Article(id=1200484847786520680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713542400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-20, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764147491642, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764147491642, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764147491642, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147491642, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200484846570164701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764147491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147714593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=96, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200484848067539052, articleId=1200484847786520680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Manganese, iron and sulfur diagenesis and diffusive fluxes of porewater iron and manganese in sediments of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on analyses of solid-phase and porewater chemistry of sediment cores at four sites collected from Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea, we revealed diagenetic cycles of iron, manganese and sulfur and their responses to terrestrial inputs and anthropogenic perturbations. Results suggest that water eutrophication of the bay has not given rise to organic carbon (OC) enrichment in the sediments. Actually, contents and lability of sediment OC are generally low, largely due to the inputs of terrestrial refractory OC and intense sediment resuspension induced by natural processes and anthropogenic perturbations in the river-dominated area. This feature greatly dampens sulfate reduction, resulting in low accumulation of total reduced inorganic sulfide (0.28−88 μmol/g). Porewater Mn2+ is mainly from reductive dissolution of amorphous and poorly crystalline Mn oxides, while precipitation of MnCO3 is mainly responsible for Mn2+ consumption in sediment below 10 cm depth. Intense sediment resuspension and refractory nature of sediment OC encourage dissimilatory iron reduction, with relative contribution of this pathway to total anaerobic OC mineralization of about 51%, on average. At the site (S6) heavily influenced by the Huanghe River input, dynamic depositional regime facilitates reductive dissolution of manganese oxides, but dampens reduction of iron oxides and sulfate to some extent. Upward diffusive fluxes of porewater Mn2+ and Fe2+ in the sediments are at the lower end for sediments of other areas dominated by major river inputs, which is attributable to overall low lability of sediment OC.

