Article(id=1200484851267785201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024092, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710259200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-13, revisedDate=1714924800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764147492472, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764147492472, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764147492472, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147492472, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200484846570164701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764147491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147714593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=64, endPage=72, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200484851687215614, articleId=1200484851267785201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Effects of different diet culture the developmental process of the Robertgurneya sp., columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Benthic harpacticoid copepods are widely distributed in marine ecosystem, which is particularly abundant in the epilithic algal matrix(EAM) of coral reefs. Due to its unique habitat, there is currently limited research on its developmental process and cultivation methods. In this study, we collected epilithic algal matrix from the coral reef of Luhuitou, Sanya, Hainan in the summer of 2023, from which we isolated one species of Harpacticoida, which was belonging to the genus Robertgurneya based on morphological characteristics. The effects of mono-and mixed-algal cultures on the developmental dynamics of Robertgurneya sp. were observed and recorded. The results showed that the adult body length of the Robertgurneya sp. was 0.5−0.7 mm, with an average life cycle of about 61−68 days. There were no significant differences in egg number per female each time, brood number, reproductive cycle, and life cycle between different feed cultivation techniques. However, under mixed algae culture, the average egg diameter, larval survival rate, and maximum body length of nauplii stage VI in the embryonic development stage of the Robertgurneya sp. were significantly higher than those in the mono-algae culture group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the embryonic development time and cumulative copepodid development time were significantly shorter under mixed-algal culture (p < 0.05). The results indicate that Robertgurneya sp. in EAM have a short life cycle and strong reproductive ability. Considering the abundant benthic microalgae and organic debris in the mats, harpacticoida may be able to provide huge potential food resources for predators such as small fish in coral reefs. Therefore, it may play an important role in the material cycle and energy flow of coral reef ecosystems.

, correspAuthors=Sheng Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*LIU Sheng, email:
, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Liang Gu, Simin Hu, Lin Ma, Chen Zhang, Beiye Zhang, Hui Huang, Sheng Liu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200484853578846785, articleId=1200484851267785201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=不同饵料培养对罗格尼猛水蚤发育过程的影响, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

猛水蚤是分布广泛的小型底栖桡足类,在珊瑚礁区的礁石表生藻席中尤为丰富,由于其生境特殊性,目前对发育过程、培养条件的研究较少。本研究于2023年夏季在海南三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁区采集礁石表生藻席,从中分离出一种猛水蚤,经形态学鉴定其属于罗格尼猛水蚤属(Robertgurneya sp.)。在实验室内对其基本发育过程进行观察和记录,并研究了不同饵料培养方式(单种藻和混合藻)对其发育过程的影响。结果显示,罗格尼猛水蚤的成体体长为0.5~0.7 mm,生命周期为61~68 d。单次怀卵量、产卵次数、繁殖周期和生命周期在不同饵料培养下没有显著差异,但在混合藻培养下,罗格尼猛水蚤在胚胎发育期的平均卵径、孵化率、幼体存活率、无节幼虫Ⅵ期的最大体长明显高于单种藻培养组(p < 0.05),且其胚胎发育阶段和桡足幼体期的累计发育时间明显较短(p < 0.05)。研究结果表明,该猛水蚤具有较短的生命周期和较强的繁殖能力,鉴于藻席中存在丰富的底栖微藻和有机碎屑,栖息其中的猛水蚤可能能够为珊瑚礁小型鱼类等捕食者提供巨大的潜在食物资源,因此在珊瑚礁生态系统的物质循环和能量流通中发挥着重要的作用。

, correspAuthors=刘胜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘胜(1970—),男,四川省广安市人,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=C8PWQiZQEAkUY4INif3VTA==, magXml=8I7w5ovPadRlkxuuid0yuw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=q1RltuOtw5jhkOLnAurwag==, pdfFileSize=20372072, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=s/pIZlgYsBjuR34oB1uBEg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=EyDzZSwqVhDGrOjsrvjJFw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

顾靓(1995—),女,河南省南阳市人,硕士,主要从事海洋底栖动物生态学研究。E-mail:

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2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200860445625151735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, authorId=1200860445348327652, language=CN, stringName=顾靓, firstName=靓, middleName=null, lastName=顾, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
