Article(id=1200484852295389711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024082, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1690473600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-28, revisedDate=1712851200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-12, acceptedDate=1723392000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-12, onlineDate=1764147492717, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764147492717, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764147492717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147492717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200484846570164701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764147491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147714593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200484852714820125, articleId=1200484852295389711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Study on the distribution characteristics of rip currents in embayed beach on Hainan Island, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The coast of Hainan Island is dominated by embayed beaches, which is an important coastal tourist destination in China and also has a high incidence of drowning accidents caused by rip currents. To investigate the distribution characteristics of rip currents on embayed beaches, the occurrence and distribution characteristics of rip currents are interpreted from the satellite images of 54 embayed beaches around Hainan Island over the past 20 years, and compared with the field survey results. The results show that, in terms of regional distribution, the occurrence probability of rip currents on the eastern and southern coasts is significantly higher than that on the western and northern coasts of Hainan Island. In terms of location distribution, the number of rip currents in the middle of the headland bays is higher than that on the two sides. In terms of geometric characteristics, the average rip length was positively correlated with the average rip width, and the average rip spacing. The distribution density of rip currents is negatively correlated with significant wave height, average wave period, incident wave power, and wave energy. The scale of the headland has a significant effect on the number of rips, which is positively correlated with the bay width, the maximum bay indentation, and length of the headland, but the curvature of the shoreline has no significant correlation with the average number of rips. The results of satellite image interpretation for the occurrence of rips are consistent with the results of the field survey and the evaluation of the Ω-RTR model. These conclusions can provide useful references for the beach safety management and rip current warning work on Hainan Island.

, correspAuthors=Zhiqiang Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Daoheng Zhu, Run Liu, Zhiqiang Li, Yan Sun, Pengpeng Hu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200484856460333779, articleId=1200484852295389711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

海南岛海岸以岬湾海滩为主,是我国重要的滨海旅游目的地,也是裂流引起滨海溺水事故的高发地。为研究海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征,从海南环岛54个岬湾海滩近20年的卫星影像中解译裂流的发生情况,统计裂流的分布特征,并与现场调查结果对比。结果表明:在区域分布上,海南岛东岸和南岸岬湾的裂流发生率明显大于西岸和北岸;在位置分布上,岬湾中部的海滩裂流数量高于两侧;在几何特征上,裂流的平均长度与平均宽度、平均间距均呈正相关,但裂流的平均宽度、平均数量与裂流间距均无显著相关性。波浪环境对裂流密度影响明显,表现为裂流密度随平均有效波高、平均波周期、平均入射波功率和平均入射波能的增加均减小。岬湾尺度对裂流发生数量影响明显,表现为岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度和岬角长度与平均裂流数量均呈正相关,但岸线曲率与平均裂流数量无显著相关性。卫星影像解译裂流发生情况与现场调查结果和裂流风险评价模型的结果基本一致,相关结论可为海南岛海滩安全管理和裂流预警工作提供参考。

, correspAuthors=李志强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李志强(1974—),男,湖南省郴州市人,教授,主要研究方向为海岸动力过程与海岸环境演变。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=LoxUqxmwAgPFQdRoerxwIw==, magXml=U9Vih87S62Iv6ey7cgKHzg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hoHmG5rU+79xXg/+ckNB7w==, pdfFileSize=4897872, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=3znQx+duYQFBpnDtPa9YwQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=m3T6vl6SWCMvlV1hlySsZw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱道恒(1992—),男,湖北省孝感市人,博士,研究方向为海岸地貌动力过程及裂流的监测。E-mail:

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朱道恒(1992—),男,湖北省孝感市人,博士,研究方向为海岸地貌动力过程及裂流的监测。E-mail:

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朱道恒(1992—),男,湖北省孝感市人,博士,研究方向为海岸地貌动力过程及裂流的监测。E-mail:

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[21]), figureFileSmall=ESUbIxK5aNnaVHPqR08KXQ==, figureFileBig=9JMCyHRxeSgB9Gh9joNGGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860454953284077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=CN, label=图6, caption=岬湾海岸的平面形态示意图(改自文献[21]), figureFileSmall=ESUbIxK5aNnaVHPqR08KXQ==, figureFileBig=9JMCyHRxeSgB9Gh9joNGGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860455150416370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The occurrences of rips were interpreted from satellite images and drone images (a), the occurrence of rips at Haitang Bay on December 24, 2022 based on satellite image interpretation (b) and in situ observation (c), figureFileSmall=2gETewJRFsIaf/xc/zjLbQ==, figureFileBig=OpCTCttEj1xW/0N/czNZgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860455251079671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, 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journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Criteria for interpreting rip current types from satellite images

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型特征
地形控制型沟槽裂流裂流出现在有沟槽垂直或斜向切割的沙坝或台地,沟槽两侧波浪破碎有白沫,槽内无或少白沫且水色偏深
聚焦裂流入射波峰线向岸呈现韵律状弯曲,波高沿岸规律性变化,裂流在小波高处出现,沿岸有白沫出现,通常存在物质离岸输运而使水色变深
水动力控制型瞬变裂流波浪为正向入射的短峰波风浪,裂流出现在短峰之间区域,伴随短波峰的瞬变演化而间歇出现
剪切不稳定裂流波浪斜向入射,裂流出现在近似平直海岸不稳定沿岸流,表现为离岸迁移的大尺度涡运动。碎波带内出现窄裂流颈,
存在物质离岸输运使水色偏深
边界控制型偏斜裂流裂流出现在垂直海岸结构物的迎浪侧,存在物质离岸输运使水色偏深
阴影区裂流裂流出现在垂直海岸结构物背浪侧的波影区,边界处出现白沫
混合型沟槽−瞬变裂流波浪为几乎垂直入射的风浪,裂流在沙坝沟槽处出现,沟槽附近有白沫
边界−沟槽裂流垂直海岸结构物边界附近存在沟槽地形,沟槽双侧有白沫出现
聚焦−沟槽裂流裂流出现在双沙坝地形,外部沙坝的白沫不明显,内部沙坝被沟槽分割,沟槽宽一般较大且呈规律性分布
), ArticleFig(id=1200860458040291899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

从卫星影像解译各类裂流特征的方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型特征
地形控制型沟槽裂流裂流出现在有沟槽垂直或斜向切割的沙坝或台地,沟槽两侧波浪破碎有白沫,槽内无或少白沫且水色偏深
聚焦裂流入射波峰线向岸呈现韵律状弯曲,波高沿岸规律性变化,裂流在小波高处出现,沿岸有白沫出现,通常存在物质离岸输运而使水色变深
水动力控制型瞬变裂流波浪为正向入射的短峰波风浪,裂流出现在短峰之间区域,伴随短波峰的瞬变演化而间歇出现
剪切不稳定裂流波浪斜向入射,裂流出现在近似平直海岸不稳定沿岸流,表现为离岸迁移的大尺度涡运动。碎波带内出现窄裂流颈,
存在物质离岸输运使水色偏深
边界控制型偏斜裂流裂流出现在垂直海岸结构物的迎浪侧,存在物质离岸输运使水色偏深
阴影区裂流裂流出现在垂直海岸结构物背浪侧的波影区,边界处出现白沫
混合型沟槽−瞬变裂流波浪为几乎垂直入射的风浪,裂流在沙坝沟槽处出现,沟槽附近有白沫
边界−沟槽裂流垂直海岸结构物边界附近存在沟槽地形,沟槽双侧有白沫出现
聚焦−沟槽裂流裂流出现在双沙坝地形,外部沙坝的白沫不明显,内部沙坝被沟槽分割,沟槽宽一般较大且呈规律性分布
), ArticleFig(id=1200860458103206463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Beach state and rip hazard evaluation method based on morphodynamic model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩组别ΩRTR海滩类型风险等级
反射型$ \varOmega < 2 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $完全反射型(R)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $有裂流沟槽的低潮台地(LTTR)
$ {\mathrm{RTR}} > 7 $无裂流沟槽的平坦低潮台地型(LTT)
中间状态$ 2 \leqslant \varOmega \leqslant 5 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $沿岸沙坝和裂流沟槽交替的沙坝型(B)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $低潮时伴有冲流沙坝和裂流沟槽的低潮沙坝裂流型(LTBR)
消散型$ \varOmega > 5 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $沙坝消散型(BD)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $无沙坝消散型(NBD)
超消散型$\varOmega > 2$$ {\mathrm{RTR}} > 7 $超消散型(UD)
), ArticleFig(id=1200860458191286851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484852295389711, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于地形动力学模型的海滩状态和裂流风险等级判别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
海滩组别ΩRTR海滩类型风险等级
反射型$ \varOmega < 2 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $完全反射型(R)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $有裂流沟槽的低潮台地(LTTR)