, correspAuthors=Maoxu Zhu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Beibei Sun, Jianhua Ren, Jiawei Zhang, Wenxuan Sun, Tie Li, Maoxu Zhu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200484853134258360, articleId=1200484847786520680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=渤海莱州湾沉积物中锰、铁、硫成岩循环及铁和锰扩散通量研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

通过莱州湾4个站点沉积物柱样固相和孔隙水化学分析,揭示了Mn、Fe、S的成岩循环及其对陆源输入和人为扰动的响应。结果表明,水体富营养化未导致沉积物中有机碳富集,陆源低活性有机碳输入以及自然过程和人为扰动导致的沉积物强烈再悬浮致使沉积物有机碳含量和活性低,不利于硫酸盐还原,沉积物中总还原无机硫含量低(0.28~88 μmol/g)。孔隙水Mn2+主要来源于无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物的还原溶解,而MnCO3沉淀则是深部(>10 cm)孔隙水Mn2+消耗的主要机制。有机碳低活性以及沉积物强烈再悬浮有利于铁异化还原,该路径对有机碳厌氧矿化的平均贡献约为51%。在受黄河输入影响显著的站点(S6),动态的沉积环境促进了锰氧化还原,但抑制了铁和硫酸盐还原。莱州湾沉积物孔隙水Mn2+和Fe2+扩散通量位于其他受河流输入影响海域的低值端,这可归因于有机碳的低活性。

, correspAuthors=朱茂旭, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=s449GyhDGkMIKIgZOcmq4Q==, magXml=qzUYN+xKwVBsnNPcngctOA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=lYl989joz5aCWXEuFgxung==, pdfFileSize=2011487, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RErNSU8FJflQaNEZ8GRTEA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=1vLT+4hBHxcSaBVdTNVEdw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

孙蓓蓓(1998—),女,山东省聊城市人,从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

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Depth-integrated rates of porewater Mn2+ and Fe2+ production, and diffusive fluxes fitted by PROFILE

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站点12 cm深度的深度积分速率/
(nmol·cm-2·d-1
扩散通量/
(μmol·m-2·d-1
Fe2+Mn2+Fe2+Mn2+
S60.56.0-1.0-62.1
R41.32.6-12.6-14.2
N66.94.4-38.9-39.8
S51.95.7-17.8-53.7
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PROFILE拟合得到的孔隙水Mn2+和Fe2+深度积分生成速率和扩散通量

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站点12 cm深度的深度积分速率/
(nmol·cm-2·d-1
扩散通量/
(μmol·m-2·d-1
Fe2+Mn2+Fe2+Mn2+
S60.56.0-1.0-62.1
R41.32.6-12.6-14.2
N66.94.4-38.9-39.8
S51.95.7-17.8-53.7
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渤海莱州湾沉积物中锰、铁、硫成岩循环及铁和锰扩散通量研究
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孙蓓蓓 1 , 任建华 1 , 张嘉伟 1 , 孙文轩 1 , 李铁 1 , 朱茂旭 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 96-108
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 96-108
渤海莱州湾沉积物中锰、铁、硫成岩循环及铁和锰扩散通量研究
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孙蓓蓓1 , 任建华1, 张嘉伟1, 孙文轩1, 李铁1, 朱茂旭1, *
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 化学化工学院 海洋化学理论与技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 孙蓓蓓(1998—),女,山东省聊城市人,从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
