Article(id=1200484852890988719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024076, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=1711641600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764147492859, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764147492859, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764147492859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147492859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200484846570164701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764147491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147714593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200484853222338749, articleId=1200484852890988719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Sedimentary geochemical records and their indications for environmental variations in Bohai Bay, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to understand the long−term variations in the nutritional environment and the key influencing factors of Bohai Bay, sediment cores from the mouth of the bay (BH15) and the outer area of the bay (BH47) were collected in April and June 2018 separately. The contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), biogenic silica (BSi), and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) were analyzed, and the causes of the changes of the above parameters were discussed in combination with the changes of climate and surrounding human activities. The results showed that the TN content in both sediment cores exhibited an increasing trend since the 1980s, which is consistent with the long-term variations in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the sea water. Sewage discharge, fertilizer application and mariculture are the main sources of nitrogen in the Bohai Bay, among which the input of agricultural fertilizer has decreased since 2007, while the discharge of mariculture and domestic sewage into the sea has shown a continuous upward trend. Inorganic Phosphorus (IP) was the main form of phosphorus in sediments. The IP in BH15 in the bay has shown a decreasing trend since the mid-1990s, while the IP in BH47 from the mouth of the bay has shown a decreasing trend after 1970s and a slow increasing trend since 1990s. All of them show obvious terrigenous input characteristics. The results of TOC/TN ratio、δ13C value and δ13C two-endmember mixing model indicated that the sediment organic matter in the mouth of Bohai Bay and adjacent sea area was influenced by both terrestrial input and marine autochthonous sources, with marine organic matter being the dominant source, the contribution of marine organic matter has decreased Since the 1990s. Compared with the BH47 core from the mouth of the bay, the BH15 core is closer to the coastal area, more significantly affected by terrestrial input, with higher TN content and contribution of terrestrial organic matter. This study shows that in order to effectively manage the water environment of Bohai Bay, it is necessary to strengthen the control of mariculture and domestic sewage discharge into the sea while controlling the use of agricultural fertilizers in the future.

, correspAuthors=Yujue Wang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yimeng Gou, Dongyan Liu, Xiaowei Dong, Yang Tan, Masqué Pere, Chengfeng Xue, Yujue Wang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200484855948636499, articleId=1200484852890988719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤海湾沉积地球化学记录及其对环境变迁的指示, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了解渤海湾营养环境的长周期变化特征及关键影响因素,于2018年4月和6月在渤海湾湾口外侧海域(BH47)及渤海湾湾口(BH15)采集沉积物柱状样,对沉积物柱状样中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、磷(P)、生物硅(BSi)的含量以及碳、氮稳定同位素组成(δ13C、δ15N)进行了分析,并结合气候和周围人类活动变化讨论以上参数的变化诱因。研究结果显示,两柱状样中TN含量自1980s起随时间呈现增加的变化趋势,与水体溶解无机氮(DIN)的长周期变化一致。污水排放、化肥施用和海水养殖是渤海湾氮的主要来源,其中农业化肥氮输入自2007年起有所下降,海水养殖和生活污水入海排放呈现持续上升的趋势。无机磷(IP)是沉积物中磷的主要存在形式,湾内的BH15柱中IP含量自1990s中期起呈现下降的趋势,湾口的BH47柱中IP含量呈现1970s后先减少,1990s起缓慢增加的变化趋势,两者均体现出明显的陆源输入特征。TOC/TN比值、δ13C值以及δ13C二端元混合模型对有机质来源的指示结果表明,渤海湾口及临近海域沉积物有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响,总体以海源有机质为主,自1990s起海源有机质贡献有所下降。与湾口的BH47柱相比,BH15柱更靠近近岸地区,受陆源输入的影响更显著,TN含量和陆源有机质贡献相对更高。本研究表明,为实现渤海湾水环境的有效治理,在对农业化肥的使用进行管制的同时,今后还需重点加强对海水养殖和生活污水入海排放的管控。

, correspAuthors=王玉珏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王玉珏(1998—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=M5W08nJkcLgP2qZIRylNEg==, magXml=yqdmny3NCp2q2Mh1r7bcsw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cfYKyViLPr29A0U+kccgiA==, pdfFileSize=1931610, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=AdgOw1aIMWHPt2fKhEgjQQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=L9bh76hoZTumyKaUE6XPxw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

勾艺萌(1997—),女,甘肃省庆阳市人, 主要研究方向为近海环境变化及生态响应。E-mail:

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勾艺萌(1997—),女,甘肃省庆阳市人, 主要研究方向为近海环境变化及生态响应。E-mail:

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Comparison of organic matter in sediment cores from different study areas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域TOC/%TN/ %BSi/ %δ13C/‰TOC/TN参考文献
渤海湾0.40~0.640.06~0.080.52~1.11−23.3~−20.47.4~9.3本研究
0.40~0.610.06~0.080.39~1.46−22.8~−21.08.0~10.0
四十里湾0.38~0.580.04~0.06−22.8~−21.39.1–11.0[92]
胶州湾0.14~ 0.410.02~0.05−22.2~−20.48.2~ 11.5[93]
大亚湾0.79~1.110.10~0.14−20.8 ~−22.55.2~8.3[94]