$ {\mathrm{RTR}} > 7 $无裂流沟槽的平坦低潮台地型(LTT)
中间状态$ 2 \leqslant \varOmega \leqslant 5 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $沿岸沙坝和裂流沟槽交替的沙坝型(B)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $低潮时伴有冲流沙坝和裂流沟槽的低潮沙坝裂流型(LTBR)
消散型$ \varOmega > 5 $$ {\mathrm{RTR}} < 3 $沙坝消散型(BD)
$ 3 \leqslant {\mathrm{RTR}} \leqslant 7 $无沙坝消散型(NBD)
超消散型$\varOmega > 2$$ {\mathrm{RTR}} > 7 $超消散型(UD)
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海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征研究
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朱道恒 1 , 刘润 2 , 李志强 1, * , 孙琰 2 , 胡鹏鹏 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 1-13
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 1-13
海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征研究
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朱道恒1 , 刘润2, 李志强1, * , 孙琰2, 胡鹏鹏3
作者信息
  • 1.广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 2.广东海洋大学 化学与环境学院,广东 湛江 524088
  • 3.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519085
  • 朱道恒(1992—),男,湖北省孝感市人,博士,研究方向为海岸地貌动力过程及裂流的监测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李志强(1974—),男,湖南省郴州市人,教授,主要研究方向为海岸动力过程与海岸环境演变。E-mail:
Study on the distribution characteristics of rip currents in embayed beach on Hainan Island
Daoheng Zhu1 , Run Liu2, Zhiqiang Li1, * , Yan Sun2, Pengpeng Hu3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 2. School of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
  • 3. School of Marine Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai 519085, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024082
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海南岛海岸以岬湾海滩为主,是我国重要的滨海旅游目的地,也是裂流引起滨海溺水事故的高发地。为研究海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征,从海南环岛54个岬湾海滩近20年的卫星影像中解译裂流的发生情况,统计裂流的分布特征,并与现场调查结果对比。结果表明:在区域分布上,海南岛东岸和南岸岬湾的裂流发生率明显大于西岸和北岸;在位置分布上,岬湾中部的海滩裂流数量高于两侧;在几何特征上,裂流的平均长度与平均宽度、平均间距均呈正相关,但裂流的平均宽度、平均数量与裂流间距均无显著相关性。波浪环境对裂流密度影响明显,表现为裂流密度随平均有效波高、平均波周期、平均入射波功率和平均入射波能的增加均减小。岬湾尺度对裂流发生数量影响明显,表现为岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度和岬角长度与平均裂流数量均呈正相关,但岸线曲率与平均裂流数量无显著相关性。卫星影像解译裂流发生情况与现场调查结果和裂流风险评价模型的结果基本一致,相关结论可为海南岛海滩安全管理和裂流预警工作提供参考。

岬湾海滩  /  裂流  /  影像解译  /  分布特征  /  海滩安全

The coast of Hainan Island is dominated by embayed beaches, which is an important coastal tourist destination in China and also has a high incidence of drowning accidents caused by rip currents. To investigate the distribution characteristics of rip currents on embayed beaches, the occurrence and distribution characteristics of rip currents are interpreted from the satellite images of 54 embayed beaches around Hainan Island over the past 20 years, and compared with the field survey results. The results show that, in terms of regional distribution, the occurrence probability of rip currents on the eastern and southern coasts is significantly higher than that on the western and northern coasts of Hainan Island. In terms of location distribution, the number of rip currents in the middle of the headland bays is higher than that on the two sides. In terms of geometric characteristics, the average rip length was positively correlated with the average rip width, and the average rip spacing. The distribution density of rip currents is negatively correlated with significant wave height, average wave period, incident wave power, and wave energy. The scale of the headland has a significant effect on the number of rips, which is positively correlated with the bay width, the maximum bay indentation, and length of the headland, but the curvature of the shoreline has no significant correlation with the average number of rips. The results of satellite image interpretation for the occurrence of rips are consistent with the results of the field survey and the evaluation of the Ω-RTR model. These conclusions can provide useful references for the beach safety management and rip current warning work on Hainan Island.