Manganese, iron and sulfur diagenesis and diffusive fluxes of porewater iron and manganese in sediments of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea
Beibei Sun1 , Jianhua Ren1, Jiawei Zhang1, Wenxuan Sun1, Tie Li1, Maoxu Zhu1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024116
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通过莱州湾4个站点沉积物柱样固相和孔隙水化学分析,揭示了Mn、Fe、S的成岩循环及其对陆源输入和人为扰动的响应。结果表明,水体富营养化未导致沉积物中有机碳富集,陆源低活性有机碳输入以及自然过程和人为扰动导致的沉积物强烈再悬浮致使沉积物有机碳含量和活性低,不利于硫酸盐还原,沉积物中总还原无机硫含量低(0.28~88 μmol/g)。孔隙水Mn2+主要来源于无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物的还原溶解,而MnCO3沉淀则是深部(>10 cm)孔隙水Mn2+消耗的主要机制。有机碳低活性以及沉积物强烈再悬浮有利于铁异化还原,该路径对有机碳厌氧矿化的平均贡献约为51%。在受黄河输入影响显著的站点(S6),动态的沉积环境促进了锰氧化还原,但抑制了铁和硫酸盐还原。莱州湾沉积物孔隙水Mn2+和Fe2+扩散通量位于其他受河流输入影响海域的低值端,这可归因于有机碳的低活性。

成岩作用  /  孔隙水  /  硫化物  /  扩散通量  /  海洋沉积物  /  铁  /  锰  /  莱州湾

Based on analyses of solid-phase and porewater chemistry of sediment cores at four sites collected from Laizhou Bay of the Bohai Sea, we revealed diagenetic cycles of iron, manganese and sulfur and their responses to terrestrial inputs and anthropogenic perturbations. Results suggest that water eutrophication of the bay has not given rise to organic carbon (OC) enrichment in the sediments. Actually, contents and lability of sediment OC are generally low, largely due to the inputs of terrestrial refractory OC and intense sediment resuspension induced by natural processes and anthropogenic perturbations in the river-dominated area. This feature greatly dampens sulfate reduction, resulting in low accumulation of total reduced inorganic sulfide (0.28−88 μmol/g). Porewater Mn2+ is mainly from reductive dissolution of amorphous and poorly crystalline Mn oxides, while precipitation of MnCO3 is mainly responsible for Mn2+ consumption in sediment below 10 cm depth. Intense sediment resuspension and refractory nature of sediment OC encourage dissimilatory iron reduction, with relative contribution of this pathway to total anaerobic OC mineralization of about 51%, on average. At the site (S6) heavily influenced by the Huanghe River input, dynamic depositional regime facilitates reductive dissolution of manganese oxides, but dampens reduction of iron oxides and sulfate to some extent. Upward diffusive fluxes of porewater Mn2+ and Fe2+ in the sediments are at the lower end for sediments of other areas dominated by major river inputs, which is attributable to overall low lability of sediment OC.

Diagenesis  /  porewater  /  sulfide  /  diffusive flux  /  marine sediment  /  iron  /  manganese  /  Laizhou Bay
孙蓓蓓, 任建华, 张嘉伟, 孙文轩, 李铁, 朱茂旭. 渤海莱州湾沉积物中锰、铁、硫成岩循环及铁和锰扩散通量研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 96 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024116
