国东部地区最为重要的油气产区。在区域构造应力的影响下,研究区在前新生代形成了大量的印支期的NWW向挤压断裂和燕山期NEE向伸展−挤压断裂;这些基底断裂在新生代受郯庐断裂继续活动的影响,进一步伸展活化,并控制了新生代盆地的形成格局[1718]
沙西北构造位于渤海海域西部沙垒田低凸起的西北斜坡带,为斜坡带上逆断层形成的背斜构造;构造主要沿NWW方向展布,并受近NNE向的沙垒田二号走滑断层的改造[19]图1b);构造紧邻南堡、歧口等富烃凹陷,具备良好的成藏条件,油气主要赋存于下古生界碳酸盐岩地层[2021]图1b图1c)。沙西北下古生界碳酸盐岩受印支期、燕山期和喜山期多幕构造运动叠加改造,形成了独特的“断块型(Fault block)”地垒地堑构造[2223]。受多期构造抬升影响,沙西北地区下古生界直接与上覆新生界呈不整合接触,奥陶系上统、上古生界和中生界完全剥蚀。其中,寒武系地层由下到上可划分为下统的府君山组、馒头组和毛庄组,中统的徐庄组和张夏组,上统的崮山组、长山组和凤山组(图1c);奥陶系地层由下到上划分为下统的冶里组、亮甲山组,中统的马家沟组和峰峰组(图1c)。研究区早古生代为浅水碳酸盐岩台地—陆表海背景下的潮坪、局限台地和开阔台地环境[24]
研究区下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层岩性以晶粒白云岩和晶粒灰岩为主,也可见部分颗粒灰岩和少量颗粒白云岩发育(图2)。其中,晶粒白云岩发育层段是最主要的储层段。晶粒白云岩在研究区呈厚层状分布,晶粒大小主要包括泥晶、细晶和不等晶;晶型表现为自形、半自形和它形多种形态。颗粒白云岩在研究区分布较少,只在下马家沟组局部钻遇,颗粒多呈团块状,成分多为暗色泥晶白云石,由亮晶方解石胶结。晶粒灰岩灰岩呈中厚层状产出,主要分布在寒武系中统、奥陶系下马家沟组及冶里组的底部。颗粒灰岩主要为寒武系张夏组的鲕粒灰岩和崮山组的竹叶状灰岩,较为致密。
该类岩石在研究区下古生界各地层中均有分布,由泥−微晶方解石组成,主要包括含颗粒泥晶灰岩、泥质泥晶灰岩、条带状泥晶灰岩等(图2a)。一般以呈深灰色,中−薄层的致密块状为主,亦见厚层块状,不含或含少量生屑、鲕粒及陆源泥、粉砂等。研究区泥−微晶灰岩一般形成于较弱的水动力环境或安静的水体中,如局限台地灰质潟湖或开阔台地潮下静水环境中,在沉积时虽含有大量细小晶间微孔,但经过后期压实压溶作用的改造,储集性能极差,一般仅能作为非储集岩类。局部泥−微晶灰岩发生白云岩化形成泥−粉晶白云质灰岩,可具有一定的储集性。
颗粒灰岩包括鲕粒灰岩、竹叶状灰岩、砂屑灰岩为主、次为砾屑灰岩和生物屑灰岩等。鲕粒灰岩主要见于张夏组和徐庄组,鲕粒含量为50%~75%,多以放射鲕或同心鲕、复鲕为主,有的以生屑为鲕核,以亮晶方解石为胶结物,含量为15%~30%,形成于高能的开阔台地浅滩环境。砾屑灰岩多见于凤山组、长山组以及崮山组,砾屑之间常充填一些小的砾屑、砂屑、生屑等,砾屑呈扁圆状至长椭圆形、竹叶状等,基质多为灰泥,少量砂屑亮晶,其成因与风暴流作用有关。砂屑灰岩广泛分布于寒武系和奥陶系各地层中,是由内碎屑经方解石胶结而成,内碎屑含量为60%~85%,具有较好的分选性和磨圆度(图2b),形成于高能浅滩环境。生物屑灰岩中的生物碎屑种类多,有有孔虫、藻类、三叶虫、介形虫、腕足、双壳、棘皮类、腹足类和介形虫等,部分为与蓝绿藻(或蓝细菌)活动有关的藻团块灰岩,在开阔台地环境中形成的生屑灰岩,其生屑种类较多,含量较高,反映更高一些的环境能量,局限台地环境中形成的生屑灰岩种类较单一,含量低,反映授限制的较低或间歇搅动的能量环境。
泥微晶白云岩在研究区分布较广,典型结构为它形−半自形的泥−微晶结构(图2c图2d),一般由小于4 μm的微晶白云石组成,白云石有序度较低,常发育有裂缝,常见的构造有水平−微波状纹层、泥裂、鸟眼构造。这类白云岩主要分布于寒武系凤山组及长山组,奥陶系上马家沟组上部、下马家沟组下部、亮甲山组、冶里组地层中。此类白云岩的成因一般用蒸发泵白云岩化模式加以解释,即在干旱炎热的气候条件下,在礁滩顶部或受障壁保护的潟湖−潮坪环境,由蒸发作用导致高镁卤水浓缩,进而交代灰泥,引发了准同生白云岩化作用。