黄河口邻近海域0.21~0.320.02~0.04−23.4~−22.58.5~12.0[95]
长江口邻近海域0.37~ 0.620.03~ 0.080.75~0.807.7~ 8.6[96]
珠江口邻近海域0.80~1.900.13~0.200.98~2.355.5~12.7[97]
), ArticleFig(id=1200860457994154552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852890988719, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同区域柱状沉积物中有机质的比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究区域TOC/%TN/ %BSi/ %δ13C/‰TOC/TN参考文献
渤海湾0.40~0.640.06~0.080.52~1.11−23.3~−20.47.4~9.3本研究
0.40~0.610.06~0.080.39~1.46−22.8~−21.08.0~10.0
四十里湾0.38~0.580.04~0.06−22.8~−21.39.1–11.0[92]
胶州湾0.14~ 0.410.02~0.05−22.2~−20.48.2~ 11.5[93]
大亚湾0.79~1.110.10~0.14−20.8 ~−22.55.2~8.3[94]
黄河口邻近海域0.21~0.320.02~0.04−23.4~−22.58.5~12.0[95]
长江口邻近海域0.37~ 0.620.03~ 0.080.75~0.807.7~ 8.6[96]
珠江口邻近海域0.80~1.900.13~0.200.98~2.355.5~12.7[97]
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渤海湾沉积地球化学记录及其对环境变迁的指示
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勾艺萌 1 , 刘东艳 1, 2 , 董晓伟 3 , 谭扬 4 , Masqué Pere 5 , 薛成凤 6 , 王玉珏 1, 2, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 14-28
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 14-28
渤海湾沉积地球化学记录及其对环境变迁的指示
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勾艺萌1 , 刘东艳1, 2, 董晓伟3, 谭扬4, Masqué Pere5, 薛成凤6, 王玉珏1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
  • 2.崇明生态研究院,上海 200241
  • 3.北京欧仕科技有限公司,北京 100083
  • 4.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
  • 5.伊迪斯·科文大学,澳大利亚 郡德勒普 WA6027
  • 6.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 勾艺萌(1997—),女,甘肃省庆阳市人, 主要研究方向为近海环境变化及生态响应。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*王玉珏(1998—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
Sedimentary geochemical records and their indications for environmental variations in Bohai Bay
Yimeng Gou1 , Dongyan Liu1, 2, Xiaowei Dong3, Yang Tan4, Masqué Pere5, Chengfeng Xue6, Yujue Wang1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 2. Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai 200241, China
  • 3. Beijing Osees Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100083, China
  • 4. Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
  • 5. Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA6027, Australia
  • 6. Second Institute of Oceanography, MNR, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024076
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为了解渤海湾营养环境的长周期变化特征及关键影响因素,于2018年4月和6月在渤海湾湾口外侧海域(BH47)及渤海湾湾口(BH15)采集沉积物柱状样,对沉积物柱状样中总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、磷(P)、生物硅(BSi)的含量以及碳、氮稳定同位素组成(δ13C、δ15N)进行了分析,并结合气候和周围人类活动变化讨论以上参数的变化诱因。研究结果显示,两柱状样中TN含量自1980s起随时间呈现增加的变化趋势,与水体溶解无机氮(DIN)的长周期变化一致。污水排放、化肥施用和海水养殖是渤海湾氮的主要来源,其中农业化肥氮输入自2007年起有所下降,海水养殖和生活污水入海排放呈现持续上升的趋势。无机磷(IP)是沉积物中磷的主要存在形式,湾内的BH15柱中IP含量自1990s中期起呈现下降的趋势,湾口的BH47柱中IP含量呈现1970s后先减少,1990s起缓慢增加的变化趋势,两者均体现出明显的陆源输入特征。TOC/TN比值、δ13C值以及δ13C二端元混合模型对有机质来源的指示结果表明,渤海湾口及临近海域沉积物有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响,总体以海源有机质为主,自1990s起海源有机质贡献有所下降。与湾口的BH47柱相比,BH15柱更靠近近岸地区,受陆源输入的影响更显著,TN含量和陆源有机质贡献相对更高。本研究表明,为实现渤海湾水环境的有效治理,在对农业化肥的使用进行管制的同时,今后还需重点加强对海水养殖和生活污水入海排放的管控。

生源要素  /  同位素示踪  /  环境变迁  /  渤海湾沉积记录

In order to understand the long−term variations in the nutritional environment and the key influencing factors of Bohai Bay, sediment cores from the mouth of the bay (BH15) and the outer area of the bay (BH47) were collected in April and June 2018 separately. The contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorus (P), biogenic silica (BSi), and stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C, δ15N) were analyzed, and the causes of the changes of the above parameters were discussed in combination with the changes of climate and surrounding human activities. The results showed that the TN content in both sediment cores exhibited an increasing trend since the 1980s, which is consistent with the long-term variations in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in the sea water. Sewage discharge, fertilizer application and mariculture are the main sources of nitrogen in the Bohai Bay, among which the input of agricultural fertilizer has decreased since 2007, while the discharge of mariculture and domestic sewage into the sea has shown a continuous upward trend. Inorganic Phosphorus (IP) was the main form of phosphorus in sediments. The IP in BH15 in the bay has shown a decreasing trend since the mid-1990s, while the IP in BH47 from the mouth of the bay has shown a decreasing trend after 1970s and a slow increasing trend since 1990s. All of them show obvious terrigenous input characteristics. The results of TOC/TN ratio、δ13C value and δ13C two-endmember mixing model indicated that the sediment organic matter in the mouth of Bohai Bay and adjacent sea area was influenced by both terrestrial input and marine autochthonous sources, with marine organic matter being the dominant source, the contribution of marine organic matter has decreased Since the 1990s. Compared with the BH47 core from the mouth of the bay, the BH15 core is closer to the coastal area, more significantly affected by terrestrial input, with higher TN content and contribution of terrestrial organic matter. This study shows that in order to effectively manage the water environment of Bohai Bay, it is necessary to strengthen the control of mariculture and domestic sewage discharge into the sea while controlling the use of agricultural fertilizers in the future.

