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Phosphonates in the ocean are a kind of potential phosphorus (P) source which could be utilized by phytoplankton. Although dinoflagellates cannot directly utilize phosphonates themselves, their symbiotic bacteria have the capability to degrade phosphonates into phosphate, thereby promoting the growth of algal cells. However, no studies focusing on a specific bacteria strain have been conducted thus far. In this study, Prorocentrum donghaiense was cultured under conditions with 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) as the sole P source. Isolation and purification of the symbiotic bacteria from the culture was conducted and five kinds of bacteria were obtained. Genome sequencing results revealed the presence of two types of C-P lyase pathways in the bacterial strain designated as Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1. The function of the bacteira strain was verified through the co-culture of bacteria and algal cells. The results demonstrated that after the algal cells were treated to phosphorus-starved condition, when 2-AEP and the bacteria suspension were added together, as compared to conditions which only 2-AEP or the bacterial suspension of PD-AEP-1 was introduced, both the growth rate of algal cells and the phosphate concentration in the cultures showed a significant increase. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase activity and non-photochemical quenching of the algal cells decreased significantly, indicating that PD-AEP-1 has the ability to degrade 2-AEP into phosphate, thereby alleviating phosphorus limitation for P. donghaiense cells and effectively promoting the growth of algal cells. The study suggests that symbiotic bacteria of P. donghaiense might play a part in providing P sources to the algal cells through the degradation of phosphonates. This process could probably contribute to the outbreak of P. donghaiense bloom, highlighting the importance of algae-bacteira interactions in marine ecosystems.

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海洋中的膦酸酯(C-P键有机磷)是可供浮游植物利用的一种潜在磷源。甲藻自身无法直接利用膦酸酯,但是其共生细菌可将膦酸酯降解为磷酸盐,从而促进藻细胞的生长。然而,目前尚未有针对特定菌株的相关研究。本研究在2-氨基乙基膦酸(2-AEP)作为唯一磷源条件下对东海原甲藻进行培养,对其中的共生细菌进行分离纯化,初步得到5种细菌。基因组测序结果表明,其中一株尹氏菌属细菌Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1中存在两种C-P裂解酶途径。通过藻菌共培养实验对菌株功能进行验证,结果显示,将藻细胞处理至磷饥饿状态之后,同时加入2-AEP与PD-AEP-1悬液,与只加2-AEP或只加细菌悬液的条件相比,藻细胞生长速率和体系内磷酸盐浓度显著升高,同时碱性磷酸酶活性及非光化学淬灭值则明显降低,表明PD-AEP-1具备将2-AEP降解为磷酸盐的能力,进而缓解了东海原甲藻细胞的磷限制状态,有效促进了藻细胞的生长。该研究表明,东海原甲藻共生细菌在降解膦酸酯从而为藻细胞提供磷源方面扮演着一定角色,这一过程很可能有助于东海原甲藻赤潮的暴发,凸显了海洋生态系统中藻−菌相互作用的重要性。

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崔玉栋(1988—),男,山东省聊城市人,博士,主要从事海洋真核浮游植物及其共生细菌的生理和分子生态学研究。E-mail:

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崔玉栋(1988—),男,山东省聊城市人,博士,主要从事海洋真核浮游植物及其共生细菌的生理和分子生态学研究。E-mail:

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崔玉栋(1988—),男,山东省聊城市人,博士,主要从事海洋真核浮游植物及其共生细菌的生理和分子生态学研究。E-mail:

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Genes and their characteristics related to P metabolism in the genome of PD-AEP-1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统基因编号功能
高亲和力磷酸盐转运蛋白和 Pho 调节子调控peg.1464磷酸盐转运系统调节蛋白PhoU
peg.1463磷酸盐调节子转录调节蛋白PhoB (SphR)
peg.1832磷酸盐调节子传感蛋白PhoR (SphS) (EC 2.7.13.3)
多聚磷酸盐peg.2944聚磷酸盐激酶 (EC 2.7.4.1)
peg.2027外切聚磷酸酶 (EC 3.6.1.11)
磷酸盐代谢peg.1508NAD(P) 转氢酶β亚基 (EC 1.6.1.2)
peg.3897碱性磷酸酶 (EC 3.1.3.1)
peg.3045磷酸盐饥饿诱导蛋白PhoH
peg.1039锰依赖型无机焦磷酸酶 (EC 3.6.1.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1200860450272440769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484848143036526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PD-AEP-1基因组中与磷代谢相关的基因及其特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
子系统基因编号功能
高亲和力磷酸盐转运蛋白和 Pho 调节子调控peg.1464磷酸盐转运系统调节蛋白PhoU
peg.1463磷酸盐调节子转录调节蛋白PhoB (SphR)
peg.1832磷酸盐调节子传感蛋白PhoR (SphS) (EC 2.7.13.3)
多聚磷酸盐peg.2944聚磷酸盐激酶 (EC 2.7.4.1)
peg.2027外切聚磷酸酶 (EC 3.6.1.11)
磷酸盐代谢peg.1508NAD(P) 转氢酶β亚基 (EC 1.6.1.2)
peg.3897碱性磷酸酶 (EC 3.1.3.1)
peg.3045磷酸盐饥饿诱导蛋白PhoH
peg.1039锰依赖型无机焦磷酸酶 (EC 3.6.1.1)
), ArticleFig(id=1200860450389881283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484848143036526, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Genes related to phosphonate utilization in the genome of PD-AEP-1 and their characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重叠群基因编号长度/bp编码的酶/蛋白*
NODE_9_length_69264_cov_65.868739peg.39121146Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate diphosphatase PhnM2 (EC 3.6.1.63)
peg.3913675Uncharacterized protein Atu0170, clustered with phosphonate utilization
peg.3914543Ribose 1,5-bisphosphate phosphokinase PhnN (EC 2.7.4.23)
peg.3915684Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnL (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3916771Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
peg.3917831Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.39181083Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3919561Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnH (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3920456Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnG (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3921723Transcriptional regulator PhnF
peg.39221188Metal-dependent hydrolase involved in phosphonate metabolism PhnM1
peg.3923615Phosphonate utilization associated acetyltransferase (ATF)
peg.39241329Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE1 (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3925873Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE2 (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3926903Phosphonate ABC transporter substrate-binding protein PhnD (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3927819Phosphonate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein PhnC (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
NODE_1_length_861959_cov_71.815100peg.775537PhnH protein
peg.7761056Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.777915Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.778798Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
peg.779720Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnL (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.7801194Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate diphosphatase PhnM (EC 3.6.1.63)
peg.781816Phosphonate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein PhnC (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.782915Phosphonate ABC transporter substrate-binding protein PhnD (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.783933ABC transporter, permease protein PhnE1
peg.784858Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE2(TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.785630Phosphonate utilization associated acetyltransferase