粉−细晶粒白云岩(图2e图2i)是研究区古潜山下古生界最重要的碳酸盐岩储层类型,广泛发育于中奥陶统上马家沟组上部、下马家沟组下部和下奥陶统亮甲山组、冶里组地层中。白云石的晶体大小为0.05~0.15 mm,成因类型可划分为2种:其一是原始的泥−微晶白云岩重结晶而成,晶粒白云岩中残余有较多原岩的泥−微晶结构或杂质(图2g),在显微镜下呈较脏的棕褐色,白云石重结晶作用明显。此类型较致密,一般不太有利好储层发育。其二是成岩期白云石化作用产物,白云石大小较均匀,形态以半自形−自形晶为主(图2h图2j),以白云石普遍具“雾心亮边”结构为其显著特征,大多数粉−细晶白云岩的晶间孔和晶间溶孔、溶洞较发育(图2h),面孔率一般在2%~10%之间,孔隙度为6%~12%,高者可达14%~18%,有很好的孔渗性,好的白云岩储层大多为此类型。部分晶间孔、晶间溶孔被方解石或沥青充填(图2j),孔渗性强烈受损而难以形成好储层。
岩溶角砾白云岩或岩溶角砾灰岩主要见于顶部不整合面附近,呈灰−深灰色,有铁染呈紫红色,角砾多为棱角状,角砾间具有典型的岩溶充填现象,为暴露地表期形成的喀斯特化角砾岩(图2j图2l)。
研究区碳酸盐岩储层储集空间类型丰富,与裂缝相关的溶蚀类孔隙为主要的储集空间(图2)。岩心观察显示尤其是在白云岩中发育强溶蚀形成的溶洞(图2e图2g)。储层的缝−洞有时被成岩期的次生矿物部分充填(图2h),同时也保留有部分的残留孔和空斑孔。
通过对钻井岩心及薄片资料等观察可以看出,沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山斜坡部位具有完整的3层岩溶结构,其结构可以分为顶部的岩溶残积层、垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。但在潜山顶部风化壳结构不大完整,并不能识别出特别明显的垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。岩溶残积层,不规则的角砾大小混杂,并且完全被胶结,不具有储集性能;与残积层直接接触的为下伏的岩溶储集层,其中白云岩层往往具有较好的缝−洞体系发育。一方面,由于白云岩常伴随有膏质团块的产生,后期易被溶蚀形成洞穴;另一方面,由于白云岩具有较好的渗流能力,有利于受后期顺层岩溶的发育。
通过对沙西北地区CFD2-1、CFD2-2油田各井的统计揭示,有效储层主要分布在距潜山不整合面以下300 m范围内,储层的高角度与低角度裂缝均发育,储集空间主要为裂缝相关的岩溶缝洞,在主断层附近的井,储层呈厚层块状,离主断裂较远的井,一般细晶白云岩的岩溶作成储作用较强,受白云岩层的约束,为层控型储层(图3)。储层非均质性较强,且具有平面上厚度变化大,纵向上分布差异大的特征(图3)。纵向上可以划分为风化壳型储层和内幕型储层两种类型。其中风化壳型储层位于距潜山顶面150 m的范围内,主要表现为裂缝−孔洞型储层,储层分布连续,单层厚度大。而内幕型储层则位于距潜山顶面150~300 m范围内,为裂缝−孔隙型储层。潜山内幕型储层的岩性选择性更明显,主要分布在白云岩层,裂缝和溶蚀现象都在白云岩中更容易发生,即内幕型储层主要取决于白云岩的分布。
结合实际生产资料分析显示,CFD2-2油田明显要比CFD2-1油田的储层厚度大。通过对储层物性的分析发现,储层发育的横向差异和裂缝关系密切。CFD2-1油田普遍孔隙度较高,3口井(CFD2-1-A、CFD2-1-B、CFD2-1-C)的储层孔隙度平均值为6.6%,但储层厚度平均值只有17.7 m,储层更偏向于溶蚀孔洞型储层(图3)。而CFD2-2油田各钻井的储层孔隙度较CFD2-1井都较低,裂缝对储集空间的占比较CFD2-1油田高得多,储层厚度也较CFD2-1油田高,属于裂缝−孔隙型储层,这与它距离断层(沙垒田断层)更近有关(图1)。
