Article(id=1200484847241253342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716393600000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-23, revisedDate=1717084800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-31, acceptedDate=1723392000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-12, onlineDate=1764147491511, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725120000000, pubDateStr=2024-09-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764147491511, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764147491511, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147491511, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200484846570164701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='130', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764147491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764147714593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200485782961124252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200484846570164701, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200484847484522976, articleId=1200484847241253342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The burial of permafrost organic carbon in the Chukchi Sea and its response to climate change in the past 200 years, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of global warming, the Arctic has experienced a series of changes, including permafrost degradation, reduced summer sea ice, increased land runoff, and intensified coastal erosion. With global warming, organic carbon (OC) stored in permafrost is accelerating its migration and release to the sea, which will affect the pattern of carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean. However, there is currently little evidence to directly confirm this inference. This article analyzes the lignin and carbon isotopes of two hundred year scale sedimentary cores in the Chukchi Sea, and discusses the sources and profile changes of the buried organic matter. The results showed that the organic carbon in the columnar sediments of the Chukchi Sea came from a mixed contribution of herbaceous tissue of terrestrial C3 plants and marine source production. The absolute content of lignin Σ8 in sediment shows an overall upward trend, indicating that with global warming, more terrestrial materials are being transported to the Chukchi Sea. This study indicates that global warming caused by human activities has indeed increased the migration of organic carbon from permafrost to the sea, and the increase in lignin content due to enhanced terrestrial inputs is direct evidence of the enhanced melting of permafrost caused by global warming on a century scale.

