Article(id=1200503477408493709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719936000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-03, revisedDate=1731340800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151933284, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1730390400000, pubDateStr=2024-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151933284, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151933284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151933284, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200503474099179701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151932500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764152158172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=74, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200503477681123471, articleId=1200503477408493709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of water depth on photosynthesis, nutrient composition, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Sargassum horneri, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sargassum horneri has good economic traits and value, and its culture is gradually being emphasized. However, the suitable water depth for culture is still unclear, and the physiological characteristics and ecological functions of S. horneri in different water depths are also unclear. In this paper, we compared the primary productivity, nutrient uptake capacity, and algal trophic composition of S. horneri at different water depths (0.5 m and 2 m) based on light intensity in different water depths. The results showed that light intensity varied significantly (P < 0.05) with water depths and that the difference in light intensity due to water depth was significantly correlated with the primary productivity of S. horneri. The total productivity of S. horneri grown at 0.5 m water depth (upper layer) was significantly higher than that of S. horneri grown at 2 m water depth (lower layer) (P < 0.05), and S. horneri in the upper layer showed higher primary productivity and carbon sequestration capacity. The uptake of ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ and ${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $ by the upper layer of S. horneri was significantly better than that of the lower layer of S. horneri under the light conditions (P<0.05), which has good potential in purifying the eutrophic water and regulating the ecological balance of the waters. However, the uptake of ${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ and ${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $ by the upper layer of S. horneri is significantly lower than the lower layer of S. horneri (P>0.05), and it indicates that some strong light inhibition phenomenon occurs in S. horneri which affects the uptake of ${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ and ${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $ by S. horneri. The moisture content of S. horneri at different water depths ranged from 71% to 75%, the ash content from 20% to 23%, the total lipids content from 6% to 8%, and the crude protein content from 8% to 10%. Nutrient composition did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two water depth treatment groups. Studies have shown that by appropriately raising the culture layer, S. horneri can achieve higher productivity and nutrient uptake capacity, while the nutrient composition of S. horneri in the different water layers would remain relatively stable. This study has great significance for the technological development and upgrading of the artificial culture of S. horneri in natural sea areas as well as for the ecological environmental protection of sea areas.

, correspAuthors=Jinghui Fang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peiyi Meng, Jinghui Fang, Qiang Wang, Wenjun Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200503480759742649, articleId=1200503477408493709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=水深对铜藻光合作用、营养组成和氮磷吸收的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

铜藻(Sargassum horneri)具有较好的经济性状和价值,其养殖逐渐受到人们的重视。但目前对于其适宜养殖水深尚不清楚,并且对处于不同养殖水深铜藻的生理特征和生态功能也不明确。根据不同水深的光照强度,比较了不同水深(0.5 m和2 m)铜藻的初级生产力、营养盐吸收能力以及藻体营养组成。结果显示,不同水深的光照强度差异显著(P<0.05),水深引起的光照强度差异与铜藻的初级生产力显著相关。生长在水深0.5 m处(上层)铜藻的总生产力显著高于水深2 m处(下层)的铜藻(P<0.05),上层铜藻表现出更高的初级生产力和固碳能力。光照条件下,上层铜藻对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $的吸收效果显著优于下层铜藻(P<0.05),在净化富营养化水体,调控水域生态平衡方面有很好的潜力;但上层铜藻对${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的吸收量却显著低于下层铜藻(P>0.05),即说明铜藻会出现一定的强光抑制现象,影响铜藻对硝态氮和亚硝态氮的吸收。不同水深铜藻的水分含量在71%~75%之间,灰分含量在20%~23%之间,总脂质含量在6%~8%之间,粗蛋白含量在8%~10%之间,两个水深处理组间的营养组成差别不大(P>0.05)。研究表明,适当提高养殖水层,铜藻可以达到更高的生产力和营养盐吸收能力,而不同水层铜藻的营养组成会保持相对稳定。文章结果对自然海区人工养殖铜藻的技术研发以及海区生态环境保护具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=房景辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*房景辉,研究员,研究方向为水产养殖生态学。E-mail:
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孟沛艺(2001—),女,河南省洛阳市人,研究方向为水产养殖生态学。E-mail:

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Environmental factors at different water depths in the field

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组别温度/℃溶解氧含量/(mg·L−1)盐度pH值
U group26.16 ± 0.096.93 ± 0.0730.80 ± 0.017.98 ± 0.03
L group25.62 ± 0.136.66 ± 0.1230.16 ± 0.137.87 ± 0.05
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现场不同水深的环境因子(Mean ± SD)

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组别温度/℃溶解氧含量/(mg·L−1)盐度pH值
U group26.16 ± 0.096.93 ± 0.0730.80 ± 0.017.98 ± 0.03
L group25.62 ± 0.136.66 ± 0.1230.16 ± 0.137.87 ± 0.05
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水深对铜藻光合作用、营养组成和氮磷吸收的影响
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孟沛艺 1, 2 , 房景辉 1, * , 王强 1 , 汪文俊 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(11): 65-74
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(11): 65-74
水深对铜藻光合作用、营养组成和氮磷吸收的影响
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孟沛艺1, 2 , 房景辉1, * , 王强1, 汪文俊1
作者信息
  • 1.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 2.中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081
  • 孟沛艺(2001—),女,河南省洛阳市人,研究方向为水产养殖生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*房景辉,研究员,研究方向为水产养殖生态学。E-mail:
Effects of water depth on photosynthesis, nutrient composition, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Sargassum horneri
Peiyi Meng1, 2 , Jinghui Fang1, * , Qiang Wang1, Wenjun Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 2. Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
出版时间: 2024-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024128
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铜藻(Sargassum horneri)具有较好的经济性状和价值,其养殖逐渐受到人们的重视。但目前对于其适宜养殖水深尚不清楚,并且对处于不同养殖水深铜藻的生理特征和生态功能也不明确。根据不同水深的光照强度,比较了不同水深(0.5 m和2 m)铜藻的初级生产力、营养盐吸收能力以及藻体营养组成。结果显示,不同水深的光照强度差异显著(P<0.05),水深引起的光照强度差异与铜藻的初级生产力显著相关。生长在水深0.5 m处(上层)铜藻的总生产力显著高于水深2 m处(下层)的铜藻(P<0.05),上层铜藻表现出更高的初级生产力和固碳能力。光照条件下,上层铜藻对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $的吸收效果显著优于下层铜藻(P<0.05),在净化富营养化水体,调控水域生态平衡方面有很好的潜力;但上层铜藻对${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的吸收量却显著低于下层铜藻(P>0.05),即说明铜藻会出现一定的强光抑制现象,影响铜藻对硝态氮和亚硝态氮的吸收。不同水深铜藻的水分含量在71%~75%之间,灰分含量在20%~23%之间,总脂质含量在6%~8%之间,粗蛋白含量在8%~10%之间,两个水深处理组间的营养组成差别不大(P>0.05)。研究表明,适当提高养殖水层,铜藻可以达到更高的生产力和营养盐吸收能力,而不同水层铜藻的营养组成会保持相对稳定。文章结果对自然海区人工养殖铜藻的技术研发以及海区生态环境保护具有重要意义。

铜藻  /  水深  /  营养盐  /  体成分组成

Sargassum horneri has good economic traits and value, and its culture is gradually being emphasized. However, the suitable water depth for culture is still unclear, and the physiological characteristics and ecological functions of S. horneri in different water depths are also unclear. In this paper, we compared the primary productivity, nutrient uptake capacity, and algal trophic composition of S. horneri at different water depths (0.5 m and 2 m) based on light intensity in different water depths. The results showed that light intensity varied significantly (P < 0.05) with water depths and that the difference in light intensity due to water depth was significantly correlated with the primary productivity of S. horneri. The total productivity of S. horneri grown at 0.5 m water depth (upper layer) was significantly higher than that of S. horneri grown at 2 m water depth (lower layer) (P < 0.05), and S. horneri in the upper layer showed higher primary productivity and carbon sequestration capacity. The uptake of ${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $ and ${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $ by the upper layer of S. horneri was significantly better than that of the lower layer of S. horneri under the light conditions (P<0.05), which has good potential in purifying the eutrophic water and regulating the ecological balance of the waters. However, the uptake of ${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ and ${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $ by the upper layer of S. horneri is significantly lower than the lower layer of S. horneri (P>0.05), and it indicates that some strong light inhibition phenomenon occurs in S. horneri which affects the uptake of ${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $ and ${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $ by S. horneri. The moisture content of S. horneri at different water depths ranged from 71% to 75%, the ash content from 20% to 23%, the total lipids content from 6% to 8%, and the crude protein content from 8% to 10%. Nutrient composition did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between the two water depth treatment groups. Studies have shown that by appropriately raising the culture layer, S. horneri can achieve higher productivity and nutrient uptake capacity, while the nutrient composition of S. horneri in the different water layers would remain relatively stable. This study has great significance for the technological development and upgrading of the artificial culture of S. horneri in natural sea areas as well as for the ecological environmental protection of sea areas.