biogenic elements  /  isotope tracer  /  environmental change  /  sedimentary records of Bohai Bay
勾艺萌, 刘东艳, 董晓伟, 谭扬, Masqué Pere, 薛成凤, 王玉珏. 渤海湾沉积地球化学记录及其对环境变迁的指示. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 14 -28 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024076
Yimeng Gou, Dongyan Liu, Xiaowei Dong, Yang Tan, Masqué Pere, Chengfeng Xue, Yujue Wang. Sedimentary geochemical records and their indications for environmental variations in Bohai Bay[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 14 -28 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024076
近半个世纪以来,随着海岸带区域人口增加和人类活动的快速发展,生活和工农业废水中氮、磷营养盐和有机质的大量排放使得富营养化成为全球多数近海面临的环境问题[1]。富营养化过程中伴随的营养盐浓度增加和比例失衡、有害藻华暴发、水体缺氧等现象不仅影响近海水质环境、破坏海洋生态系统的平衡,使其功能退化[23],同时也带来了巨大的社会经济损失[4]。因此,了解人类活动影响下近海环境的长期变化特征和关键影响因素对制定有效的环境管理方案、促进近海环境的可持续发展起到重要作用。
渤海湾作为环渤海地区社会经济发展的核心地带之一,因其自身的半封闭性和弱的海水交换能力,自净能力相对较差[5]。近年来,随着环渤海湾地区人口的急剧增长和经济的迅猛发展,海水养殖规模不断扩大,工农业生产和生活污水排放带来的陆源污染物入海通量增加,不仅加重了渤海湾的营养盐负荷,也造成了海湾营养盐比例的失衡[6]。此外,湾内围填海工程和港口建设等活动,使自然岸线向人工岸线转变,改变了近岸局部流场,进一步干扰了渤海湾的自净能力[78];同时,降雨、气温等气候因素的共同作用使得渤海湾水质不断恶化,富营养化程度不断加重[9],赤潮灾害频发[10],给海湾生态环境治理带来了巨大压力,被列为我国“十三五”规划中“蓝色海湾整治工程”的重要内容。因此,明确渤海湾富营养化的变化历程、探究营养元素和有机质来源、浮游植物对营养盐变化和环境污染的响应特征可为渤海湾开展水环境治理和赤潮灾害防治工作,建立可持续发展管理政策提供有力的科学支撑。
早在1979−1981年,邹景忠等[11]就对渤海湾的富营养化进行了研究,这也是我国最早在近海开展的富营养化研究。随后,对渤海湾水体营养盐的多年研究发现,近40年来海水中溶解无机氮(DIN)浓度升高,溶解无机磷(DIP)浓度和溶解硅酸盐(DSi)浓度下降,DIN/DIP、DIN/DSi比值显著上升,该变化在2000年后尤其明显,主要营养盐限制因子由DIN向DIP转变[12];在空间分布上,富营养海域主要分布在近岸,氮营养盐是主要的污染因子[13]。然而,受水体调查频次和研究区域差异等因素影响,目前关于渤海湾营养环境的长周期连续变化特征、主要营养盐来源和关键影响因素,以及对应的浮游植物响应等的研究尚需要进一步展开。沉积物在一定程度上保留了环境变化的历史记录,成为人们了解海洋生态演变历史的重要载体之一[14]。目前,古生态学方法已经成为反演海域生态环境变化的重要手段[1516],常用的地球化学参数包括总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)、总氮(Total Nitrogen,TN)、碳稳定同位素(δ13C)、氮稳定同位素(δ15N)、生物硅(Biological Silicon,BSi)和生物标志物等。鉴于各参数的优缺点,多参数结合分析可以有效提高反演结果的准确性和可靠性。如Bratton等利用TOC、TN、δ13C和δ15N等参数重建了切萨皮克湾的历史环境,表明1750−1800年海湾的富营养化状况严重[17]。Liu等通过分析四十里湾沉积物柱状样中的多个参数,综合反演了水体富营养化过程及浮游植物的响应特征[18]。已有的针对渤海湾沉积物中有机质来源的研究主要集中在西侧近岸地区[1921],且大多为表层沉积物的研究[2223],对渤海湾中部和湾口邻近海域营养盐和有机质的长周期变化和来源研究相对较少[24]。基于以上背景,本文通过分析渤海湾湾口及外侧海域沉积物柱状样生源参数[TOC、TN、P(总磷:Total Phosphorus,TP;无机磷:Inorganic Nitrogen,IP;有机磷:Organic Phosphorus,OP)、δ13C、δ15N和BSi]的变化特征,分析百年尺度下沉积物中不同营养盐和有机质含量的变化过程并探讨其来源和主要影响因素,以期为渤海湾环境的可持续发展和环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据。