, correspAuthors=Zhongqiao Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qianqian Wu, Zhongqiao Li, Song Zhang, Jian Ren, Youcheng Bai, Zhongqiang Ji, Hongliang Li, Haiyan Jin, Jianfang Chen), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200484850881909229, articleId=1200484847241253342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=楚科奇海百年尺度冻土有机碳的埋藏及其对气候变化的响应, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在全球变暖的背景下,北极出现了冻土退化、夏季海冰减少、陆地径流输入增加和沿岸侵蚀加剧等一系列变化。随着全球变暖,封存于冻土中的有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)正在向海加速迁移和释放,这将影响北冰洋的碳循环的格局,但目前鲜有证据能直接证实这一推论。本文通过分析楚科奇海两根百年尺度沉积岩芯的木质素和碳同位素,讨论了其所埋藏的有机质的来源和剖面变化情况。结果显示楚科奇海柱状沉积物中的有机碳来源于陆生C3植物的草本组织和海洋源生产的混合贡献;沉积物中木质素的绝对含量Σ8呈现上升趋势,证明随着全球变暖,更多的陆源物质被输运到楚科奇海。本研究表明人类活动引起的全球变暖确实增加了冻土有机碳向海的迁移,陆源输入增强导致的木质素含量增加是百年尺度下全球变暖导致冻土融化增强的直接证据。

, correspAuthors=李中乔, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李中乔(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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武倩倩 ( 1998— ),女,安徽省阜阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

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楚科奇海百年尺度冻土有机碳的埋藏及其对气候变化的响应
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武倩倩 1, 2 , 李中乔 1, 2, * , 张松 1, 2 , 任健 1, 2 , 白有成 1, 2 , 季仲强 1, 2 , 李宏亮 1, 2, 3 , 金海燕 1, 2 , 陈建芳 1, 2, 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(9): 29-37
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(9): 29-37
楚科奇海百年尺度冻土有机碳的埋藏及其对气候变化的响应
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武倩倩1, 2 , 李中乔1, 2, * , 张松1, 2, 任健1, 2, 白有成1, 2, 季仲强1, 2, 李宏亮1, 2, 3, 金海燕1, 2, 陈建芳1, 2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 2.自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 3.南方海洋科学与工程广东实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000
  • 4.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
  • 武倩倩 ( 1998— ),女,安徽省阜阳市人,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*李中乔(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
The burial of permafrost organic carbon in the Chukchi Sea and its response to climate change in the past 200 years
