Article(id=1200468074114700145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024053, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704902400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-11, revisedDate=1715270400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764143492486, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764143492486, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764143492486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143492486, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200468070721508125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764143491678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143656095, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=74, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200468074336998270, articleId=1200468074114700145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Assessments and analysis on simulation of high-resolution sea ice leads in the Arctic, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Sea ice leads in the Arctic, accounting for only 1%−10% area of the whole ice area, play a crucial role in the exchange of energy and moisture between the ocean and the atmosphere. Currently, the analysis of the numerical simulation of the leads mainly focuses on the spatial distribution of the occurrence frequency and the spatio-temporal variations of the lead area proportion within the cell, while few analysis concerns the simulated lead morphology (length, width and orientation). This article is based on the high-resolution (2 km) ice sea coupling model using visual plastic rheologies to simulate sea ice thickness to extract leads, and the lead morphology is compared to three MODIS lead products respectly. The results show that the spatial distribution of simulated leads occurrence frequency in Beaufort Sea is basically consistent with WH2015 and H2019 products. The number density and total length of leads with a width greater than 6 km follow the power law distribution as presented in remote sensing products, while that of the narrow (2−4 km) leads are underestimated due to limited model’s resolution. The correlation between the total length of simulated leads and remote sensed products is high in January and March, but the model fails to reproduce the trends in February and April shown in the remote sensing products. The overall orientation of the simulated leads aligns with the remote sensing products, both show that leads along the north of the Canadian archipelago and the southeast of Beaufort sea are almost parallel to the coastline and the ice drift direction, while the orientation of the simulated leads is more restricted by the continent than that of remote sensing products, and the location of the lead and ice speed turning is not consistent in the middle of the Beaufort Sea. This study highlights the capability of the state-of-the-art high-resolution sea ice-ocean coupled models in simulating various morphological characteristics of sea ice lead, and provides insights for further model improvements.

, correspAuthors=Jie Su, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Renchuan Jiang, Jie Su, Longjiang Mu), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200468077344313365, articleId=1200468074114700145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=北极高分辨率海冰冰间水道模拟评估分析, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

冰间水道只占北极冰区的1%~10%,但在海洋和大气之间的能量和水汽交换中起着重要作用。目前对冰间水道数值模拟结果的分析主要集中在水道出现频率的空间分布和水道面积占比的时空变化,而有关水道形态特征(长、宽和走向)模拟结果的分析较少。本文基于采用黏塑性流变学的高分辨率(2 km)冰海耦合模式模拟的海冰厚度来提取冰间水道,并利用3种MODIS冰间水道遥感产品进行形态特征的对比分析。分析结果显示,在波弗特海,模拟水道出现频率的空间分布与WH2015和H2019两种遥感产品基本一致;模拟结果中宽度大于6 km的水道数量概率密度和总长度符合遥感产品呈现的幂律分布规律,对2~4 km窄水道的分布受模式可解析能力限制本研究模式分辨率尚无法正确估计,存在低估;模拟水道总长度与遥感反演的结果在1月和3月相关性较好,但无法再现遥感产品中2月和4月的明显变化趋势;模拟水道和遥感产品总体走向一致,二者都显示,加拿大群岛以北和波弗特海东南部沿岸区域水道走向几乎与海岸线和冰速方向平行,模拟水道受陆地阻隔的影响更大,在波弗特海中部冰间水道和冰速发生转向的位置不一致。本研究揭示了当前高分辨率海冰模式对不同冰间水道形态特征的模拟能力的符合程度及不足之处,将有助于进一步的模式改进。

, correspAuthors=苏洁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*苏洁(1966—),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=eeMNwYEGHLXcO5sjMkT5zw==, magXml=pJXRsfAsfA5+JRtlLyyvkQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RaFFoaojyX0y3n0c39HDVg==, pdfFileSize=22259810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ZD/ZqkzDvN8TH3bpuBW5JA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5MvzIiOd7FVh6fzGJWae9w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

蒋仁川(1999—),男,江苏省宿迁市人,主要从事北极冰间水道研究。E-mail:

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蒋仁川(1999—),男,江苏省宿迁市人,主要从事北极冰间水道研究。E-mail:

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蒋仁川(1999—),男,江苏省宿迁市人,主要从事北极冰间水道研究。E-mail:

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the area fraction of simulated lead and remote sensing products extracted with different threshold schemes in Arctic winter (January to April) from 2006 to 2019 (e), figureFileSmall=TK6BJgogYO4QhF/2lRmZMg==, figureFileBig=b5RVhNNagpI/ygCvCaRhdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860820482674857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2009年1月4日不同阈值提取模拟水道结果(a、b、c),2009年1月4日模拟海冰厚度(d),2006年至2019年北极冬季(1月至4月)不同阈值方案提取的模拟水道面积比例和遥感产品的年际变化(e), figureFileSmall=TK6BJgogYO4QhF/2lRmZMg==, figureFileBig=b5RVhNNagpI/ygCvCaRhdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860820621086892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=The frequency of sea ice lead for simulation results and three satellite remote sensing products in the Arctic winter from 2009 to 2015 and difference field between simulation results and remote sensing 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articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=The seasonal and interannual variations of the winter lead total length for simulation results and three satellite remote sensing products, figureFileSmall=iP1MxRIFk8Ttw+guCrFFxw==, figureFileBig=TP4FpBnU0pR8/oasykRQfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821577388230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2006−2019年波弗特海冬季模拟结果及3种卫星遥感产品冰间水道总长度季节和年际变化, figureFileSmall=iP1MxRIFk8Ttw+guCrFFxw==, figureFileBig=TP4FpBnU0pR8/oasykRQfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821669662923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=The total length of winter lead of each width for simulation results and three satellite remote sensing products in Beaufort Sea from 2006 to 2019, figureFileSmall=svDAZFZCEvLF1etfpmFaOw==, figureFileBig=spXlpvbO/1dZ/twwOIzprA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821808074959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2006−2019年波弗特海冬季模拟结果及3种卫星遥感产品各水道宽度的总长度分布, figureFileSmall=svDAZFZCEvLF1etfpmFaOw==, figureFileBig=spXlpvbO/1dZ/twwOIzprA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821887766737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Annual average frequency distribution of lead orientation in the Beaufort Sea from 2006 to 2015, figureFileSmall=OB8j7j4s22lLJSzgIojczQ==, figureFileBig=A/cpzkvVGHK0m9sfWsMymQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822076510421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图9, caption=波弗特海2006−2015年冰间水道走向年平均频率分布, figureFileSmall=OB8j7j4s22lLJSzgIojczQ==, figureFileBig=A/cpzkvVGHK0m9sfWsMymQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822256865498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=The average lead orientation of simulation results and three remote sensing products from 2009 to 2015, figureFileSmall=an8qK4pR3eksOq68ssf+0Q==, figureFileBig=0HP9ApzcPjGFPHbLAZ7INw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822386888926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图10, caption=2009−2015年模拟结果及3种遥感产品的冰间水道平均走向, figureFileSmall=an8qK4pR3eksOq68ssf+0Q==, figureFileBig=0HP9ApzcPjGFPHbLAZ7INw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822600798435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=The spatial distribution of the angle between lead orientation and ice velocity direction for simulation results and the remote sensing products from 2010 to 2015, figureFileSmall=NU8T/ydoUOsg2G3ynJOmlg==, figureFileBig=C0yjv1eIJmUZ24Ne6+d1Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822688878824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图11, caption=2010−2015年模拟结果与遥感产品水道走向与冰速方向夹角的空间分布, figureFileSmall=NU8T/ydoUOsg2G3ynJOmlg==, figureFileBig=C0yjv1eIJmUZ24Ne6+d1Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822785347820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Distribution characteristics of lead morphology extracted by different thresholds in simulated ice thickness fields from 2006 to 2019, figureFileSmall=7yucFEGe/FIqIIQjvS8cSA==, figureFileBig=SgOIcgolEnoxvPsB2qaVIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860822919565548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=图12, caption=2006−2019年模拟冰厚场中不同阈值提取的水道形态分布特征, figureFileSmall=7yucFEGe/FIqIIQjvS8cSA==, figureFileBig=SgOIcgolEnoxvPsB2qaVIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860823116697840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The exponent n of the power-law distribution ${{N}} = m{x^{ - n}}$ of simulation results and remote sensing products for sea ice lead

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品冬季月份
1234
模拟1.501.541.811.741.52
WH20151.571.641.671.641.51
H20191.431.461.451.431.43
), ArticleFig(id=1200860823343190259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟结果和遥感产品冰间水道幂律分布$ \mathit{{N}}=mx^{-n} $的指数n

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品冬季月份
1234
模拟1.501.541.811.741.52
WH20151.571.641.671.641.51
H20191.431.461.451.431.43
), ArticleFig(id=1200860824454680823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The statistical results and correlation coefficients of average lead width (in kilometers) for simulation results and remote sensing products from 2006 to 2019 (in kilometers)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品评价指标冬季月份
1234
模拟平均6.096.145.766.006.46
标准差0.680.690.991.391.12
WH2015平均2.322.262.252.302.46
标准差0.190.200.170.300.34
Pearson相关系数0.580.540.150.750.15
H2019平均2.092.032.082.102.15
标准差0.090.100.120.130.16
Pearson相关系数0.340.330.290.250.10
H2022平均6.796.746.776.896.76
标准差0.300.490.630.710.50
