Article(id=1200468073615585458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024071, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699372800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-08, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764143492368, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764143492368, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764143492368, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143492368, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200468070721508125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764143491678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143656095, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200468073888215221, articleId=1200468073615585458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and causal relationship of the Kuroshio path south of Japan based on complex empirical orthogonal functions, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The analysis of the changes in the path of the Kuroshio south of Japan has always been a hot topic. Previous studies have pointed out that the changes in the Kuroshio path south of Japan are influenced by various factors, such as upstream transport, mesoscale eddies, climate signals etc. However, the causal relationship between these influencing factors is not fully understood. The paper first obtains the time series of the Kuroshio path south of Japan based on the 50 year (1958−2007) China Ocean Reanalysis dataset (CORA) and 14 year (2008−2021) satellite altimeter data, and uses the Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis method to analyze its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show that the first two main modes obtained by CEOF analysis can describe the main characteristics of the space-time variation of the Kuroshio path in the south of Japan and represent the related eastward and westward signals, respectively. Furthermore, the causal analysis results based on information flow theory indicate that: on the one hand, PDO affects the eddy kinetic energy in the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) region through changes in wind stress, thus affecting the changes of Kuroshio transport in the Tokara Strait, and then has a direct impact on the eastward signal, and finally affects the changes of the Kuroshio path in the southern region of Japan. On the other hand, the eddy kinetic energy of the Kuroshio extension is influenced by the NPGO signal, which affects the westward movement of the mesoscale eddies in the region, thereby directly affecting the westward signal and ultimately affecting the Kuroshio path changes in the region south of Japan. In addition, the experimental results also indicate that the relative vorticity and recirculation gyre strength in the southern region of Japan are responses to the changes in the Kuroshio path, rather than factors affecting the changes in the Kuroshio path.

, correspAuthors=Xiaobo Wu, Guijun Han, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Haiyang Xuebao, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zenghua Ji, Xiaobo Wu, Wei Li, Lige Cao, Mengmeng Zhang, Wanqiu Dong, Guijun Han), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200468076937474318, articleId=1200468073615585458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=CN, title=基于复经验正交函数的日本以南黑潮路径时空变化特征及其因果关系研究, columnId=1149698756456657529, journalTitle=海洋学报, columnName=论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

日本以南黑潮路径变化的相关分析一直是热点之一。过去的研究指出日本以南黑潮路径变化受到多种因素的影响,如上游流量、中尺度涡旋、气候信号等。然而,关于这些影响因素之间的相互因果关系尚不完全清楚。本文基于50a(1958−2007年)中国海洋再分析数据集(CORA)和14a(2008−2021年)卫星高度计资料,获取了日本以南黑潮路径时间序列,并利用复经验正交函数(CEOF)分析方法对其进行时空特征分析。结果表明,经CEOF分析获取的前两个主模态可以描述日本以南黑潮路径时空变化的主要特征,且分别代表与之相关的东传和西传信号。进一步地,基于信息流理论的因果分析结果表明:一方面,太平洋十年涛动(PDO)通过风应力的变化影响副热带逆流(STCC)区域的涡旋活动,从而影响吐噶喇海峡的黑潮输运变化,进而对东传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南海域的黑潮路径变化;另一方面,黑潮延伸体的涡旋活动受到北太平洋涡旋振荡(NPGO)的影响,促使该区域的中尺度涡旋向西移动,进而对西传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南海域的黑潮路径变化。此外,分析结果还表明:日本以南海域的相对涡度和再循环流强度变化是对黑潮路径变化的响应,而非影响黑潮路径变化的因素。

, correspAuthors=武晓博, 韩桂军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*武晓博(1995—),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《海洋学报》编辑部 2024, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=koe+WJmKwRxBfi7o13dgQw==, magXml=BOchXv7rpapliTJmO9fHtQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=h78KtrsR7ykj76CZS43bgw==, pdfFileSize=2274918, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=JE39KV0A+L7hRK9YS/jk8A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=lUS9sxSB8gCBRjKkpb1nAw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

纪增华(1999—),男,黑龙江省大庆市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:

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纪增华(1999—),男,黑龙江省大庆市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:

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Contribution rate of the first 3 modes of CEOF

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模态模态方差贡献率/%模态累积方差贡献率/%
153.0353.03
223.4176.44
312.8189.25
), ArticleFig(id=1200860825180295436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073615585458, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CEOF前3个模态贡献率