Beibei Sun, Jianhua Ren, Jiawei Zhang, Wenxuan Sun, Tie Li, Maoxu Zhu. Manganese, iron and sulfur diagenesis and diffusive fluxes of porewater iron and manganese in sediments of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 96 -108 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024116
在地质时间尺度上,锰、铁和硫的生物地球化学循环影响地表氧、碳、营养盐以及一系列微量元素的长期演化及归趋[1]。例如,在氧化环境中,铁锰氧化物对有机碳、磷酸盐以及微量金属吸附作用显著,影响其生物活性[23],尤其是对有机碳的吸附性稳定作用[46]。锰氧化物因其高的氧化能力,是硫化物和Fe(II)的重要氧化剂,是铁和硫氧化还原循环的重要驱动者。在厌氧条件下,微生物介导的铁锰还原和硫酸盐还原是海洋沉积物中有机碳矿化的重要路径,因而在全球碳循环中发挥着关键的调控作用[78]。此外,铁硫化物(主要为黄铁矿)在海洋沉积物中的永久埋藏还是大气氧气和海洋总碱度的净积累过程[910],具有重要的生物地球化学意义。可见,Mn、Fe和S之间的成岩循环密切相关,且受沉积环境的明显影响。因此,将这3个元素的成岩循环相结合,不仅可示踪古海洋沉积和成岩环境的演变,还可揭示底栖生态环境对自然过程和人为扰动影响的响应。
大型河口及其邻近海域常具有较高的沉积速率和初级生产力,其沉积物是有机质埋藏/矿化的重要场所,也是元素循环最活跃的场所[11]。由于受人为活动以及全球气候变化的影响日益显著,该海域的沉积环境及成岩作用常表现出复杂性和空间差异性。例如,水体富营养化可导致沉积物中活性有机质富集,提高硫酸盐还原速率,溶解硫化物的积累可能导致生物毒性[1213]。然而,沉积物强烈的再悬浮以及拖网捕捞等物理扰动则起相反的作用,即促进悬浮颗粒有机碳的好氧氧化,并在沉积物更大深度范围内有利于铁锰异化还原,抑制硫酸盐还原[1415]。因此,开展大型河口及其邻近海域沉积物Mn、Fe和S地球化学研究可从多个角度揭示沉积环境对成岩作用的影响,并阐明底栖生物地球化学过程对自然过程和人为扰动的响应。
莱州湾为渤海南部典型的半封闭性海湾,除接收黄河大量泥沙的输入外,还接收小清河、弥河、潍河等河流的输入。近年来溶解无机氮及叶绿素含量测定结果显示,莱州湾水体富营养化明显,且有加剧之势[1617]。此外,该海域也受到污水排放、黄河调水调沙、海水养殖和频繁拖网捕捞等人为活动的影响[18]。目前,该海域水体及沉积物环境地球化学及生态风险评价已有较多研究,包括水体富营养化[1617]以及表层沉积物中重金属[19]和有机物污染物[20]积累。有关沉积物成岩作用过程的研究却很有限,仅见表层沉积物中硫化物形成及分布的研究[2122]。虽然表层沉积物中硫化物的研究可揭示硫酸盐还原及影响因素,但不足以全面揭示成岩作用过程之间的相互作用以及对沉积环境变化的响应。我们在莱州湾4个站点采集沉积物柱样,通过对沉积物固相和孔隙水分析,系统揭示了Mn、Fe和S成岩作用之间的相互作用以及沉积环境对三者的影响,从多元素循环的视角评价了沉积物底栖生态系统对陆源输入和人为扰动的响应。该研究有利于更全面认识全球气候变化背景下自然过程和人为扰动对近海沉积物底栖生态系统的潜在影响,可为陆海统筹管理提供理论依据。
莱州湾入海河流众多,包括黄河及其支流在内的10余条河流,如小清河、弥河和潍河等,年入海泥沙量约10 × 108 t[23]。该海湾毗邻老工业基地和环渤海城市群,流域工业化以及城市化导致河口区富营养化明显。河流总溶解氮的入海通量高达(1.3~5.7) × 104 t/month,主要来自径流量较大的黄河和小清河,致使溶解无机氮与磷酸盐比值高达428[24],远高于Redfield值(16)。此外,黄河调水调沙改变了黄河冲淡水及泥沙在河口的输出,影响有机质、营养盐等在河口的分布,从而间接影响莱州湾初级生产力的空间分布[25]。Wei等[16]的观测结果表明,莱州湾溶解氧浓度在137~315 μmol/L之间,呈现显著的季节性变化,但无缺氧(溶解氧小于63 μmol/L)现象。
2021年10月,用箱式采样器在莱州湾4个站点采集沉积物柱样(图1),每个站点采集两根。4个采样站点体现了沉积物物源、水动力学条件和富营养化程度的差异,其中,S6站点位于黄河口附近(水深10 m),受黄河输入影响显著,沉积物再悬浮强烈[26],N6、R4、S5站点(水深分别为6、17和10 m)的沉积物再悬浮强度减弱。因受小清河及弥河等周边河流输入影响的差异,N6、R4、S5站点的沉积速率和富营养化水平依次降低。根据该海域沉积速率空间变化趋势[2728],通过插值法估算S6、N6、R4、S5各站点的沉积速率分别为2.7、7.6、2.9和1.1 cm/a。
样品采集后,一根柱状样用Rhizon采样器抽取孔隙水(间隔2 cm),加入10% HNO3(分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司)酸化至pH < 2,于4℃保存,直至孔隙水Fe和Mn分析。另一根柱状样立即密封,回到实验室后,在N2气氛中以2~3 cm间隔切割,立即密封于塑料袋中于−20℃下冷冻,直至后续固相分析。
分析测试中所用化学试剂均为分析纯试剂。除盐酸购自四川西陇科学有限公司外,其他试剂均购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