Pearson相关系数0.07−0.09−0.020.47−0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1200860824555344123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2006−2019年模拟结果和遥感产品冰间水道平均宽度统计结果(单位:km)及相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品评价指标冬季月份
1234
模拟平均6.096.145.766.006.46
标准差0.680.690.991.391.12
WH2015平均2.322.262.252.302.46
标准差0.190.200.170.300.34
Pearson相关系数0.580.540.150.750.15
H2019平均2.092.032.082.102.15
标准差0.090.100.120.130.16
Pearson相关系数0.340.330.290.250.10
H2022平均6.796.746.776.896.76
标准差0.300.490.630.710.50
Pearson相关系数0.07−0.09−0.020.47−0.40
), ArticleFig(id=1200860824681173247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Pearson correlation coefficient matrix of lead total length between simulation results and remote sensing product

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份WH2015H2019H2022
10.420.50*0.19
20.290.370.13
30.540.61*0.46
40.430.13−0.16
总计0.340.33−0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1200860824802808066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468074114700145, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模拟结果和遥感产品水道总长度的Pearson相关系数矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
月份WH2015H2019H2022
10.420.50*0.19
20.290.370.13
30.540.61*0.46
40.430.13−0.16
总计0.340.33−0.03
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北极高分辨率海冰冰间水道模拟评估分析
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蒋仁川 1 , 苏洁 1, 2, 3, * , 牟龙江 4
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(8): 74-88
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(8): 74-88
北极高分辨率海冰冰间水道模拟评估分析
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蒋仁川1 , 苏洁1, 2, 3, * , 牟龙江4
作者信息
  • 1.中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
  • 2.中国海洋大学 深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心/物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 3.中国高校极地联合研究中心,北京 100875
  • 4.崂山实验室,山东 青岛 266100
  • 蒋仁川(1999—),男,江苏省宿迁市人,主要从事北极冰间水道研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*苏洁(1966—),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
Assessments and analysis on simulation of high-resolution sea ice leads in the Arctic
Renchuan Jiang1 , Jie Su1, 2, 3, * , Longjiang Mu4
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Oceanography and Atmosphere, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 2. Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, MOE. Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
  • 3. Joint Center for Polar Research of Chinese Universities, Beijing 100875, China
  • 4. Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024053
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冰间水道只占北极冰区的1%~10%,但在海洋和大气之间的能量和水汽交换中起着重要作用。目前对冰间水道数值模拟结果的分析主要集中在水道出现频率的空间分布和水道面积占比的时空变化,而有关水道形态特征(长、宽和走向)模拟结果的分析较少。本文基于采用黏塑性流变学的高分辨率(2 km)冰海耦合模式模拟的海冰厚度来提取冰间水道,并利用3种MODIS冰间水道遥感产品进行形态特征的对比分析。分析结果显示,在波弗特海,模拟水道出现频率的空间分布与WH2015和H2019两种遥感产品基本一致;模拟结果中宽度大于6 km的水道数量概率密度和总长度符合遥感产品呈现的幂律分布规律,对2~4 km窄水道的分布受模式可解析能力限制本研究模式分辨率尚无法正确估计,存在低估;模拟水道总长度与遥感反演的结果在1月和3月相关性较好,但无法再现遥感产品中2月和4月的明显变化趋势;模拟水道和遥感产品总体走向一致,二者都显示,加拿大群岛以北和波弗特海东南部沿岸区域水道走向几乎与海岸线和冰速方向平行,模拟水道受陆地阻隔的影响更大,在波弗特海中部冰间水道和冰速发生转向的位置不一致。本研究揭示了当前高分辨率海冰模式对不同冰间水道形态特征的模拟能力的符合程度及不足之处,将有助于进一步的模式改进。

北极  /  高分辨率冰海耦合模式  /  冰间水道  /  形态特征  /  模拟评估

Sea ice leads in the Arctic, accounting for only 1%−10% area of the whole ice area, play a crucial role in the exchange of energy and moisture between the ocean and the atmosphere. Currently, the analysis of the numerical simulation of the leads mainly focuses on the spatial distribution of the occurrence frequency and the spatio-temporal variations of the lead area proportion within the cell, while few analysis concerns the simulated lead morphology (length, width and orientation). This article is based on the high-resolution (2 km) ice sea coupling model using visual plastic rheologies to simulate sea ice thickness to extract leads, and the lead morphology is compared to three MODIS lead products respectly. The results show that the spatial distribution of simulated leads occurrence frequency in Beaufort Sea is basically consistent with WH2015 and H2019 products. The number density and total length of leads with a width greater than 6 km follow the power law distribution as presented in remote sensing products, while that of the narrow (2−4 km) leads are underestimated due to limited model’s resolution. The correlation between the total length of simulated leads and remote sensed products is high in January and March, but the model fails to reproduce the trends in February and April shown in the remote sensing products. The overall orientation of the simulated leads aligns with the remote sensing products, both show that leads along the north of the Canadian archipelago and the southeast of Beaufort sea are almost parallel to the coastline and the ice drift direction, while the orientation of the simulated leads is more restricted by the continent than that of remote sensing products, and the location of the lead and ice speed turning is not consistent in the middle of the Beaufort Sea. This study highlights the capability of the state-of-the-art high-resolution sea ice-ocean coupled models in simulating various morphological characteristics of sea ice lead, and provides insights for further model improvements.