2.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
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顾靓(1995—),女,河南省南阳市人,硕士,主要从事海洋底栖动物生态学研究。E-mail:

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顾靓(1995—),女,河南省南阳市人,硕士,主要从事海洋底栖动物生态学研究。E-mail:

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2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
4. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
5. CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200860445969084691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, authorId=1200860445738397951, language=CN, stringName=胡思敏, firstName=思敏, middleName=null, lastName=胡, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 4, 5, address=1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
2.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
4.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 海南省热带海洋生物技术重点实验室,海南 三亚 572000
5.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 三亚海洋科学综合(联合)实验室,海南 三亚 572000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200860444161339553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200860444169728163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, companyId=1200860444161339553, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1200860446350766383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, authorId=1200860446124273947, language=CN, stringName=马林, firstName=林, middleName=null, lastName=马, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=6, address=6.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,山东 青岛 266071, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200860445029560526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200860445037949135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, companyId=1200860445029560526, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6. Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200860445042143441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, companyId=1200860445029560526, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=6.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,山东 青岛 266071)])]), Author(id=1200860447533560119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1200860447705526595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, authorId=1200860447533560119, language=EN, stringName=Chen Zhang, firstName=Chen, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
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2.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
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Effects of different diet cultivation on the reproduction cycle,brood number and life cycle of the Robertgurneya sp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养类型繁殖周期/d产卵次数/只生命周期/d
单种藻24.60 ± 1.14b6.60 ± 0.55b64.6 ± 3.36b
混合藻23.80 ± 0.84b7.40 ± 0.89b65.4 ± 4.51b
), ArticleFig(id=1200860456559702532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484851267785201, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同饵料培养对罗格尼猛水蚤繁殖周期、产卵次数、生命周期的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
营养类型繁殖周期/d产卵次数/只生命周期/d
单种藻24.60 ± 1.14b6.60 ± 0.55b64.6 ± 3.36b
混合藻23.80 ± 0.84b7.40 ± 0.89b65.4 ± 4.51b
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不同饵料培养对罗格尼猛水蚤发育过程的影响
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顾靓 1, 2, 3 , 胡思敏 1, 2, 4, 5 , 马林 6 , 张琛 1, 2, 3 , 张贝叶 1, 2, 3 , 黄晖 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 , 刘胜 1, 2, 4, 5, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 64-72
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 64-72
不同饵料培养对罗格尼猛水蚤发育过程的影响
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顾靓1, 2, 3 , 胡思敏1, 2, 4, 5, 马林6, 张琛1, 2, 3, 张贝叶1, 2, 3, 黄晖1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 刘胜1, 2, 4, 5, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 2.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
  • 3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 海南省热带海洋生物技术重点实验室,海南 三亚 572000
  • 5.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 三亚海洋科学综合(联合)实验室,海南 三亚 572000
  • 6.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,山东 青岛 266071
  • 7.中国科学院海南热带海洋生物实验站,海南 三亚 572000
  • 8.海南三亚海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,海南 三亚 572000
  • 顾靓(1995—),女,河南省南阳市人,硕士,主要从事海洋底栖动物生态学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*刘胜(1970—),男,四川省广安市人,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
Effects of different diet culture the developmental process of the Robertgurneya sp.