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模态模态方差贡献率/%模态累积方差贡献率/%
153.0353.03
223.4176.44
312.8189.25
), ArticleFig(id=1200860825285153040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073615585458, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of causal analysis of information flow

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因果EKE
(STCC)
KT东传西传CURLSRGSHEARKUIKEEKE
(KE)
风应力PDONPGO
Note:黑色加粗(未加粗)表示通过了(未通过)显著性水平为90%的置信度检验,红色表示重点关注结果。
EKE(STCC)0.0021000.00120.02530.01030.00010.0040.00020.07090.01710.0029
KT0.00950.00910.000020.00060.003200.01340.00230.01600.00070.00040.0001
东传00.00750.00330.00050.000400.01680.00550.0062000.0008
西传00.00020.003200.00050.00030.00130.00520.10100.00010.00040
CURL0.00230.02080.03760.00020.04290.00310.03520.01570.02440.00010.00270.0004
SRG0.02830.00600.03050.00250.02010.00290.02330.01070.00040.00990.00040.0009
SHEAR0.0162000.00360.02170.01310.00030.00410.00030.00460.00200.0005
KUI0.00010.00710.00920.00060.00180.00040.00020.00110000.0001
KE0.00090.00250.00300.00800.00080.00290.00110.00110.07140.00010.00370.0026
EKE(KE)0.00090.00300.00070.00470.00120.00040.00010.00040.061700.00060.0027
风应力-0.0550.000700.00010.00030.00070.00100.00030.00050.00120.0003
PDO0.006600.00010.00340.00280.00160.00060.00040.00300.00510.00110.0113
NPGO0.00970.00090.00100.00030.00050.00030.000200.00880.00610.00010.0092
), ArticleFig(id=1200860825415176466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073615585458, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

信息流因果分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
因果EKE
(STCC)
KT东传西传CURLSRGSHEARKUIKEEKE
(KE)
风应力PDONPGO
Note:黑色加粗(未加粗)表示通过了(未通过)显著性水平为90%的置信度检验,红色表示重点关注结果。
EKE(STCC)0.0021000.00120.02530.01030.00010.0040.00020.07090.01710.0029
KT0.00950.00910.000020.00060.003200.01340.00230.01600.00070.00040.0001
东传00.00750.00330.00050.000400.01680.00550.0062000.0008
西传00.00020.003200.00050.00030.00130.00520.10100.00010.00040
CURL0.00230.02080.03760.00020.04290.00310.03520.01570.02440.00010.00270.0004
SRG0.02830.00600.03050.00250.02010.00290.02330.01070.00040.00990.00040.0009
SHEAR0.0162000.00360.02170.01310.00030.00410.00030.00460.00200.0005
KUI0.00010.00710.00920.00060.00180.00040.00020.00110000.0001
KE0.00090.00250.00300.00800.00080.00290.00110.00110.07140.00010.00370.0026
EKE(KE)0.00090.00300.00070.00470.00120.00040.00010.00040.061700.00060.0027
风应力-0.0550.000700.00010.00030.00070.00100.00030.00050.00120.0003
PDO0.006600.00010.00340.00280.00160.00060.00040.00300.00510.00110.0113
NPGO0.00970.00090.00100.00030.00050.00030.000200.00880.00610.00010.0092
), ArticleFig(id=1200860825532616981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073615585458, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

lead correlation analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(a) 东传
PDO-$ \tau $$ \tau $-EKEEKE-KTKT-东传东传-KUI
相关性0.71-0.820.76-0.86-0.94
超前/月16422
(b) 西传
NPGO-EKEEKE-西传西传-KUIEKE-CURL
相关性-0.630.920.93-0.85
超前/月2222
), ArticleFig(id=1200860825620697371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073615585458, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