NODE_24_length_14478_cov_37.311755peg.1318576PhnH protein
peg.13191014Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.1320846Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.1321768Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
), ArticleFig(id=1200860450490544584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200484848143036526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PD-AEP-1基因组中与膦酸酯利用相关的基因及其特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
重叠群基因编号长度/bp编码的酶/蛋白*
NODE_9_length_69264_cov_65.868739peg.39121146Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate diphosphatase PhnM2 (EC 3.6.1.63)
peg.3913675Uncharacterized protein Atu0170, clustered with phosphonate utilization
peg.3914543Ribose 1,5-bisphosphate phosphokinase PhnN (EC 2.7.4.23)
peg.3915684Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnL (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3916771Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
peg.3917831Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.39181083Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3919561Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnH (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3920456Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnG (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.3921723Transcriptional regulator PhnF
peg.39221188Metal-dependent hydrolase involved in phosphonate metabolism PhnM1
peg.3923615Phosphonate utilization associated acetyltransferase (ATF)
peg.39241329Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE1 (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3925873Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE2 (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3926903Phosphonate ABC transporter substrate-binding protein PhnD (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.3927819Phosphonate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein PhnC (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
NODE_1_length_861959_cov_71.815100peg.775537PhnH protein
peg.7761056Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.777915Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.778798Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
peg.779720Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnL (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.7801194Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate diphosphatase PhnM (EC 3.6.1.63)
peg.781816Phosphonate ABC transporter ATP-binding protein PhnC (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.782915Phosphonate ABC transporter substrate-binding protein PhnD (TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.783933ABC transporter, permease protein PhnE1
peg.784858Phosphonate ABC transporter permease protein PhnE2(TC 3.A.1.9.1)
peg.785630Phosphonate utilization associated acetyltransferase
NODE_24_length_14478_cov_37.311755peg.1318576PhnH protein
peg.13191014Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-triphosphate synthase subunit PhnI (EC 2.7.8.37)
peg.1320846Alpha-D-ribose 1-methylphosphonate 5-phosphate C-P lyase PhnJ (EC 4.7.1.1)
peg.1321768Phosphonates utilization ATP-binding protein PhnK
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一株可降解膦酸酯东海原甲藻共生细菌的分离及其促藻效应
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崔玉栋 1 , 刘鸿环 1 , 陈锦雪 1
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 38-51
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 38-51
一株可降解膦酸酯东海原甲藻共生细菌的分离及其促藻效应
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崔玉栋1 , 刘鸿环1, 陈锦雪1
作者信息
  • 1.泉州师范学院 海洋与食品学院 福建省海洋藻类活性物质制备与功能开发重点实验室,福建 泉州 362000
  • 崔玉栋(1988—),男,山东省聊城市人,博士,主要从事海洋真核浮游植物及其共生细菌的生理和分子生态学研究。E-mail:

Isolation of a phosphonate-degrading symbiotic bacterium from Prorocentrum donghaiense and its promoting effect on algal growth
Yudong Cui1 , Honghuan Liu1, Jinxue Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1. Fujian Province Key Laboratory for the Development of Bioactive Material from Marine Algae, College of Oceanology and Food Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou 362131, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024090
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海洋中的膦酸酯(C-P键有机磷)是可供浮游植物利用的一种潜在磷源。甲藻自身无法直接利用膦酸酯,但是其共生细菌可将膦酸酯降解为磷酸盐,从而促进藻细胞的生长。然而,目前尚未有针对特定菌株的相关研究。本研究在2-氨基乙基膦酸(2-AEP)作为唯一磷源条件下对东海原甲藻进行培养,对其中的共生细菌进行分离纯化,初步得到5种细菌。基因组测序结果表明,其中一株尹氏菌属细菌Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1中存在两种C-P裂解酶途径。通过藻菌共培养实验对菌株功能进行验证,结果显示,将藻细胞处理至磷饥饿状态之后,同时加入2-AEP与PD-AEP-1悬液,与只加2-AEP或只加细菌悬液的条件相比,藻细胞生长速率和体系内磷酸盐浓度显著升高,同时碱性磷酸酶活性及非光化学淬灭值则明显降低,表明PD-AEP-1具备将2-AEP降解为磷酸盐的能力,进而缓解了东海原甲藻细胞的磷限制状态,有效促进了藻细胞的生长。该研究表明,东海原甲藻共生细菌在降解膦酸酯从而为藻细胞提供磷源方面扮演着一定角色,这一过程很可能有助于东海原甲藻赤潮的暴发,凸显了海洋生态系统中藻−菌相互作用的重要性。

膦酸酯  /  东海原甲藻  /  共生细菌  /  促藻效应  /  赤潮

Phosphonates in the ocean are a kind of potential phosphorus (P) source which could be utilized by phytoplankton. Although dinoflagellates cannot directly utilize phosphonates themselves, their symbiotic bacteria have the capability to degrade phosphonates into phosphate, thereby promoting the growth of algal cells. However, no studies focusing on a specific bacteria strain have been conducted thus far. In this study, Prorocentrum donghaiense was cultured under conditions with 2-Aminoethylphosphonic acid (2-AEP) as the sole P source. Isolation and purification of the symbiotic bacteria from the culture was conducted and five kinds of bacteria were obtained. Genome sequencing results revealed the presence of two types of C-P lyase pathways in the bacterial strain designated as Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1. The function of the bacteira strain was verified through the co-culture of bacteria and algal cells. The results demonstrated that after the algal cells were treated to phosphorus-starved condition, when 2-AEP and the bacteria suspension were added together, as compared to conditions which only 2-AEP or the bacterial suspension of PD-AEP-1 was introduced, both the growth rate of algal cells and the phosphate concentration in the cultures showed a significant increase. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase activity and non-photochemical quenching of the algal cells decreased significantly, indicating that PD-AEP-1 has the ability to degrade 2-AEP into phosphate, thereby alleviating phosphorus limitation for P. donghaiense cells and effectively promoting the growth of algal cells. The study suggests that symbiotic bacteria of P. donghaiense might play a part in providing P sources to the algal cells through the degradation of phosphonates. This process could probably contribute to the outbreak of P. donghaiense bloom, highlighting the importance of algae-bacteira interactions in marine ecosystems.