Liang Gu1, 2, 3 , Simin Hu1, 2, 4, 5, Lin Ma6, Chen Zhang1, 2, 3, Beiye Zhang1, 2, 3, Hui Huang1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, Sheng Liu1, 2, 4, 5, *
Affiliations
  • 1. CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 2. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
  • 3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4. Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
  • 5. CAS-HKUST Sanya Joint Laboratory of Marine Science Research, Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
  • 6. Department of Marine Organism Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
  • 7. Tropical Marine Biological Research Station in Hainan, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
  • 8. Sanya National Marine Ecosystem Research Station, Sanya 572000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024092
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猛水蚤是分布广泛的小型底栖桡足类,在珊瑚礁区的礁石表生藻席中尤为丰富,由于其生境特殊性,目前对发育过程、培养条件的研究较少。本研究于2023年夏季在海南三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁区采集礁石表生藻席,从中分离出一种猛水蚤,经形态学鉴定其属于罗格尼猛水蚤属(Robertgurneya sp.)。在实验室内对其基本发育过程进行观察和记录,并研究了不同饵料培养方式(单种藻和混合藻)对其发育过程的影响。结果显示,罗格尼猛水蚤的成体体长为0.5~0.7 mm,生命周期为61~68 d。单次怀卵量、产卵次数、繁殖周期和生命周期在不同饵料培养下没有显著差异,但在混合藻培养下,罗格尼猛水蚤在胚胎发育期的平均卵径、孵化率、幼体存活率、无节幼虫Ⅵ期的最大体长明显高于单种藻培养组(p < 0.05),且其胚胎发育阶段和桡足幼体期的累计发育时间明显较短(p < 0.05)。研究结果表明,该猛水蚤具有较短的生命周期和较强的繁殖能力,鉴于藻席中存在丰富的底栖微藻和有机碎屑,栖息其中的猛水蚤可能能够为珊瑚礁小型鱼类等捕食者提供巨大的潜在食物资源,因此在珊瑚礁生态系统的物质循环和能量流通中发挥着重要的作用。

猛水蚤  /  珊瑚礁  /  礁石表生藻席  /  饵料  /  培养方式  /  发育过程

Benthic harpacticoid copepods are widely distributed in marine ecosystem, which is particularly abundant in the epilithic algal matrix(EAM) of coral reefs. Due to its unique habitat, there is currently limited research on its developmental process and cultivation methods. In this study, we collected epilithic algal matrix from the coral reef of Luhuitou, Sanya, Hainan in the summer of 2023, from which we isolated one species of Harpacticoida, which was belonging to the genus Robertgurneya based on morphological characteristics. The effects of mono-and mixed-algal cultures on the developmental dynamics of Robertgurneya sp. were observed and recorded. The results showed that the adult body length of the Robertgurneya sp. was 0.5−0.7 mm, with an average life cycle of about 61−68 days. There were no significant differences in egg number per female each time, brood number, reproductive cycle, and life cycle between different feed cultivation techniques. However, under mixed algae culture, the average egg diameter, larval survival rate, and maximum body length of nauplii stage VI in the embryonic development stage of the Robertgurneya sp. were significantly higher than those in the mono-algae culture group (p < 0.05). Moreover, the embryonic development time and cumulative copepodid development time were significantly shorter under mixed-algal culture (p < 0.05). The results indicate that Robertgurneya sp. in EAM have a short life cycle and strong reproductive ability. Considering the abundant benthic microalgae and organic debris in the mats, harpacticoida may be able to provide huge potential food resources for predators such as small fish in coral reefs. Therefore, it may play an important role in the material cycle and energy flow of coral reef ecosystems.