超前相关分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
(a) 东传
PDO-$ \tau $$ \tau $-EKEEKE-KTKT-东传东传-KUI
相关性0.71-0.820.76-0.86-0.94
超前/月16422
(b) 西传
NPGO-EKEEKE-西传西传-KUIEKE-CURL
相关性-0.630.920.93-0.85
超前/月2222
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基于复经验正交函数的日本以南黑潮路径时空变化特征及其因果关系研究
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纪增华 1, 3 , 武晓博 2, * , 李威 1 , 曹力戈 1 , 张蒙蒙 1 , 董婉秋 1 , 韩桂军 1, *
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(8): 50-62
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(8): 50-62
基于复经验正交函数的日本以南黑潮路径时空变化特征及其因果关系研究
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纪增华1, 3 , 武晓博2, * , 李威1, 曹力戈1, 张蒙蒙1, 董婉秋1, 韩桂军1, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学海洋科学与技术学院 天津市海洋环境与安全保障重点实验室,天津 300072
  • 2.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
  • 3.国家海洋技术中心,天津 300112
  • 纪增华(1999—),男,黑龙江省大庆市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*武晓博(1995—),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and causal relationship of the Kuroshio path south of Japan based on complex empirical orthogonal functions
Zenghua Ji1, 3 , Xiaobo Wu2, * , Wei Li1, Lige Cao1, Mengmeng Zhang1, Wanqiu Dong1, Guijun Han1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. Tianjin Key Laboratory for Marine Environmental Research and Service, School of Marine Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
  • 2. National Marine Environment Forecasting Center, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3. National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024071
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日本以南黑潮路径变化的相关分析一直是热点之一。过去的研究指出日本以南黑潮路径变化受到多种因素的影响,如上游流量、中尺度涡旋、气候信号等。然而,关于这些影响因素之间的相互因果关系尚不完全清楚。本文基于50a(1958−2007年)中国海洋再分析数据集(CORA)和14a(2008−2021年)卫星高度计资料,获取了日本以南黑潮路径时间序列,并利用复经验正交函数(CEOF)分析方法对其进行时空特征分析。结果表明,经CEOF分析获取的前两个主模态可以描述日本以南黑潮路径时空变化的主要特征,且分别代表与之相关的东传和西传信号。进一步地,基于信息流理论的因果分析结果表明:一方面,太平洋十年涛动(PDO)通过风应力的变化影响副热带逆流(STCC)区域的涡旋活动,从而影响吐噶喇海峡的黑潮输运变化,进而对东传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南海域的黑潮路径变化;另一方面,黑潮延伸体的涡旋活动受到北太平洋涡旋振荡(NPGO)的影响,促使该区域的中尺度涡旋向西移动,进而对西传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南海域的黑潮路径变化。此外,分析结果还表明:日本以南海域的相对涡度和再循环流强度变化是对黑潮路径变化的响应,而非影响黑潮路径变化的因素。

日本以南黑潮路径  /  复经验正交函数  /  因果分析  /  信息流

The analysis of the changes in the path of the Kuroshio south of Japan has always been a hot topic. Previous studies have pointed out that the changes in the Kuroshio path south of Japan are influenced by various factors, such as upstream transport, mesoscale eddies, climate signals etc. However, the causal relationship between these influencing factors is not fully understood. The paper first obtains the time series of the Kuroshio path south of Japan based on the 50 year (1958−2007) China Ocean Reanalysis dataset (CORA) and 14 year (2008−2021) satellite altimeter data, and uses the Complex Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) analysis method to analyze its spatiotemporal characteristics. The results show that the first two main modes obtained by CEOF analysis can describe the main characteristics of the space-time variation of the Kuroshio path in the south of Japan and represent the related eastward and westward signals, respectively. Furthermore, the causal analysis results based on information flow theory indicate that: on the one hand, PDO affects the eddy kinetic energy in the subtropical countercurrent (STCC) region through changes in wind stress, thus affecting the changes of Kuroshio transport in the Tokara Strait, and then has a direct impact on the eastward signal, and finally affects the changes of the Kuroshio path in the southern region of Japan. On the other hand, the eddy kinetic energy of the Kuroshio extension is influenced by the NPGO signal, which affects the westward movement of the mesoscale eddies in the region, thereby directly affecting the westward signal and ultimately affecting the Kuroshio path changes in the region south of Japan. In addition, the experimental results also indicate that the relative vorticity and recirculation gyre strength in the southern region of Japan are responses to the changes in the Kuroshio path, rather than factors affecting the changes in the Kuroshio path.