the Arctic  /  high resolution sea ice-ocean coupled model  /  sea ice lead  /  lead morphology  /  model validation
蒋仁川, 苏洁, 牟龙江. 北极高分辨率海冰冰间水道模拟评估分析. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (8) : 74 -88 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024053
Renchuan Jiang, Jie Su, Longjiang Mu. Assessments and analysis on simulation of high-resolution sea ice leads in the Arctic[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (8) : 74 -88 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024053
海冰受外力(风、海流等)和冰内应力的影响,会发生漂移、变形和破碎,因此,即使在冬季,极区的海冰也不是“铁板一块”,会形成冰间水道。在冬季,冰间水道的存在使相对温暖的海洋与相对寒冷的大气之间热量和水汽交换大大增加[1],北极中央区仅占1%面积的冰间水道向大气贡献了大约50%的湍流热通量[2]。在春夏季,由于开阔水域的反照率小于海冰的反照率,使得冰间水道吸收大量太阳短波辐射,加速了海冰融化,影响海洋热量平衡和海冰物质平衡[3]。冰间水道的形态特征能够反映海洋与大气之间的物质能量交换的强度[4],影响着水道表面的湍流热通量[5]。因此,冰间水道的形态及空间分布的准确刻画对研究北极的海冰变化和气候变化具有重要意义。
冰间水道被定义为冰场的线状开阔水域[6],而在海冰遥感中,由于像元分辨率的限制和混合像元的存在,反演得到的冰间水道也包括了重冻结的薄冰[7]。冰间水道宽度的数量概率密度符合幂律分布[8],冰间水道由海冰受风、洋流和冰内应力共同作用产生,所以水道的走向能够反映海冰的运动特征。在北冰洋大部分区域水道都具有占主导的方向分布,每年水道走向几乎一致[79]。波弗特流涡的存在使得波弗特海的水道走向每年以相同的模态出现[911]
冰间水道的观测主要依据光学、热红外、微波和合成孔径雷达(synthetic aperture radar,SAR)等传感器。由于中等分辨率热红外波段较光学和合成孔径雷达数据具有重访频率高和覆盖范围广的特点,且比微波传感器具有更高分辨率,因此,更适合长时间监测大范围区域的冰间水道。Lindsay和Rothrock[8]提出基于冰温异常和反射率异常方法提取冰间水道;Willmes和Heinemann[12]利用此方法发布了基于MODIS数据的北极冬季水道产品(后文简称为WH2015),但使用的MODIS云掩膜产品会把部分水道误判为云,会低估水道数量;Hoffman等[9]解决了水道误判为云的问题,发布了基于MODIS数据的北极冬季水道产品(后文简称为H2019)。近些年,由于深度学习的快速发展,该方法也越来越多的被用来提取北极的冰间水道。Hoffman等[13-14] 基于中分辨率MODIS和VIIRS亮温数据,利用Unet神经网络方法提取了全北极的冰间水道(后文简称为H2022)。在方法不断改进和发展的过程中,不断有新的冰间水道产品发布,但不同的水道产品之间的差别极大。
北极冰间水道的模式研究以海冰的线性运动特征(linear kinematic features,LKFs)为主,即海冰辐合形成的冰脊与辐散形成的冰间水道。许多研究表明,如黏−塑流变学(V-P)和弹−黏−塑(E-V-P)流变学等传统海冰模式的流变学框架在粗分辨率下无法很好地模拟北极海冰的线性运动特征[15-16],这归因于冰间力学特性没有得到有效刻画[16]。在高分辨率模式中,Hutter等[17]研究表明空间分辨率1 km的V-P海冰模式可模拟观测数据RGPS(RADARSAT Geophysical Processor System)中许多的线性运动特征的统计分布;Wang等[18]利用空间分辨率4.5 km的E-V-P海冰模式再现了卫星观测到的冰间水道的大面特征,包括了水道的空间分布和季节变化特征。还有部分学者探究新型的流变学框架[19-20],如弹−脆(E-B)流变学框架来模拟海冰的线性运动特征[21]
从模式数据中提取冰间水道的方法主要有两种,分别为从海冰变形场中提取水道的标度分析法[16-17]和从海冰厚度场中提取水道的阈值提取法[18]。对模拟冰间水道的评估分析多集中在水道的空间分布[18],而对模拟水道的形态特征(包括水道的长、宽和走向等)评估较少。前人对水道形态特征的评估则是以空间分辨率为10 km的RGPS形变数据进行,评估数据空间分辨率比模式数据大得多[22-23],且关注的是水道个体长度和水道走向,忽略了水道的宽度,而水道宽度与水道表面湍流热通量有较大关系[2427]。因此,为了评估分析高分辨率模式模拟冰间水道的准确性,本文选取多个空间分辨率为1~1.5 km卫星遥感冰间水道数据集,从水道形态特征等方面对其进行验证评估,其中水道数据集既用于对比验证,也进行了相互比较。