Sargassum horneri  /  water depth  /  nutrients  /  body composition
孟沛艺, 房景辉, 王强, 汪文俊. 水深对铜藻光合作用、营养组成和氮磷吸收的影响. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (11) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024128
Peiyi Meng, Jinghui Fang, Qiang Wang, Wenjun Wang. Effects of water depth on photosynthesis, nutrient composition, and nitrogen and phosphorus uptake of Sargassum horneri[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (11) : 65 -74 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024128
铜藻(Sargassum horneri)隶属于马尾藻属(Sargassum),是一种个体较大的经济褐藻,在北太平洋西部暖温带基岩海岸广泛分布[1-2]。铜藻生长速度快、形成的海藻场可为海洋动物提供避敌、索饵、产卵场所,对生态系统起到调节和保护作用,是浅海生态修复的良好种类。此外,马尾藻属中包括铜藻在内的多种藻类不仅可以用作工业原料,也是刺参(Stichopus japonicus)等的传统天然饵料[3]。研究发现,铜藻中富含多种活性成分,包括岩藻聚糖硫酸酯[4]、褐藻胶[5]、褐藻多酚[6]等,并且铜藻与其他6种常见褐藻[海带(Laminaria japonica)、裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida Suringar)、羊栖菜(Hizikia fusifarme)、海蒿子(Sargassum pallidum)、裂叶马尾藻(Sargassum siliquastrum)、鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergia)]的常规营养成分和活性成分对比发现,铜藻的蛋白质含量较高,岩藻黄质显著高于其他6种褐藻,可作为岩藻黄质开发来源[7],具有较好的应用前景。但由于人类活动的影响,海洋环境污染的问题日益凸显,铜藻等经济褐藻场出现了大面积衰退现象[8-9],铜藻自然资源难以满足日益增长的市场需求,而且自然生长的铜藻质量及收获时间也存在不可控的问题,研发铜藻的养殖技术成为水产养殖业的重要研究内容。
在铜藻的营养价值和开发利用方面,刘雯等[4]以铜藻为原料,采用酶解法将岩藻聚糖硫酸酯(SF)提取出来后,进行体外实验的结果表明,铜藻岩藻聚糖硫酸酯能够有效调节机体脂质代谢,预防动脉粥样硬化,具有良好的降血脂活性。同样,分离纯化后的铜藻褐藻聚糖硫酸酯总体上具有显著的抗氧化和保肝护肝作用[10]。有研究发现与投喂海带相比,投喂铜藻的虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)患病个体明显减少,抗逆能力增强[11]。但是,有关铜藻人工栽培和繁育的研究较少,孙建璋等实地调查南麂列岛铜藻海藻场,初步提出了“铜藻以有性生殖为主,残枝营养繁殖为辅,共同维持种群繁衍”的推论[12],并对铜藻人工栽培增殖技术进行了初步研究[13]。2020年和2021年,辽宁省和浙江省先后制定发布了铜藻筏式栽培(DB 2102T 0007−2020)和铜藻苗种人工繁育及增养殖(DB 33/T 2424−2021)的技术规程,为铜藻人工养殖提供科学指导,但是其中缺乏关于铜藻养成水深的规定。目前,已有学者通过设置不同培养条件,研究得出了适宜铜藻生长的光强和温度[14];孙威等[15]发现铜藻 NPP(净初级生产力)最高的条件组合为 15℃、L∶D = 24 h∶0 h、高光;光强增强,会抑制铜藻的生长、光系统中能量的传递转化[16];杨安强等[17]探讨出光照强度为5600 lx培养的铜藻营养盐的吸收速率最高。但是,仍然缺乏实际养殖条件下铜藻的生理特征和生态功能的相关研究。
有大量研究表明,水生植物面对不同的水深环境会表现出不同的形态特征和生理响应[18-20]。在一定范围内,水深降低会提高水体的光照强度,从而增加沿海植物群落的多样性[21]。水深还与水体的多个环境要素关联[22],水深变化往往会引起一系列水体理化条件的改变,如光照、溶解氧、悬浮物等[23],因此,水深可以被认为是水生植物生长、分布策略的主要限制因素之一[24]。有研究证明,海菜花(Ottelia acuminata)在当前水质(Ⅱ~Ⅲ类)条件下水深1~2 m是其最适生长区[25];在40~120 cm水深有利于苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长[26]。对于养殖铜藻来说,过深过浅都会影响其产量和生态功能,并且处于不同养殖水深铜藻的生理生态学特征及其对水环境的影响可能存在差异。因此,本研究通过将铜藻吊挂于海区的不同水层进行养殖,研究其初级生产力、营养盐的吸收能力以及物质积累情况等,明晰处于不同水层铜藻的生理生态学特征,有望提高其人工养殖技术和生态功能。