Kuroshio path south of Japan  /  CEOF  /  causality analysis  /  information flow
纪增华, 武晓博, 李威, 曹力戈, 张蒙蒙, 董婉秋, 韩桂军. 基于复经验正交函数的日本以南黑潮路径时空变化特征及其因果关系研究. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (8) : 50 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024071
Zenghua Ji, Xiaobo Wu, Wei Li, Lige Cao, Mengmeng Zhang, Wanqiu Dong, Guijun Han. Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and causal relationship of the Kuroshio path south of Japan based on complex empirical orthogonal functions[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (8) : 50 -62 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024071
黑潮是太平洋中著名的西边界暖流。它源于北赤道环流,自菲律宾群岛北上,向东北流入东海,随后穿过吐噶喇海峡,沿着日本南部海岸向东移动,最终穿过伊豆海脊进入北太平洋海域[1]。其中,日本以南黑潮最为引人关注,这是因为黑潮在该海域呈现典型的双流态特征:典型大弯曲路径(typical Large Meander,tLM)和非大弯曲路径(Non-Large Meander,NLM),其中非大弯曲路径又进一步被分为两种路径,即近岸非大弯曲(nearshore Non-Large Meander,nNLM)和离岸非大弯曲(offshore Non-Large Meander,oNLM)[23]图1)。大量研究表明日本以南黑潮的路径变化对周边地区的气候、渔业、航海、军事等有着重要的影响,因此对其开展相关研究具有重要意义[47]
过去的研究表明,日本以南黑潮路径的变化与整个北太平洋的大尺度环流变化密切相关,特别是该区域上游(副热带逆流)和下游(黑潮延伸体)地区 [89]。一些研究表明,来自上游的流量是大弯曲发生的先决条件[1012]。Qiu和Chen指出来自黑潮上游副热带逆流(Subtropical countercurrent,STCC)区域伴随着环流输运与九州东南部黑潮路径相互作用而产生的扰动发挥了关键作用,这种扰动使日本南部沿岸产生正相对涡度,从而导致黑潮大弯曲形成[13]。同时,还有一些研究指出源自STCC区域的反气旋涡旋可以改变东海黑潮输运,从而导致日本以南黑潮路径发生变化[1415]。Usui等使用数据同化模型开展了敏感性实验,结果表明较低的输运量会导致大弯曲路径持续的时间更长[16]。除流量外,许多使用高度计资料的观测研究指出了中尺度涡旋对黑潮路径变化的重要性[1719]。部分研究指出上游中尺度涡旋变率的增加有利于气旋−反气旋涡旋对的产生,进而形成的“触发曲流”会进一步促进大弯曲的发生[20]。同样地,日本以南黑潮路径变化与黑潮延伸体(Kuroshio extension,KE)之间存在密切关系[21]。Sugimoto和Hanawa基于卫星高度计资料分析了日本以南黑潮和黑潮延伸体区域的关系,结果表明当日本以南黑潮处于大弯曲路径(非大弯曲路径),下游延伸体流态较为稳定(不稳定)[22]。吴友婷等进一步利用自组织映射和信息流的方法研究了日本以南黑潮与黑潮延伸体的因果关系,结果表明当黑潮大弯曲发生时,日本南部黑潮和黑潮延伸体之间存在双向因果,但因果关键区不同[23]。此外,还有一些研究认为来自黑潮延伸体区域的中尺度涡旋对日本以南黑潮路径变化有着重要影响[2425]。具体来说,Ebuchi和Hanawa指出气旋涡旋在黑潮延伸体区域产生后,向西传播至日本以南黑潮回流区,对路径变化产生影响[24]。Miyazawa等指出从黑潮延伸体区域传播的气旋涡旋在合并后削弱了黑潮曲流,进而导致大弯曲状态的结束[25]
除上述影响因素以外,一些研究指出气候信号和风场对黑潮路径变化的影响,Qiu在最新研究中采用风强迫线性涡度模型,证明了持续的大弯曲受到太平洋十年涛动(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)的影响[26],具体来说,PDO处于正相期间通过风应力将负海面高度异常带入黑潮延伸体区域,随后通过向西传播扰乱伊豆海脊的黑潮路径,进一步影响日本以南黑潮路径的稳定。同时,NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)作为北太平洋涛动的另一种海洋表达形式,过去的研究表明该信号通过风应力影响海表面高度异常,进而通过西传影响日本以南的涡动能(eddy kinetic energy,EKE)变化[2730]