embayed beach  /  rip currents  /  satellite image interpretation  /  distribution characteristics  /  beach safety
朱道恒, 刘润, 李志强, 孙琰, 胡鹏鹏. 海南岛岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024082
Daoheng Zhu, Run Liu, Zhiqiang Li, Yan Sun, Pengpeng Hu. Study on the distribution characteristics of rip currents in embayed beach on Hainan Island[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024082
裂流是一种快速、狭窄的出现在海岸的离岸流,由近岸波浪的沿岸不均匀变化而产生[1]。裂流依赖于波浪破碎,从靠近岸线的位置向海延伸,穿过碎波带,并延伸出不同的距离。裂流在海洋和大湖等波浪暴露的海岸上都可能发生,具有隐蔽性、突发性、不可预见性、方向几乎与海岸垂直等特点[2]。这些特征使裂流成为海岸沉积物、悬浮泥沙、浮游生物、营养成分等物质入海的通道。同时,它能将游泳者和冲浪者迅速带入深水区,引发溺水事故。裂流造成的安全事故在世界范围内的不同海滩频发[36],事实上,裂流已成为一种继海啸和风暴潮之后,对海滩管理部门和滨海游客威胁最大的海岸灾害。
目前广泛接受的裂流分类模型基于诱发原因将裂流分为4类:地形控制型、水动力控制型、边界控制型和混合型[7]。岬湾裂流一般发生在岬角控制的海岸,与开阔海岸裂流相比,最大的特点就是岬头对湾内裂流的控制作用[8]。Short和Masselink[9]通过研究岬湾海滩裂流的特征,提出一种无量纲尺度参数($ \delta $)来量化岬角对海滩环流的影响程度,并将岬湾海滩裂流分为3类:单湾型(cellular)、过渡型(transitional)和开阔型(normal)。分析4年的现场视频监测结果后,Holman等[10]强调了岬角仅对一定距离范围的裂流有影响,而岬湾中部的裂流可能不会受岬角影响。在风暴事件之后,裂流的平均间距与沙坝坝顶距离的相关性不显著。关于裂流的持续时间,长度较短的岬湾内,裂流持续的时间更长,且在裂流通道中出现明显的沿岸变化,但裂流迁移率的变异系数较大[11]。利用数值模型分析岬湾海滩裂流特征是一种有效的方式,如Castelle和Coco[8]利用非线性形态动力学模型模拟不同岸线长度和曲率下的岬湾海滩裂流的循环和形态特征,发现岬头长度、入射波角和沟槽的间距对裂流发生的位置和强度均有明显影响。对于长重力波主导的岬湾海滩,Reniers等[12]的模拟结果表明,裂流循环的几何尺度变化与岬湾内韵律型海滩的岸线尺度变化具有一致性。Wang等[13]基于FUNWAVE模型模拟弧形海湾的裂流,发现圆弧形海岸有利于普通波浪产生显著裂流,裂流强度和范围会随波高和波周期的增加而增大。在相同入射波条件下,裂流随弧形海岸面积的减小而减弱,随岸线曲率的增大而增强,并且海岸坡度过于陡峭或平坦均不利于裂流的产生。屈小开等[14]通过数值模拟分析了岬湾海滩裂流的发生规律,指出岬湾长度与裂流的长度和持续时间都呈负相关性。胡鹏鹏等[15]通过统计卫星影像中的裂流,发现海湾长度与裂流数量呈正相关,且海湾凹入度越大,沟槽裂流占比越高。受限于观测条件,上述结论均未经调查验证。
岬湾海滩通常形成于大陆岸线弯曲的地方,这些区域有一个相对封闭的入口,能阻挡来自海洋的波浪,从而形成相对平静的水域。海滩一端或两端有明显向海突出的岬角,沙滩相对较宽和平缓。根据前人的研究,海南岛沿岸分布着众多岬湾海滩,且多数海湾内存在不同程度的裂流风险,其中东岸和南岸的裂流风险等级大多为中至高等[16],以三亚大东海海滩为例,在2003–2014年发生了数百起溺水事件,涉事人数达323人,造成43人溺亡[17]。关于海南岛岬湾海滩裂流特征的研究亟待加强,因此,本文收集了海南环岛54个岬湾海滩近20年的卫星影像图,提出一种基于Google earth影像的裂流几何尺度特征解译方法,从卫星影像中解译出裂流的几何尺度,探究岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征,提出海滩安全管理和裂流灾害预防建议。
海南岛坐落在南海西北部,其北部与雷州半岛隔琼州海峡相望,其西部隔北部湾与广西和越南相望。海南岛地理位置介于北纬18°10′至北纬20°10′,东经108°37′至东经111°03′之间[18]。选择环岛沿岸54个岬湾海滩为研究对象,以海口假日海滩为起点,顺时针方向绕海南岛展开调查,海滩名称取当地海滩名或所属海湾名,各海滩的位置和名称如图1所示。