2023年6月,于山东荣成桑沟湾采集海区养殖的自然生铜藻,将其按照2 kg/绳夹苗于长约3 m的聚乙烯绳上,然后,将苗绳系上约200 g水泥坠垂直吊挂于养殖筏架。于8月份,采集位于水深0.5 m (U group)和2.0 m (L group)的铜藻,进行室内培养实验。将取回的铜藻用过滤的灭菌海水反复冲洗,去除表面的污垢和附着生物,选择色泽鲜亮、健康的藻体作为实验材料立即进行实验。
将距离水面0.5 m (U group)和2.0 m (L group)深的铜藻作为两个处理组。实验开始前3 d,使用温光度记录仪(MX2202, Onset Computer Corporation)以10 min为测定间隔,连续测定两个水深的光照强度,以连续3 d白天平均光照强度获得实验光照强度,分别为30000 lx和10000 lx。实验温度为采集地平均水温(26℃)。实验设置了上层和下层两个处理组及对照组。实验容器为1 L棕色瓶(模拟黑暗环境)和透明玻璃瓶(模拟光照环境)。所有处理组均设5个平行,对照组3个平行。
铜藻收获至实验室后,立即进行光照实验。随机剪取藻体末端2.5 g铜藻藻段,放入瓶中,对照组中不放藻,加入海水灌满溢出,实验所用海水经煮沸消毒后不加培养基,封口,放入光照培养箱(GXZ-280D,宁波江南仪器厂)中。具体实验过程如下:棕色瓶置于黑暗条件,透明瓶分别置于相同温度,光强为30000 lx和10000 lx的培养箱中进行培养,实验持续12 h。在实验开始和结束时使用YSI多参数水质分析仪(Eureka,美国)分别测定一次溶解氧,溶氧测定完成后各瓶取至少250 mL水样,用于营养盐测定。
黑白瓶法经计算转化后可估算初级生产力。光合作用的过程可以用下列化学反应式来表示:
$\rm 6CO_2 +12H_2O\to C_6 H_{12} O_6 +6H_2 O+6O_2\;. $
由反应式可以得出,O2量间接表示生产量,因此:
呼吸量(R) = IB − DB,总生产力(GP) = LB − DB,净生产力(NP) = LB − IB,
其中:IB为原初溶氧量,LB为白瓶溶氧量,DB为黑瓶溶氧量。本实验中溶氧量单位均为mg/(L·h)。
采集的水样使用WhatmanGF/F滤膜(孔径为0.45 μm,经450℃预灼烧6 h)过滤后,根据海洋调查规范(GB 17378.4−2007),分别运用锌−镉还原法、萘乙二胺分光光度法、次溴酸盐氧化法和磷钼蓝分光光度法测定水体中的${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $含量。
每个处理组分别从养殖绳上取适量铜藻样品,用过滤的灭菌海水冲洗干净,去除表面杂质和污垢。用吸水纸吸干表面水分后称取250 g样品,放入烘箱中,在70℃条件下烘干至恒重,计算藻体中的水分含量。烘干的样品使用自动研磨机研磨后进行总脂质、灰分和粗蛋白的测定。称取适量试样记录重量,精确至0.0001 g,采用氯仿甲醇提取法测定总脂质;采用560℃煅烧法测定灰分;采用元素分析法测定粗蛋白。
使用Microsoft Excel 2019对数据进行计算和整理,使用Graphpad prism 9.5和SPSS软件对数据进行t检验,P<0.05为差异显著,运用Graphpad prism 9.5制图。
实验海区不同水深的关键环境因子如表1所示。在本实验水深范围内,上层水体的平均温度为26.16℃,溶解氧含量、盐度、pH分别为6.93 mg/L、30.80、7.98;下层水体的各项环境指标为平均温度25.62℃、溶解氧6.66 mg/L、盐度30.16、pH 7.87。
图1所示,两组的总生产力(GP)和呼吸量(R)有明显差异,上层铜藻的总生产力显著高于下层铜藻(P<0.05),呼吸量极显著高于下层铜藻(P<0.01),但两组净生产力(NP)的差异并不显著(P>0.05),表明在相同时间内上层铜藻的光合作用效率大于下层铜藻。
不同水层铜藻对$ \rm{PO}_4^{3-} $去除能力见图2。经过12 h光照,上层铜藻对磷酸盐的吸收极显著高于下层铜藻(P<0.01);黑暗12 h后,两组铜藻对磷酸盐的吸收都不明显,下层处理组水中的磷酸盐含量还略有提升。
光照12 h和黑暗12 h后,上层铜藻相比于下层铜藻能吸收水体中更多的${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $。尤其是在光照条件下,上层铜藻对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $的吸收能力显著高于下层铜藻(P<0.05);黑暗条件下两组相差不大(P>0.05),但吸收量明显低于光照条件(图3)。