称取3份一定量(约5 g)的湿沉积物冷冻干燥,根据干燥前后质量差计算3份样品的干湿比平均值。利用干湿比和海洋干沉积物平均密度(2.6 g/cm3)估算孔隙度。取一定量(约0.3 g)干沉积物,加入30%的H2O2去除有机质,加入0.1 mol/L 的HCl去除无机碳,然后加入0.5 mol/L的六偏磷酸钠[Na(PO3)6]分散沉积物颗粒,超声振荡30 s后,用Mastersizer 2000激光粒度分析仪测定沉积物粒度。
取一定量(约0.5 g)干沉积物研磨后加入1 mol/L的HCl反应24 h去除无机碳,然后洗涤、冷冻干燥并再次研磨至约100目,用Fario MACRO cube元素分析仪分析碳、氮含量,经质量校正后得到沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)含量;用Thermo Scientific MAT253同位素质谱仪测定稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)。随机抽取40%的样品进行重复测定,TOC和TN重复测定的相对偏差小于3.4%,δ13C的相对偏差在3.2%~5.6%之间。
采用Lenstra等[29]顺序提取法测定4种不同形态锰含量:(1)抗坏血酸(pH 7.5,24 h)提取无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物(Mn-Asc);(2)1 mol/L的HCl(4 h)提取碳酸锰(Mn-HCl);(3)连二亚硫酸钠(pH 4.8,4 h)和草酸(pH 3.2,6 h)连续两步提取晶型锰氧化物(Mn-(CDB + Oxal));(4)65%的HNO3(2 h)提取黄铁矿结合态锰(Mn-HNO3)。每个提取步骤都进行平行样提取,上一步提取后的残余沉积物经去离子水洗涤后用于下一步提取。提取后离心并用聚醚砜滤膜过滤(0.22 μm)。上清液中锰浓度用Thermo Fisher ICAP-6300电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定,平行样之间的相对偏差小于3%。
称取两份一定量(约60 mg)干沉积物加入0.5 mol/L的HCl反应1 h,提取总活性铁(LFe)[3031]。LFe和二价铁LFe(II)含量用比色法测定[32],提取液中加入盐酸羟胺还原剂后测定LFe,不加入盐酸羟胺测定的则是LFe(II)。三价铁LFe(III)含量通过LFe与LFe(II)之差计算获得,平行样之间的相对偏差小于6.5%。
采用冷扩散−吸收装置提取沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、单质硫(S0)和黄铁矿硫(Spy[3334]。称取两份一定量(约5 g)冷冻湿沉积物,迅速转移至冷扩散−吸收装置,充入N2立即密封,加入6 mol/L的HCl和0.1 mol/L的抗坏血酸提取AVS,生成的H2S气体被碱性ZnAc2溶液沉淀为ZnS,利用亚甲基蓝法测定AVS含量[35]。然后向残余沉积物中加入丙酮提取S0,离心收集上清液,将其蒸发至近干,用酸性Cr(II)溶液将S0还原为H2S,测定步骤同AVS。剩余沉积物加入酸性Cr(II)溶液将Spy还原为H2S,测定步骤同AVS。总还原硫(TRIS)定义为:TRIS = AVS + S0 + Spy。AVS、S0和Spy3种硫形态平行样之间的相对偏差分别在1.8%~9.8%、2.5%~24.5%和0.2%~11.6%之间。提取的固相Fe、Mn和S各形态含量均以μmol/g表示,即每克干沉积物中含有的微摩尔量。
将孔隙水样品用0.1 mol/L 的HNO3稀释5倍后,用ICP-OES测定Fe和Mn含量。因孔隙水体积有限,仅40%的样品进行重复测定,相对误差小于10%。在海洋沉积物孔隙水pH下,铁锰氧化物的溶解度很低,相较于孔隙水Fe2+和Mn2+浓度,Fe3+和Mn4+通常可忽略不计[3, 8],因此,孔隙水Fe和Mn可认为是Fe2+和Mn2+
利用基于一维稳态传输−反应成岩模型[式(1)]的PROFILE软件[36]拟合孔隙水Fe2+和Mn2+剖面,得到Fe2+和Mn2+扩散通量以及不同深度的净积累或消耗速率。
$ \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}x}\left(\varphi\left(D_{\mathrm{S}}+D_{\mathrm{b}}\right)\frac{\mathrm{d}c}{\mathrm{d}x}\right)+\varphi\eta\left(c_0-c\right)-R=0, $
式中:x为沉积物深度,φ为孔隙度,η为灌溉系数,c0为底水溶质浓度,c为深度为x处溶质浓度,R为反应速率;Ds为沉积物中溶质扩散系数,通过Ds = φ2 × D计算获得,其中φ为孔隙度,D为在海水中的扩散系数:DFe2+ = 6.3 × 10−6cm2/s,DMn2+ = 6.1 × 10−6cm2/s[37]Db为生物扰动系数,基于Db = 15.7ω0.6计算获得[38],其中ω为沉积速率。
4个站点的黏土、粉砂和砂占比分别在11.4%~17.3%、77.1%~86.7%和1.2%~9.2%之间(图2),均以粉砂为主。同一站点各粒径组分占比随深度波动小,4个站点间的差异也小。
4个站点沉积物TOC含量在0.37%~0.61%之间(图3),均值为0.48% ± 0.06%,各站点TOC含量无明显的深度趋势。N6和S5站点TOC均值均为0.52% ± 0.03%,略高于S6站点(0.45% ± 0.06%)和R4站点(0.47% ± 0.09%)站点的均值。TN含量为0.03%~0.07%,其垂直变化与TOC基本一致。总体而言,N6和S5站点的TN含量高于S6和R4站点。δ13C变化幅度小(−25.46‰~−24.24‰),无明显深度趋势。
4个站点不同形态锰含量的深度分布如图4。Mn-Asc含量除N6站点随深度无明显变化外,其他站点均呈现随深度减小的趋势。在S6、R4和N6站点,从表层或一定深度以下,Mn-HCl含量随深度增加而增加,但S5站点无增加的趋势。S6站点的Mn-(CDB + Oxal)含量从表层的1.38 μmol/g减小到底部的0.87 μmol/g,但其他站点无明显随深度变化趋势。所有站点的Mn-HNO3含量随深度基本恒定,在0.21~0.25 μmol/g之间。Mn-Asc、Mn-HCl、Mn-(CDB + Oxal)和Mn-HNO3含量分别占可提取锰的32.8%、52.3%、12.0%和2.8%。