裂缝发育是沙西北地区下古生界碳酸盐岩储层的重要特征。岩心观察显示裂缝类型主要有构造裂缝、溶蚀裂缝和成岩裂缝,其中以构造裂缝为主,且对储层质量的影响最大。根据岩心、壁心和薄片裂缝的切割关系,识别出3组构造裂缝(图4)。第一组裂缝中的充填物主要为细晶方解石。第二组裂缝切割第一组裂缝,表明他们比第一组裂缝形成时间晚。第二组裂缝的充填物以含泥质方解石为主,与第一组裂缝中的充填物明显不同。这两组裂缝均表现为宽度较小,为0.1~1.0 cm,缝面平直,延伸较远,均为剪应力下产生的裂缝。第三组裂缝切割前两组裂缝,说明其形成时期比前两组都晚。第三组裂缝表现为缝面较粗糙,缝宽较大,为1.5~2.0 cm,延伸较短,为局部走滑压扭作用下产生的裂缝。
构造裂缝、溶解裂缝和诱导缝在成像测井下表现出不同的特征[2527]图5a图5b)。构造裂缝在成像测井下呈正弦曲线形态,表面较为平滑;溶蚀裂缝的成像测井响应主要表现为裂缝面的粗糙和扩张,以及沿裂缝分布的溶蚀孔隙,甚至与裂缝一起形成的珠状溶洞;钻井诱导缝主要是由于钻具震动或地层被泥浆挤压在井壁伴生出来的,在FMI图像上主要表现为对称分布的暗色条纹,呈羽状或雁列状。通常,诱导缝的方位与最大主应力方向一致[28]。研究区钻井诱导缝揭示渤海湾盆地现今最大主应力方向接近NWW走向(图5c)。此外,成像测井还可以区分充填和有效(开放)裂缝[29]。有效裂缝由于泥浆侵入阻力低而呈现深色正弦曲线,而填充或闭合的裂缝呈现亮色,这与高阻矿物的充填有关[30]
成像测井显示,沙西北碳酸盐岩潜山中发育NW向NE向和W−E向3组裂缝(图5d)。其中W−E走向的裂缝占主导地位,约占总裂缝的60%,其与现今诱导缝走向相近;三组裂缝均呈中高倾角,倾角多分布于在40°~70°之间(图5e),这类裂缝约占裂缝总数的70%。岩心、薄片和成像测井中均观察到有效裂缝(未填充裂缝)和填充裂缝。其中,W−E向裂缝充填度为18%,NW向裂缝充填度为64%,NEE向裂缝充填程度为47%,主要为碳酸盐矿物充填。成像测井计算的裂缝宽度分布广泛,范围为30~280 μm,W−E向裂缝宽度较大,集中在200~280 μm范围内,NW和NEE向裂缝宽度多集中在50~140 μm范围内。考虑到W−E向裂缝普遍存在比另外两组裂缝更大的宽度,我们推断W−E向裂缝在晚期的伸展背景下有较大的松弛开启度。
在地震剖面解释的基础上,结合区域构造史,通过平衡剖面分析恢复了沙西北地区碳酸盐岩潜山的构造演化过程(图6)。潜山的演化可以分为5个阶段:(1)下古生界碳酸盐岩沉积后,由于加里东运动造成华北地台整体抬升,进入了近130 Ma的沉积剥蚀阶段[31],研究区整体缺失上奥陶统、志留系和泥盆系沉积;(2)进入海西期后,抬升停止,华北板块再次成为广泛沉积的克拉通盆地,发育了石炭、二叠系地层;(3)印支运动期间,由于华北板块和华南板块的强烈碰撞,受S−W向(现今方向)挤压应力影响[3233],研究区发育大量压裂缝。与此同时,挤压应力也造成地壳发生第二次抬升,先期沉积的石炭、二叠系地层被整体剥蚀,下古生界重新暴露地表;(4)燕山早期到燕山中期,研究区进入连续沉积阶段,沉积了一套中生界地层。(5)燕山晚期,受来自S−E方向的挤压应力影响[34],研究区再次成为隆起剥蚀区,同时发育第二期压裂缝;(6)新生代早期,郯庐断裂走滑断裂造成研究区先存的大型潜山隆起裂陷肢解成隆−洼相间的格局,断块出现倾翘,倾翘断块上端成为潜山山头,再次发生剥蚀和岩溶作用,其典型特征是有沿层面的顺层岩溶作用,导致下古生界下部碳酸盐岩发育岩溶储层;(7)自新生代中晚期以来,渤海湾盆地发生了强烈的裂陷作用,盆地迅速下沉,地垒被新的盆地埋藏成为潜山[23, 3537]。同时新的断层活动进一步加强改造了潜山构造幅度,并造成早期裂缝的松弛释放空间以及形成部分新的构造裂缝。