利用Google Earth获取海南岛54个岬湾海滩近20年(2003−2022)的影像图。一些卫星影像不能实现海滩的全覆盖,由多幅历史影像拼接而成,另外,一些海滩因云雾遮挡而无法完整呈现。对不完整海滩影像的统计,按影像中海滩长度占原始海滩长度的比例计算每景影像中的有效影像数,最终获得54个海滩的影像图共6214张。虽然不同海滩的图像数量、实际影像数和有效影像数均存在差异,但绝大多数月份均有影像,仅极少数月份缺失影像,因此整体上各海滩的影像覆盖度较均匀(图2a,b)。多次野外调查过程中,在各海滩布设波潮仪监测近岸波浪条件,同时采集潮间带表层沉积物样品。通过跨零法求解各海滩近岸有效波高和波周期,采用图解法[19]计算沉积物中值粒度($ {D}_{50} $),然后计算多组结果的均值作为平均有效波高($ {H}_{\mathrm{s}} $)和平均波周期(T)。各海湾的平均潮差和平均大潮潮差采用海南环岛12个验潮站发布的预报数据。54个海滩的水动力参数和泥沙中值粒度如图2所示。
通过无人机对各海滩实行全覆盖式航拍,并记录航拍时间,经整理得到现场图像共746张。部分卫星影像和无人机图像示例如图3,卫星影像用于解译裂流的几何特征,无人机图像用于验证海滩发生裂流的真实性和影像解译结果的准确性。
根据表1中的解译方法判断各海滩的卫星影像中是否存在裂流或沟槽地形,影像解译的整体流程如图4所示。依据该流程初步判定某海滩在历史上发生裂流的情况,如果有裂流发生或存在沟槽地形,那么统计裂流(沟槽)发生的影像成像时间和裂流(沟槽)几何尺度,方法见3.3节。若无裂流或不存在沟槽地形,则判定该海滩基本无裂流发生。
几何特征解译是利用Google Earth标尺工具在含裂流(沟槽)的影像上测量每处裂流(沟槽)的长度、宽度和相邻两处裂流(沟槽)之间的距离,最后计算每幅影像上裂流(沟槽)的平均长度、平均宽度和平均间距,测量示例如图5
若某海滩出现裂流(沟槽)分布极为分散、裂流(沟槽)个数极少或两相邻裂流(沟槽)的间距过大(>300 m)的情况,则只统计裂流(沟槽)的长度和宽度,不统计裂流(沟槽)间距。若裂流(沟槽)的方向与岸线垂直或接近垂直,那么取垂直岸线方向上相邻两直线间的碎波边缘(沟槽边缘)距离为裂流(沟槽)间距;若裂流(沟槽)的方向与岸线不垂直,那么取两平行线间的碎波边缘(沟槽边缘)距离为裂流(沟槽)间距。若发生裂流时某海滩存在云层遮挡或卫星不在该区域则可能造成解译误差,但沟槽地形能持续一段时间稳定存在,根据沟槽地形也可推断该海滩存在或出现过裂流,且分析的是裂流或沟槽几何特征的平均值,因此基于长时间尺度,该误差对整体解译结果影响不大。
已有研究结果表明受岬角控制的海湾宽度和最大海湾凹入度对裂流数量和形态有显著影响,海湾宽度越长,裂流数量越大;最大海湾凹入度越大,沟槽型裂流的占比越高[15]。海湾宽度指两端岬角之间的直线距离,海湾宽度线指以两岬湾为起止点之间的线段。最大海湾凹入度是该海湾所围的海滩最凹处与湾口弦长的垂直距离。湾口朝向用海湾宽度线的外侧垂线与正北方向的夹角$ {\theta } $表示。岬角长度指陆地伸向海洋的角状突出部分的长度。常见的岬湾形态如图6,弧形岸线曲率K[20]的定义如式(1):
$ K=\frac{{L}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}{{L}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}, $
式中:$ {L}_{{\mathrm{s}}} $为海湾宽度,$ {L}_{{\mathrm{c}}} $为海湾凹入度。
海滩形态在时间上随水动力(波浪和潮汐)的变化而发生改变,表现为海滩形态随环境条件(波浪、潮汐、沉积物、地质环境等)的地理差别而在空间上产生差异。基于Wright和Short[22]提出的无量纲沉降速率(Ω)模型,Masselink和Short[23]引入相对潮差(RTR)的概念,形成Ω-RTR模型来估算海滩状态,Ω和RTR的计算方法如式(2)、(3)。其中,破波波高($ {H}_{\mathrm{b}} $)[24]和泥沙沉降速率($ {\omega}_{\mathrm{s}} $)[25]的计算方法如式(4)、(5)。Li[4]Ω-RTR模型引入到裂流风险判别中,将4组8类海滩形态与高、中、低3种裂流风险等级对应起来,海滩状态和裂流风险等级判别方法如表2
$ \varOmega ={H}_{{\mathrm{b}}}/\left(T{\omega }_{{\mathrm{s}}}\right), $
$ {\mathrm{RTR}}=TR/{H}_{{\mathrm{b}}}, $
$ {H}_{{\mathrm{b}}}={0.39{g}^{1/5}\left(T{H}_{\infty }^{2}\right)}^{2/5} ,$
$ {\omega }_{s}=\left(Rg{D}^{2}\right)/\left[{{C}_{1}v+\left(0.75{C}_{2}Rg{D}^{3}\right)}^{0.5}\right] ,$