渤海湾(38°01′~39°13′N,117°36′~119°08′E)位于渤海西部,三面环陆,仅在东部与渤海中部相连,海域面积约为1.47 × 104 km2,平均水深12.5 m[25]。周边有海河、永定新河、潮白新河、蓟运河等数10条河流注入,携带大量淡水和泥沙,年总排水量和年悬浮物输入通量分别为6.5 × 109 m3和6.0 × 106 t[26]。渤海湾海底地形大致呈现自南向北,自岸向海倾斜的特征,大部分地区地势平坦,为典型的缓坡淤泥质海湾。渤海湾环流体系为双环结构,主要由黄海暖流余脉和沿岸流组成。黄海暖流余脉由渤海海峡北部进入渤海中央并延伸到渤海西岸,由于海岸的阻挡分为南北两支,南支进入渤海湾逆时针流动,最后从渤海海峡南部流出。黄河冲淡水沿着渤海湾南侧向西运动,形成顺时针的流动[27]图1)。
渤海湾的营养盐来源包括河流输入、大气沉降、沉积物释放和海底地下水输入。河流输入是渤海湾营养盐的重要来源[29]。Huang等对渤海湾海河流域的生活污水和化肥施用等非点源TP做了计算,其入海通量达到88.39 × 104 t/a[30]。王友华等对渤海湾主要河流TN和TP的研究表明,自2006年来TN和TP的年入海通量整体呈波动下降的趋势,2020年较2006年分别下降了48%和55%[31]。另外,大气沉降和沉积物释放也对渤海湾的营养盐有一定贡献。Shou等的研究表明,大气沉降的氮对渤海湾DIN占比达到了84.8%[32]。Liu等评估了整个渤海海底沉积物释放的DIN、DIP和DSi通量,基于渤海湾占渤海的面积,渤海湾沉积物释放的DIN、DIP和DSi通量分别为8.96 ×106 mol/d、5.78 × 104 mol/d和4.03 × 107 mol/d[33]。此外,近年来研究表明地下水输入也是渤海湾营养盐的重要来源之一,基于渤海湾海水中镭、氡同位素分析得到的海底地下水排放的研究发现,地下水输入的DIN、DIP和DSi通量比河流、沉积物和大气沉降输入的通量大1~3个数量级,与渤海湾赤潮的发生存在一定的联系[34]
2018年4月和6月,分别搭乘国家自然科学基金委公开航次和中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所科学调查航次,在渤海湾湾口外侧海域(BH47:38°40.0′N,118°58.5′E)及渤海湾湾口(BH15:38°32.9′N,118°33.0′E)使用重力采泥器采集沉积物柱状样(图1)。沉积物样品以1 cm为间隔切分,并装入密封袋中冷冻保存(−20℃)。
沉积物定年:根据Sanchez-Cabeza等[35]描述的方法,使用SSB 450型α-谱仪(EG&G Ortec公司,美国)进行210Pb测年分析,样品测试在澳大利亚伊迪斯·科文大学完成。简要步骤如下:称取经冷冻干燥、研磨过筛的沉积物样品200~300 mg,置于微波消解罐中,加入209Po示踪剂,采用HNO3−HCl−HF−H3BO3混合液及微波控温程序对沉积物样品进行消解。消解完成后,加入1 mol/L HCl,在60~70℃下使Po自沉积在银片上,8 h后取出。使用α-谱仪测定210Po的活度,进一步计算即可得到210Pb活度。用于年代模型计算的过剩210Pb比活度为总210Pb比活度与226Ra比活度之差,其中226Ra比活度通过γ能谱仪测得[36]
粒度分析:沉积物样品冻干后,取适量样品于烧杯中,参考周连成等[37]的粒度前处理方法:加入10 mL浓度为10% HCl和10% H2O2溶液去除样品中的碳酸盐和有机质,用超纯水将样品清洗至中性后加入10 mL浓度为0.05 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠溶液分散样品。采用激光粒度仪(Marlvern Mastersizer 2000F,英国)测定各粒级的组成含量。将沉积物按黏土(<4 μm)、粉砂(4~63 μm)、砂(63~2000 μm)分类后,采用Shepard三角图解法对沉积物分类命名[38]
TOC、TN、δ13C和δ15N值测定:称取干燥、研磨、过筛处理的沉积物样品约100 mg加入1 mol/L HCl反应去除碳酸盐,用超纯水清洗至中性后冻干,用锡舟包样,使用连接元素分析仪的同位素质谱(Thermo Fisher,MAT253,美国)测定TOC含量和δ13C值。研磨过筛后的沉积物,直接用锡舟包样,上机测定沉积物TN含量和δ15N值。TOC和TN测量的相对标准偏差小于0.05%,δ13C和δ15N分别以VPDB和大气氮气作为标准,测定的相对标准偏差小于0.1%,计算公式如下:
$ \delta =\left(\frac{R_{\text{sample}}}{R_{\text{standard}}}-1\right)\times1\, 000\text{‰}, $
式中:δ符号表示同位素比率,$ {R}_{{\text{sample}}} $$ {R}_{{\text{standard}}} $分别表示样品和标准品的同位素比值(13C/12C、15N/14N)。
TP、IP和OP含量测定:使用ASPILA法测定沉积物中TP、IP和OP的含量[39]。称取经干燥、研磨、过筛处理的沉积物样品约100 mg,加入20 mL浓度为1 mol/L 的HCl振荡提取24 h,然后取1 mL上清液稀释至15 mL,使用磷钼蓝法测定上清液中IP含量;样品放入马弗炉中于500℃灼烧2 h,然后按IP的方法进行提取与测定,得到TP含量;OP含量为TP和IP含量之差。
BSi含量测定:BSi含量的测定使用连续提取法[40]。称取150 mg干燥、研磨、过筛处理的沉积物样品,加入1 mol/L的HCl和30% H2O2去除碳酸盐和有机质,然后用浓度为2 mol/L的Na2CO3溶液在85℃水浴条件下连续提取5 h,每隔1 h提取0.1 mL上清液并使用硅钼蓝比色法测定提取液中的硅酸盐浓度,最后根据溶出曲线计算BSi的含量。
使用Surfer 21.1.158绘制采样站位图;使用Origin 9.0对各参数的分布图以及粒度三角图进行绘制。
使用双端元模型来计算沉积有机质陆源和海源的相对贡献率[41],公式如下:
$ f=\frac{{{\text{δ}} }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{{\text{marine}}}-{{\text{δ}} }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{{\text{sample}}}}{{{\text{δ}} }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{{\text{marine}}}-{{\text{δ}} }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{{\text{terrestrial}}}}\times 100\text{%}, $
$ f'=1-f, $
式中:f为海源有机质贡献率;f′为陆源有机质贡献率;δ13Cmarine为海端元值,取渤海湾浮游植物的δ13C值−20.3‰[42];δ13Cterrestrial为陆端元值,取我国北方主要植被类型C3植物的δ13C值−27‰[43];δ13Csample为样品实测值。
渤海湾周边地区人口数据来源于河北、天津和山东各省、市统计局;环渤海湾地区废水排放数据来源于文献[44];渤海湾周边地区化肥施用量数据来源于国家统计年鉴(统计了山东省、河北省和天津市,缺少2006年的数据);环渤海湾海水养殖数据来源于文献[6]。
两柱状样测年结果如图2所示。BH15柱210Pb放射性活度总量及其过剩浓度变化表明,210Pb随深度衰减较有规律,应用恒定通量−恒定累积速率模型(CF−CS)计算得出平均沉积速率为(1.7 ± 0.7)mm/a,与王福等[45]报道的该区域沉积速率一致;BH47柱上层沉积物中过剩210Pb比活度呈震荡变化,柱样存在明显的混合层(0~12 cm),故在12~17 cm之间应用恒定通量−恒定累积速率模型(CF−CS)计算得出混合层之下的平均沉积速率为(1.1 ± 0.3)mm/a,与李凤业等[46]的研究结果相近。基于历史事件和粒度结果中的显著变化(见图3),我们对获得的沉积速率进行了粒度校正,校正后BH15和BH47的沉积速率分别为1.7 mm/a和1.3 mm/a,下文均采用校正后的数据,考虑到BH47柱12 cm到表层沉积物的混合影响,该部分具体年份无法给出,故以年代标注表示(图2)。
沉积物柱状样的粒径分析结果如图3所示,BH15和BH47柱状样均由砂、粉砂和黏土3部分组成,占比分别为1.5%~16.9%和0.0~37.5%,59.3%~70.6%和44.7%~70.6%,21.7%~36.7%和17.7%~34.3%。BH15柱状样中值粒径变化范围为5.77~14.51 μm,平均值为7.82 μm,其变化大致可以分为两个部分:0~15 cm粒径随深度变浅呈现明显变粗的趋势,在14~15 cm出现极大值;16~50 cm粒径波动变化且无明显变化趋势。BH47柱状样中值粒径变化范围为6.21~20.87 μm,平均值为7.64 μm,20 cm以深粒径细且变化不明显,0~20 cm粒径明显粗于20 cm以深,与BH15柱相似,在11~12 cm出现极大值。结合测年数据和历史记载,11~12 cm和14~15 cm粒度参数的急剧变化对应于1938年渤海湾沿岸的风暴潮事件[47],风暴造成粗粒沉积。两柱状样上层粒径呈现变粗的现象反映了多种因素的综合影响。渤海湾沉积环境主要受河流输入和湾内双向环流输送的影响,其中黄河输入对渤海湾及其湾口外部的沉积环境具有重要的影响[4850]。自1950s以来,人类活动(大坝、水库修建等)和气候变化,使得黄河入海水沙锐减[51],在水动力的作用下运输到较远海域的细粒物质供应减少,加之海河等其他沿岸河流较粗粒径沉积物的输入[5253],这些因素共同导致沉积物粒度的垂向波动变化和上层沉积物粒度的粗化。