Qianqian Wu1, 2 , Zhongqiao Li1, 2, * , Song Zhang1, 2, Jian Ren1, 2, Youcheng Bai1, 2, Zhongqiang Ji1, 2, Hongliang Li1, 2, 3, Haiyan Jin1, 2, Jianfang Chen1, 2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1. Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
  • 3. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
  • 4. State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou 310012, China
出版时间: 2024-09-01 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024112
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在全球变暖的背景下,北极出现了冻土退化、夏季海冰减少、陆地径流输入增加和沿岸侵蚀加剧等一系列变化。随着全球变暖,封存于冻土中的有机碳(Organic Carbon,OC)正在向海加速迁移和释放,这将影响北冰洋的碳循环的格局,但目前鲜有证据能直接证实这一推论。本文通过分析楚科奇海两根百年尺度沉积岩芯的木质素和碳同位素,讨论了其所埋藏的有机质的来源和剖面变化情况。结果显示楚科奇海柱状沉积物中的有机碳来源于陆生C3植物的草本组织和海洋源生产的混合贡献;沉积物中木质素的绝对含量Σ8呈现上升趋势,证明随着全球变暖,更多的陆源物质被输运到楚科奇海。本研究表明人类活动引起的全球变暖确实增加了冻土有机碳向海的迁移,陆源输入增强导致的木质素含量增加是百年尺度下全球变暖导致冻土融化增强的直接证据。

北极  /  全球变暖  /  冻土  /  木质素  /  有机碳  /  楚科奇海

Against the backdrop of global warming, the Arctic has experienced a series of changes, including permafrost degradation, reduced summer sea ice, increased land runoff, and intensified coastal erosion. With global warming, organic carbon (OC) stored in permafrost is accelerating its migration and release to the sea, which will affect the pattern of carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean. However, there is currently little evidence to directly confirm this inference. This article analyzes the lignin and carbon isotopes of two hundred year scale sedimentary cores in the Chukchi Sea, and discusses the sources and profile changes of the buried organic matter. The results showed that the organic carbon in the columnar sediments of the Chukchi Sea came from a mixed contribution of herbaceous tissue of terrestrial C3 plants and marine source production. The absolute content of lignin Σ8 in sediment shows an overall upward trend, indicating that with global warming, more terrestrial materials are being transported to the Chukchi Sea. This study indicates that global warming caused by human activities has indeed increased the migration of organic carbon from permafrost to the sea, and the increase in lignin content due to enhanced terrestrial inputs is direct evidence of the enhanced melting of permafrost caused by global warming on a century scale.

Arctic  /  global warming  /  permafrost  /  lignin  /  organic carbon  /  Chukchi Sea
武倩倩, 李中乔, 张松, 任健, 白有成, 季仲强, 李宏亮, 金海燕, 陈建芳. 楚科奇海百年尺度冻土有机碳的埋藏及其对气候变化的响应. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (9) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024112
