Article(id=1200503475659460790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024104, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696953600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-11, revisedDate=1716220800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764151932873, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1730390400000, pubDateStr=2024-11-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764151932873, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764151932873, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764151932873, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200503474099179701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='134', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764151932500, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764152158172, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200504420711657481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200503474099179701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200503475885953208, articleId=1200503475659460790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Remote sensing analysis of spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton bloom phenological characteristics in global ocean, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The phenomenon of marine phytoplankton bloom in ocean refers to the annual cycle increase in biomass caused by rapid reproduction, which plays an important role in the biochemical cycles of marine organisms. However, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of global phytoplankton blooms and their response mechanisms to the environment still require further exploration. Based on the chlorophyll a products of the MODIS-Aqua (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) from 2003 to 2022, we extracted the bloom indexes of global ocean phytoplankton (the ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity). Then, we analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics, trends, and correlations with environmental factors. The results indicated that there are significant seasonal and latitudinal difference in the distribution of the bloom indexes. Blooms in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere mainly occur from April to October, while in mid-low latitudes, blooms mainly occur from November to March of the following year. In the Southern Hemisphere, blooms develop in the month of November and persist until March of the following year in high latitudes, while those in low and middle latitudes occur from May to September. The ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity show decreasing trends mainly in the mid-low latitude regions of the North Pacific, while increasing trends are observed in mid-high latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution and trends of bloom indices are both regulated by environmental factors. Sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation promote blooms intensity in high latitude waters, but inhibit them in low latitude waters. Meanwhile, the wind speed plays a restraining role in the high latitude sea area and a promoting role in the low latitude sea area.

, correspAuthors=Deyong Sun, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Juntao Wang, Deyong Sun, Shengqiang Wang, Hailong Zhang, Yibo Yuan, Yijun He), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200503478914240770, articleId=1200503475659460790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=全球洋区浮游植物水华物候学特征时空变化的遥感分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

洋区浮游植物水华是指浮游植物快速繁殖致使水体生物量升高的年际周期性现象,对海洋生物化学循环起着重要作用。然而,目前对全球海洋浮游植物水华时空变化特征及其对环境的响应机制仍需深入探究。本文基于2003−2022年MODIS-Aqua(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)的叶绿素a浓度产品,提取了全球海洋浮游植物水华指数(水华持续时间比和水华强度),分析了其时空变化特征、趋势和环境因子间的相关性。结果表明:全球海洋水华指数及其趋势变化的分布具有显著的季节差异和纬向差异,北半球高纬度海域的水华主要出现在4−10月,中低纬度海域的水华主要出现在11月至翌年3月,而南半球高纬度海域的水华往往开始于11月并持续至翌年3月,中低纬度海域的水华则主要出现在5−9月;水华持续时间比和水华强度主要在北太平洋中低纬海域存在下降趋势,在南半球中高纬海域存在上升趋势;水华指数的分布和趋势都受到环境因子的调控,其中海表面温度和光合有效辐射在高纬度海域对水华有促进作用,在中低纬海域对水华起抑制作用,而海表面风速在高纬度海域对水华起抑制作用,在中低纬度海域对水华起促进作用。