综上所述,日本以南黑潮路径变化受到多种因素的影响,然而这些因素之间的因果关系尚不明确。Douglass等指出一些与黑潮路径变化密切相关的因素(如:相对涡度、垂向剪切、再循环流强度和输运量)更可能是对大弯曲形成的一种响应,而不是促进其形成的原因[31]。因此对黑潮路径变化相关的各种因素进行进一步地因果分析是必要的。本文首先采用复经验正交函数(complex empirical orthogonal function,CEOF)分析方法提取黑潮路径的时空特征信息。随后,计算并统计黑潮上游(即副热带逆流区域)与下游(即黑潮延伸体)具有代表性因素的时间序列,通过信息流对其进行因果分析,最后对日本以南黑潮路径变化因素之间的因果关系进行讨论。
本文所用到的数据主要包括用于黑潮流轴信息提取的海面高度(sea surface height,SSH)数据和绝对动力地形(absolute dynamic topography,ADT)数据,用于计算黑潮大弯曲指数的Kushimoto和Uragami验潮站水位数据[32],用于计算吐噶喇海峡输运量的Naze和Aburatsu验潮站水位数据,用于计算涡动能、垂向剪切和再循环流强度的流速数据(经向分量和纬向分量),用于计算风应力的海表面10 m风速数据,以及黑潮延伸体指数,PDO指数和NPGO指数。
本文所使用的海面高度来自于西北太平洋区域中国海洋再分析(China ocean reanalysis)数据集(简称“CORA”,http://www.cmoc-china.cn)[33]。该区域海洋再分析数据集在日本以南黑潮地区的空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°,时间分辨率为1d。本文所使用的区域海洋再分析数据集的时间序列长度为50a(1958−2007年)。
ADT数据和流速数据均来自于哥白尼海洋和环境监测服务公司(Copernicus marine and environment monitoring service,CMEMS,https://marine.copernicus.eu)。ADT数据是海平面异常(sea level anomaly,SLA)与平均动力地形(mean dynamic topography,MDT)之和,时间范围为2008−2021年,时间分辨率为1d,空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°。流速数据时间范围为1993−2021年,时间分辨率为1d,空间分辨率为0.25° × 0.25°。
首先基于上述两种海面高度数据进行黑潮流轴信息的提取。黑潮流轴可以由一个特定的SSH等值线来定义[2122]。本文通过试验选取70 cm SSH等值线和110 cm ADT等值线作为黑潮流轴,这里选取黑潮路径各经度对应纬度值作为后续试验所用的黑潮路径数据,该数据可以很好地描述黑潮路径的变化[34]。本文分析主要围绕日本以南黑潮路径年际以上的变化,因此对获取的黑潮路径数据进行月平均处理,并对月平均数据进行13个月的滑动平均处理。
风速数据来自于欧洲中期天气预报中心发布的ERA5再分析数据集,风速为海表面10 m的月平均数据,时间范围为1958−2021年,空间分辨为0.25° ×0.25°。此外,本文还使用了夏威夷海平面数据永久服务中心(Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level,PSMSL)的Kushimoto、Uragami、Naze和Aburatsu验潮站水位数据,该数据来自https://www.psmsl.org;黑潮延伸体指数来自https://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/data/products/ocean-indicators-products/kuroshio;PDO指数来自https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/pdo/;NPGO指数来自http://www.o3d.org/npgo/
复经验正交函数(CEOF)分析方法是Barnett于1983年提出的,它不仅可以分析气候变量场空间尺度驻波振动分布结构,而且可以分析行波分布结构和相位变化[35],目前已被应用于大气和海洋相关环境变量时空特征分析中[3637]。CEOF分析就是将一个标量场通过变换,构造出同时含有实部和虚部的Hermite矩阵来分解,从而获取主要的复空间模态和时间系数。具体步骤如下:
首先对黑潮路径数据进行CEOF分析,将黑潮路径数据构建成矩阵X:
$ {\boldsymbol{X}}=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}{x}_{11}& \cdots & {x}_{1n}\\ \vdots& & \vdots\\ {x}_{m1}& \cdots & {x}_{mn}\end{array}\right) ,$
式中,$ {x}_{mn} $表示第m个空间位置上的n时刻的值。
将矩阵$ \boldsymbol{X} $正则化处理为$ {\mathbf{X}}' $:
$ \mathbf{X}'=\mathbf{\sigma}^{-1}\left(\mathbf{X}-\overline{\mathbf{X}}\right), $
式中,$ \sigma $为标准差矩阵,$ \overline{\mathbf{X}} $为矩阵均值。
通过对矩阵$ {\mathbf{X}}' $进行Hilbert变换来构造Hermite矩阵$ \boldsymbol{U} $$ \boldsymbol{U} $可以进一步分解为
$ {\boldsymbol{U}}={\boldsymbol{BP}}, $
式中,$ \boldsymbol{B} $为时间函数矩阵,$ \boldsymbol{P} $为空间函数矩阵。
下一步,计算时间振幅函数和时间位相函数,时间振幅函数为
$ \boldsymbol{S}_k\left(x\right)=\left[\boldsymbol{B}_k\left(x\right)\boldsymbol{B}_k^{\mathrm{*}}\left(x\right)\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}, $
式中,$ x $表示空间点数,$ k $为主分量序号,$ {\boldsymbol{B}}_{k}\left(x\right) $表示第k个特征值对应的特征向量,$ {\boldsymbol{B}}_{k}^{\mathrm{*}}\left(x\right) $$ {\boldsymbol{B}}_{k}\left(x\right) $的共轭向量。时间振幅可以反映行波的空间结构随时间的变化。
时间位相函数为
$ \boldsymbol{Q}_k\left(x\right)=\mathrm{arctan}\left[\frac{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\,\boldsymbol{B}_k\left(x\right)}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\,\boldsymbol{B}_k\left(x\right)}\right], $
式中,$ {\boldsymbol{Q}}_{k}\left(x\right) $为时间相位幅角,$ \mathrm{I}\mathrm{m} $表示虚部,$ \mathrm{R}\mathrm{e} $表示实部。时间相位可以反映行波的传播速度。
计算空间振幅函数和空间位相函数,空间振幅函数为
$ \boldsymbol{S}_k\left(t\right)=\left[\boldsymbol{P}_k\left(t\right)\boldsymbol{P}_k^{\mathrm{*}}\left(t\right)\right]^{\frac{1}{2}}, $
式中,$ t $为时间点数,$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}\left(t\right) $表示第k个主分量,$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}^{\mathrm{*}}\left(t\right) $表示共轭。空间振幅可以反映行波的空间分布结构。
空间位相函数为
$ \boldsymbol{Q}_k\left(t\right)=\mathrm{arctan}\left[\frac{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{m}\,\boldsymbol{P}_k\left(x\right)}{\mathrm{R}\mathrm{e}\,\boldsymbol{P}_k\left(t\right)}\right], $
式中,$ {\boldsymbol{Q}}_{k}\left(t\right) $为空间相位幅角,$ {\boldsymbol{P}}_{k}\left(x\right) $表示第k个特征值对应的特征向量。空间相位可以反映行波的传播方向。