渤海湾BH15柱状样中氮、磷的分布特征如图4所示。TN含量的变化范围为0.06%~0.08%,TP、IP、和OP的浓度变化范围分别为17.74~20.55 μmol/g、14.44~16.89 μmol/g和1.71~5.54 μmol/g,IP占TP的73.0%~90.6%,是沉积物中磷的主要存在形式。渤海湾湾口外侧BH47柱状样中氮、磷分布特征如图5所示。TN含量的变化范围为0.06%~0.08%,TP、IP和OP的浓度变化范围分别为16.44~23.37 μmol/g、11.23~15.86 μmol/g和2.79~9.05 μmol/g,IP占TP的60.9%~84.2%。两根柱样中磷的分布均与刘素美关于渤海沉积物IP占TP的75%~98%的研究结果接近[54]。沉积物中TN和各形态P的垂向分布特征各异,无论是湾内的BH15还是湾口外侧的BH47,其TN含量在6 cm以浅,即自1980s起随时间推移均呈现出增加的变化趋势,1904−1976年间,由于黄河改道从渤海湾入海,TN含量呈现明显的波动变化,BH47柱状样位于渤海湾口外测,受黄河输入影响较BH15柱状样相对较弱,故在1904−1976年间TN含量的波动变化较BH15没有那么明显。(图4a图5a)。由于营养盐含量与周边地区人类活动密切相关,故结合人类活动变化以及水体氮磷营养盐的长周期历史数据对本文柱状样中的TN和各形态磷的变化进行分析。随着环渤海湾地区城市化进程的不断加快[55],沿岸人口迅速增加(图6a),使得生活污水排放量显著增加,2015年排放量几乎是2006年的两倍(图6b[44];环渤海湾地区的农业化肥施用总量在1994−2021年间呈现先增加后减少的趋势,总体来说较为稳定(图6c);此外,2010−2020年间,环渤海湾地区海水养殖产量持续增加,从5.36 × 105 t增至8.25 × 105 t(图6d[6],养殖过程中所产生的饵料和排泄物进入水体后,使水体中营养元素浓度增加[56]。污水排放、化肥施用和海水养殖等外源氮的输入是渤海湾氮营养盐的主要来源,外源氮输入量的增加导致了海湾氮营养盐浓度的升高,1980s初期至2010s中期,渤海湾和渤海中部海水中DIN分别增加了20倍和7倍[57]。TN的变化反映了渤海湾及渤海中部水体中氮营养盐浓度的长周期特征[57],即1980s之前,DIN浓度维持在较低水平,1990s初期浓度开始上升,进入2000s后浓度急剧增加,近年来增加趋势有所下降,但仍处于较高水平。空间分布上,对比两柱状样的结果发现,TN含量在湾内近岸的BH15中含量较高,在湾口远岸的BH47中含量较低,表明陆源输入对BH15影响更明显,与水体氮营养盐的研究结果一致[58]。河流输入是渤海湾DIP的重要来源[59],由于沿岸入海河流径流量的持续减小[6061],使陆源输入的各形态P也随之减少。BH15柱状样6 cm以浅IP呈现先增加后下降的趋势,与渤海湾水体DIP浓度在1994−1995年突增,随后持续下降的变化趋势一致[12];BH47柱状样中TP、OP具有相同的变化趋势,均在6 cm以浅呈现下降的变化趋势,而IP在8 cm以浅呈现先减少后缓慢增加的趋势,由于BH47位置偏外侧,同时也受渤海中部水体影响,与渤海中部水体DIP浓度在1970s后减小,1990s起缓慢增加的变化趋势一致[57]。有研究表明,渤海不同区域沉积物中各形态磷的含量相差较大且沉积物柱状样中各形态磷的变化特征不尽相同[62]。与辽东湾和渤海海峡的柱状样相比[62],本研究的两根柱状样的磷含量相对较高,主要原因是渤海湾承受着来自京津翼地区大量的废水排放[63],以及周边众多河流的陆源输入[64],导致渤海湾各形态磷的含量较高。