Qianqian Wu, Zhongqiao Li, Song Zhang, Jian Ren, Youcheng Bai, Zhongqiang Ji, Hongliang Li, Haiyan Jin, Jianfang Chen. The burial of permafrost organic carbon in the Chukchi Sea and its response to climate change in the past 200 years[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (9) : 29 -37 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024112
环北极地区冻土分布广泛,冻土中储存了大量的有机物质,其储存的碳量是大气的2倍[1]。在全球变暖的气候背景下,北极地区出现了冻土退化、夏季海冰减少和陆地径流输入增加等一系列的变化[24],北冰洋不同区域有机碳的埋藏格局随着全球变暖正发生变化,特别是冻土中封存的有机碳正在加速向海洋迁移和释放,这对北冰洋碳循环的源汇模式及其演变产生了重要影响,并可能对未来的气候变化预测有重要意义[5]。在当前的变暖趋势下,在本世纪末北极冻土有机碳的5% 至15% 将以温室气体的形式释放[6],对全球变暖形成正反馈,导致全球变暖加速[7]。近几十年来,北极的海岸侵蚀率也不断上升[89]。根据相关的研究[1012],很大一部分重新活化的永久冻土碳(Permafrost-Carbon,简称“PF-C”)在跨大陆架运输过程中降解,并释放到水体和大气中。为更好地预测北极地区的气候变化,了解百年尺度上冻土有机碳在北冰洋的埋藏及其对碳循环的影响是重要的问题之一[13]
目前有学者通过对北极地区海域末次冰消期以来包括鄂霍茨克海、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇海、白令海的柱状岩芯的研究,利用生物标志物(木质素、正构烷烃、长链脂肪酸、支链甘油二烷基甘油四醚)和有机碳同位素,发现了末次冰消期冻土有机碳加速迁移入海的证据[1, 1316]。在末次冰消期,永久冻土退化和先前储存的有机物的快速分解可能通过正反馈对全球温度升高产生重要影响[14]。在全球变暖的背景下,海岸侵蚀和富含碳的多年冻土沉积物的解冻也会产生对气候变化产生影响[13]。永久冻土中碳的释放速率和途径是不确定的,但对于了解这些反馈可能影响气候的程度和时间尺度至关重要[15]。目前对北极地区冻土有机碳迁移历史的研究多集中在末次冰消期冻土有机碳向海迁移突增的事件,研究的视角比较宏观且有些记录不连续;对于发育有冻土的西北冰洋相关研究也很少,且百年尺度上全球变暖导致冻土有机碳向海迁移加速的直接证据尚未发现。本文拟利用楚科奇海两根百年尺度的沉积岩芯,以冻土有机碳指标木质素为主要参数,结合其他生物地球化学指标研究所埋藏的有机碳的源汇项、降解程度等,来探究冻土有机碳在百年尺度上对气候变化的响应,寻找在全球变暖背景下冻土有机碳加速向海迁移的直接证据。
楚科奇海的面积为62 × 104 km2,平均水深为80 m[17],是近期古海洋学研究的一个热点区域[18]。自白令海峡与太平洋连通以来[(11000 ± 200)cal a BP][19],营养丰富的太平洋入流水使楚科奇海成为一个高生产力海区[20]。楚科奇海周围的陆地(即东西伯利亚和阿拉斯加)具有典型北极冰缘特征,被ICD(Ice Complex Deposits, 富含碳的冰复合沉积物)等永久冻土覆盖[21]。楚科奇海的海岸线易受侵蚀,侵蚀速率从0到大于2 m/a不等[22]
ARC11-R1(以下简称“R1”)岩芯样品为 2020 年中国第十一次北极科学考察所获得的,长度 15 cm,所在位置坐标为74.64°N,169.13°E,水深 200 m。ARC4-C07(以下简称“C07”)(72.54°N, 165.33°W, 水深51 m)样品是2010年夏季中国第四次国家北极科考“雪龙”号在楚科奇海陆架上采集的。C07岩芯位于春季海冰覆盖高、夏季海冰边缘近的区域。沉积柱的0~10 cm部分以1 cm厚度分样,10 cm以下以2 cm的厚度分样,样品保存在干净的自封袋中,4℃保存后带回实验室进行分析。岩芯的年龄框架是通过HPGe 伽马光谱法(GSW275L Canberra)测定的 210Pb 和 137CS 确定的,R1 柱的沉积速率为0.07 cm/a ,C07柱的沉积速率为0.09 cm/a [2324]。样品站位如图1所示。
我们使用元素分析仪(CHNOS Vario EL III),确定了沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)含量,使用Thermo Fisher IRMS Delta V Advantage 质谱仪测定有机碳的δ13C。首先,在环境温度下用 1 mol/L HCl对样品进行24 h的酸化,以消除沉积物中的无机碳。使用国家标准物质(GBW07309,0.46 ± 0.05%)来确保 TOC%测定准确性,标准品3次测量的相对标准偏差 (RSD)小于 5%。使用纤维素标准物质(IAEA-CH-3,−24.724 ± 0.041‰)、咖啡因标准物质(IAEA-600,−27.771 ± 0.043‰)和黑碳标准物质(GBW04407,−22.43 ± 0.07‰)来确保δ13C测定的准确度。