harpacticoida copepods  /  coral reefs  /  epilithic algal matrix  /  diet  /  cultivation methods  /  developmental process
顾靓, 胡思敏, 马林, 张琛, 张贝叶, 黄晖, 刘胜. 不同饵料培养对罗格尼猛水蚤发育过程的影响. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024092
Liang Gu, Simin Hu, Lin Ma, Chen Zhang, Beiye Zhang, Hui Huang, Sheng Liu. Effects of different diet culture the developmental process of the Robertgurneya sp.[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 64 -72 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024092
猛水蚤隶属于节肢动物门(Arthropoda),桡足纲(Copepoda),足甲总目(Podoplea),猛水蚤目(Harpacticoida),个体较小(一般体长小于1 mm),生长速率快,且繁殖能力强、世代周期短,对环境变化较敏感,易受环境扰动[1]。猛水蚤垂直分布广,从潮间带到深海热液口均有分布,是海洋小型底栖生物中丰度仅次于线虫的第二大类群,在某些粗砂和海藻为主的底质中通常成为最优势的类群[24]。猛水蚤营养价值较高,是多种经济鱼类以及虾蟹的开口饵料,某些种类可作为海流水团的指示种及海水重金属毒性测试的标准生物[56]
近年来随着全球变化和人类活动的影响,珊瑚礁呈现持续退化的趋势,越来越多的近岸死亡珊瑚礁逐渐被草皮海藻所覆盖[7]。草皮海藻不仅为多种生物提供食物和栖息场所,还与其沉积捕获的有机、无机碎屑等非生物组分共同组成了礁石表生藻席(epilithic algal matrix,以下简称“EAM”)[8],EAM作为浅海珊瑚礁区中最丰富的底质覆盖物,在迎风面覆盖面积占30%以上,最高可达80%[910]。研究发现猛水蚤作为EAM生境中的优势种,数量是所有其他小型无脊椎动物总和的7倍,它们个体微小,能够快速高效的消耗和利用初级生产力并将能量进一步传递给更高营养级的生物,在珊瑚礁的能量流动和物质循环中起着重要的作用[1113]。但由于它们通常栖息于珊瑚礁的隐蔽生境中,调查采样困难,目前对其生物学特征、生态功能等缺少系统的研究和认识。
三亚鹿回头珊瑚礁区属于典型的岸礁,珊瑚礁石上的藻席覆盖度约为68%~94%[14],2022年1月调查发现藻席中猛水蚤丰度约为0.84 ind./cm2。EAM中含有丰富的微藻资源,底栖微藻的生物量通常超过上覆水域的浮游植物,研究发现小型隐底栖动物的数量与微藻数量密切相关[1516],表明微藻饵料的供给可能是影响EAM中猛水蚤丰度的重要因素。因此,本研究从鹿回头近岸珊瑚礁区EAM中分离了一种猛水蚤为实验对象,对其生命周期进行了观察记录,研究不同饵料培养方式对其发育动态的影响。研究结果有助于认识猛水蚤在珊瑚礁生态系统中的功能作用,也可为猛水蚤的规模化培养提供参考。
实验用到的微藻[扁藻(Platymonas sp.)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、双眉藻(Amphora sp.)、角毛藻(Chaetoceros sp.)、叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria inornata)]来源于中国科学院南海海洋研究所藻种库(http://www.algadata.com/)。