phosphonates  /  Prorocentrum donghaiens  /  symbiotic bacteria  /  algal-growth-promoting effect  /  red tide
崔玉栋, 刘鸿环, 陈锦雪. 一株可降解膦酸酯东海原甲藻共生细菌的分离及其促藻效应. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 38 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024090
Yudong Cui, Honghuan Liu, Jinxue Chen. Isolation of a phosphonate-degrading symbiotic bacterium from Prorocentrum donghaiense and its promoting effect on algal growth[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 38 -51 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024090
磷被视作海洋生态系统中初级生产力的限制性营养元素[1]。磷酸盐是可被浮游植物直接利用的磷源形式,然而其在海洋表层海水中常处于一种匮乏状态,成为限制海洋浮游植物生物量的重要因素[2]。浮游植物衍生出很多机制来应对磷酸盐限制,其中最重要的途径之一即是通过利用海水中的溶解有机磷(DOP)来获取磷酸盐[3]。磷酯类化合物和膦酸酯(C-P键有机磷)是海洋中两种主要的DOP形式,分别组成了海洋中高分子量DOP总量的75%和25%左右[4]。大部分真核浮游植物类群可直接通过碱性磷酸酶对磷酯类化合物进行水解以获取磷酸盐[3, 5]。然而,对于膦酸酯的利用则主要分布在细菌及蓝藻中[68],研究表明,大部分真核浮游植物类群并不具备直接降解膦酸酯的能力[911]
膦酸酯是一类化学结构中含有性质非常稳定的C-P化学键的有机磷化合物,具有广泛的生物来源,包括多种海洋无脊椎动物、蓝藻等[1214]。2-氨基乙基膦酸(2-AEP)及其衍生物是在海洋无脊椎动物中发现的主要的膦酸酯形式,也是海洋中非常重要和普遍的膦酸酯来源。另外,很多人工合成来源的膦酸酯在人类生产生活中得到广泛应用,比如在农业中被大量使用的除草剂草甘膦[15],因此,大量人工合成膦酸酯随径流被排入到近海海域中。细菌和蓝藻可通过C-P裂解酶途径以及多种C-P水解酶途径对膦酸酯进行降解[16-17]。C-P裂解酶途径的底物范围非常广泛,包括各类烷基和芳香基膦酸酯[6]。C-P水解酶途径种类多样,其中最常见的一种被称作膦酸脂酶途径(PhnW-PhnX途径),该途径特异性的作用于2-AEP。
甲藻中存在部分编码膦酸酯代谢途径的基因,但由于膦酸酯转运蛋白的缺失,甲藻自身并不具备利用胞外环境中膦酸酯的能力[11]。然而,研究表明,甲藻共生细菌可有效降解水体中的2-AEP并释放出磷酸盐,以供给甲藻对磷元素的需求[11, 18]。因此,共生细菌对膦酸酯的降解是甲藻间接获取磷酸盐的重要途径,在甲藻适应磷酸盐限制乃至引发赤潮的过程中扮演着重要角色。东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)是威胁我国海洋生态环境及海洋经济的赤潮甲藻物种之一,其在磷限制环境下所具有的种间竞争优势是诱发和维持赤潮的重要因素[19]。研究表明,东海原甲藻共生细菌可降解2-AEP和草甘膦并释放出磷酸盐,进而显著促进东海原甲藻的生长[11, 15]。然而,目前相关研究大多停留在整体的群落层面,具体哪些特定的细菌物种在发挥作用,仍然缺少针对性的研究。
本研究对2-AEP作为唯一磷源条件下东海原甲藻培养体系中的细菌进行分离纯化,以获得纯菌株,并选择其中代表性菌株进行系统研究。通过基因组的测序和膦酸酯代谢相关基因的鉴定,探讨其是否具备降解膦酸酯的分子基础,同时通过藻菌共培养实验验证其是否实际具备降解膦酸酯的功能。实验结果将进一步拓展对甲藻共生细菌的认识,并为探讨其在甲藻适应磷酸盐限制环境乃至暴发赤潮过程中扮演的角色提供依据。
本研究采用2216E海洋肉汤培养基(MB)进行甲藻共生细菌的分离及培养[20]。MB液体培养基按产品设定比例进行配制,在121℃条件下灭菌20 min,冷却分装后使用。液体培养基中加入15 g/L的琼脂粉,121℃条件下灭菌20 min后倒平板,制成MB固体培养基。
实验所用的东海原甲藻采用f/2培养基在光照培养箱中培养,培养温度为20℃,光照条件(以photons计)为(100 ± 10)μmol/(m2·s),光暗周期为12 h : 12 h。将天然海水经滤径为3 μm和0.22 μm的滤膜进行两次过滤,之后盐度稀释至28,经高温高压(121℃,20 min)灭菌,冷却至常温后用于配置培养基。藻细胞计数采用Sedgwick–Rafter计数板,将藻细胞根据情况适当稀释,加入鲁哥氏碘液固定,之后在显微镜下进行人工计数。
藻类培养体系中磷酸盐浓度的测量通过磷钼蓝法进行。收取藻液,采用滤径为3 μm的滤膜进行过滤,将滤液定容至10 mL 并且加入1 mL的磷钼蓝反应试剂,混合后静置15 min,之后通过分光光度计测定吸光值,并根据标准曲线计算磷酸盐浓度。
藻细胞碱性磷酸酶活性(alkaline phosphatase activity, APA)的测定采用对硝基苯磷酸二钠(pNPP)法测定。取2 mL藻液,加入100 μL pNPP(20 mmol/L),于20℃暗处理2 h,之后将样品在10 000 r/min条件下离心2 min,置于冰上以终止酶反应。采用可见光分光光度计测定405 nm波长下上清液的吸光值,根据对硝基苯酚(pNP)标准曲线得出的公式换算出pNP的生成量,最终计算出APA,其单位为fmol pNP/(cell·h)。