北极区域高分辨率冰海耦合模式基于MITgcm 通用大洋环流模型配置[2328]。水平方向为C网格,采用正交曲线坐标系,分辨率约为2 km。在太平洋一侧,模型的边界位于白令海外缘,在大西洋一侧开边界为格陵兰岛南部。垂直方向使用z坐标设有16层,在北冰洋主盐跃层以上加密。模型采用有限体积法,水平方向为滑动边界条件,底摩擦为流速平方的函数。使用KPP方案用来参数化等密集度面的垂向混合。垂向涡黏性项和扩散项采用隐格式处理,动量方程水平黏性项利用改进的双调和Leith 方案。温盐方程平流项的处理使用了7阶的保单调差分格式。考虑到北冰洋内部较弱的水平扩散,显式的水平扩散系数取为0。海冰模型建构在C 网格之上,在热力学上采用零层模式,海冰厚度热力学分类设为7种。动力学采用V-P流变学,使用LSR算法求解离散后的海冰动量差分方程。海洋开边界由墨卡托中心GLORYS12V1全球高分辨率模式的多年温盐流分析场获取。为提高模式模拟能力,减小高分辨率海冰−海洋模型存在的模拟误差,基于客观调优的切线性方法提高了此高分辨率模式的模拟能力。大气强迫场采用日本气象厅JRA55-do再分析数据,水平分辨率约为55 km,时间分辨率为3 h。模式从2006年积分到2019年,海冰输出变量为日平均。本项研究中采用的是黏塑性流变学,冰间应力$ \sigma=\sigma\left(\dot{\varepsilon},P\right) $,其中$ \dot{\varepsilon} $为应变率,$P$刻画了海冰强度,因此海冰强度对冰间应力的大小起关键作用。
冰海耦合数值模式的初始场不必显含冰间水道,因随数值模式启动,在2~4周的时间内,冰间水道会产生、发展,根据风场变化及热力学造成的海冰生消,水道会再次闭合。由于数值模式采用了黏塑性流变学,因此产生冰间水道的主要原因是海冰内应力达到屈服曲线后发生的海冰断裂。冰间水道的模拟能力主要受模型的水平分辨率影响,其次受制于流变学的具体形式如弹塑性、黏塑性、弹黏塑性、弹脆性等本构关系及不同屈服曲线,同时冰间应力参数化、海冰热力学等多方面均会产生相应作用。
目前对于冰间水道的研究一般在统计意义开展,对于大尺度如百千米长度上的冰间水道,讨论其具体位置和发生时间才具有比较意义。从目前已有研究来看,如何评估模型的模拟能力一般从两个尺度上开展,在小尺度上统计意义上与观测具有可比性;针对大尺度冰间水道对比验证其模拟能力。
目前,公开发布的基于MODIS北极冰间水道数据产品有3种。
(1)WH2015北极冰间水道数据集的空间分辨率约为1.5 km,时间范围为2003年到2015年每年的1月至4月[12]。使用MODISMOD29/MYD29 冰温产品,算法原理为根据冰间水道和海冰之间的温度差异,使用迭代阈值来识别和提取北极冰间水道。该算法每个像元减去其相邻的 51 × 51 像元的中值温度,得到表面温度异常值,对温度异常图像应用阈值分割得到水道像元和海冰像元。
(2)威斯康星大学空间科学和工程中心发布的H2019水道数据集的空间分辨率为1 km,时间范围为2002到2020年每年的10月至次年4月[9]。该产品的算法是在 WH2015反演算法的基础上,使用MODIS中入射角小于 30°的热红外31波段的亮温数据,采用 Fraser 等[29]提出的基于MOD35/MYD35云掩膜产品改进算法,使用1.5 K的固定阈值来识别可能的水道像元。
(3)H2022水道数据集空间分辨率为1 km,时间范围为2002年到2022年每年的11月至次年4月[14]。该产品的主要算法为基于一种特殊的卷积神经网络Unet,使用MODIS热红外数据,通过人工识别的水道当做训练集训练模型,提取北极的水道像元。
图1给出了2009年4月4日3种遥感产品的水道分布,其中H2022产品的水道宽度是明显大于WH2015和H2019产品。为了与模式数据进行比较,卫星数据选取时间范围为2006年至2019年每年的1月至4月。
本文使用了两种冰速遥感产品,包括了美国国家冰雪中心发布的Pathfinder产品,该产品时间范围为1978−2021年,空间分辨率为25 km,时间分辨率为1 d。另一产品为欧洲气象卫星中心下属的海洋与冰遥感分部(EMUSAT/OSISAF)发布的低分辨率全北极冰速产品,时间范围为2009年12月至今的10月至4月,空间分辨率为62.5 km,时间分辨率为2 d。这两种冰速产品用来计算冰速方向和水道走向的夹角,以对比模拟结果和遥感产品水道走向的空间分布。
冰间水道的形态特征包括了长度、宽度、走向等。目前最常用的冰间水道形态特征提取方法是最大阔度法和霍夫变换,其中霍夫变换只能提取水道走向和长度无法获取水道宽度,本文采用的是最大阔度法[827]。如图2利用正交系截取水道获得阔度,并选择最小的阔度作为水道宽度,其中${x_1}$${x_2}$为截取的阔度。在提取水道形态特征时遍历每个水道像元,以经线为零度线,每10°为一间隔,以逆时针方向遍历整个水道分布图,把最小阔度定义为水道像元宽度,把最大阔度的方向定义为水道像元走向。
通过对水道像元宽度的统计,Qu等[27]基于随机截线截取水道宽度方法[826]提出利用研究区域内一定宽度${X_i} = {a_0}i$,(i = 1,2,3,···)冰间水道的总长度${L_i}$来取代水道宽度幂律分布函数中的数量密度,即:
$ {L}_{i}= \frac{{a}_{0}^{2}{N}_{i}}{{X}_{i}}=\frac{{a}_{0}{N}_{i}}{i}, $
式中,${a_0}$为图像的像元分辨率,下标i为像元个数,${N_i}$是测得水道宽度为${X_i}$的冰间水道像元的总个数。Qu等[27]基于水道总长度${L_i}$进一步计算研究区域内的平均水道宽度:
$ {x}_{{\mathrm{mean}}}= \frac{S}{L}=\frac{S}{\sum {L}_{i}}, $
式中,S为研究区域内冰间水道的总面积,L为不同宽度水道的总长度。