4个站点的LFe(III)和LFe(II)含量垂直分布如图5。4个站点间表层沉积物LFe(III)含量差异明显,R4和N6站点的含量明显高于其他两个站点,且LFe(III)含量从表层的51.6和86.7 μmol/g快速减小到5 cm深度处的22.0和6.4 μmol/g,表明发生了铁还原溶解,5 cm以下缓慢降低至含量接近0。S5和S6站点的LFe(III)含量低,且随深度变化不明显。4个站点的LFe(II)含量随深度呈现不同程度增加的趋势。
4个站点AVS、S0、Spy和TRIS垂直分布如图6。4个站点表层1~3 cm范围内AVS含量都很低。R4、N6和S5站点的AVS含量随深度快速增加,其中R4站点的AVS分布为典型的最大值分布模式[39]。S6站点AVS含量(0.01~4.8 μmol/g)远低于其他站点,且无明显深度变化。R4、N6和S5站点的S0含量整体上体现随深度增加的趋势,但波动较大;S6站点的S0含量极低,且无明显变化。R4、N6和S5站点的Spy含量随深度增加,其中R4和N6站点的含量达到一定深度后基本稳定,但S6站点的Spy含量低且无明显增加。4个站点的TRIS含量范围为0.3~88 μmol/g,均值为(27.2 ± 27.2)μmol/g,处于陆架海沉积物的下限(0~734 μmol/g,平均值188 μmol/g)[40]。其中,S6站点的TRIS均值仅为(4.6 ± 2.2)µmol/g,明显低于其他3个站点的均值[(37.4 ± 27.5)μmol/g]。
莱州湾4个站点孔隙水Mn2+和Fe2+浓度剖面如图7,PROFILE拟合结果与测定结果吻合较好。需指出的是,由于确定灌溉系数(η)困难,我们的模拟未考虑生物灌溉。在忽略生物灌溉的情况下,拟合结果与实测结果仍具有较好的吻合度,表明生物灌溉不是孔隙水剖面十分重要的影响因素。在沉积物−水界面Mn2+浓度在0.2~56.3 μmol/L之间,其浓度均随深度增加而增加,当达到各自的最大值(56.0~210.7 μmol/L)后开始下降,S6站点的峰值浓度明显高于其他3个站点,但峰值的深度(12 cm)明显大于其他3个站点(4~6 cm)。需指出的是,S6站点14 cm深度处Mn2+浓度的明显离群值可能是样品在保存或处理过程中损失,导致浓度偏低。因此,该数据未包括在PROFILE拟合中。
4个站点沉积物−水界面处Fe2+浓度均接近0。随深度增加,S5、N6和R4站点孔隙水Fe2+浓度以不同速率增加,但S6站点在约12 cm深度处其浓度才开始快速增加。各站点在不同深度出现Fe2+浓度峰值,N6站点峰值最高(57.4 μmol/L),R4站点的最低(16.7 μmol/L)。S6站点峰值所在深度约为20 cm,其余站点峰值所在深度均在上部10 cm。在峰值深度以下,Fe2+浓度以不同速率下降。
拟合得到4个站点的扩散通量以及在上部12 cm深度范围内的深度积分积累/消耗速率如表1。扩散通量为正值表示向沉积物扩散,负值则表示向上扩散。
莱州湾4个站点沉积物TOC含量均值(0.48% ± 0.06%)低于渤海海域TOC均值(0.65% ± 0.17%)[34],且明显低于典型受富营养化影响的沉积物TOC含量。例如,在富营养化的Peel-Harvey河口(澳大利亚)沉积物中,TOC含量在1.4%~5.2%之间[12],在富营养化的Chesapeake海湾(美国)沉积物中TOC含量在1.5%~3.7%之间[41]。这表明,尽管莱州湾水体富营养化,但其沉积物有机碳并未表现出富集的现象。
陆源有机碳的活性通常低于海源有机碳,尤其是在黄河输入的有机质中,67%~84%的有机碳为化石有机碳和陈化土壤有机碳等惰性组分[42]。陆源和海源有机碳的相对分数可表征有机碳的活性(即可降解性),有机碳δ13C值和TN/TOC摩尔比联用是解析有机碳来源的有效手段,但仅在TN主要以有机氮形式存在时才适用,此时TN与TOC呈现高度线性相关。例如,在渤海、黄海和东海沉积物中,TN与TOC的线性相关系数R2在0.82~0.98之间[34, 4345]。然而,莱州湾沉积物中TN与TOC之间的R2仅为0.34(图8),这表明部分样品可能含有可观的陆源无机氮,或表明TN/TOC比值差异较大的多源有机质存在空间分布差异。鉴于此,本研究仅用有机碳δ13C二端元混合模型[式(2),式(3)]简单估算莱州湾沉积物中陆源和海源有机碳相对分数。
$ \text{δ}^{13}\mathrm{C}=f_{\mathrm{M}}\times\text{δ}^{13}\mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{M}}+f_{\mathrm{T}}\times{\text{δ}}^{13}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{_T}, $
$ f_{\mathrm{M}}+f_{\mathrm{T}}=1 ,$
式中:fTfM分别为陆源和海源有机碳分数,δ13C为沉积物有机碳同位素组成,δ13CM和δ13CT分别为海源和陆源有机碳端元碳同位素组成。δ13CM取其通用均值(−21.42‰)[46];陆源有机碳通常分为土壤有机碳和维管植物有机碳,两者的δ13C均值分别为−26.46‰和−26.25‰[46],差异较小,δ13CT取两者的均值(−26.35‰)。计算结果表明,S6、R4、N6和S5站点fT均值分别为0.72、0.68、0.67和0.69,表明沉积物有机碳以陆源组分为主。尽管S6站点受黄河输入的影响最大,但该站点陆源有机碳分数仅稍高于其他站点,这可能表明所有采样站点的陆源有机碳都主要受黄河输入控制。