式中:$ {H}_{\mathrm{b}} $是平均破波波高,$ {\mathrm{\omega }}_{\mathrm{s}} $是泥沙沉降速率,T是平均波周期,TR是大潮平均潮差,g是重力加速度,g取9.81 m/s2$ \mathrm{\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{\infty}} $是深水区平均有效波高,R为沉积物水下比重,按石英取1.65,D为泥沙平均粒径。$ {C}_{1} $$ {C}_{2} $为常数,Ferguson和Church[25]建议$ {C}_{1}=18,{C}_{2}=1 $ν为运动黏滞系数,$ \mathrm{\nu }=1.0\times {10}^{-6}\;\mathrm{kg}\cdot \mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}} $(水温按20℃)。
根据3.2节的解译方法,判别各岬湾海滩影像和现场调查的无人机图像中裂流的发生情况,统计结果如图7a。影像解译结果和现场调查结果分别显示有19个和20个海滩存在明显裂流或沟槽地形,其中6个海滩的影像解译结果与现场调查结果有差异,其余48个海滩的判别结果相同,一致性比例为88.9%。
虽然卫星影像和现场调查的时间均不连续,可能在其他时间有裂流发生而没有被拍摄到,但此类情况不可避免。本文以20年为时间尺度探究岬湾海滩裂流的分布特征,对于影像时间不连续的情况可以忽略,并且只有沟槽型和沙坝型的裂流能稳定存在,这两类裂流具有稳定光学特性能被卫星拍摄到并合成完整影像,而其他类型裂流(如瞬变裂流)持续时间短,不能稳定存在而难以合成有效影像。图7b图7c分别是解译卫星影像和现场调查得到2022年12月24日海棠湾海滩有明显裂流发生,说明本文基于影像解译和现场调查的结果具有一定的合理性和有效性。
统计19个岬湾的宽度、凹入度和岬角长度,并解译出19个岬湾海滩在不同时间的裂流(沟槽)长度、宽度、间距和数量,然后计算各海滩裂流(沟槽)长度、宽度、间距和数量的平均值,得到各岬湾的尺度特征和裂流几何特征如图8所示。19个岬湾的宽度在2.5~18.6 km之间,凹入度在0.3~5.8 km之间,岬角长度在0.2~3.3 km之间,平均裂流数量分布在6~22个之间。裂流(沟槽)的平均长度为26~164 m,且大部分在30~100 m之间。裂流(沟槽)的平均宽度为12~72 m,且大部分在20~50 m之间。裂流(沟槽)的平均间距为44~178 m,且大部分在90~160 m之间。
采用Pearson系数计算图8中裂流(沟槽)平均长度、平均宽度和平均间距的相关性,得到各变量间的拟合关系如图9所示。裂流(沟槽)的平均长度与平均宽度呈正相关($ {R}^{2}=0.715,p < 0.05 $),裂流(沟槽)的平均长度与平均间距呈正相关($ {R}^{2}=0.762,p < 0.05 $),平均宽度与平均间距的相关性不明显($ {R}^{2}=0.367, p > 0.05 $)。
基于Ω-RTR模型判别54个海滩的状态类型和裂流风险等级如图10所示。其中20个海滩的状态为沙坝型或低潮沙坝裂流型,这两类海滩的裂流风险等级为高,与现场调查识别到有裂流发生(沟槽地形)的海滩数量一致。另外,21个海滩的状态是有裂流沟槽的低潮台地型和沙坝消散型,这两类海滩的裂流风险等级为中,现场调查未识别到明显裂流和沟槽地形;13个海滩的状态是无沙坝消散型、低潮台地型和完全反射型,这3类海滩的裂流风险等级为低,调查过程中未发现明显裂流和沟槽地形。
前人通过分析不同波浪条件与裂流尺度特征间的关系,发现波高增大使裂流间距、长度和强度显著增加。Turner等[26]在澳大利亚黄金海岸通过分析海滩视频影像后发现裂流数量与波浪条件(包括有效波高、峰值波周期、波能和入射波功率)之间无明显关系。为探究影响裂流发生数量和裂流密度特征的波浪环境,采用欧洲中期天气预报中心的第五代再分析数据(ERA5),其中波浪数据的时间范围与卫星影像解译的时间范围一致(2003−2022年),计算出海南岛各岬湾在2003−2022年的平均有效波高($ \overline{{H}_{\mathrm{s}}} $)、平均波周期($ \overline{T} $),并计算出对应的平均波能(E)和平均入射波功率(P)。由于卫星影像在时间上不连续,解译出的裂流发生时间以卫星影像成像时间为准。根据上文统计的裂流间距计算出各海滩的裂流密度,再分析裂流平均数量、裂流密度分别与$ \overline{{H}_{\mathrm{s}}} $$ \overline{T} $EP的相关性。结果表明各岬湾海滩的裂流平均数量与$ \overline{{H}_{\mathrm{s}}} $$ \overline{T} $EP之间的相关性均不显著(图11),该结果与Turner等[26]的研究结论相符。波能和入射波功率的计算如式(6)和式(7):
$ E=0.125\rho g{\overline{{H}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}}^{2}, $
$ P=0.25\rho g{\left(\frac{\overline{{H}_{{\mathrm{s}}}}}{2}\right)}^{2}\frac{g\overline{T}}{2\text{π} }, $