在f/2培养基中培养微藻,盐度为30.8~31.9,pH为8.11~8.30,溶解氧为5~8 mg/L,接种后的藻液在FPG三温区光照培养箱(宁波莱福科技有限公司)中进行连续培养,设置光强4000 lx,光暗周期L∶D=12∶12,温度为(27 ± 1)℃。培养期间,每天固定时间取样,取样前充分摇匀,吸取1 μL藻液加入过滤海水稀释至1 mL加入鲁哥氏液(5% Lugol’s碘液)固定,充分摇匀后吸取0.1 mL稀释液用浮游植物计数框在显微镜下计数,重复3次,获取每种藻类生长曲线,选取处于对数生长期的微藻作为饵料,微藻浓度约为6.0 × 105 cells/mL,单种藻投喂时直接稀释至该浓度,混合藻投喂时将单种藻等量混合后进一步稀释至该浓度。
本实验于2023年4月22−29日退潮后在三亚鹿回头近岸珊瑚礁区(18°21′N,109°47′E)(图1)潮间带采集富含草皮海藻的天然礁石,用过滤海水反复冲洗,将冲洗后的混合液带回实验室。静置约20 min,用60 μm筛绢过滤冲洗至烧杯中。在SMZ1270体视显微镜下挑取罗格尼猛水蚤进行驯化培养,培养期间每天换水一次,分别投喂单种和混合微藻,对罗格尼猛水蚤的形态特征进行拍照,解剖后确定种类,进行基本生物学和生命周期特征观察。
实验设置单种藻(扁藻)和混合藻(5种微藻)处理组,将不同饵料处理组中培养的健康雌雄性个体成对挑出,分别单独移入6孔细胞培养板中,雌性个体挂卵后将雄性个体移出,待无节幼虫孵出后,将每个个体单独移入新的培养板中进行观察,每组设置24个重复。实验期间,每24 h分别使用ICX41倒置显微镜及SMZ1270体视显微镜对孵化后的无节幼虫和挂卵雌体进行形态观察和拍照,记录怀卵量、孵化量、体长、孵化率、存活率、发育特征等参数,同时清理死亡个体和粪团,更换新鲜的培养液,换水量约70%。
观察时无节幼虫的体长指从眼点处所在的头部到肛门的长度,桡足幼体和桡足成体的体长指从额角与头胸节相接处到尾叉末端的长度。胚胎发育阶段的累计发育时间指从开始怀卵到破膜孵化的总时间;无节幼虫阶段的累计发育时间指无节幼虫Ⅰ期到无节幼虫Ⅵ期的总发育时间;桡足幼体阶段的累计发育时间指桡足幼体Ⅰ期到桡足幼体Ⅴ期的总发育时间。
繁殖周期指从成体雌性开始怀卵到幼体发育到成体再次怀卵的时间。生命周期指从成体孵化后的第一天到生长、发育、交配繁殖、到死亡的全过程所经历的时间。产卵次数指的是成体雌性第一次开始怀卵到死亡时的产卵次数。猛水蚤孵化率和存活率计算方式如下:孵化率 = 单只挂卵雌性成功孵化的无节幼虫数/单只挂卵卵囊中的怀卵量,存活率 = 成体数量/单只挂卵雌性成功孵化的无节幼虫数。
数据统计方法 使用SPSS 26.0和ORIGIN 2023对数据进行独立样本t检验(independent samples t test)比较和绘图,显著性水平为p < 0.05。
分离的猛水蚤身体呈圆柱形,前体部与后体部无明显的分界;额角大;雌性第一触角第四节具感觉毛;第二触角外肢分3节;第二胸足外肢第一节内侧无刚毛,末节内侧具一根刚毛;第三胸足内肢第二节内侧具一根刚毛,尾叉短,经形态学鉴定属于罗格尼猛水蚤属(Robertgurneya sp.)。观察发现罗格尼猛水蚤多活动于细胞培养板的底部或侧壁,多集群分布于弱光区域,对强光刺激比较敏感。雌雄异体,雌性腹部生殖节处有一较大的突起,生殖方式为有性生殖,繁殖习性为多周期性,一生中可进行多次交配和产卵,雌性在无节幼虫孵化1~2 d内产生新的卵囊,部分雌性在怀卵期间与雄性始终处于配对状态,成对静止或短距离游动生活。
实验观察发现,罗格尼猛水蚤的生命周期平均为61~68 d,繁殖周期约23~24 d。胚胎发育期的累计发育时间约为4~5 d,平均卵径约45 μm,卵囊整体颜色在发育过程中不断变浅,卵球间的界限逐渐清晰,第一触角、第二触角、大颚、眼点等逐渐发育完全(图2B-G)。孵化破膜后进入无节幼虫期,六次蜕皮后进入桡足幼体阶段(图3NⅠ-NⅥ)。桡足幼体Ⅰ期体长约180 μm,5次蜕皮后发育为成体(图3CⅠ-CⅤ),桡足幼体到成体阶段的累计发育时间约为10 d。