藻细胞光合系统II最大光合效率(Fv/Fm)及非光化学猝灭(NPQ)值的测定通过水样荧光仪(Water-PAM)进行。Fv/Fm的计算为 Fv/Fm=(FmF0)/Fm[21]。其中F0是在藻细胞经暗处理后在测量光下获得的最小荧光值;Fm是暗处理后藻细胞经过一个短暂而强烈的强光曝光之后获得的最大荧光值;FvFmF0的差值。取藻细胞样品稀释至密度2×104~3×104 cells/mL,20℃条件下暗处理20 min,之后使用水样荧光仪(Water-PAM)进行荧光值的测定。
NPQ的计算为NPQ=(Fm$F'_{m} $)/ $F'_{m} $[22]。其中$F'_{m} $为荧光仪中光化光开启之后在饱和脉冲开启之后测得的最大荧光值。NPQ的测量同样采用水样荧光仪,将藻细胞稀释至适宜细胞浓度后,进行20 min的暗处理,然后测量Fm,之后开启光化光,在诱导曲线模式下完成Fm的测量,测量时间间隔设置为50 s。
将活性和生长状态良好的东海原甲藻细胞接种至磷酸盐(f/2培养基,磷酸盐浓度为36 μmol/L)、2-AEP(f/2-P培养基基础上,添加36 μmol/L 2-AEP的培养基,其中2-AEP购自Sigma-Aldrich, USA)、无磷(f/2-P培养基,未添加任何磷源)等3种培养条件中,每个条件设置3个平行,之后每2 d测定一次藻细胞密度及体系内磷酸盐浓度。
在2-AEP条件藻细胞密度明显高于无磷条件之后,取2-AEP条件下藻液进行后续共生细菌的分离。2-AEP条件每个平行中取500 μL藻液进行混合,之后采用无菌海水稀释至不同梯度,稀释比例为10~104,分别涂布至MB平板,待细菌菌落长出后,挑选不同大小、形状、颜色的菌落,在新的平板上进行3区划线,菌落长出后,挑取单个菌落接种至MB液体培养基进行摇床培养,培养条件为30℃,200 r/min,培养时间48 h。
收取菌液进行DNA提取,并以细菌基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR对细菌的16S rRNA基因进行扩增。PCR扩增条件参数:94℃预变性3 min; 94℃变性30 s;58℃退火30 s;72℃延伸30~60 s,按此条件进行35个循环;72℃延伸10 min;4℃保存。采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳对PCR结果进行检测,将扩增成功的样品送至测序公司测序。
将获得的16S rRNA基因序列进行筛选,去除测序质量差和包含双峰的结果,将其余序列在NCBI(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中进行Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST)分析,记录与其16S rRNA基因序列相似性最高的物种,下载其16S rRNA基因序列,与本实验所获得序列一起采用MGEA6软件[23]构建Neighbour-Joining系统发育树进行分析。
菌株鉴定结果中,PD-AEP-1等15株细菌为同属,为本实验分离出的主要类别,且其相近物种参考基因组中含有编码膦酸酯的基因,表明其具有降解膦酸酯的潜力。本研究以PD-AEP-1为代表,对该种细菌展开进一步研究。提取PD-AEP-1的基因组DNA,并送至测序公司(美吉)采用Illumina高通量测序技术进行测序,测序结果首先用Sickle(https://github.com/najoshi/sickle)进行碱基质量控制,然后用SPAdes软件拼接成contig序列,再取1000 bp以上的序列作为该菌基因组。使用在线软件ANI Calculator(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/tools/ani)和Genome-Genome Distance Calculator(https://ggdc.dsmz.de)分别计算菌株和其相近物种基因组的平均核苷酸相似度(Average Nucleotide Identity, ANI)值和DNA-DNA杂交值(DNA-DNA hybridization, DDH)值。使用RAST(Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology)注释系统(https://rast.nmpdr.org/rast.cgi)对将所得到的的细菌基因组序列以及其他参考基因组序列进行注释[24]。在注释结果中检索与C-P键有机磷利用相关的基因(C-P基因),并进一步使用NCBI数据库进行BLAST分析验证。根据注释结果中C-P键有机磷代谢相关基因的分布情况,分析C-P键有机磷代谢途径的类型及基因簇的排布。
将细菌进行活化培养,收集菌液在8000 r/min下离心5 min,去除上清液,加入等体积无菌海水,重悬之后再次离心,如此重复两次,以彻底去除细菌培养基成分,制成细菌悬液。
将东海原甲藻细胞培养至指数期,加入终浓度分别为100 μg/mL、50 μg/mL、50 μg/mL的氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素和链霉素进行抑菌处理,研究表明该抗生素组合可有效杀灭藻液中的细菌[11]。之后接种至磷酸盐起始浓度为6 μmol/L的f/2培养基中,并定期测定培养体系内的藻细胞密度及磷酸盐浓度,待磷酸盐浓度降为0且此后藻细胞浓度停止增长后,即认为藻细胞达到磷饥饿状态。将该状态下藻细胞接种至藻 + 菌(藻细胞培养体系中加入1%体积细菌悬液)、藻 + 2-AEP(藻细胞培养体系中加入终浓度为36 μmol/L的2-AEP)以及藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP(藻细胞培养体系中同时加入1%体积细菌悬液和36 μmol/L 2-AEP)等3个条件下,每个条件设置3个平行。每2 d进行藻细胞密度、DIP浓度、APA、Fv/Fm的测量,并在实验的第2、6、10、14 d时测量该藻种的NPQ。
使用PASW Statistics18软件进行单因素方差分析(Analysis of variance, ANOVA),以此来评估不同实验条件下统计学差异的显著性。图中呈现的数据为3个平行处理组的平均值,误差线为计算得出的标准方差。