, correspAuthors=孙德勇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*孙德勇,教授,主要从事水体光学、水色遥感研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=qvgJ1JUZhMm5X6k1bmxTOg==, magXml=wsEcjuPOX8r9M/MwDvQ3Dg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=QwRqqxCTCriHC8z13SS/1w==, pdfFileSize=4418018, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=VR99ZbqjVJ7U4kcRnSjqQQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=J3kwkiN93twgGqdkIex0dQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王俊涛(1999—),男,江苏省南京市人,从事海洋遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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王俊涛(1999—),男,江苏省南京市人,从事海洋遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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王俊涛(1999—),男,江苏省南京市人,从事海洋遥感应用研究。E-mail:

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2.自然资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室,江苏 南京 210024
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全球洋区浮游植物水华物候学特征时空变化的遥感分析
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王俊涛 1 , 孙德勇 1, 3, * , 王胜强 1, 2, 3 , 张海龙 1, 3 , 袁逸博 4 , 何宜军 1, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(11): 43-52
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(11): 43-52
全球洋区浮游植物水华物候学特征时空变化的遥感分析
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王俊涛1 , 孙德勇1, 3, * , 王胜强1, 2, 3, 张海龙1, 3, 袁逸博4, 何宜军1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
  • 2.自然资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室,江苏 南京 210024
  • 3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 4.上海勘测设计研究院有限公司,上海 200335
  • 王俊涛(1999—),男,江苏省南京市人,从事海洋遥感应用研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*孙德勇,教授,主要从事水体光学、水色遥感研究。E-mail:
Remote sensing analysis of spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton bloom phenological characteristics in global ocean
Juntao Wang1 , Deyong Sun1, 3, * , Shengqiang Wang1, 2, 3, Hailong Zhang1, 3, Yibo Yuan4, Yijun He1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210024, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4. Shanghai Investigation Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200355
出版时间: 2024-11-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024104
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洋区浮游植物水华是指浮游植物快速繁殖致使水体生物量升高的年际周期性现象,对海洋生物化学循环起着重要作用。然而,目前对全球海洋浮游植物水华时空变化特征及其对环境的响应机制仍需深入探究。本文基于2003−2022年MODIS-Aqua(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)的叶绿素a浓度产品,提取了全球海洋浮游植物水华指数(水华持续时间比和水华强度),分析了其时空变化特征、趋势和环境因子间的相关性。结果表明:全球海洋水华指数及其趋势变化的分布具有显著的季节差异和纬向差异,北半球高纬度海域的水华主要出现在4−10月,中低纬度海域的水华主要出现在11月至翌年3月,而南半球高纬度海域的水华往往开始于11月并持续至翌年3月,中低纬度海域的水华则主要出现在5−9月;水华持续时间比和水华强度主要在北太平洋中低纬海域存在下降趋势,在南半球中高纬海域存在上升趋势;水华指数的分布和趋势都受到环境因子的调控,其中海表面温度和光合有效辐射在高纬度海域对水华有促进作用,在中低纬海域对水华起抑制作用,而海表面风速在高纬度海域对水华起抑制作用,在中低纬度海域对水华起促进作用。

全球水华  /  MODIS  /  时空变化  /  趋势分析

The phenomenon of marine phytoplankton bloom in ocean refers to the annual cycle increase in biomass caused by rapid reproduction, which plays an important role in the biochemical cycles of marine organisms. However, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of global phytoplankton blooms and their response mechanisms to the environment still require further exploration. Based on the chlorophyll a products of the MODIS-Aqua (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) from 2003 to 2022, we extracted the bloom indexes of global ocean phytoplankton (the ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity). Then, we analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics, trends, and correlations with environmental factors. The results indicated that there are significant seasonal and latitudinal difference in the distribution of the bloom indexes. Blooms in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere mainly occur from April to October, while in mid-low latitudes, blooms mainly occur from November to March of the following year. In the Southern Hemisphere, blooms develop in the month of November and persist until March of the following year in high latitudes, while those in low and middle latitudes occur from May to September. The ratio of bloom duration and bloom intensity show decreasing trends mainly in the mid-low latitude regions of the North Pacific, while increasing trends are observed in mid-high latitude regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The distribution and trends of bloom indices are both regulated by environmental factors. Sea surface temperature and photosynthetically active radiation promote blooms intensity in high latitude waters, but inhibit them in low latitude waters. Meanwhile, the wind speed plays a restraining role in the high latitude sea area and a promoting role in the low latitude sea area.