前文成像测井和岩心观察分析均显示,下古生界潜山发育3组裂缝,结合上文区域构造演化史,我们认为,前两期剪裂缝(E−W向和NE向)主要与印支期和燕山末期的两次构造挤压运动有关,而第三组张裂缝(NW向裂缝)则与喜山期的走滑压扭作用有关[38]。而早期挤压背景下形成的裂缝不但密度大,且经历过地表暴露,发育大量裂缝相关的岩溶溶蚀孔洞,局部的方解石充填则有利于支撑缝洞空间。新生代伸展构造背景促进了早期挤压形成的裂缝向松弛开启转化,从而形成大量裂缝型储集空间。
岩溶作用是碳酸盐岩成储的重要机制。综合已有的研究,我们在此按构造背景将岩溶分为以下4种类型:(1)稳定构造型,以鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系顶部的加里东岩溶为代表,具有典型的3层结构[39];(2)挤压构造型,以塔河油田的奥陶系岩溶为代表,为挤压背景下形成的缝−洞体系[40];(3)走滑构造型,以塔里木盆地顺北油田的断缝体为代表[41];(4)伸展构造型,裂谷盆地背景下的地垒岩溶,即为本文所提供的一个新的解析案例。岩心和显微薄片分析显示沙西北下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层是构造裂缝相关岩溶储层,以伸展构造背景下的地垒岩溶为主,具有多种岩溶叠加的特征。
三期岩溶作用分别为加里东期准同生期岩溶(Karst I)、印支期岩溶(Karst II)、燕山晚期岩溶(Karst III)。加里东期,研究区为稳定台地沉积背景[42],并没有广泛的裂缝分布,此时发生了第一期非裂缝相关岩溶作用(Karst I)。印支期为构造挤压背景[43],渤海湾地区在构造挤压作用下褶皱成山,并且在褶皱核部挤压缝发育,该时期在褶皱山背景下的大气淡水溶蚀作用,形成了第二期裂缝相关的岩溶作用(Karst II),由于暴露剥蚀作用强,大多地区的下古生界碳酸盐岩甚至被剥蚀殆尽,因此第二期岩溶保存的较差。燕山−新生代早期,渤海湾盆地主要为伸展背景下形成的地堑−地垒相间的格局[44],地堑为小型湖泊,地垒则为暴露的岩溶发育区,这一地貌格局的水文循环是非常活跃的,也有利于岩溶储层形成核保存,在此将这类岩溶划分为第三期(Karst III)。沙西北地区的断块由于翘倾作用,断块上端的高部位有较大的剥蚀作用,导致前两期的岩溶保存有限,因此主要见到的是第三期岩溶,同时由于大气水会产生沿裂缝扩溶和沿渗流作用较强的白云岩层段发生顺层溶蚀的现象,因此在中生界覆盖区更容易发生多期岩溶叠加作用。3期岩溶具有明显的区分标志,第一期岩溶是非裂缝相关岩溶,因此岩溶孔洞通常不是裂缝导流溶蚀形成的,通常是碳酸盐岩基质中无裂缝的溶蚀孔洞。而第二期岩溶和第三期岩溶的区分一是通过与它们相关的裂缝的切割关系,二是裂缝充填物的地球化学具有明显的区别:第二期褶皱成山背景的岩溶,其伴生的方解石充填物的碳、锶同位素具有与下古生界碳酸盐岩沉积期相同的特征[45],这是由于该背景下,无外来水系的孤立岩溶体系,方解石充填物是上部溶蚀碳酸盐岩的产物在下部沉淀的(图7a)。第三期地堑−地垒相间的背景是具有外来水系的开放体系(图7b),方解石充填物的碳、锶同位素与当时流域相关[4546]。以上3期岩溶作用耦合3期构造活动及其产生的裂缝共同形成了研究区这种多期裂缝相关岩溶储层。