在稳定的沉积条件下,沉积物中活性有机质的矿化通常导致TOC含量随深度下降。然而,莱州湾四个站点TOC含量并非如此,且表现出明显的波动,反映有机碳活性较低以及非稳定的沉积条件。这可归因于:(1)河流输入(尤其是黄河调水调沙)和人为活动(如养殖、拖网捕捞)引起的强烈再悬浮可导致非稳定的沉积环境[26];(2)较高的陆源有机质以及悬浮颗粒有机碳好氧氧化程度的提高可导致沉积物有机碳活性较低,从而掩盖了活性有机碳降解的深度趋势。
4个站点孔隙水Mn2+浓度(图7)随深度的增加与Mn-Asc含量(图4)的减小相对应,这表明无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物的还原溶解是孔隙水Mn2+的主要来源。在R4、N6和S5站点,在整个深度范围内Mn-(CDB + Oxal)含量基本无变化,表明活性较低的晶型锰氧化物未参与还原溶解,但S6站点的Mn-(CDB + Oxal)含量随深度增加明显减小,表明该站点活性较低的晶型锰氧化物也参与了还原溶解,使得孔隙水Mn2+含量及深度积分速率最高。
在S6、R4和N6站点,10 cm深度以下Mn-HCl随深度的增加与孔隙水Mn2+浓度降低相对应,表明MnCO3沉淀是孔隙水Mn2+消耗的主要过程。尽管S5站点也呈现孔隙水Mn2+浓度随深度减小的趋势,但Mn-HCl并无增加趋势,可能是该柱样采样深度较浅(12 cm),MnCO3沉淀还未充分表现出来。4个站点的Mn-HNO3含量低,且随深度无明显变化,表明黄铁矿结合态锰不是固相锰的重要形态,这与Lenstra等[29]的结果一致。
孔隙水Fe2+浓度峰值的深度比Mn2+的更深(图7),这与锰氧化物优先于铁氧化物还原的热力学推断一致[2]。在S6站点,孔隙水Fe2+在12 cm深度才开始有积累,这表明在受黄河输入影响较大的海域,沉积物强烈再悬浮导致沉积物更大深度范围内有利于锰氧化物还原,从而可将铁氧化物还原限制在更大的深度[8]。此外,该站点高含量的活性锰氧化物(图4)可有效氧化向上扩散的Fe2+,从而抑制Fe2+在上部孔隙水中积累[2]
在海洋沉积物中,铁还原分为以有机质为电子供体的异化还原和以溶解硫化物为还原剂的化学还原两种相互竞争机制。只有当活性Fe(III)氧化物含量较高且活性有机质含量较低时,异化还原才是铁还原的主要路径,从而抑制硫酸盐还原。这是因为沉积物中较高的活性有机质会促进硫酸盐还原,产生大量硫化物,更有利于Fe(III)氧化物发生化学还原[8]。在此情况下,铁异化还原产生的Fe(II)主要以非硫化的Fe(II)形态存在。在富含硫化物的沉积物中,铁的化学还原通常占主导地位,生成的Fe(II)多以铁硫化物形式存在。在本研究中,LFe(II)为除黄铁矿外的所有Fe(II)[47],其中铁硫化物(Fe(II)AVS)含量可通过AVS含量来估算,因为AVS主要由FeS组成[39, 48]。估算结果表明,莱州湾4个站点Fe(II)AVS含量仅占LFe(II)的9.4% ± 11.7%,这意味着LFe(II)主要由非硫化的Fe(II)构成。由此推断,铁异化还原是铁还原的主要机制。利用Jensen等[49]提出的经验公式[式(4)]可估算铁异化还原对有机质厌氧矿化的相对贡献(%FeR):
$ \text% \mathrm{FeR}=1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-a\left[\mathrm{Fe}\left(\mathrm{III}\right)\right]}, $
式中,a为经验常数,在陆架海沉积物中a = 0.054[50],[Fe(III)](μmol/cm3)为活性铁(III)氧化物含量,可根据海洋干沉积物平均密度(2.6 g/cm3)和孔隙度由LFe(III)含量(μmol/g)换算得到。估算结果表明,S6、R4、N6和S5站点%FeR分别为43.6% ± 28.4%、40.1% ± 34.7%、71.6% ± 21.3%和54.1% ± 15.3%,4个站点的均值(51% ± 29%)远高于全球大陆边缘海沉积物的均值(约22%)[8]。莱州湾较高的%FeR并非个例,东海沉积物中%FeR的范围在38%~87%[50],世界其他多个海域也有较高的%FeR[78, 49]。这说明莱州湾沉积物中铁异化还原在有机质厌氧矿化中占重要地位,这是沉积物强烈再悬浮以及较低的有机质活性有利于铁异化还原的结果。
4个站点孔隙水Fe2+和Mn2+扩散通量分别在1~38.9 μmol/(m2·d)和14.2~62.1 μmol/(m2·d)之间(表1),均在其他受河流输入影响的河口及邻近海域通量范围的低端[Fe2+扩散通量高达4.0 mmol/(m2·d),Mn2+扩散通量高达2.3 mmol/(m2·d)][5154]。莱州湾较低的Fe2+和Mn2+扩散通量应是沉积物有机质活性较低所致,这是因为有机质氧化(电子供体)是早期成岩作用的驱动力,其低活性必将导致铁锰还原溶解受到限制[2]。4个站点Mn2+扩散通量与表层沉积物(0~2 cm)中活性锰含量呈显著正相关(R2 = 0.75)(图9),这一现象在波罗的海的芬兰湾也有报道[55]。这主要由两方面因素导致:(1)扩散到水体中的Mn2+被氧化为锰氧化物后返回到沉积物表层[29];(2)孔隙水Mn2+向上扩散至沉积物表层时一部分被氧化为锰氧化物,但该过程的贡献应有限,因为Mn2+被氧气氧化的速率较慢[56]
4个站点中,S6站点孔隙水Mn2+扩散通量最高(表1),可归因于以下两方面原因:(1)该站点可提取的锰氧化物(即Mn-Asc + Mn-CDB + Oxal)含量最高,可为锰还原提供充足的物质条件,其高含量应是黄河直接输入的结果。(2)该站点受黄河输入影响最显著,沉积物强烈再悬浮可促进孔隙水Mn2+释放。该站点12 cm深度范围内Mn2+的深度积分速率也最高[6.0 nmol/(cm2·d)],应是高含量的无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物(即Mn-Asc)提高了Mn2+的净生成速率。虽然S6站点Mn2+扩散通量最高,但Fe2+扩散通量却最低,这是因为该站点锰氧化物还原速率高,抑制了铁氧化物还原,孔隙水Fe2+积累深度较深(图7)。此外,向上扩散的Fe2+可被高含量的活性锰氧化物有效氧化,导致Fe2+向上扩散通量大大减小。