在不同饵料培养下,罗格尼猛水蚤成体的个体最大体长和生命周期无显著差异,雌性的繁殖周期和产卵次数也无显著差异(表1),但罗格尼猛水蚤在不同发育阶段的体长存在差异。混合藻培养下胚胎发育阶段的平均卵径(43.88 μm ± 1.3 μm)明显大于单种藻培养组(41.65 μm ± 2.49 μm)(p < 0.05,图4b)。虽然破膜孵化后的无节幼虫体长在不同饵料培养下没有明显差异(42.22~49.64 μm)(图4c),但混合藻培养下无节幼虫Ⅵ期最大体长(102.08 μm ± 2.99 μm)明显大于单种藻培养组(90.49 μm ± 1.84 μm)(p < 0.05,图4d)。
罗格尼猛水蚤在不同饵料培养方式下的各阶段发育时间存在明显差异。在混合藻培养条件下,猛水蚤的累计胚胎发育时间(4.04 d ± 0.50 d)和桡足幼体期的累计发育时间(8.63 d ± 1.51 d)明显快于单种藻培养组(4.82 d ± 0.96 d和11.70 d ± 1.25 d)(p < 0.05),但无节幼虫期的累计发育时间(9.47 d ± 0.83 d)要长于单种藻培养组(7.83 d ± 0.39 d)(p < 0.05,图5a)。
在不同饵料培养下,罗格尼猛水蚤在胚胎发育期的单次怀卵量无明显差异(图5b),多为16个(n = 24,图5b),但在混合投喂下,孵化率(95.54% ± 9.28%)和存活率(87.82% ± 17.04%)明显高于单种藻处理组(63.81% ± 21.23%和64.90% ± 15.90%)(p < 0.05,图5c)。
研究发现,底栖猛水蚤多为碎屑食性或杂食性种类,有机碎屑、原生动物、细菌、微藻等均可以作为饵料[17]。本实验中罗格尼猛水蚤单次怀卵量和产卵次数在不同饵料培养方式下没有明显差异,但单种藻投喂下的产卵率明显较低,表明总持续产幼量(=单次怀卵量×产卵次数)在单一扁藻投喂下明显较少。以往研究发现,美丽猛水蚤(Nitocra affinis californica Lang, 1965)在钙质角毛藻和混合微藻(50%钙质角毛藻 + 25%眼点拟微球藻 + 25%四列藻)培养下怀卵量和孵化量明显大于其他两种单一绿藻[18]Tisbe biminiensis Volkmann-Rocco, 1973在小新月菱形藻培养下的怀卵量、内禀增长率比Tetraselmis gracilis (Kylin Butcher, 1959)和混合藻培养下更大[19]。研究指出,扁藻、小球藻、叉鞭金藻、角毛藻、双眉藻的多不饱和脂肪酸在总脂肪酸中的比例分别为35.61%、20.74%、45.57%、69.11%、35.90%[2022],因此硅藻和金藻比绿藻含有更高比例的多不饱和脂肪酸,可能具有更高的营养价值,表明硅藻或者含有硅藻的混合饵料较适宜作为猛水蚤的食物。虽然也有研究指出某些硅藻对桡足类的生长、胚胎发育、繁殖过程存在不利影响[23],但混合微藻培养可以有效减弱硅藻对桡足类无节幼虫发育的负面影响[24],由此可见,饵料的营养组成对猛水蚤的发育过程影响因种类而异,但这种影响机制还有待进一步的研究和分析。
罗格尼猛水蚤在混合藻培养下的孵化率和成活率明显较高,而在单种藻培养条件下较多卵裂球在色素形成期和眼点形成期逐渐失去活力,卵囊在扰动下易脱落,约41.67%(n = 24)的挂卵雌性存在卵囊脱落现象,少数脱落卵囊会再次被悬挂于生殖节处,但超过90%的卵会在孵化失败后再次脱落。这种现象在以往其他猛水蚤的发育研究中多有报道。环小两栖猛水蚤(Amphiascopsis cinctus Claus, 1866)在低浓度的单一海生根鞭毛虫中培养时存在明显的孵化失败现象[25];实验发现含有动物提取物的混合饵料比仅含单一藻的饵料更有利于Tisbe holothuriae Humes, 1957雌性增殖以及幼体的存活[26]Tisbe carolinensis Volkmann-Rocco, 1972在小球藻和聚球藻培养下的卵存活率、产卵次数、怀卵量明显低于筒柱藻及混合藻,且出现卵囊滞育现象[27];分叉日角猛水蚤Tisbe furcata (Baird, 1837)在混合藻或代用饵料混合培养下的群体增殖效果普遍优于单一饵料[28]。表明猛水蚤在胚胎发育期可能需要摄食多种饵料以满足自身对不同氨基酸、脂肪酸、微量元素等物质的营养需求,从而积累更多的能量用于繁殖[29]。EAM中含有的各种微藻和有机碎屑能够给猛水蚤提供充足且多样的食物来源,预计将会比实验中的个体拥有更高的孵化率。