式中:海水密度$ \rho $$ 1.02\times {10}^{3}\;\mathrm{kg}/ {\mathrm{m}}^{3} $,重力加速度g取9.81 $ \mathrm{m}/ {\mathrm{s}}^{2} $$ \overline{{H}_{\mathrm{s}}} $为平均有效波高,$ \overline{T} $为平均波周期。
Short和Brander[27]提出裂流密度(RD)的概念,用于分析裂流密度与波浪环境(有效波高、平均波周期、入射波功率和波能)及碎波带宽度之间的关系,指出裂流密度与近岸波浪环境存在显著性关系。裂流密度的计算如式(8):
$ {\mathrm{RD}}=\frac{{l}_{{\mathrm{b}}}}{{y}_{{\mathrm{r}}}} $
式中:$ {l}_{{\mathrm{b}}} $为调查海滩的长度,$ {y}_{{\mathrm{r}}} $为该海滩上同一时间所有裂流的间距之和。
根据统计结果分析19个海滩的裂流密度与近岸有效波高、平均波周期、入射波功率和波能的关系。图11表明裂流密度与波浪环境存在相关性,表现为RD随$ \overline{{H}_{\mathrm{s}}} $增加而减小($ {R}^{2}=0.860\;6 $),RD随$ \overline{T} $增大而减小($ {R}^{2}=0.720\;6 $),RD随P增大而减小($ {R}^{2}=0.863\;6 $),RD随E增大而减小($ {R}^{2}=0.860\;5 $)。上述结论与Short和Brander[27]的研究结果一致,验证了裂流密度的计算方法在不同海滩环境和地理区域具有一定的适用性。屈小开等[14]指出裂流形态长度与有效波高和波周期呈正相关,表现为有效波高和平均波周期增大,裂流形态长度增加,则裂流平均长度增大。而4.2节的拟合结果表明裂流平均长度与平均间距呈正相关,则裂流平均间距增大,裂流间距之和增大,裂流密度减小。由于波能和波功率均与有效波高平方成正比,波高增加,波能和波功率将增加,进一步推出裂流平均长度增大,则裂流间距增大,导致裂流密度减小。
在长时间尺度下,海滩状态是会发生转化的,大多数变化是发生在中高波浪控制和主导的海岸[28],而海南岛岬湾海滩大部分为波浪控制或主导型。在高能波浪的海滩上,根据Wright和Short[22]的无量纲沉降速率模型,当波高增加到一个临界值,海滩转化为反射状态,裂流发生概率减小,甚至消失,裂流密度将降低。因此,裂流的数量和密度存在一个动态变化的过程,该过程与海滩状态和海湾形态都有关联,具体内在联系将是后续的研究工作。
岬湾尺度对湾内裂流特征影响的研究主要集中在岬角对湾内波浪条件的影响和对裂流数量和几何特征的控制等方面[8, 11]。文献[14]表明同一海滩上,裂流发生次数随岬湾长度的增大而增加,同时岬角长度对裂流发生位置有较大影响,表现为小型岬湾的裂流主要发生在岬湾中心,大型岬湾的裂流发生位置分散且随机,与开敞海滩发生裂流的特征相似,但未给出区分不同岬湾类型的尺度标准。本文通过测量同一岬湾在不同时刻的多幅影像,取测量结果的均值来定量化岬湾的宽度和凹入度,并计算各岬湾的岸线曲率。各海滩的平均裂流数量与岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度和岸线曲率的拟合关系如图12所示,各海滩裂流的平均长度、平均宽度和平均间距与岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度、岸线曲率和岬角长度的拟合关系如图13所示。
图12表明岬湾凹入度与湾内平均裂流数量表现为显著正相关($ {R}^{2}=0.782,p < 0.05 $),岬湾宽度与湾内平均裂流数量也有一定相关性($ {R}^{2}=0.486,p < 0.05 $),这与文献[15]所得结论一致。岸线曲率与湾内平均裂流数量未表现出相关性($ {R}^{2}=0.019,p > 0.05 $),岬角长度与平均裂流数量表现为显著正相关($ {R}^{2}=0.715, p < 0.05 $)。从图6不难看出岬湾长度越大海湾宽度越大,岬头长度越大海湾凹入度越大。文献[14]指出同一海滩上,岬湾长度越小,两侧岬头对湾内裂流特征影响更明显。当岬湾长度超过1 km时,岬湾长度对裂流的影响不如岬头长度,表现为岬头长度越大,裂流发生次数越多。海南岛绝大多数岬湾长度均超过1 km,此时湾内裂流数量受岬头长度的影响更明显,表现为平均裂流数量随岬湾凹入度增大而增加。经统计,所有岬湾中除博鳌珊瑚湾的平均裂流数量与岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度呈负相关之外,其余18个岬湾均遵循岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度与平均裂流数量呈正相关趋势,一致性比例达94.7%。
进一步探究裂流的几何特征与岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度、岸线曲率和岬角长度的关系,图13中的拟合结果表明裂流平均长度、裂流平均宽度、裂流平均间距与岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度、岸线曲率和岬角长度均无显著相关性。