空间上,不同的构造部位所发育或保存的岩溶期次也具有差异。断块潜山山头高部位,主要发育了印支期(Karst II)和燕山末期(Karst III)的岩溶,加里东期的非裂缝相关岩溶由于抬升剥蚀而基本不保存。中生界覆盖区由于印支期之后没有暴露地表,印支期岩溶(Karst II)保存最好,也有一定的加里东期岩溶(Karst I)保存,并有断块翘倾作用下大气水沿上倾端顺流至内幕的顺层岩溶(Karst III)。总体上,新生界覆盖之前暴露的最后阶段具有最佳的地堑−地垒岩溶发育水文条件,也是最容易保存下来的。以上分析表明,沙西北下古生界碳酸盐岩储层受沉积环境控制的层状白云岩分布和多期次的裂缝−岩溶共同改造所形成的。广泛发育的碳酸盐岩台地−陆表海背景下的潮坪相控制了白云岩的分布,奠定了储层形成的物质基础。后期的地表暴露使大气水不仅能在风化壳表面溶蚀,也能在潜山内幕的白云岩发育层段进行顺层溶蚀。多期构造形成裂缝系统大大促进了岩溶作用的发生。另外,不同构造部位,裂缝和岩溶的控制程度有所差异。发育厚储层的井离主断裂近,裂缝的控制更为明显,既灰岩和白云岩在裂缝改造下都能成储;离主断裂稍微远的井,岩溶作用更明显,岩溶往往顺白云岩层发生,因此储层受白云岩层的约束呈层状。研究区经历的多期次构造活动形成的裂缝系统本身既可以作为储集空间,又可以成为岩溶发生的网状导流系统,使岩溶作用的影响范围最大化。
(1)渤海海域渤中西南环下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山属于裂缝相关岩溶储层,储集空间主要为溶蚀孔洞、构造裂缝和沿构造裂缝溶蚀扩大孔洞,优质储层具有岩性选择性,泥晶白云岩和细晶白云岩发育的裂缝和溶蚀孔洞更好。
(2)岩心和成像测井揭示储层主要发育3期裂缝,E−W向和NE向剪裂缝主要与印支期和燕山末期的两次构造挤压有关,第三期NW向张裂缝则与喜山期的拉张运动有关,挤压作用是形成高密度缝的主要机制,后期的伸展作用是裂缝松弛形成储集空间的必要条件。
(3)下古生界碳酸盐岩潜山储层经历了3期岩溶作用,分别为加里东稳定背景的常规岩溶、印支期挤压背景的褶皱高地岩溶和燕山期−新生代早期伸展背景的断块地垒岩溶,多期次构造裂缝与多期岩溶耦合形成了多期次裂缝相关岩溶储层。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42272132)
  • 珠峰计划项目(80000-2023ZF11402)
  • 四川省科技计划创新群体项目(2023NSFSC1986)
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2024年第46卷第12期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024031
  • 接收时间:2023-09-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-27
  • 出版时间:2024-12-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-13
  • 修回日期:2024-03-12
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国家自然科学基金(42272132)
珠峰计划项目(80000-2023ZF11402)
四川省科技计划创新群体项目(2023NSFSC1986)
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    1.成都理工大学 自然资源部深时地理环境重建与应用重点实验室,四川 成都 610059
    2.成都理工大学 沉积地质研究院,四川 成都 610059
    3.中海石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司,天津 300459

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*陈安清,教授,主要从事沉积学、石油地质学方面的教学与研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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