水体中氮的来源可分为外源(人造化肥、海水养殖、人畜排泄物、生活污水和工业废水等)和内源(海洋氮)两大类。不同来源的氮具有不同的同位素特征值,通常化肥的δ15N值为−3‰~+3‰[65],海水养殖的δ15N值为3‰~14‰[66],人畜排泄物的δ15N值为10‰~20‰[67],工业废水和生活污水的δ15N值一般大于10‰[68],海洋硝态氮的δ15N值为5‰~6‰[69]。外源氮的输入会使自然水体中氮的同位素组成发生变化。BH15中δ15N的变化范围为4.6‰~5.7‰,6 cm以浅δ15N处于较高值且相对稳定(最上端除外)(图4e),BH47中δ15N的变化范围为5.6‰~7.2‰,5 cm以浅δ15N值呈现波动的变化趋势,两柱状样上层δ15N均无较大变化。δ15N值通常容易受到多种因素的影响,如固氮作用、脱氮作用以及成岩过程中含氮有机质的选择性降解等,都可能会使其数值发生变化[7072],因此沉积柱中δ15N反映的是海域各个时期不同氮来源及其分馏作用的综合信息。
BH15柱状样中TOC的变化范围为0.40%~0.64%(图7a),BH47柱状样中TOC的变化范围为0.40%~0.61%(图8a),TOC含量变化均与前人在渤海湾及其周边海域沉积物有机质TOC的研究结果一致[23, 73]。BH15和BH47中TOC的变化趋势相似,即自1980s起均呈现增大的趋势, 1904−1976年间,由于黄河改道从渤海湾入海,TOC呈现明显的波动变化,与TN的变化趋势一致。BSi的变化可表征水体硅质生产力的变化[74]。柱状样中BSi的垂向分布如图7b图8b所示,BH15中BSi含量的变化范围为0.52%~1.11%,在垂向上呈波动变化,无明显变化趋势;BH47中BSi含量的变化范围为0.39%~1.46%,垂向分布不均匀,上层随深度变浅呈减小趋势,11~13 cm(1920s−1940s)出现异常高值,具体原因未知。
硅藻和甲藻是渤海浮游植物的主要组成类群[7576],基于渤海的长周期浮游植物调查结果,硅藻占浮游植物总丰度的65.3%~99.8%[77]。近几十年来,渤海湾营养盐发生的DIN浓度增加,DIP和DSi浓度减小,DIN/DIP比值增加,DSi/DIN比值减小等一系列变化[78],不仅能够影响浮游植物的生产力和生物量,还改变了浮游植物的群落结构。渤海湾浮游植物水体调查的历史资料表明,硅甲藻比值呈现明显的下降趋势[79],水体中硅藻占比的减小影响沉积物中BSi和海源TOC的含量,导致BSi和TOC变化趋势的不一致性,这与前人对渤海中部沉积物中BSi长周期变化的研究结果一致[80]。此外,在对沉积物中BSi的研究发现,BSi含量与沉积物粒级组成有密切关系,沉积物颗粒越粗越不利于BSi的保存[81]。BH47柱状样上层沉积物粒径随深度变浅逐渐变粗,且粗化程度比BH15沉积柱强,可能是BH47沉积柱中BSi含量减小更明显的原因之一。沉积物中BSi的含量受沉积环境和初级生产力的共同影响。两沉积柱中BSi含量变化也反映了不同区域硅质生产力的差异。
稳定碳同位素和碳氮比值已被广泛用来指示有机质来源。根据光合作用途径的不同,陆源植物可以分为C3植物和C4植物,C3植物的δ13C值为−22‰~−33‰,C4植物的δ13C值为−9‰~−16‰[82],海洋浮游植物的δ13C值为−19‰~−22‰[83]。不同来源有机质的TOC/TN也存在差异,陆源高等植物因富含木质素、纤维素等使TOC/TN水平较高,通常大于12,而海源有机质因具有丰富的蛋白质,其TOC/TN水平较低,通常在5~8之间[8486]。然而,不同参数在指示沉积物有机质来源中存在不足,δ13C在指示有机质来源上存在重叠性且受分馏作用影响,TOC/TN容易受到成岩作用和沉积物颗粒对NH4+的吸附而高估/低估海洋有机质的贡献[8788]。因此,本文将采用TOC/TN和δ13C相结合的方法来指示沉积物有机质来源。BH15柱状样中δ13C值的范围为−23.3‰~−20.4‰,平均值为−22.7‰,TOC/TN的范围为7.4~9.3,平均值为8.0(图7c图7d);BH47柱状样中δ13C值的变化范围为−22.8‰~−21.0‰,平均值为−21.7‰,TOC/TN的范围为8.0~10.0,平均值为8.7(图8c图8d)。两柱状样中δ13C和TOC/TN的分布如图9所示:δ13C的结果表明,有机质受海源和陆源的共同影响,TOC/TN比值表明,沉积物有机质表现出显著的海源特征,这与Hu等对渤海湾及渤海中部海域沉积物有机质为混合来源的研究结果一致[89]。进一步利用δ13C二端元模型对海源和陆源有机质对TOC的贡献进行了计算,结果表明,BH15柱状样中陆源有机质贡献比例为1.4%~45.5%,均值为35.8%,海源有机质贡献比例为54.5%~98.7%,均值为64.2%;BH47柱状样中陆源有机质贡献为10.0%~36.6%,均值为21.0%,海源有机质贡献为63.4%~90.0%,均值为79.0%(图10)。由于BH15站点位于湾内,受周边河流输入物质的影响更明显,因此BH15陆源有机质贡献相对BH47较大。两个柱状沉积物有机质来源均以海源为主,海源有机质是反映海洋初级生产力的重要指标,上层海源有机质贡献随深度变浅呈下降趋势,BH47中从10 cm的81.4%降低到了1 cm的73.1%,与BSi具有相似的变化趋势,表明虽然硅藻占比下降,但仍是渤海湾浮游植物的优势种群。相反,陆源输入对沉积物有机质贡献呈增加趋势。近年来,硅甲藻比值的下降,以及陆源有机质在总有机质中占比的持续升高解释了BSi和TOC变化不一致的现象。