global bloom  /  MODIS  /  temporal and spatial variation  /  trend analysis
王俊涛, 孙德勇, 王胜强, 张海龙, 袁逸博, 何宜军. 全球洋区浮游植物水华物候学特征时空变化的遥感分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (11) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024104
Juntao Wang, Deyong Sun, Shengqiang Wang, Hailong Zhang, Yibo Yuan, Yijun He. Remote sensing analysis of spatial and temporal variations of phytoplankton bloom phenological characteristics in global ocean[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (11) : 43 -52 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024104
海洋浮游植物的初级生产约占全球初级生产总量的一半[12],是大多数海洋生态系统的核心驱动力[3],在海洋生态、生物地球化学过程和全球碳循环中发挥着关键作用[47]。洋区浮游植物水华是指浮游植物快速繁殖致使水体生物量升高的年际周期性现象[89],其物候特征,如水华发生时间的早晚、峰值浓度的大小及持续时间的长短,很大程度上影响着海洋生态系统。水华物候变化的影响还贯穿上层浮游植物生产和海底群落的能量流动,从而影响水柱中能量的水平和垂直输送[10],影响缺氧区的严重程度和空间范围[11]。掌握海洋浮游植物水华物候特征的变化有利于加深对全球气候变化、海洋生态机制、海洋生物资源的认识。
水华的物候受海洋环境因子的调控,如海洋变暖可能影响浮游植物的细胞大小,进而影响水华的开始时间、持续时间和强度等,同时海洋变暖也可能通过加剧海水层化对水华造成影响[1214]。因此,水华常常受到温度、光照、风速等环境因子的影响而表现出明显的季节性和空间性变化特征[15]。这些变化可以通过水华在一段时间内的持续时间比和强度反映出来,这两种指数都可以由现场观测或卫星遥感获得的叶绿素a浓度计算得出[1617]
目前已有很多海洋浮游植物水华物候特征的研究,例如,Racault等[2]首次提取了1998−2007年间全球海洋浮游植物的物候特征,包括但不限于水华开始时间、峰值时间、结束时间和持续时间,并对浮游植物水华物候特征间的相关性和水华与气候因子之间的相关性进行了分析。Hense等[18]结合模式和遥感资料研究了1959−2004年北大西洋水华暴发时间和规模,发现了亚极地海域的水华开始时间表现出明显的年代际周期性。Yamaguchi等[19]发现大多数海域水华开始的时间有所提前,但水华峰值时间的变化却存在地区性差异,赤道和南半球高纬度海域峰值时间有推迟趋势。Friedland等[17]研究了全球范围内水华开始时间、强度及其趋势,高纬度海域水华强度有增强趋势,而赤道海域的水华强度则表现为下降趋势。然而,全球海洋浮游植物水华强度在季节尺度上的时空变化特征尚不明晰,仍需开展进一步的研究。
本文基于Aqua卫星上的中分辨率成像光谱仪(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiomete, MODIS)近20 a (2003−2022年)的全球海洋叶绿素a浓度数据,提取并分析了全球海洋的水华持续时间比和水华强度,分析了全球水华持续时间比和水华强度在年际尺度和季节尺度上的变化特征,并探究了海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)、光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically Available Radiation, PAR)和海表面风速(Wind Speed,WS)对水华强度的影响。
本文基于MODIS-Aqua的叶绿素a产品研究全球水华的时空变化。从NASA的Ocean Color网站(http://www.globcolour.info/)获取了2003年1月至2022年12月MODIS的3级海洋表层叶绿素a产品,时间分辨率为8 d,空间分辨率为9 km × 9 km。当叶绿素a数据缺失比例较高时,会影响水华指数提取的准确性,为此,参考He等[20]的方法,本文计算了不同时期内叶绿素a数据产品各像元的数据有效率(the percentage of effective data, PE),计算公式如下:
$ {\rm{PE}} = 100\% \times \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{I_{\rm{Chl}}}} /N, $