将东海原甲藻转接至磷酸盐、2-AEP、无磷3种培养条件中进行培养,藻细胞的生长曲线和培养体系内磷酸盐浓度变化如图1所示,磷酸盐条件由于磷酸盐较为充足,藻细胞密度在0~14 d内保持了较高的生长速度。磷酸盐浓度测定结果显示,磷酸盐条件下磷酸盐浓度在前2 d内快速降低,表明磷饥饿状态下细胞在短期内吸收了大量磷酸盐,但因为藻细胞的增长需要持续的消耗磷酸盐,此后磷酸盐浓度保持在持续降低状态。无磷条件由于没有磷源添加,磷酸盐浓度持续保持在趋近于0的状态,因此尽管藻细胞密度在0~12 d内有缓慢升高,但由于磷酸盐的缺乏,最终停止增长。2-AEP条件藻细胞的生长状况则介于上述两个条件之间,在4~14 d期间,2-AEP条件下的藻细胞密度显著低于磷酸盐条件(p < 0.05),同时显著高于无磷条件(p < 0.05),表明2-AEP被降解,为藻细胞生长提供了额外的磷酸盐。但同时,与无磷条件类似,2-AEP条件下磷酸盐浓度同样保持在趋近于0的状态,据此推测,虽然2-AEP可被降解生成磷酸盐,但其降解速度比较缓慢,磷酸盐释放之后即很快被藻细胞全部吸收,以供给藻细胞生长的需要。
于第10 d采集样品,对2-AEP条件培养体系内细菌进行了分离纯化,共分离出23株细菌,编号PD-AEP-1至PD-AEP-23,后续通过16S rRNA基因序列的扩增、测序、筛选,其中20个序列的BLAST分析显示,20个菌株与其最相近菌株的16S rRNA基因序列均大于99%。基于所分离菌株及其相近菌株的16S rRNA基因序列制作进化树,结果如图2所示,所有菌株聚簇在5个进化分支上,其中PD-AEP-1、5~8、10~16、18~20等15株细菌与Yoonia vestfoldensis聚簇在同一分支,PD-AEP-4、9与Limnobacter thiooxidans聚簇在同一分支,PD-AEP-21、22、23分别与Roseivirga spongicolaPonticoccus alexandriiMarinobacter salsuginis聚簇在同一分支,与16S rRNA基因序列BLAST结果保持一致,表明这20株细菌主要分布在假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)等两个门,α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)以及鞘脂杆菌纲(Cytophagia)等4个纲,归属于Yoonia、Limnobacter、RoseivirgaPonticoccusMarinobacter等5个属。
BLAST结果显示,PD-AEP-1与Y. vestfoldensis的16S rRNA基因相似度为99.65%。其基因组经测序、拼接之后,获得的基因组大小为3.83 MB,GC含量为60.8%。该菌株基因组与其相近物种参考基因组(Y. vestfoldensis DSM 16212,GenBank ID:GCA_000382265.1)的ANI值为85.95%,DDH值为44%。根据细菌物种鉴定标准,虽然两个菌株16S rRNA基因序列相似度大于98.65%,但当两个菌株ANI值小于95%,DDH值小于70%时,认为其属于不同物种[25-26]。因此PD-AEP-1与Y. vestfoldensis为不同物种,将其命名为Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1, 隶属于假单胞菌门、α-变形菌纲、红杆菌目(Rhodobacterales)、红杆菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)、尹氏菌属(Yoonia)。PD-AEP-1基因组中包含3970个编码序列,经RAST系统注释后,28%的编码序列归属于RAST中的子系统(Subsystem),这些基因功能特征的分布如图3所示。具体注释结果显示,该细菌基因组中含有编码细菌光吸收蛋白(Bacterial light-harvesting proteins)及植物生长素前体物质色氨酸的基因(Tryptophan synthase)。编码维生素B1、B6、B12及叶酸等多种B族维生素以及生物素等合成途径的基因也在该基因组中被发现。磷代谢(Phosphorus metabolism)子系统的结果显示,该细菌基因组中含有多种与磷酸盐代谢、多聚磷酸盐代谢以及有机磷代谢相关的基因,包括PhoR、PhoB、聚磷酸盐激酶(Polyphosphate kinase)、外切聚磷酸酶(Exopolyphosphatase)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase)等的编码基因(表1)。
在RAST对PD-AEP-1基因组进行注释的非子系统(Not in Subsystem)结果中,经检索共获得31个与C-P键有机磷代谢相关的基因,大多都是组成C-P裂解酶途径的酶及蛋白的编码基因,如表2所示。根据这些基因在基因组中的排布情况,发现这些基因组成了两个C-P裂解酶途径的基因簇,其分布情况如图4所示。其中C-P裂解酶基因簇I由phnCphnDphnE1phnE2phnFphnGphnHphnIphnJphnKphnLphnM1phnM2phnN以及一个乙酰转移酶基因(atf)、一个未知功能蛋白Atu0170组成;C-P裂解酶基因簇II由phnC*phnD*phnE1*phnE2*phnH*phnI*phnJ*phnK*phnL*phnM*以及 atf*等组成。这两个基因簇分布在两个不同的contig中。在另外一个contig中,另外4个基因也组成了一个phnHIJK基因簇,然而由于组成C-P裂解酶途径的其他主要基因的缺失,其很可能无法单独执行裂解C-P键有机磷的功能。