Liang-Kleeman信息流方法是Liang基于信息流理论严格推导出的在无任何先验知识的情况下,利用两个时间序列$ {x}_{1} $$ {x}_{2} $在单位时间内的信息传递来定量地表征两者之间的因果关系的方法[38]。该方法严格建立在坚实的物理基础上,在线性与非线性模型中都得到了验证[39],具有模型简化、可多尺度分析和可解释性强等优点。它可以发现一些传统统计方法无法检测到的因果关系,提供了一种直观和可解释的方法来描述海洋系统中信息传递和交换过程。此方法已被广泛应用于海洋科学相关的因果性实际问题中,如二氧化碳与全球变暖的关系、风场和黑潮入侵对吕宋冷涡的影响以及日本以南黑潮与延伸体的关系等[4041, 23]。具体如下:
对于两条时间序列$ {x}_{1} $$ {x}_{2} $,在线性模型假设下,由$ {x}_{2} $$ {x}_{1} $的信息流率的最大似然估计为
$ T_{2\to1}=\frac{C_{11}C_{12}C_{2,d_1}-C_{12}^2C_{1,d1}}{C_{11}^2C_{22}-C_{11}C_{12}^2}, $
式中,$ {C}_{ij} $为样本协方差,$ {C}_{i,dj} $$ {x}_{i} $和由$ {x}_{j} $导出的级数之间的样本协方差。在通过显著性检验的基础上,如果$ {T}_{2\to 1} $为0,则$ {x}_{2} $不是$ {x}_{1} $的因,$ {x}_{1} $独立于$ {x}_{2} $变化;否则,$ {x}_{2} $是引起$ {x}_{1} $变化的因,且其大小表征了因果关系的强弱。如果$ \left|{T}_{2\to 1}\right| $的值远大于$ \left|{T}_{1\to 2}\right| $的值,且$ \left|{T}_{1\to 2}\right| $接近于0可忽略不计时,也可以认为$ {x}_{2} $$ {x}_{1} $的因。如果二者的值相当,则$ {x}_{2} $$ {x}_{1} $互为因果[40, 42]
基于获取的64a(1958−2021年)日本以南黑潮路径数据,结合CEOF分析方法,首先对日本以南黑潮路径进行时空特征分析。分析获得的各模态方差贡献率如表1所示,所有模态均通过North显著性检验[43]。由表可知,前3个主模态方差累计占比接近90%,其中前两个主模态分别占据了53.03%和23.41%的方差贡献率,基本包含了主要时空特征信息,因此本文后续只对前两个主模态进行分析讨论。
第一主模态解释了总方差的53.028%。图2展示了第一主模态的空间模态和时间系数的振幅及其相位的分布情况。如图2所示,第一主模态的空间模态在日本以南大弯曲区域(134°~137°E)以及伊豆海脊处(140°E)均存在较大的振幅(图2a)。这些区域与日本以南黑潮路径变化区域基本一致,这表明第一主模态反映了黑潮路径主要的空间变化情况。同时,空间模态的相位幅角随着经度东移逐渐增大(图2b),呈现出一种波的东传效果。图2c与2d分别描述了第一主模态时间系数的振幅和相位分布情况。时间系数的振幅在黑潮大弯曲发生时期相对较大,时间系数的相位幅角随着时间不断减小,并呈现周期循环。幅角在大弯曲时期变化相对较缓,这表明东传的波速在大弯曲时期相对较低。
第二主模态解释了总方差的23.413%,该模态的空间模态和时间系数的振幅及其相位的分布情况如图3所示。第二主模态的空间模态在日本以南黑潮非大弯曲区域(131°~134°E)和伊豆海脊以西处(139°E)振幅明显高于其他位置(图3a),且131°~134°E区域通常为“触发曲流”发生区域,这表明第二模态与黑潮大弯曲的形成可能密切相关。空间模态的相位幅角随着经度东移逐渐减小(图3b),呈现出一种波的西传效果。图3c3d分别描述了时间系数的振幅和相位的分布情况。同样,时间系数的振幅在黑潮大弯曲发生时期相对较大,时间系数的相位幅角随着时间不断减小,并呈现周期循环,周期小于第一主模态时间系数的周期,且在大弯曲时期周期更小,由于大弯曲路径的维持通常被理解为由向西的行星β效应和向东的平流效应平衡所致,这表明西传信号所代表的波动在大弯曲时期传播速度更快,这可能意味着大弯曲时期需要更快的速度来维持平衡状态。并且由于黑潮大弯曲通常发生在振幅达到极大值之后,这表明西传信号在黑潮大弯曲的形成过程中可能扮演着重要角色。
为了进一步描述CEOF分析结果,这里分别将第一主模态和第二主模态进行重构,并基于重构结果绘制了霍夫默勒图,如图4所示。图4a展示了利用真实场绘制的霍夫默勒图,真实场表示的变量为黑潮流轴,是对黑潮路径数据提取得到的流轴数据经正则化处理后得到的,红圈代表最新两次大弯曲发生的时期。由图4可知,在2004年黑潮大弯曲发生期间,黑潮随纵轴时间的变化呈现出自西向东的传播,存在明显的东传信号。而在2017年发生的最新一次大弯曲期间,黑潮则呈现出自东向西的传播,存在明显的西传信号。在第一模态重构中(图4b)黑潮随时间的增长整体呈现出向东传播的趋势,而在第二模态重构中(图4c)黑潮随时间的增长整体则呈现向西传播的趋势。这进一步表明,第一主模态主要反映了黑潮路径变化中存在的东传信号,而第二模态主要反映了黑潮路径变化中的西传信号。图4d是利用前两个主模态的重构结果,该重构场与真实场基本吻合,这也表明前两个主模态可以较好地表征日本以南黑潮的主要时空变化特征。