式中,N为一年内单个像元所有8 d叶绿素a数据的总数,若单个像元中具有一个有效值(叶绿素a浓度>0),则${I_{C{\text{hl}}}}{\text{ = }}1$ ,否则${I_{C{\text{hl}}}}{\text{ = 0}}$。某一区域内PE < 30%,则认为该区域的水华指数的提取会因为有效数据不足而产生较大误差,并剔除此处数据。在此基础上通过线性插值填充PE > 70%像元时间序列上的缺失值,并将时间分辨率插值至1 d。
此外,本文也获取了同期MODIS-Aqua传感器每月合成SST和PAR产品,NCEP/DOE Reanalysis II数据集中的海表面10 m处风速数据,用于分析其对全球浮游植物水华的影响。将叶绿素a、SST、PAR数据集统一重采样至1° × 1°,剔除水深小于200 m的大陆架浅水海域数据。
本文主要分析全球浮游植物水华的持续时间比和强度时空变化特征,采用阈值法提取全球浮游植物水华物候特征,阈值为2003−2022年叶绿素a浓度的中位数加5%[2, 2124]。借鉴He等[20]的研究方法,水华持续时间比(the Ratio of Duration, RD)指一段时间内处于水华状态的天数与总天数的比,计算公式如下:
$ {\rm{RD}} = 100{\text{%}} \times \sum\limits_{i = 1}^N {{I_{\rm{bloom}}}} /N ,$
式中,若单个像元中具有一个叶绿素a浓度大于水华检测阈值,则${I_{\rm{bloom}}}{\text{ = }}1$,否则${I_{\rm{bloom}}}{\text{ = 0}}$$N$为观测的总天数。
水华强度(bloom intensity, BI)是水华发生面积的积分参数,表示某一海域表层浮游植物水华的叶绿素a浓度总量,单位为kg/m,其计算公式为[20]
$ {\rm{BI}} = \sum\limits_{{{i = 1}}}^M {\left( {{\rm{RD}} \times {S_{\rm{bloom}}} \times A} \right)} ,$
式中,M为该海域内的像元总数,${S_{\rm{bloom}}}$为该区域内所有像元发生水华时的叶绿素a浓度均值,$A$为该区域的面积。在本文中,统计区域为每个1 × 1网格,每个网格内M = 1,面积为1° × 1°。
2003−2022年间,叶绿素a的年均PEs分布如图1所示,已剔除PE小于70%海域的数据。南北纬48°区域内大部分海域的PEs大于80%,仅在阿拉伯海(25°~10°N, 43°~63°E)和大西洋的赤道东部海域(9°N~9°S, 18°W~11°E)的PEs偏低,仅为56%~80%,造成这两处海域PEs较低的原因可能是云层覆盖和太阳耀斑[2526]。在高纬度海域,PEs随纬度的升高开始下降,但在高纬海域的PEs仍大于50%。整体上,本文研究区域内叶绿素a数据集的PEs整体水平较高,基于此数据集提取的水华指数是可靠的。
对于水华持续时间比而言,其空间分布复杂且呈现出明显的纬向特征[21]图2)。在低纬度海域,太平洋存在2个显著的RD低值区,其中位于北半球(23°~10°N, 125°E~30°W)的低值区RD整体低于40%,位于南半球(6°N~15°S, 175°E~95°W)低值区低于30%。在中纬度海域,RD的数值整体较高(>44%),并且高值RD在南北纬30°左右呈带状分布,横跨太平洋、大西洋和印度洋。Racault等[2]认为,南北纬30°左右海域的水华将持续20周左右的时间,而Sapiano等[21]的研究则表明每年该海域的水华可能持续180 d。在高纬度海域,南北半球表现出明显的空间分布差异。在北半球,太平洋近岸海域的RD较高,大洋区的RD相对较低;大西洋高纬度海域RD普遍较高;在南半球,印度洋和太平洋高纬度的大部分海域的RD在40%左右,整体低于大西洋高纬度海域。
各月份水华持续时间比的空间分布具有明显的纬向特征和季节特征[21],如图3所示:4月北大西洋高纬度海域开始出现水华,5月北太平洋高纬度东部海域(堪察加半岛南部)开始出现水华,春季水华开始时间与以往的研究相一致[2, 17, 19],但北半球高纬度海域RD高值分布范围在5−7月间不断缩小。北大西洋高纬度海域的水华大致结束于10月,但太平洋高纬度海域的水华在9月又迎来了一次暴发期,于11月结束,但在以往的研究中往往只关注春季水华[22]。北半球中低纬度海域的水华每年约持续6个月,开始于11月,在12月和翌年1月高值RD在纬向上成带状分布贯穿太平洋、大西洋,3月RD的高值开始向高纬度海域转移。北半球中低纬度海域的水华主要结束于4月。
南半球高纬度海域水华主要开始于每年的10月,结束于翌年3月,而南半球中低纬度海域的水华发生时间与北半球中低纬度海域的水华发生时间相差约6个月。中低纬度海域大范围的高值RD出现在5月(北半球为11月),并形成纬向上的带状分布,一直持续至9月[2, 19, 21]。位于南太平洋低纬度低值区(6°N~15°S, 175°E~95°W)的水华主要发生在6−10月,但此处RD的值相对于同时间段南半球中纬度的RD更低。