图3d为2009年1月4日高分辨率模拟数据的海冰厚度,可以清晰的观察到众多较小的海冰线性运动特征。目前从模式数据中提取冰间水道的方法主要有基于海冰形变的标度分析方法[17]和阈值提取法[18]。本文使用阈值提取法,对比阈值法提取的冰间水道和海冰厚度场线性运动特征的差别,5%阈值提取的水道明显多于海冰厚度场中的海冰线性运动特征,15%阈值提取的水道明显较少(图3)。为了减少运算量,这里将冰间水道定义为比周围海冰薄5%、10%、15%的像元,图3ab为利用5%和10%阈值从海冰厚度中提取的冰间水道分布,比15%阈值(图3c)可以更多的捕捉到海冰厚度场中视觉上较为明显的线状特征。阈值越小水道冰厚和周围海冰冰厚的差异越小,阈值减小的过程,就是水道提取结果从水道中心向边缘扩展和发现新水道的过程。
先根据5%、10%、15%不同阈值从每日模拟冰厚提取每日冰间水道,再统计北极冬季平均冰间水道面积比例与遥感产品进行比较(图3e),为增加各数据的可比性,这里选择的是70°~85°N之间且海冰密集度大于15%的区域,水道面积比例是水道面积与海冰面积的比值,所用的海冰密集度是模式模拟的海冰密集度(2 km)和NSIDC逐日海冰密集度(25 km)。从水道面积比例的时间变化可以看到不同阈值的3条折线的年际变化类似,不同阈值之间的相关系数分别为0.94、0.95和0.78,这说明模拟水道面积比例的年际变化并不依赖于所选取的阈值大小,因此阈值的选取对后续水道的年际变化研究影响不大,但会影响到模式模拟的定量评估。与遥感产品相比,10%阈值提取的水道面积比例与WH2015和H2022结果相近,由于H2019严格的水道筛选步骤丢失大量窄水道,使其水道面积比例较小。综上所述,本文暂取10%阈值对模拟冰厚提取冰间水道进行评估分析。
为研究高分辨率模拟结果和遥感产品冰间水道在空间分布上的差异,本研究分别计算了两者2009−2015年北极冬季冰间水道出现频率及它们之间的差值场(见图4)。模拟结果与WH2015和H2019结果在分布上总体一致,在格陵兰海西部、巴伦支海北部、喀拉海、波弗特海和巴芬湾冰间水道出现概率较高,格陵兰岛以北和拉普捷夫海靠近海岸区域的边缘海为冰间水道的多发地。与WH2015结果相比,模拟结果在格陵兰海西部和波弗特海水道出现频率偏多,在巴伦支海北部和喀拉海偏少;与H2019结果相比,模拟结果整体上偏高,这与H2019识别水道步骤的严格有关,这使其丢失大量小水道和不连续水道,使得水道频率普遍偏小。
模拟结果与H2022结果相比,呈现出中部区域偏小,大西洋扇区边缘冰区偏大的分布。与其他两种遥感结果相比,H2022结果在北冰洋中部区域冰间水道出现概率明显偏高,在大西洋扇区的边缘区则明显偏低。H2022结果是以神经网络方法识别水道,该方法能识别部分云下水道,且在北极中央区识别水道较好,但识别性能在边缘冰区大幅下降,使得连续冰区水道概率较高而边缘冰区水道概率较低。总体来看,在北冰洋沿岸区域模拟结果水道出现频率普遍大于遥感产品,但在大西洋扇区的冰外缘线附近,与3个产品的偏差是不一致的。
由于波弗特流涡的影响,在波弗特海每年都会出现相似的冰间水道模态,这有利于将模拟结果与遥感产品进行对比分析。这里采用最大阔度法识别波弗特海冰间水道的长、宽、走向等形态特征,时间范围为2006年至2019年每年的1月到4月。
由于波弗特流涡的影响,在波弗特海每年都会出现相似的冰间水道模态,这有利于将模拟结果与遥感产品进行对比分析。这里采用最大阔度法识别波弗特海冰间水道的长、宽、走向等形态特征,时间范围为2006年至2019年每年的1月到4月。
以往研究指出,水道宽度的数量概率密度符合幂律分布:${{N}} = m{x^{ - n}}$N为每增加单位宽度的水道的数量密度,指数n表示从宽水道至窄水道的单位宽度区间水道出现频率的变化程度,即宽水道和窄水道比例的相对大小[27]n只和空间分辨率有关,在目前遥感分辨率尺度下,空间分辨率越高n越大[82627]图5a给出了以各数据结果网格分辨率为单位的年均冰间水道宽度分布,“1”对应水道宽度为1个网格的情况。其中,只有WH2015符合幂律分布。
为减小数据分辨率的影响,图5b中将所有遥感产品插值到数值模式网格(分辨率2 km)。表1统计数据显示,WH2015和H2019结果符合幂律分布,指数n分别为1.57和1.43。使用Unet算法的H2022水道产品分布完全不符合幂律分布,且大大高估了较宽的水道数量(图5ab)。由图5b可见,6 km以上的水道模拟结果符合幂律分布,x以6 km为起点拟合得到n为1.5(表1)。由于模式本身是2 km,在欧拉计算方式下是无法正确模拟出2 km和4 km的水道的,因此,模拟结果大大低估了2 km和4 km宽度的水道数量。
图6为2006−2019年模拟结果和遥感产品平均宽度的年际变化,表2为平均宽度的统计结果。模拟水道平均宽度与H2022相近,远大于WH2015和H2019的水道宽度。年际变化与WH2015和H2019的相关系数较高(0.58;0.33),与H2022的年际变化相关性差(0.07)。
表2也给出了模拟结果和遥感产品2006−2019年1月至4月水道平均宽度的年际变化的均值、标准差及相关系数。对比模拟结果和遥感产品可以得到,在3月和4月各数据的水道平均宽度的均值和标准差普遍大于1月和2月。模拟结果与WH2015和H2019相关性较好,与H2022相关性较差。