在光照条件下,下层铜藻对${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $的吸收能力显著高于上层,黑暗条件下无显著性差异(图4)。另外,无论是在光照或是黑暗条件下,两组铜藻吸收${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $的浓度都低于0.2 μmol/L。
总体来说,不同水层铜藻对${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的吸收能力差异不显著(P>0.05)。且铜藻整体对${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $的吸收量比较低,都低于0.1 μmol/L。光照条件下,下层铜藻的${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $吸收浓度略微大于上层铜藻;黑暗条件,上层铜藻的${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $吸收浓度略微大于下层铜藻(图5)。
上下层铜藻的水分含量在71%~75%之间,灰分含量在20%~23%之间,总脂质含量在6%~8%之间,粗蛋白含量在8%~10%之间(图6)。上层和下层铜藻的水分、灰分、总脂质、粗蛋白含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
藻类的初级生产力(GPP)是指藻类通过光合作用将无机碳(CO2)固定,转化为有机物质的速率[27],可分为总初级生产量和净初级生产量。本实验结果表明,生长在离水平面约0.5 m的铜藻总初级生产量显著高于水下约2.0 m的铜藻,净初级生产量两组没有显著差异。分析其原因发现,在一定范围内,水体垂直方向所受到的光照随水深的增加而不断降低,处于水体不同水层的铜藻所能获得的光照是有差异的,藻类的光合作用随光照的变化而发生变化[28-30],光照条件是限制藻类生长演替的主要因素[31]。有研究表明,龙须菜的光合作用速率会随着光照的增加而升高,在9600 lx时达到最高[32];针叶蕨菜(Caulerpa sertularioides)的实际光合效率随光照强度的增加出现先升高后下降的变化趋势,且在1500 lx出现弱光轻微抑制生长的现象[33]。同时,有学者认为,不同水生植物对水深的适应范围不同,水深对水生植物的分布有重要影响,水生植物也有自身的适宜生长水层[34]。季高华等[35]通过研究不同水层的光照强度对金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)、水盾草(Cabomba caroliniana)、苦草的影响,确定了4种沉水植物的适宜生长水层。本研究中,处于上层水体的铜藻能够获得更多的光照,产生更多的光合作用生产力,上层水体更适宜铜藻生长。
目前,生物净化法作为处理富营养水体中氮磷的一种方法引起了人们的兴趣。有许多文章中都提到,大型海藻是快速吸收水体内营养盐的生物过滤器[36-38],能够有效地降低了水体内的氮磷含量[39]。有研究表明大型海藻和微藻对4种营养盐(${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $${{\rm {NO}}_2^-} $${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $)有明显的去除效果[40-41]。另外,在藻类的营养代谢过程中,光照通过藻类的光合作用会对营养吸收产生间接影响,比如光提供了主动传递所需要的ATP[42]。本实验结果显示,光照条件下上下层铜藻对水体中的4种营养盐都有一定的吸收。其中,上层铜藻对铵态氮、磷酸盐的吸收显著高于下层铜藻,因为光照能够激活大型海藻体内的碱性磷酸酶活性,为藻类吸收利用磷酸盐提供条件[43],且随着光照增强,海藻对无机磷的吸收也增强[44]。并且张永正等[45]研究光照对3种大型海藻吸收${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N的影响得出,3种海藻都表现为高光照条件下对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $-N的吸收速率高于低光照强度。因此,铜藻等大型海藻在获得高光照后对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $的去除能力增强。而硝态氮则是上层铜藻的吸收效果显著低于下层铜藻。这可能是上层处理组出现了一定的光抑制现象,有报道称,强光照会使海藻光系统中的蛋白裂解,导致硝态氮和亚硝态氮的吸收速率减慢[46]。