实验结果显示不同饵料组成会影响罗格尼猛水蚤不同阶段的累计发育时间及体长。在单一扁藻培养下,罗格尼猛水蚤在胚胎发育期和桡足幼体期的累计发育时间较长,发育较慢,在无节幼虫期的累计发育时间较短但个体较小。其他研究指出,Tisbe biminiensis在用Tetraselmis gracilis作为饵料时的总发育时间要长于用小新月菱形藻作为饵料培养的时间[19],表明绿藻可能不是猛水蚤培养的良好饵料。分析北方磷虾(Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars, 1857)、Euphausia krohnii (Brandt, 1851)与Nyctiphanes couchii (Bell, 1853)的蜕皮间隔时间与体型大小的关系发现,体型较小、生长速度较快的磷虾比体型稍大、生长速度较慢的同种个体有更短的蜕皮间隔时间[30]。本实验发现罗格尼猛水蚤在扁藻培养无节幼虫Ⅵ期的持续发育时间约36 h且最大体长约93 μm,而在混合藻投喂下持续发育时间约52 h且最大体长约105 μm,推测可能原因是单种藻培养下无节幼虫因体型较小导致蜕皮间隔时间较短,混合藻培养下较大的体型可能延长了罗格尼猛水蚤的蜕皮过程。
研究发现罗格尼猛水蚤在混合饵料培养下的生长状况受饵料种类及其营养价值等因素的影响。使用底栖蓝藻培养的猛水蚤在桡足幼体期的累计发育时间比底栖硅藻长26%,且以两种蓝藻为食的底栖猛水蚤在无节幼虫期全部死亡[31];模范大吉猛水蚤(Tachidius discipes Giesbrecht, 1881)在球等鞭金藻和杜氏盐藻中单独培养时生长较差,而在三角褐指藻培养时发育较快[32];猛水蚤(Harpacticus sp.)在几种赤潮藻(赤潮异弯藻、裸甲藻、小定鞭金藻)与球等鞭金藻混合培养时的总生长效率明显低于球等鞭金藻 [33]。本实验观察发现部分罗格尼猛水蚤的无节幼虫在扁藻培养下活力较差,进入桡足幼体期后,死亡率大大降低但生长缓慢,说明罗格尼猛水蚤在扁藻投喂下的生长率较低,可能原因是猛水蚤在发育过程中随着口器大小的变化,与粒径较大但EPA和DHA含量相对较低的扁藻(10~30 μm)相比,混合藻中粒径较小但营养价值较高的叉鞭金藻等有助于无节幼虫在开口摄食期获得充足的营养[3435],桡足幼体和成体可以通过从混合微藻中选择性摄食使得群体收益达到最大,因此在混合藻培养下无节幼虫个体较大且桡足幼体的累计发育时间明显较短,但具体的生理和分子机制还有待进一步研究。
猛水蚤在礁石表生藻席中普遍存在,个体小但丰度高[36],富含轮虫和卤虫缺乏的多种高不饱和脂肪酸(Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acid, HUFA),尤其是二十碳五烯酸(Eicosapentaenoic Acid, EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA)等[37],食性广泛,营养价值更高且极易被消化吸收,更有利于海洋鱼类和甲壳类等的存活、生长和发育[38]。研究发现当食物组成中加入猛水蚤后,鱼类幼体的食欲增强且生长速度有所提高[39],因而猛水蚤是一种极具潜力的饵料。