木质素的前处理采用碱性CuO分解法[2526]。具体流程如下:将干燥并均质化的沉积物、CuO和Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2按一定的比例放入聚四氟乙烯消化罐中,然后转移至充满N2的手套箱中。向罐中加入8 mL经N2曝气的 8% NaOH溶液,盖紧消化罐转移至烘箱中160℃下消化 3 h。待消化罐冷却后加入乙基香兰素作为回收标准,并使用 37% HCl 将 pH 值降至 2 以下。经过乙酸乙酯萃取3次后,干燥氧化产物,气相色谱仪(GC)检测之前,样品溶解在乙腈中,然后使用99% BSTFA+1% TCMS衍生化试剂将产物转化为三甲基硅基衍生物。使用安捷伦7890系列气相色谱仪和火焰离子化检测器分析木质素。烘箱预热至 60℃,然后以每分钟 4℃ 的速度升至 300℃。然后在此温度下保持 12.5 min。气相色谱仪(GC)配备了美国安捷伦科技公司生产的 30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm DB-1毛细管柱。
根据沉积物质量(Σ8)或有机碳(Λ8)标准化的香草基(V)、丁香基(S)和肉桂基(C)酚的整体浓度用于确定木质素的浓度。C 系列与 V 系列之比(C/V)可用于追踪草本或木本生物组织的来源,S 系列与 V 系列之比(S/V)可用于区分裸子植物和被子植物。裸子植物的 S/V 值约为0,而被子植物的 S/V 值在 0.6 到 4 之间[27];木质组织的 C/V 值小于 0.05,而草本组织的 C/V 值大于 0.2[2728]。LPVI(木质素酚类单体植被指数)也可用于判断植被来源[29]。3, 5-对羟基苯甲酸(3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid,简称“DHBA”)可以用于评估土壤腐殖化程度,是土壤有机碳的指示[30]
R1沉积岩芯的TOC%分布范围为0.71%~1.18%,平均值为0.86%(图2),TOC%数值随着沉积年代变化呈现上升的趋势。C07沉积岩芯TOC%最大值为2.93%,最小值为1.46%,平均值为1.98%(图2)。R1沉积岩芯TOC%在公元1853−1875年范围内呈下降的趋势;在公元1875−2004年范围内,呈波动上升的趋势。总体来看,C07沉积岩芯的TOC%也随着沉积年代变化呈现波动上升的趋势。
R1沉积岩芯的δ13C的分布范围为−25.19‰~−23.46‰,平均值为−24.42‰(图2),总体上δ13C数值随着沉积年代变化呈现波动上升的趋势。C07沉积岩芯δ13C最大值为−22.3‰,最小值为−23.6‰,平均值为−22.71‰(图2),δ13C数值总体上随着沉积年代变化呈现变小的趋势。
利用Yang等[31]提出的公式,计算了OC的海洋来源和陆地来源的贡献值。陆生植物和水生植物产生的有机物质具有不同的δ13C值[32]。因此,可以通过沉积物(δ13CS)以及陆地和海洋端元值(δ13CT和δ13CM)的δ13C值来估计陆地和海洋有机碳对OC的相对贡献(fTfM)及其含量(OCT和OCM),使用以下方程:
$ {f}_{ \mathrm{T}}=({\delta} ^{13} \mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{M}} -{\delta}^{13} \mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{S}} )/({\delta} ^{13} \mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{M}}-{\delta}^{13} \mathrm{C}_{\mathrm{T}}) , $
$ {f}_{\mathrm{M}}=1- {f}_{ \mathrm{T}} ,$
$ \mathrm{OC}_{ \mathrm{T}} =\mathrm{OC}\times {{f}}_{\mathrm{T}}, $
$ \mathrm{OC}_{ \mathrm{M}} =\mathrm{OC}\times { {f}}_{ \mathrm{M}}. $
楚科奇海地区δ13C主要受到海洋有机质和C3植被来源的影响,故选取−21‰作为δ13CM的端元值,选取−26‰作为δ13CT的端元值[32]。经过计算,得到相关结果(图2)。R1沉积岩芯的陆源有机碳贡献总体高于海源有机碳,海源有机碳的贡献总体呈增长的趋势,使得δ13C值有增大的趋势。C07沉积岩芯陆源有机碳贡献总体低于海源有机碳,且陆源有机碳贡献呈增长的趋势,使得δ13C值有所降低。
R1沉积岩芯Σ8的分布范围为0.15~0.35 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.22 mg/(10 g)dw(图3)。总体来看,R1沉积岩芯的Σ8数值随沉积年代变化呈现波动上升的趋势。Σ8总体上升的趋势表明,随着全球变暖,陆源物质的输入增加。R1沉积岩芯Λ8的分布范围为0.18~0.34 mg/(100 mg)OC,平均值为0.26 mg/(100 mg)OC(图3)。Λ8和Σ8的相关性为r = 0.74,p < 0.01,总体变化趋势和Σ8变化趋势一致。R1沉积岩芯木质素V系列单体的分布范围为0.05~0.08 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.07 mg/(10 g)dw(图3),且V系列单体和Σ8无明显的相关性。S系列单体的分布范围为0.06~0.14 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.09 mg/(10 g)dw(图3),S系列单体和Σ8的相关性为r = 0.97,p < 0.01。C系列单体的分布范围为0.03~0.14 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.06 mg/(10 g)dw(图3),C系列单体和Σ8的相关性为r = 0.94,p < 0.01。