Key等[30]研究表明,当空间分辨率降低时,窄水道的检测难度就会上升,从遥感影像中消失,导致水道的平均宽度增加。图6中,遥感产品水道宽度大小:H2019 < WH2015 < H2022,空间分辨率对应为1 km、1.5 km和1 km,这不符Key等[30]结论。H2022结果的平均宽度为6.79 km,远宽于其他两种遥感产品。虽然3种遥感产品原始数据都为MODIS数据,且分辨率相差不大,但由于H2022产品采用的Unet算法较传统算法能够识别更多的潜在水道[13-14],合成每日产品更容易受到海冰运动和水道位移的影响,可能会导致该产品极大的高估水道的宽度(图1)。模拟结果与H2022结果更相近,原因同前文所述,模式分辨率限制了窄水道的判识。
水道总长度可以作为衡量冰间水道尺度变异及季节和年际变化的指标[2731]。我们统计了2006年至2019年冰间水道总长度年际变化(图7)和各产品间的相关系数(表3),1至4月模拟结果与3种遥感产品的相关性分别为0.29~0.54、0.13~0.61和0.16~0.46,其中1月、3月相关性较好,2月、4月相关性较差。2013年2月波弗特海出现了一次著名的由强风暴引起的海冰破碎事件,导致波弗特海的冰间水道增多[32]。在图6图7中,2013年3月模拟冰间水道的平均宽度和总长度都有明显增加,这表明模拟结果很好地再现了这一突发事件。
模拟结果的水道总长度较遥感产品低,其中部分差异是由它们之间空间分辨率不同所导致的。图7b1b6是遥感产品插值到模拟数据2 km的结果。在模型网格上,遥感产品的水道总长度是模拟结果的2.28倍、1.72倍和2.69倍。然而水道遥感产品和模拟结果的评估完全取决于分辨率以及模型对水道的解析尺度。而模式的分辨率并不等价于模型的水道解析尺度。因此该指标有一定的局限性,但模式对水道总长度模拟能力仍有待提高。
在2006年至2019年期间,模拟结果和3种遥感产品冬季冰间水道总长度没有明显的年际变化趋势。3种遥感产品水道总长度在2月有明显的下降趋势而模拟结果没有明显趋势,4月有明显上升趋势,模拟结果水道总长度的变化趋势并不显著。
对应各水道宽度的总长度类似数量概率密度也符合幂律分布,这与Qu等[27]的研究结果一致。如图8所示,插值前后WH2015和H2019结果都符合幂律分布,H2022结果完全不符合,模拟结果仍低估了窄水道的总长度,与前面4.2.1节的结论一致。
根据最大阔度法分别统计了2006−2015年模拟结果和遥感产品波弗特海的冰间水道走向(图9)。可以看出,模拟结果和遥感产品水道走向都以西北和东南方向为主,并且这一方向与加拿大北极群岛西海岸平行(图1),波弗特海冰间水道走向是由于海岸线限制了法向应力剪切。模拟结果能够较好地再现遥感产品水道总体走向的这一特点,但比较而言,水道主轴方向不如WH2015和H2019那么集中,年际变化较大。H2022数据的水道走向主轴则相对偏西。与遥感产品相比,模拟结果的水道走向数量概率密度年际变化较大。
海冰运动与冰间水道的走向存在关联,Schulson和Hibler[33]依据经验推测水道走向与海冰运动方向是垂直的,屈猛[7]的结果显示波弗特海水道走向和海冰运动方向的夹角在60°左右,主要与冰内应力和海岸阻隔有关。图10给出了波弗特海2009−2015年的模拟结果和遥感产品中冰间水道平均走向以及水道出现次数统计,并且显示了水道走向与模拟冰速和PolarPathfinder冰速方向的夹角。水道走向的标准差依据Bröhan等[6]提出的方法计算得到。
图10所示,在加拿大北极群岛以北,模拟结果和遥感产品水道出现次数都较多,水道走向几乎与海岸线平行且几乎与冰速方向平行,两者的水道走向空间分布几乎一致,但模拟结果的标准偏差较大;而在波弗特海西部模拟与遥感数据呈现的水道出现次数均较少。
模拟结果和遥感产品水道走向与冰速方向夹角的空间分布基本一致,模拟结果的夹角偏小,整个海区平均而言,模拟结果的水道走向与模拟冰速方向平均夹角为25°,小于遥感产品的40°。在加拿大北极群岛以北和波弗特海东南部沿岸区域,模拟结果水道走向与模拟冰速方向夹角小于20°的区域比遥感产品更广,具有更多与岸线平行的水道,这是由于模式中更强的海冰法向应力导致。在波弗特海中部班克斯岛以西也有夹角小于20°的区域,该区域是冰速发生转向的位置,水道走向也随之调整,由于二者转向位置在空间上略有差异造成此处夹角较小。
为明确不同遥感数据产品的影响,我们进一步选择了另一套冰速遥感数据进行水道走向与冰速方向的夹角的分析比较。图11显示,无论使用Pathfinder冰速数据还是OSISAF冰速数据,加拿大群岛以北和波弗特海中部两个区域的水道走向与冰速方向夹角小于20°的情况都同样存在。使用相同冰速产品时,模式水道和遥感产品夹角分布基本一致;使用不同冰速产品,夹角分布差别较大。
本文对模拟冰厚采取阈值法进行冰间水道提取,阈值的选取对结果有直接影响。10%阈值的选取主要参照模拟水道面积比例与遥感数据的一致性。图3表明,海冰厚度改变5%的阈值,会导致水道面积相差40%~80%;但3.2节中只做了阈值对水道面积比例的影响,那么,阈值选取对水道形态特征的影响如何?图12给出了不同阈值提取的水道形态特征。结果指出,不同阈值并不会改变模拟水道宽度的数量概率密度分布,模拟的冰间水道依然极大低估了窄水道数量(图12a),不同阈值模拟水道平均宽度的年平均分别为5.8 km、6.1 km和6.6 km,会对定量研究产生一定的影响(图12b)。由于冰间水道的总长度是由冰间水道的面积和冰间水道的平均宽度计算得到,当不同阈值影响面积比例时就会影响水道的总长度的定量比较,但对变化趋势影响不大(图12c)。阈值的变化可能会导致一些水道的消失,但波弗特海的总体水道走向不会改变(图12d)。