EAM是许多近岸珊瑚礁中隐底栖性鱼类的重要摄食场所[40],研究发现这些小型隐底栖鱼类是珊瑚礁中单位面积消耗猛水蚤最多的类群,如塘鳢科、鰕虎鱼科、雀鲷科、鹦嘴鱼科、隆头鱼科、三鳍鳚科等[4142]。通过对澳大利亚奥菲斯岛和先驱者海湾中10种常见鱼类进行肠道内容物分析发现,甲壳动物占肠道内容物的49.5%~100%,且猛水蚤是其中的优势类群[13]。不同鱼类通过不同的进化策略提高对猛水蚤的利用率,小型肉食性的条尾矶塘鳢(Eviota zebrina)依靠准确高效的视觉定位利用猛水蚤,消耗量可达249 ind./(m2·d),而小型条尾矶塘鳢在珊瑚礁区普遍存在,经常作为大型鱼类的食物[13];虹纹紫胸鱼(Stethojulis strigiventer)可以通过特殊的颌骨和口器从EAM碎屑及沉积物中分离高营养的猛水蚤[43],植食性鹦嘴鱼每天平均消耗约5.28%(超过12000 ind./(m2·d))的底栖猛水蚤。这表明猛水蚤在珊瑚礁EAM和更高营养级鱼类中发挥着重要的营养级联作用[913],同时考虑到猛水蚤在EAM中的高丰度和较强的繁殖能力,可以为小型底栖鱼类等生物提供远超其现存生物量的巨大食物资源。
罗格尼猛水蚤在近岸珊瑚礁区的礁石表生藻席中广泛存在,繁殖周期短(23~24 d),繁殖力强(16~22 ind./次),可以在短时间内大量增殖,为更高营养级别的生物提供源源不断的食物,是珊瑚礁EAM生境的重要组成部分。通过比较单一饵料与混合饵料对罗格尼猛水蚤发育动态与生命周期的影响,发现:混合饵料有益于罗格尼猛水蚤的生长发育和群体增长,而单一扁藻培养下较小的无节幼虫可能更有益于蜕皮发育成桡足幼体。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42176118)
  • 国家重点研发计划课题(2022FY100602)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024092
  • 接收时间:2024-03-13
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-13
  • 修回日期:2024-05-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176118)
国家自然科学基金(42176118)
National Key Research a nd Development Project of C hina(2022FY100602)
国家重点研发计划课题(2022FY100602)
作者信息
    1.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 中国科学院热带海洋生物资源与生态重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    2.中国科学院南海海洋研究所 广东省应用海洋生物学重点实验室,广东 广州 510301
    3.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 海南省热带海洋生物技术重点实验室,海南 三亚 572000
    5.三亚海洋生态环境工程研究院 三亚海洋科学综合(联合)实验室,海南 三亚 572000
    6.中国科学院海洋研究所 海洋生物分类与系统演化实验室,山东 青岛 266071
    7.中国科学院海南热带海洋生物实验站,海南 三亚 572000
    8.海南三亚海洋生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,海南 三亚 572000

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*刘胜(1970—),男,四川省广安市人,研究员,主要从事珊瑚礁生态学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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