为探究湾口朝向对裂流特征的影响,统计了54个岬湾的湾口朝向($ {\theta }_{{\mathrm{b}}} $),并计算出各岬湾的波浪平均入射角($ {\theta }_{{\mathrm{p}}} $)。图14表明海南岛东岸和南岸大部分岬湾湾口朝向与平均入射波角相差接近180°,此时波浪接近正向入射岬湾,而西岸和北岸的多数岬湾湾口朝向与平均入射波角存在大角度偏斜,此时波浪多为斜向入射岬湾。以陵水香水湾为例,从卫星影像中解译出香水湾的湾口朝向为114.71°,计算出该海湾所在海域的全年平均入射波角约为288.65°,湾口朝向与平均入射波角相差173.94°,说明多数情况下波浪是接近正向入射香水湾的。另外,统计卫星影像中解译出各岬湾海滩的裂流或沟槽发生位置和数量,结果表明裂流或沟槽发生数量较多的海滩主要分布在东岸和南岸的岬湾,说明波浪正向入射或接近正向入射时有利于裂流发生,随着入射波角的增大,离岸流逐渐转变为沿岸流,裂流数量和裂流强度逐渐减小[29-30]
海南岛东岸和南岸直接敞向南海,来自南海的波浪直接作用于东岸和南岸岬湾,此时波浪具有较大的能量,表现为波高和波能整体上均大于西岸和北岸岬湾[31]。在地理位置上,海南岛和雷州半岛南部对E向、S向和EN向波浪存在遮挡作用,使传播到西岸和北岸的波浪强度和能量均呈现一定程度的减弱,整体比东岸和南岸的波高小、波能弱,导致有效波高和波周期呈减小趋势,这是东岸和南岸岬湾海滩裂流发生的概率整体高于西岸和北岸的重要原因。另外,统计19个岬湾海滩的裂流或沟槽地形生成的位置和数量,发现在靠近海滩中部位置(在形状规则的岬湾中为海湾最凹处)的裂流或沟槽的数量明显比海滩两侧位置的多,而且在不同岬角长度的岬湾海滩上,均存在这种现象。
基于海南环岛54个岬湾海滩近20年的卫星影像资料和现场调查数据,对岬湾海滩裂流发生情况和分布规律展开探究,结果表明:
(1)海南岛岬湾海滩裂流在区域分布和发生位置上存在不均匀性,区域分布表现为东岸和南岸的发生率高于西岸和北岸,位置分布表现为岬湾海滩中部位置的发生率高于两侧,这些特征与海南岛近岸波浪环境和湾口朝向有关,东岸和南岸的平均波高和波周期均大于北岸和西岸,且东岸和南岸岬湾的湾口朝向大多与平均入射波角相差近180°,西岸和北岸岬湾的湾口朝向大多与平均入射波角存在大角度偏斜,波浪接近正向入射时有利于岬湾海滩裂流发生。
(2)在几何特征上,岬湾海滩裂流的平均长度与平均宽度、平均间距均呈正相关,但裂流的平均宽度、平均数量与裂流间距均无显著相关性。
(3)波浪环境对岬湾海滩裂流密度影响明显,表现为裂流密度随平均有效波高、平均波周期、平均入射波功率和平均入射波能的增加均减小。
(4)岬湾尺度对裂流发生的数量影响明显,表现为岬湾宽度、岬湾凹入度、岬角长度与平均裂流数量均呈正相关,但岸线曲率与平均裂流数量无显著相关性。
建议增强海南岛东岸和南岸旅游海滩的安全管理,增加海滩巡逻员的数量和巡查力度,并增配海滩监控设备。在游客量大且溺水事故频发的岬湾海滩增设裂流警示标志,及时展开溺水救援和安全事故处理等工作,同时利用网络增加风浪、潮汐和裂流预警等信息的发布,助力海南滨海旅游业的健康发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176067)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金项目(2024A1515011427)
  • 广东海洋大学科研启动经费项目(060302112317)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024082
  • 接收时间:2023-07-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-28
  • 修回日期:2024-04-12
  • 录用日期:2024-08-12
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176067)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金自然科学基金项目(2024A1515011427)
广东海洋大学科研启动经费项目(060302112317)
作者信息
    1.广东海洋大学 电子与信息工程学院,广东 湛江 524088
    2.广东海洋大学 化学与环境学院,广东 湛江 524088
    3.中山大学 海洋科学学院,广东 珠海 519085

通讯作者:

*李志强(1974—),男,湖南省郴州市人,教授,主要研究方向为海岸动力过程与海岸环境演变。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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