C07沉积岩芯的Σ8的最大值为1.09 mg/(10 g)dw,最小值为0.41 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.65 mg/(10 g)dw(图3)。C07岩芯Σ8数值随着沉积年代变化总体呈现波动上升的趋势。C07沉积岩芯Λ8最大值为0.38 mg/(100 mg)OC),最小值为0.23 mg/(100 mg)OC),平均值为0.32 mg/(100 mg)OC(图3)。总体来看,Λ8数值随着沉积年代变化大体呈现波动上升的趋势。C07沉积岩芯的Λ8和Σ8之间的相关性r = 0.68,p < 0.01。C07沉积岩芯V系列单体最大值为0.13 mg/(10 g)dw,最小值为0.06 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.09 mg/(10 g)dw(图3)。V系列单体和Σ8之间的相关性r = 0.93,p < 0.01。C07沉积岩芯S系列单体含量最大值为0.19 mg/(10 g)dw,最小值为0.11 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.15 mg/(10 g)dw(图3)。S系列单体总体上呈现波动上升的趋势。S系列单体和Σ8之间的相关性r = 0.92,p < 0.01。C07沉积岩芯C系列单体含量最大值为0.12 mg/(10 g)dw,最小值为0.05 mg/(10 g)dw,平均值为0.08 mg/(10 g)dw(图3)。C系列单体总体上呈现波动上升的趋势。C系列单体和Σ8之间的相关性r = 0.85,p < 0.01。
R1沉积岩芯的S/V比值分布范围为1.06~2.11,平均值为1.41(图4),S/V比值总体呈现波动上升的趋势。R1沉积岩芯的C/V比值分布范围为0.48~2.09,平均值为0.87(图4),C/V比值总体也呈现上升的趋势。R1沉积岩芯的LPVI比值分布范围为500.74~6966.79,平均值为1705.76图3)。总体上LPVI比值也呈现上升的趋势。LPVI和Σ8的相关性为r = 0.87,p < 0.01。
C07沉积岩芯S/V比值最大为2.46,最小值为1.10,平均值为1.79(图4)。C07沉积岩芯C/V比值最大为1.40,最小值为0.49,平均值为0.97(图4)。C07沉积岩芯LPVI数值最大值为4626.55,最小值为596.86,平均值为2326.79图3)。在公元1853−1907年范围内LPVI呈波动上升的趋势;在公元1907−2004年范围内,LPVI数值总体呈现波动下降的趋势。
R1沉积岩芯的DHBA分布范围为0.016~0.050 mg/(100 mg)OC,平均值为0.025 mg/(100 mg)OC(图3),总体上DHBA数值随着沉积年代变化呈现波动上升的趋势。C07沉积岩芯DHBA最大值为0.031 mg/(100 mg)OC,最小值为0.017 mg/(100 mg)OC,平均值为0.023 mg/(100 mg)OC(图3),DHBA随着沉积年代变化总体上也呈现波动上升的趋势。
识别海洋沉积物中有机质来源与迁移规律等对了解海洋碳元素的生物地球化学循环过程具有重要意义。δ13C可以指示有机物中碳同位素分馏的程度,不同来源的有机碳的分馏程度不同,因此可以区分有机碳的来源[33]。海洋沉积物包括自身产生的有机质如浮游植物,该部分海洋有机质的δ13C值为−19‰~−22‰;还有陆源有机质如陆源高等植被,陆生C3植物的δ13C值为−26‰~−28‰[32]。R1沉积岩芯以陆生C3植物和海洋有机质来源为主。C07沉积岩芯以海洋有机质来源为主,δ13C数值总体上呈现变小的趋势,表明陆源输入的增强。Martens等[16]发现楚科奇海4-PC1沉积岩芯在冰消期末期的δ13C值为−25.1‰ ± 0.2‰,说明陆源碳是楚科奇海沉积物在冰消期后期变暖的重要来源。在末次冰期晚期沉积的总OC中,有66% ± 8%的OC来自富冰冻土层(ICD-PF),16% ± 10%来自永久冻土活动层,18% ± 7%来自海洋来源。这意味着深层富冰永久冻土的融化,可能是由于冰川融化后海平面上升造成的海岸侵蚀,调动了大量的古代PF-C。相比之下,4-PC1晚全新世时期的δ13C值更丰富(22.4‰ ± 0.4‰),这些值与已公布的楚科奇海表层沉积物δ13C值(21.5‰)较为一致,证明在全新世中晚期,初级生产是OC的主要来源[20, 34]。且4-PC1晚全新世沉积物平均含有58% ± 8%的海洋OC, 26% ± 4%的ICD和15% ± 10%的活动层PF-C,表明白令海峡的开放和海洋生产力的提高,改变了近3650 cal a BP以来陆源和水生源对楚科奇海OC沉积的相对贡献。C07沉积岩芯的δ13C信号与4-PC1全新世晚期的δ13C值较为一致,但其δ13C信号有减小的趋势,这一方面是由于海岸侵蚀加剧导致陆源输入增强,另一方面是由于化石燃料燃烧对其也会产生影响。R1岩芯的δ13C信号记录的陆源输入较为明显,但也受到了初级生产的影响,其有机碳的来源较为复杂。