并且包杰等[47]研究光照对鼠尾藻吸收氮的影响出现相同结果:25℃条件下,鼠尾藻在光强为8000 lx时对${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $-N的吸收速率显著高于光强为11200 lx和14400 lx,结果与前述实验结果一致。黑暗条件下,两个处理组的铜藻对4种营养盐都有一定的吸收但两组间无显著性差异。一方面,有研究表明,${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $的光照−吸收速率曲线的截距大于零,${{\rm {NO}}_3^-} $在黑暗条件下也能被大型海藻(如巨藻 Macrocystis),而大型海藻吸收${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $是非光依赖性[36]。光是营养盐经主动运输进入细胞内的能量来源,${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $可以通过一种非选择性的阳离子通道进入胞体,因而对光的依赖性较弱[48],在弱光或无光条件下能被藻类吸收。另一方面,黑暗无光抑制了铜藻的光合作用,藻体营养代谢缓慢,两个处理组的铜藻都无法正常吸收水体内营养盐,吸收量减少。
探究藻类的营养成分不仅可以得知该藻类的食用价值或饲用价值,也可以提高人们对藻类的认知水平,合理安排饮食[49]。藻类一般是通过光合作用吸收光能来合成有机物,从而支撑自身的生长和繁殖。光照成为影响藻体体内积累有机营养物质的直接原因[50]。栾青等[14]设置不同光照强度培养铜藻15 d后发现,各处理间的一般营养成分有差异。且有学者于2014年3月至12月采集同一水深范围(0.5~2 m)的海嵩子并测定藻体内水分含量和总脂质含量,发现含水量无明显变化,脂质含量在6−8月高于其他月份[51]。在自然条件下,海区的光照强度是会随着季节变化而变化的,1−5月逐渐升高,在6−7月达到最高[52]。且有学者报道了,在2月藻体出现性别差异后,铜藻体内的蛋白质含量会逐渐降低[53]。因此,光照似乎不是限制藻体营养成分的积累的唯一因素,藻体的成熟度以及性别差异也会产生影响。有研究证明雌性藻体的营养成分含量比雄性藻体更早达到最高水平[54]。本实验得到4种营养成分的含量与胡斌等[55]评价铜藻营养学价值的结果大致相同。其中,铜藻藻体中水分含量最高,总脂质含量最低,但总体来说,上下层铜藻的营养成分没有显著差异。分析原因可能是,6−8月挂养铜藻期间,高光照下的部分铜藻进入成熟期后生长速率降低,营养物质合成缓慢,从而两组的营养成分积累差异不明显。因此,2 m以内水深对铜藻营养成分积累没有显著影响,铜藻可以在不同水深条件下保持营养成分相对稳定。
本实验结果显示,生长在离水面0.5 m上下的铜藻有更高的光合生产力和固碳能力,对${{\rm {NH}}_4^+} $${{\rm {PO}}_4^{3-}} $也有更强的吸收能力,能缓解海区水体的富营养化压力,调控水域生态平衡,适当提高铜藻的养殖水层可以达到更好的营养盐净化效果;而铜藻可以在不同水深条件下保持营养成分相对稳定,将铜藻养殖在海区不同水层并不影响其营养成分组成,保证了养殖产品品质的稳定。本研究对自然海区铜藻的人工养殖实践以及海区的生态环境保护具有重要意义。
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFD2401101)
  • 国家藻类产业技术体系(CARS-50)
  • 泰山学者工程(tsqn202312279)
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024128
  • 接收时间:2024-07-03
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-03
  • 修回日期:2024-11-12
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国家重点研发计划课题(2023YFD2401101)
国家藻类产业技术体系(CARS-50)
泰山学者工程(tsqn202312279)
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    1.中国水产科学研究院黄海水产研究所 海水养殖生物育种与可持续产出全国重点实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    2.中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081

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*房景辉,研究员,研究方向为水产养殖生态学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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