为探究PD-AEP-1是否具备降解2-AEP的能力,设置了藻菌共培养实验进行验证,结果如图5所示。由图5a可知,将前期经过除菌处理及磷饥饿处理的东海原甲藻细胞与PD-AEP-1混合培养时,在22 d的培养周期内,藻细胞密度在0~8 d略有增长,之后便基本持平,甚至在后期略有下降,表明PD-AEP-1细菌本身并不能为藻细胞提供磷源。将2-AEP加入前期经过同样处理后的东海原甲藻培养体系中,藻细胞密度的变化趋势在前期与“藻 + 菌”条件基本类似,在第8 d之后藻细胞密度基本持平,表明藻细胞本身并不能降解2-AEP作为磷源使用,同时经前期抗生素抑菌处理之后,培养体系内并不存在可将2-AEP降解为磷酸盐的细菌。“藻 + 2-AEP”条件与“藻 + 菌”条件下的藻细胞密度在前期均有小幅上升,且“藻 + 2-AEP”条件藻细胞密度在14~22 d显著高于“藻 + 菌” (p < 0.05),但是均并未获得持续的增长。然而,在“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件下,藻细胞密度保持了持续上升的趋势,并且从第4 d开始就远高于另外两个条件(p < 0.01),表明在该条件下,藻细胞获得了额外的磷源。
磷酸盐测定的结果如图5b所示,其中“藻 + 2-AEP”条件与“藻 + 菌”条件下磷酸盐浓度持续处于低于0.5 μmol/L的水平,且没有显著差异(p > 0.05)。而从第6 d开始,“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP” 条件的磷酸盐浓度就显著高于前两者(p < 0.05),但持续处于低于1 μmol/L的水平。由图5c可知,由于藻细胞前期经过了磷饥饿处理,在培养初始3种条件下藻细胞的APA均处于很高水平。培养开始后,“藻 + 菌”条件下,APA在0~8 d略有下降,在之后的8~22 d内则处于缓慢上升的趋势,表明该条件下藻细胞持续处于磷酸盐限制状态。“藻 + 2-AEP”条件的APA变化趋势与“藻 + 菌”条件类似,但在8~22 d略低于后者(p < 0.01),表明其同样持续处于磷酸盐限制状态。“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件下,APA从第2 d起就显著低于其他两个条件(p < 0.01),且呈现持续降低的趋势。
NPQ的测定结果如图5d所示,由图可知,“藻 + 2-AEP”条件与“藻 + 菌”条件的NPQ均处于较高水平,而“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件的NPQ则显著低于以上两个条件(p < 0.01)。以往研究表明,NPQ的升高是甲藻细胞应对磷酸盐限制时的一种重要适应机制,而磷酸盐充足相对磷酸盐限制条件下NPQ处于较低水平[27]。因此,“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件下的藻细胞的磷酸盐限制状态已经得到了显著缓解。
本研究中东海原甲藻在2-AEP作为唯一磷源培养条件下相比于无任何磷源添加条件依然保持了持续的增长,表明其培养体系中的2-AEP可被降解生成磷酸盐。以往报道显示,东海原甲藻自身并不具备降解C-P键有机磷的能力[11],因此推测是藻液中的共生细菌对2-AEP进行了降解。但由于东海原甲藻共生细菌种类丰富[15],具体哪些特定菌株在执行功能,需要对纯种菌株进行分离后进一步确认。本研究在东海原甲藻培养体系中所分离出的共生细菌分布在Yoonia、Limnobacter、RoseivirgaPonticoccusMarinobacter等5个属,隶属于假单胞菌门(属于原变形菌门)[28]、拟杆菌门等两个门,α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲以及鞘脂杆菌纲等4个纲。由于自然界中可在实验室分离培养的菌株只占细菌群落很小的一部分,因此本实验所分离的细菌并不能代表细菌群落的整体情况。在本实验所分离细菌分布的5个属中,LimnobacterMarinobacterPonticoccus曾在链状亚历山大藻共生菌群中被分离鉴定过[29]MarinobacterPonticoccus也曾分别在利玛原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的藻液中被分离出来[3031]Yoonia属(原Loktanella属部分物种重新划分)[32]的纯种菌株也曾经分离自三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)和玛氏骨条藻(Skeletonema marinoi)的培养体系[3334],表明这些属都是微藻共生细菌的常见类型。Wang等[15]通过16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术测定了东海原甲藻共生细菌的群落结构,表明变形菌门和拟杆菌门是其中的优势菌门,优势菌纲包括α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲以及Sphingobacteria等,本实验所分离细菌分布的类群与其基本一致。Buchan等的研究表明,与赤潮藻类相关细菌主要分布在黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia)、α-变形菌纲以及γ-变形菌纲[35]。对塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)、链状亚历山大藻(A. catenella)共生细菌研究的结果表明,变形菌门和拟杆菌门为两种藻类共生细菌的优势类群[29, 3637],而米氏凯伦藻共培养细菌群落的优势菌主要分布在Alphaproteobacteria和Gammaproteobacteria两个纲[38]。因此,目前研究中所发现的甲藻共生细菌分布最多的两个门均为变形菌门和拟杆菌门。
Yoonia属为本实验分离菌株分布最多的属,该菌属不仅存在于微藻生境,也曾在刚毛藻(Cladophora)、墨角藻、海葵和贻贝中被鉴定出来[3942],其发现地点包括东海、三峡水库、青藏高原卓乃湖、南极威德尔海等[4345],表明其是一种能适应咸水、半咸水及淡水等广盐性环境,并且在全世界范围内都广泛分布的菌属。
Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1基因组的测定结果表明,该菌株的诸多特征与功能与其对生活环境的适应以及与东海原甲藻的共生关系都是密切相关的。比如,该细菌中含有与光合作用相关的基因,表明其很可能为光合细菌,在与藻细胞同处于光照条件下时,具有进行光合作用的潜力,藻细胞并不是其获得有机物质的唯一途径;根据植物生长素合成前体色氨酸的编码基因的存在推测,该细菌在与藻细胞共生时可能以合成植物生长素的方式来促进藻细胞的生长;以往研究表明,藻类自身并不具备合成VB1和VB12的能力,共生细菌很可能是其获取这些B族维生素的重要途径[46]。而VB1、VB12等B族维生素的合成途径同样存在于PD-AEP-1中,表明其很可能具有合成这些维生素的能力,是东海原甲藻细胞生长所需B族维生素的重要来源之一。
PD-AEP-1基因组中具有多种P代谢相关基因,其中PhoR和PhoB是Pho调节子(Pho regulon)的重要调控蛋白,Pho调节子在微生物中很多关键磷代谢蛋白的基因表达与合成中扮演着重要作用,在磷酸盐匮乏的情况下被诱导表达[2]。聚磷酸盐激酶和外切聚磷酸酶在聚磷酸盐代谢中发挥着重要作用,而聚磷酸盐是细菌细胞内部重要的储备磷源,是磷酸盐限制条件下细胞可利用的潜在磷源[47]。碱性磷酸酶是水解磷酸酯化合物的重要酶类,在磷酸盐限制的条件下被表达[48]。因此推测,PD-AEP-1具有多种机制和途径来应对磷酸盐限制,对于磷酸盐缺乏的环境具有良好的适应能力。
以往研究表明,C-P裂解酶途径是C-P键有机磷的重要代谢途径,可降解大多数种类的膦酸酯化合物[6]。在PD-AEP-1基因组中,鉴定出了多个C-P键有机磷代谢相关基因,主要集中在3个基因簇中,其中两个基因簇各自分别组成了相对完整的C-P裂解酶途径,表明其很可能具有降解C-P键有机磷的能力。C-P裂解酶途径是微生物降解C-P键有机磷的最主要途径之一,最初在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中被发现,因其由phnCphnP等14个基因依次排布组成,因此被命名为“C-P”裂解酶途径[49]。该途径中的14个酶分工合作,共同完成C-P键有机磷从运输到降解为磷酸盐的整个过程,其中phnF负责编码phn操纵子的阻遏蛋白,phnCDE所编码蛋白负责C-P键有机磷的运输,phnGHIJKL与C-P键裂解酶的活性直接相关,phnNOP编码的蛋白则被认为是辅助蛋白[50]
PD-AEP-1基因组中存在两个不同的C-P裂解酶途径,这种情况在施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)中也曾被报道[51]。不同细菌中组成C-P裂解酶途径的基因个数及排列顺序可能会有所不同,比如P. stutzeri中两个C-P裂解酶途径中都不包含phnO,其中一个同时没有phnPThiobacillus denitrificansphnF并没有在phnE之后,而是分布于phnC上游,Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101的C-P裂解酶途径里不包含有phnFphnNphnOphnP,且其和T. denitrificans类似,有两个phnE[8]
PD-AEP-1中C-P裂解酶基因簇同样呈现了较为独特的特征,其中基因簇I含有两个phnE和两个phnM,两个phnM并未连续排列,与T. erythraeum IMS101类似,其中并不包括phnO、phnP。与这些基因排布在一起的,还包括一个编码未知功能蛋白Atu0170的基因,以及一个乙酰转移酶基因atf。因为phnO就是一种乙酰转移酶[52],推测atf扮演着与phnO类似的功能。基因簇II由11个基因组成,其中不含phnFphnGphnNphnOphnP,但与C-P键有机磷的运输和裂解的主要基因以及atf都存在。在P. stutzeri中的两个C-P裂解酶途径都可降解甲基膦酸酯,且其中的“phn operon”还可降解氨基膦酸酯,然而两者均无法降解草甘膦及苯基膦酸酯(phenylphosphonate)[51],而PD-AEP-1中两种C-P裂解酶途径的底物范围如何,作用底物有何差别,仍有待于进一步探究。
在海洋生态系统中,浮游植物与海洋细菌存在协同共生、抑制、竞争等多种相互作用,这些相互作用在浮游植物的生存和增殖中起着重要作用[53]。在藻类赤潮暴发和消亡过程中,藻类共生细菌被认为碳、氮、硫等元素的循环中都扮演着重要角色[54]。在一些甲藻赤潮爆发过程中,藻细胞会增加具有黏附性的多糖的合成增强其与周围细菌群落的联系,以潜在促进维生素和营养盐的吸收[55]。某些特定的细菌类群与一些赤潮的突然消亡密切相关,目前已有多种具有溶藻活性的细菌被分离和研究。从深圳沿海赤潮暴发海域表层海水中分离的一株Muricauda属细菌,可通过直接溶藻的方式有效抑制海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)的生长[56]。Shi等在东海原甲藻赤潮水样中分离出一株Alteromonas属的细菌,可降解东海原甲藻细胞壁中的多糖,具有明显的溶藻活性[20]。然而,对于赤潮暴发过程中对赤潮藻生长具有促进作用的细菌,尤其是特定物种,相关的研究依然很少。
Johansson等的研究发现,Y. vestfoldensis可促进玛氏骨条藻的生长,尤其是在铁元素含量较低的环境中[34]。但在本研究中,在磷酸盐限制条件下,细菌和2-AEP单独存在时都不能有效促进藻细胞的生长,表明两者单独存在时都不能为藻细胞提供磷源。“藻 + 2-AEP”条件与“藻 + 菌”条件下的藻细胞密度在前期均有小幅上升,其可能原因为,藻细胞在前期培养过程中,磷元素以外其他的营养成分,如氮、微量金属元素以及维生素等也处于较低水平,但在其加入新的培养体系后,这些营养成分获得了充足的补充,因此促进了藻细胞的小幅增长,但是由于磷元素的缺乏,因此两个条件下藻细胞密度都未获得持续的增长。“藻 + 2-AEP”条件藻细胞密度在后期显著高于“藻 + 菌”,其原因可能为尽管实验所用2-AEP(Sigma-Aldrich,纯度99%)为市场上可获得的最高纯度化合物,但并非100%纯化合物,其中含有少量的溶解活性磷污染。