孔隙水Mn2+的氧化速率慢,在表层沉积物中的氧化程度有限,Mn2+可有效地扩散进入上覆水中,因此计算的扩散通量可近似看成是释放到上覆水体中的通量,这已被原位通量测定和通量计算结果所证实[5759]。与孔隙水Mn2+不同,向上扩散的Fe2+在不同深度被锰氧化物、硝酸盐和氧气氧化,因此,大部分Fe2+无法进入上覆水体。因此,计算的Fe2+扩散通量仅代表最大的潜在底栖通量。正因为此,Fe2+扩散通量与表层沉积物中LFe含量无相关性(图9)。
4个站点沉积物2 cm深度范围内AVS含量都很低(< 10 µmol/g)(图6),这表明表层沉积物为较氧化的环境,不利于硫酸盐还原和硫化物积累,表层沉积物中S0的普遍存在也进一步表明硫化物氧化过程的存在,因为S0是AVS氧化的产物。在深部厌氧环境,硫酸盐还原速率增加以及硫化物氧化程度降低,有利于AVS积累。由于AVS可被铁锰氧化物氧化,因此,S0含量也随AVS含量的增加而增加。通常, AVS含量在一定深度达到峰值,然后随深度的增加而下降[39],R4站点即如此。AVS峰值深度指示硫酸盐还原速率最大值的深度,在该深度以下,因活性有机碳含量下降导致硫酸盐还原速率下降,硫化物生成速率也随之降低。此外,AVS转化为黄铁矿也导致AVS含量减小,Spy含量随深度的持续增加也证明这一点。在N6和S5站点,AVS含量未出现峰值,可能表明采样深度尚未达到硫酸盐还原最大速率的深度。在同一站点(S6站点除外),S0含量明显低于AVS含量,且波动更大,反映了S0动态周转特征,这是因为由硫化物氧化形成的S0是黄铁矿形成重要底物[60]
相较于其他站点,S5站点表层沉积物中Spy含量较高(13.1 μmol/g)。该站点TOC含量及海源有机碳含量与其他站点相差无几,活性有机碳含量不应是Spy含量较高的原因。其可能原因是该站点远离河流输入,较低的沉积物再悬浮强度有利于硫酸盐还原及黄铁矿积累。与此相反,在受黄河输入影响最显著的S6站点,极低的AVS和Spy含量应是沉积物强烈再悬浮所致。沉积物强烈再悬浮不仅提高悬浮颗粒有机碳的好氧氧化,还有利于在沉积物更大深度范围内形成易于铁锰还原的条件,从而抑制硫酸盐还原和硫化物积累[1415]
4个站点多数样品的TRIS含量位于正常海洋沉积物TRIS-TOC趋势线以下(图10),表明TRIS积累受活性有机碳含量限制,这与受强烈物理扰动影响的长江口及其邻近海域以及亚马孙河口及其邻近海域的特征相似[48, 61]。该含量远低于典型受富营养化影响的近海沉积物中TRIS含量(110~479 μmol/g)[12, 41]。尽管莱州湾水体受到富营养化影响,但其沉积物未表现出有机碳和TRIS富集。这一“反常”现象不应是沉积物粒度较粗所致,因为4个站点的沉积物均以粉砂质细粒组分为主(图2),可归因于如下两方面因素:(1)黄河输入的颗粒有机碳(含量:0.37%~0.79%)主要为惰性组分[42],此外,黄河巨量泥沙输入可导致海源活性有机碳被稀释;(2)河流输入以及人为活动(如拖网捕捞、调水调沙)引起的沉积物强烈再悬浮可提高悬浮颗粒有机碳的好氧氧化,最终导致沉积物中有机碳活性较低[6, 34]。上述两因素都会使有机碳的厌氧矿化无法有效驱动硫酸盐还原和TRIS积累。由此可见,虽然水体富营养化驱动的初级生产可大幅度提高沉积物中活性有机质积累和硫酸盐还原速率,但自然过程和人为扰动可减弱甚至消除上述影响,使底栖生物地球化学过程(特别是厌氧成岩作用)对水体富营养化无明显响应。莱州湾这一“反常”现象并非个例,在胶州湾,高强度底栖养殖引起的生物扰动以及拖网捕捞引起的物理扰动使该沉积物的厌氧成岩作用对水体富营养化也无明显响应[62]
结果表明,尽管莱州湾存在水体富营养化,但沉积物TOC含量并未富集。陆源低活性有机碳的输入以及自然过程和人为扰动引起的沉积物强烈再悬浮可能是导致沉积物中有机碳活性低的原因,进而对成岩循环产生显著影响,尤其是抑制了硫酸盐还原和硫化物积累。孔隙水Mn2+积累主要来源于无定形或弱晶型锰氧化物的还原溶解,而其消耗则主要通过MnCO3沉淀,特别是在受黄河输入影响显著的S6站点,强烈的沉积物再悬浮使锰还原更活跃。铁异化还原是铁还原的主要机制,其对有机质厌氧矿化的相对贡献为51% ± 29%。有机质低活性致使孔隙水Mn2+和Fe2+扩散通量较低,位于其他受河流输入影响的河口及邻近海域通量范围的低端。水体中Mn2+再氧化沉淀导致表层沉积物中活性锰富集,为锰的持续还原和释放提供物质基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42176041)
  • 崂山实验室“十四五”重大项目:海洋环境新污染物防治与水环境安全(2022QNLM040002)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024116
  • 接收时间:2024-04-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-20
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
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国家自然科学基金(42176041)
崂山实验室“十四五”重大项目:海洋环境新污染物防治与水环境安全(2022QNLM040002)
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    1.中国海洋大学 化学化工学院 海洋化学理论与技术教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*朱茂旭(1967—),男,湖南省澧县人,教授,从事海洋化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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