近半个世纪以来,人类活动导致的近海的富营养化、氮磷限制增加以及浮游植物生物量和种群结构变化的现象是我国多处河口和近海共同面临的生态环境变化过程。将本研究结果与我国其他海域柱状沉积物中有机质研究结果进行了比较(表1)。结果发现,四十里湾柱状沉积物中TOC和TN含量与渤海湾相近,δ13C值与TOC/TN范围与渤海湾接近,表明两海域柱状沉积物中有机质含量和来源相似。黄河口邻近海域柱状沉积物中TOC和TN含量均低于渤海湾,δ13C值比渤海湾的值偏负,TOC/TN范围比渤海湾宽泛且最小值和最大值均高于渤海湾,表明黄河口邻近海域沉积物中有机质含量低于渤海湾,受陆源输入的影响显著。珠江口柱状沉积物中TOC含量接近渤海湾的3倍,TN含量亦高于渤海湾, TOC/TN范围宽泛且最大值高于渤海湾,表明珠江口沉积物中有机质含量高于渤海湾,可能由于珠江口工业废水和生活污水的大量排放[90],海域污染更严重。海湾和河口柱状沉积物有机质组成均体现了近岸海域海源和陆源相混合的特征。在渤海湾、四十里湾、胶州湾、大亚湾、黄河口、长江口、珠江口等海域沉积物柱状样研究中发现,沉积物特性均在1980s前后发生了显著变化,TOC和TN含量呈明显升高趋势,与改革开放后人为活动引起的我国近岸水域中N、P等营养元素的含量增加密切相关[91]
(1)污水排放、化肥施用和海水养殖等外源氮的输入导致了渤海湾氮营养盐浓度的升高,TN含量均呈现自1980s起增加的趋势,与渤海湾水体中DIN的长周期变化特征一致;IP是沉积物中磷的主要存在形式,湾内BH15柱中IP自1990s中期起呈现下降的趋势,湾口BH47柱中IP呈现1970s后先减少,1990s起缓慢增加的变化趋势,与渤海湾和渤海中部水体中DIP的变化趋势一致,TN和IP均体现出明显的陆源输入特征。
(2)有机质含量的指示参数TOC和TN具有相同的变化趋势。δ13C、TOC/TN以及δ13C二端元混合模型显示,沉积物有机质受陆源输入和海洋自生共同影响,总体以海源有机质为主,海源有机质贡献自1990s起持续下降。水体中硅藻占比的下降、陆源有机质贡献的持续升高以及区域沉积环境的差异解释了BSi与TOC变化趋势的不一致。空间分布上,相较于湾口外侧的BH47,湾内的BH15受陆源输入更显著,TN含量和陆源有机质贡献更高。
(3)本研究表明,为了有效控制渤海湾富营养化的继续,除对农业化肥使用和排放的管制外,今后还需重点加强对海水养殖和生活污水排放入海的管控。
致谢:本研究的数据及样品采集得到国家自然科学基金委员会渤黄海共享航次(航次编号:NORC2018−01)以及中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所北黄海−渤海柱样采集航次的资助。基金委共享航次由“东方红2”科考船实施,烟台海岸带研究所航次由“创新一”号科考船实施,在此一并致谢,同时感谢两个航次的船员及工作、科研人员在样品采集中给予的帮助!
  • 国家自然科学基金(41776126)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42030402)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024076
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
  • 修回日期:2024-03-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(41776126)
国家自然科学基金(42030402)
作者信息
    1.华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室,上海 200241
    2.崇明生态研究院,上海 200241
    3.北京欧仕科技有限公司,北京 100083
    4.中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所,山东 烟台 264003
    5.伊迪斯·科文大学,澳大利亚 郡德勒普 WA6027
    6.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012

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*王玉珏(1998—),女,副研究员,主要研究方向为近海营养盐变化与富营养化。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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