然而在“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件下,藻细胞密度具有明显且持续上升的趋势,表明其获得了额外的磷元素,促进了藻细胞的生长。由于藻细胞培养体系中没有2-AEP以外的磷源输入,因此推测,“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件中的2-AEP已被PD-AEP-1降解为磷酸盐,从而间接为藻细胞的生长提供了磷源。该条件下藻细胞的APA相对另外两个条件也显著降低。由于AP的表达受到高磷酸盐浓度的抑制,APA的上升是磷限制的重要指标[5],其连续的下降表明,该条件下藻细胞已经脱离磷限制状态。与之对应的,磷酸盐浓度也略高于其他两个条件,但依然保持在较低水平。究其原因,尽管2-AEP被降解释放出了磷酸盐,但由于藻细胞的生长需要消耗大量磷酸盐,因此,磷酸盐释放出来之后很快即被藻细胞吸收,因此并没有持续升高。NPQ在藻细胞处于磷限制状态时会显著升高,而在磷元素供应充足的情况下则相对较低[26],而“藻 + 菌 + 2-AEP”条件的NPQ相对其他两个条件明显降低,也表明该条件藻细胞获得了额外的磷源供应。综上所述,PD-AEP-1具有降解2-AEP的能力,其可将2-AEP降解为磷酸盐,并提供给藻细胞使用,使其解除了磷酸盐限制状态,并获得了明显的增长。Janßen等通过宏基因组技术研究发现,在一个恒化培养系统中,当加入草甘膦之后,Y. vestfoldensisphnJ基因显著上升,表明与草甘膦的降解存在一定关联性[57]。本研究的培养实验则直接证明,与其同属的PD-AEP-1具备降解C-P键有机磷的能力。
因此推测,在海洋环境中,通过具备可降解膦酸酯功能的共生细菌的分解作用,膦酸酯可作为东海原甲藻所需磷元素的重要来源之一。研究表明,2-AEP不仅可作为磷源被细菌利用,也可为细菌提供碳源或氮源[58],由于细菌对碳、氮的需求更多,当2-AEP被降解释放出相应比例的不同元素时,P对于细菌会处于相对冗余状态,由于C-P裂解酶途径通常处于Pho调节子的调控之下,而Pho调节子通常会受到较高浓度磷酸盐的抑制,因此磷酸盐会对2-AEP的降解产生抑制作用。而当磷酸盐被与细菌共生的藻细胞快速吸收时,C-P裂解酶途径的抑制会被解除,有助于细菌对C-P键有机磷的持续降解。
由于磷元素的矿化作用十分缓慢,加之浮游植物快速的吸收利用,在海洋表层海水中,磷酸盐浓度处于极低水平,与之相比,真光层中的溶解有机磷浓度相对更高[2]。以大西洋北部及南部海域为例,DOP在表层海水中的浓度范围为40~300 nmol/L,在溶解总磷中占比高达90%~99%[59]。在最易暴发赤潮的两个真核浮游植物类群中,硅藻偏爱高营养盐的环境,甲藻则在低磷或高N:P比的环境中更为盛行[60],表明其具有更为有效适应磷酸盐限制的策略。东海原甲藻在磷酸盐限制环境下所具有的种间竞争优势是其诱发和维持赤潮的重要因素[61]。在赤潮暴发过程中,磷酸盐持续处于极低水平[62],由于赤潮暴发过程中需要消耗大量的磷,DOP可能是磷元素的主要来源。甲藻可降解磷酯类化合物,却无法降解C-P键有机磷[9, 11],因此C-P键有机磷通过共生细菌间接被甲藻细胞作为磷源利用,可在磷酸盐和磷酯类化合物等常规磷源以外为赤潮物种提供额外的磷元素供应。综上所述,东海原甲藻共生细菌降解膦酸酯进而为其提供磷元素这一机制,在磷酸盐匮乏环境中东海原甲藻细胞的生长乃至赤潮爆发过程中,可能扮演着一定角色。
本研究从东海原甲藻培养体系中共分离获得的细菌分布在Yoonia、Limnobacter、RoseivirgaPonticoccusMarinobacter等5个属,以及α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、鞘脂杆菌纲等4个纲。Yoonia sp. PD-AEP-1具有多种与东海原甲藻共生相适应的特征,有合成B族维生素的潜在能力,并且存在两个较为独特但功能全备的C-P裂解酶途径。另外,该菌株可降解海洋中典型的膦酸酯化合物2-AEP并释放出磷酸盐,从而使得2-AEP间接被东海原甲藻细胞作为磷源使用,带来明显的促藻效应。研究结果拓展了对于甲藻共生细菌以及藻−菌相互作用的认识,并为将来进一步研究该机制在东海原甲藻适应磷酸盐限制环境乃至爆发赤潮的过程中扮演的角色奠定基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42306167)
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2023J01896)
  • 泉州师范学院引进人才科研项目(H17012)
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024090
  • 接收时间:2024-04-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-02
  • 修回日期:2024-04-19
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国家自然科学基金(42306167)
福建省自然科学基金资助项目(2023J01896)
泉州师范学院引进人才科研项目(H17012)
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    1.泉州师范学院 海洋与食品学院 福建省海洋藻类活性物质制备与功能开发重点实验室,福建 泉州 362000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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