5%到15%阈值的过程中,提取水道的阈值变得更严厉,水道宽度会逐渐变窄,窄水道可能消失。水道宽度减小的过程中,单个水道的走向和长度是不变的,水道的消失会影响到水道走向的数量概率密度和总长度。图12a显示,随着阈值的增大,6~20 km宽度的水道数量概率密度在减小,2~4 km水道数量概率密度在增加,表明消失的窄水道数量少于从宽水道变为窄水道的数量。图12bc给出了不同阈值下水道平均宽度和总长度的变化过程,随着阈值增加,这两个参量都明显减小,1月至4月阈值选取导致的平均宽度的差值逐渐减小;当阈值为5%时,水道总长度的年际变化远大于其他阈值的情形。图12d显示,随着阈值的增大,0°~50°水道数量概率密度在减小,100°~150°在变大,这表明阈值的增加有利于图9a中模拟水道走向主轴方向的集中和稳定。
模拟冰厚提取冰间水道的阈值会对定量研究产生影响,不会影响到水道宽度、长度、走向的变化趋势。虽然10%对水道面积比例来说是与遥感产品最吻合的,但模拟结果冰间水道的总长度是远小于遥感产品的,图12c图7显示,阈值5%时,模拟结果水道总长度与遥感产品最符合,这表明需要进一步对冰间水道形态特征进行对比评估,从而提出能够统一不同产品尺度的指标。
海冰线性运动特征不一定就是水道,也包括冰脊的信息及冰厚水平梯度差异产生的“伪水道”。本文在利用模拟冰厚结果提取的冰间水道时,利用比周围冰厚小的判据,因此,肯定是不包含冰脊的信息的。至于,冰厚水平梯度差异产生的“伪水道”,的确会使由模拟冰厚结果判断的水道比实际偏多。因此,设定了3种阈值以讨论不确定性。
基于遥感数据反演冰间水道,每景图像都会去掉云遮掩的区域,即使每日合成会减小云的影响,但仍然会低估水道比例。Hoffman等[14]研究表明,近些年北极的云量不断上升,虽然遥感数据表明水道比例的年际变化趋势不明显,但实际情况可能是水道比例在不断上升。而基于模拟冰厚提取冰间水道并不受云的影响。
虽然模式空间分辨率是2 km,在利用阈值判识时,会得到2 km宽的水道,但模式能够模拟出的最窄水道是大于2 km的,这是数值算法决定的,是欧拉观点下必然会出现的情况。因此本文在评估模拟结果时,呈现为2 km的水道宽度并不是物理意义下的,这也会一定程度地影响到定量评估。
本文利用阈值提取法检索了2 km的高分辨率模式模拟的冰间水道,并与3种空间分辨率为1~1.5 km的遥感产品进行对比分析。基于最大阔度法提取冰间水道的形态特征(包括水道的长、宽和走向),来评估高分辨率模式在冰间水道形态特征方面的模拟能力。
模拟冰间水道的全北极空间分布与WH2015和H2019遥感产品的空间分布大体一致。冰间水道的出现频率较高的海区基本一致。与WH2015相比,模拟结果在北冰洋沿岸区域偏高,在大西洋扇区冰外缘线附近明显偏低;与H2019相比,模拟结果整体偏高;与H2022相比,模拟结果在北极中央区偏低,在冰边缘区偏高。模拟冰间水道的出现频率在靠近海岸的边缘冰区普遍高于遥感产品。
在波弗特海,由于模式分辨率的限制,模拟结果较遥感产品极大低估了窄水道的数量,但6 km以上的的各类水道宽度的数量概率密度与总长度是符合幂律分布的。模拟结果没有再现遥感产品中冰间水道总长度2月和4月的年际变化趋势,表明模式对水道总长度的年际变化趋势的模拟能力有待提高。
波弗特海模拟水道总体走向以西北−东南方向为主,与遥感产品一致,但是其年际变化比遥感产品大。模拟水道走向与冰速方向平均夹角为25°,小于遥感产品的40°,加拿大群岛以北和波弗特海中部存在夹角小于20°的条带区域,这与遥感产品一致。加拿大群岛以北和波弗特海东南部沿岸区域,海岸的阻隔会形成较多与岸线平行的水道,使水道走向与冰速方向夹角较小,模式受影响更大;波弗特海中部区域,冰速方向和水道走向转向位置不同,使两者夹角较小。
  • 崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202202300)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176235)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42076228)
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2024年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024053
  • 接收时间:2024-01-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-11
  • 修回日期:2024-05-10
基金
崂山实验室科技创新项目(LSKJ202202300)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42176235)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42076228)
作者信息
    1.中国海洋大学 海洋与大气学院,山东 青岛 266100
    2.中国海洋大学 深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心/物理海洋教育部重点实验室,山东 青岛 266100
    3.中国高校极地联合研究中心,北京 100875
    4.崂山实验室,山东 青岛 266100

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*苏洁(1966—),女,山东省青岛市人,教授, 主要从事海冰热力学、海冰遥感及数值模拟方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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