全球海洋年均水华强度如图4所示。在近岸海域表层浮游植物水华强度可以达到50000 kg/m,高纬度海域和赤道海域的BI则相对较高,其中高纬度海域BI的空间分布存在地域差异性。北大西洋高纬度海域的BI数值最大,均值约1260 kg/m,北太平洋和南大西洋高纬度海域的年均BI在1000 kg/m左右,南半球各大洋高纬度海域的西部地区的BI普遍高于东部地区,最低值出现在南太平洋东部海域,均值约500 kg/m。赤道太平洋中部海域BI均值约为800 kg/m。在副热带大洋海域的BI很低,南太平洋低值区的BI为210 kg/m(6°N~15°S, 175°E~95°W)。
各月份表层海水的水华强度空间分布如图5所示,整体表现为高纬度和赤道海域的BI较高,副热带海域的BI较低。在北半球,太平洋和大西洋低纬度西部海域3月的BI较上月有明显下降;副热带海域的BI在4−10月维持在较低水平(<100 kg/m);日本附近海域和北大西洋高纬度海域的BI在4月较上月有显著上升,在7月较6月则有明显下降。在赤道海域,10月至翌年2月的BI数值较高,4月、5月为数值较低。南太平洋副热带海域9月的BI较上月有明显下降,印度洋和大西洋同纬度海域的BI则在10月有明显下降。南半球副热带海域的BI主要在10月至翌年4月维持在较低水平(<100 kg/m),高纬度海域则在11月至翌年2月有较高的BI。
通过一阶线性拟合获取RD的趋势,结果如图6所示(p < 0.05,已剔除未通过95%显著性检验的像元)。RD在北半球中低纬海域主要呈下降趋势,在南半球主要呈上升趋势,但变化幅度较小,仅在0.06%·a−1以内。在北太平洋的中低纬度海域(5°~20°N,120°~180°E;0°~5°N,180°~100°W)、北美洲太平洋沿岸海域、印度洋中部海域(5°N~5°S,60°~100°E)、百慕大海域和新西兰东西侧海域,RD呈下降趋势,最高下降趋势达0.06%·a−1。在南太平洋(10°~25°S,70°~150°W;40°~50°S,70°~150°W),日本附近海域、非洲西部海域、印度洋高纬度海域,RD呈上升趋势,其中南太平洋中低纬海域上升趋势的数值最大[17]
各月份水华持续时间比的趋势整体在北半球中低纬度海域主要呈下降趋势(见图7p < 0.05,已剔除未通过95%显著性检验的像元)。1月,RD仅在北太平洋低纬度海域有显著的下降趋势,到了2月、3月,RD呈下降趋势的范围有所扩大,从菲律宾群岛延伸至北太平洋中纬度海域的中部。在4月、5月,北太平洋中低纬度海域整体呈下降趋势。6−9月,北太平洋RD呈下降趋势的像元主要分布在菲律宾群岛东部海域和赤道太平洋东部海域。10月、11月是北太平洋中低纬度海域水华开始的时间,但此处RD有下降趋势,故水华的开始时间可能有推迟的趋势。北大西洋RD趋势则与北太平洋的情况不同,在零星位置表现出上升趋势,如非洲东部海域,3月、4月、10月、11月都有较大上升趋势。北大西洋的百慕大海域在3月、4月和11月有下降趋势存在RD下降趋势。南太平洋中高纬度海域的RD各月份均存在上升趋势,其中4−6月在高纬度海域存在较大的上升趋势,对应的也是南半球对应海域水华出现的时间,此处水华的开始时间可能所有提前。
通过一阶线性拟合计算水华强度的趋势变化,结果如图8所示,p < 0.05,已剔除未通过95%显著性检验的像元。在高纬度海域,勘察加半岛南部BI的上升趋势最大,可达200 kg/(m·a),欧洲西部海域BI的上升趋势则在50 kg/(m·a)左右,其他海域无明显趋势。中低纬海域BI的趋势分布与RD的趋势分布类似,整体表现为在北太平洋中低纬海域存在下降趋势,在南太平洋中纬度存在上升趋势,但变化幅度都相对较小,在±25 kg/(m·a)以内。赤道海域下降趋势最大可达−50 kg/(m·a)[17]
各月份水华强度趋势的空间分布如图9所示(p < 0.05,已剔除未通过95%显著性检验的像元),与各月份RD趋势的空间分布相似。北半球中纬度海域的BI主要在1−5月和11月、12月呈下降趋势;北半球高纬度海域(勘察加半岛南部和欧洲西部)的BI则在4−10月有上升趋势。赤道海域的BI在2−8月均有下降趋势。在南半球,南太平洋东部海域的BI在5−9月有较弱的上升趋势,澳大利亚东部海域的BI在7−11月存在下降趋势;南大西洋高纬度海域的BI在12月有上升趋势。
为探究海洋环境变化对浮游植物水华的影响,本文分析了全球水华持续时间比、水华强度与SST、PAR、WS间的相关性,结果如图10所示。SST、PAR和海表面风速被认为是影响浮游植物生长的关键因素[27],且这些影响因素对水华的影响具有区域差异性[28]。在大部分中低纬海域,水华的发生受到SST和PAR的抑制[2, 29]。低纬度海域水温较高,当SST大于14℃时会抑制浮游植物的生长[30],热带、亚热带的海水温度增加一方面会加剧海水层化,导致表层海水营养盐供给减少[1214];另一方面,较高的温度还可以通过影响浮游植物的代谢来影响其生长,温度的升高可能导致浮游植物细胞变小,使浮游植物生物量减少[3132]。光照对浮游植物的生长起着双重作用[27],PAR虽然可以促进浮游植物的生长,但较强的PAR可能通过使光合单位中的关键蛋白质失活来抑制光合作用,同时紫外辐射对浮游植物的生长起抑制作用[33]。低纬度海域的水华强度则与风速呈正相关关系[34]。风速则一般被认为通过影响海水的垂直混合来调节表层营养盐浓度,进而影响浮游植物生长,而低纬度海域混合层深度相对较浅,浮游植物的生长受到营养物浓度的限制[35]