木质素数据提供了关于冻土来源有机碳的补充信息。丁香基与香兰基酚的比值(S/V)和肉桂基与香兰基酚的比值(C/V)是维管植物有机质来源的常用指标。裸子植物的S/V值约为0, 被子植物的S/V值在 0.6 ~ 4.0 之间。木本组织的 C/V 值小于 0.05, 草本组织的 C/V 大于 0.2[2728]。LPVI 是一种判断植被来源的新参数,其计算了C、S、V系列各单体的百分含量,与木质素参数 S /V 和 C/V 相比,其对植被和环境变化更加敏感,能避免不同单体降解速率不同导致的干扰[29]。R1和C07沉积岩芯的S/V、C/V比值以及LPVI数值分布范围表明,其维管束组织主要来源为被子植物草本组织。楚科奇海万年尺度的4-PC1沉积岩芯及现代表层沉积物主要受到被子植物和木质及非木质组织的混合来源[16, 35],和本文研究区域的结果类似,说明楚科奇海地区冻土沉积物的维管束植物来源较为稳定。DHBA主要来自土壤有机物的贡献,当木质素来源于土壤时,木质素含量和DHBA之间会存在良好的相关关系。R1和C07沉积岩芯的DHBA数值呈现上升的趋势,R1沉积岩芯的DHBA和Λ8的相关性为r = 0.56(p < 0.05),C07沉积岩芯DHBA和Λ8之间的相关性r = 0.82,p < 0.01。表明楚科奇海木质素的Λ8与DHBA来源是近似的,都来源于冻土输入。
北极不同区域的有机碳来源复杂。根据冻土有机碳来源分析常用的三端元分析方法,分析了3个研究区域沉积物有机碳的来源。上层土壤(Topsoil)、富冰冻土层(ICD)和海源有机碳(Marine Organic Carbon)的Λ8各端元值分别为1.74 mg/(100 mg)OC、2.09 mg/(100 mg)OC和0 mg/(100 mg)OC,δ13C端元值分别为−28.80‰、−26.30‰、−21.0‰[26, 36]。综合分析两根短柱有机碳来源发现(图5),R1和C07的数据落在三端元范围内,说明各端元都对北极地区有机碳的来源产生了贡献,且沉积岩芯受海源影响更大,这和全新世以来海源对楚科奇海OC沉积的相对贡献更大的结果一致[16]
此外,季节性海冰的变化也在一定程度上影响了陆地木质素信号向北冰洋的运输。且西北冰洋近百年来的环境演变可能与北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)气候变化要素存在关联,其在一定程度上影响楚科奇海海冰的分布及陆源有机碳的输入,从而进一步影响北极碳循环。楚科奇海北部季节性海冰代用指标显示在过去的两百年里以来,受全球变暖的影响,季节性海冰的覆盖呈下降的趋势。主要有3个阶段,在公元1820—1930年,楚科奇海北部几乎是永久海冰覆盖;在公元1930—1980 年,楚科奇海北部季节性海冰慢慢向北退缩;公元1980 年以来,季节性海冰覆盖快速下降。季节性海冰覆盖减少表明更多的陆源物质被海冰和洋流输运到楚科奇海,证明全球变暖导致陆地径流增强[2324]。本研究中,R1、C07沉积岩芯也位于楚科奇海北部,其Σ8参数和楚科奇海的海冰变化轨迹相类似,近200年来总体呈上升趋势,尤其是公元1950 年以后Σ8参数增长趋势较为明显,表明海冰丰度的变化也影响到了陆源有机质的输入。楚科奇海木质素含量的变化和全球变暖的信号在一定程度上相统一,印证了木质素这种良好的陆源示踪剂可以作为近年来全球变暖导致冻土融化增加的直接证据。
本研究通过对楚科奇海两根百年尺度沉积岩芯的木质素和碳同位素的研究,示踪了有机碳的来源和变化情况,结果发现楚科奇海沉积物中有机碳受到陆生C3被子植物草本组织和海洋有机质来源的影响,沉积物中木质素的绝对含量Σ8呈上升趋势,说明在全球变暖的背景下,更多的陆源物质被海冰和洋流输运到楚科奇海地区,木质素这种良好的陆源示踪剂记录了近百年以来全球变暖导致冻土有机碳加速向海迁移的直接证据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U23A203)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42076242)
  • 全球变化与海气相互作用II期(GASI-04-HYST-06)
  • 上海交通大学深蓝计划(SL2023MS019)
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2024年第46卷第9期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024112
  • 接收时间:2024-05-23
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-09-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-23
  • 修回日期:2024-05-31
  • 录用日期:2024-08-12
基金
国家自然科学基金(U23A203)
国家自然科学基金(42076242)
全球变化与海气相互作用II期(GASI-04-HYST-06)
上海交通大学深蓝计划(SL2023MS019)
作者信息
    1.自然资源部第二海洋研究所,浙江 杭州 310012
    2.自然资源部海洋生态系统动力学重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012
    3.南方海洋科学与工程广东实验室(珠海),广东 珠海 519000
    4.自然资源部第二海洋研究所 卫星海洋环境动力学国家重点实验室,浙江 杭州 310012

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*李中乔(1984—),男,副研究员,主要从事海洋生物地球化学研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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