在较高纬度的海域,浮游植物与SST、PAR呈正相关关系,与风速则为负相关关系,在亚极环流中,强风、降温和混合层深度增加都会减少浮游植物生物量,而海水层化和较高海水温度与浮游植物生物量增加相关[36]。亚寒带、寒带的浮游植物的生长情况可以用临界深度理论[37]来解释,较深的混合层深度和冬季较低的太阳入射角度使得浮游植物可获得的有效光照低于生长所需的水平,从而抑制浮游植物的生长。在春季,随着入射光的增加和混合层深度的变浅,超过一个“临界深度”时,光照强度使得该深度内浮游植物生物量的增加大于损耗,水华也就此开始。PAR是高纬度水华浮游植物生长的制约因子,因此高纬度海域PAR的增强有利于浮游植物生物量的积累[27]。温度的上升和风速的下降都有利于亚极地海域混合层深度变浅,使得浮游植物能够得到充分的光照[38]
本研究基于MODIS-Aqua传感器2003−2022年的叶绿素a产品,提取了全球海洋浮游植物水华20 a的年均和月均持续时间比和强度。在此基础上,通过一阶线性拟合获得了水华持续时间比和水华强度的趋势。最后分析了水华持续时间比、水华强度与海表面温度、光合有效辐射、海表面风速之间的相关性。本研究的主要结论如下:
(1)全球海洋水华的年发生持续时间比约在43%左右,分布具有明显的纬向特征,在低纬度海域出现水华持续时间比的低值区,中纬度海域整体水华持续时间比最高,而高纬度水华持续时间比则存在区域差异。
(2)北半球高纬度海域的水华主要出现在4−10月,中低纬度海域的水华主要出现在11月至翌年3月,而南半球高纬度海域的水华往往开始于11月并持续至翌年3月,中低纬度海域的水华则主要出现在5−9月。
(3)水华持续时间比和水华强度主要在北太平洋中低纬度海域呈下降趋势,在北半球高纬度海域和南太平洋中高纬度海域则主要呈上升趋势;各月份的水华持续时间比和水华强度的空间分布较为相似,在北太平洋中低纬度海域多表现为下降趋势。
(4)环境因子对水华持续时间和水华强度的影响具有区域性,在低纬度海域,SST和PAR对水华强度起抑制作用,而风速则起促进作用;在高纬度海域,SST和PAR对水华强度起促进作用,而风速对水华强度起抑制作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42476173)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42176179)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42176181)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42106176)
  • 江苏省基础研究计划(自然科学基金)项目(BK20211289)
  • 江苏省基础研究计划(自然科学基金)项目(BK20210667)
  • 自然资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室开放基金项目(2021CZEPK02)
  • 遥感科学国家重点实验室开放基金项目(OFSLRSS202103)
  • 上海勘测设计研究院有限公司科标业(2021FD(8)−028)
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2024年第46卷第11期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024104
  • 接收时间:2023-10-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-11
  • 修回日期:2024-05-21
基金
国家自然科学基金(42476173)
国家自然科学基金(42176179)
国家自然科学基金(42176181)
国家自然科学基金(42106176)
江苏省基础研究计划(自然科学基金)项目(BK20211289)
江苏省基础研究计划(自然科学基金)项目(BK20210667)
自然资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室开放基金项目(2021CZEPK02)
遥感科学国家重点实验室开放基金项目(OFSLRSS202103)
上海勘测设计研究院有限公司科标业(2021FD(8)−028)
作者信息
    1.南京信息工程大学 海洋科学学院,江苏 南京 210044
    2.自然资源部海岸带开发与保护重点实验室,江苏 南京 210024
    3.自然资源部空间海洋遥感与应用重点实验室,北京 100081
    4.上海勘测设计研究院有限公司,上海 200335

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*孙德勇,教授,主要从事水体光学、水色遥感研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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