上一节的分析结果表明,由CEOF分析获取的前两个模态分别反映了与日本以南黑潮路径变化密切相关的东传与西传信号。而过去的研究指出日本以南黑潮路径变化与多种因素密切相关,然而它们之间存在怎样的联系,孰因孰果,这些有待进一步地探究。基于此,本节首先计算并统计了黑潮上游(即副热带逆流区域)与下游(即黑潮延伸体区域)具有代表性因素的时间序列,然后通过信息流的方法对其进行因果分析。
本节将黑潮相关变量按照空间区域分布(日本以南黑潮上游、当地和下游),分别计算了STCC区域的涡动能(EKE),吐噶喇海峡的输运量(Kuroshio Transport,KT),日本以南海域的垂向剪切(shear)、相对涡度(Curl)和再循环流强度(recirculation gyre strength,SRG)以及黑潮延伸体海域的涡动能;同时统计了代表日本以南黑潮大弯曲的大弯曲指数(Kushimoto Uragami Index,KUI)、代表黑潮延伸体的KE指数。此外,还统计和计算了对日本以南黑潮路径可能起到影响作用的气候信号(PDO指数和NPGO指数)和北太平洋的风应力。由于黑潮大弯曲是反映日本以南黑潮路径变化的重要指标(时期),因此在图中都对其发生时期进行标注。此外,受可获取资料的限制,黑潮相关变量的时间序列为获取的最长时间序列。各变量计算具体介绍如下:
首先,为了能够量化诱导大弯曲发生的涡旋状态,我们根据Qiu和Chen的研究[13],利用流速数据计算了STCC区域(18°~28°N,130°E~160°W)的涡动能时间序列,涡动能可以代表该地区的中尺度涡旋水平。如图5所示,STCC区域的涡动能年际变化较为明显,涡动能峰值分别出现在1996−1998年、2003−2005年和2015−2017年,这些年份多数处于大弯曲发生之前,这可能表明黑潮大弯曲的发生与STCC区域的涡动能增加密切相关。
其次,一些研究认为,吐噶喇海峡的输运量也是影响日本以南黑潮路径变化和中尺度涡旋的关键因素,并且大弯曲的纵向位置也被认为与黑潮输运量有关,输运量的大小对其维持或衰减起到关键作用[1012]。本节基于Kawabe的方法计算了吐噶喇海峡的输运量,公式如下[44]
$ Z_D=0.326X_1-0.296X_4+24.7, $
式中,$ Z_{D} $为黑潮输运,$ X_{1} $$ X_{4} $分别为Naze和Aburatsu的1年月平均海平面数据,单位为cm。如图6所示,吐噶喇海峡的年际输运变化明显,整体呈现下降的趋势,并且在黑潮大弯曲发生时期输运量更高,在非大弯曲时期输运量较小。
对于日本以南海域,以前的研究定义了几个指数来反映大弯曲现象的发生[45],其中KUI指数是Kushimoto和Uragami验潮站测得海平面时间序列之差,该指数能够较好地反映黑潮大弯曲的发生。从图7中可以明显看出,KUI指数能够较好地反映大弯曲的年际变化,在大弯曲发生期间,KUI指数明显偏低,而在非大弯曲状态下情况则明显增高。
同时,为了更具体地呈现日本以南黑潮区域的特征,本文还计算了与黑潮路径变化密切相关的动力因素:再循环流强度、垂向剪切速度和相对涡度。这里参考Douglass等的研究[31],空间上选取26.5°~32.5°N,132°~140°E作为日本以南黑潮海域,时间上则选取1958年1月至2007年12月的数据进行计算,最后将所得结果进行13个月的滑动平均。3种变量的计算公式如下:
$ S(t)\equiv\iint_A^{ }h(x,y,t)\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\mathit{x}}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{\mathit{y}}, $
式中,$ S $为再循环流强度,$ t $为时间,$ A $为海面高度大于150厘米的面积,$ h $为海面高度,$x $$ y $分别代表横纵坐标。
$ \zeta=\left(\frac{\partial v}{\partial x}-\frac{\partial u}{\partial y}\right), $
式中,$ \zeta $为相对涡度,$ u $$ v $分别为东向和北向的速度,$x $$ y $分别代表空间上的横纵坐标。
垂向剪切定义为$ \left\langle U_{0-200}-U_{200-600}\right\rangle $$ U_{0-200} $$ U_{200-600} $分别表示200 m以上和200 m至600 m垂直平均黑潮速度,对原始速度数据选取黑潮区域(132°~140°E)后取均值即可得到。
图8展示了再循环流强度、垂向剪切速度和相对涡度的时间序列变化,由图8a可知,再循环流强度年际变化明显,整体呈现上升趋势,在黑潮大弯曲发生时期,其数值较低。图8b展示了垂向剪切的时间序列,剪切量在大弯曲时期普遍升高,随时间波动明显,并且具有多个中间峰。图8c展示了相对涡度的时间序列,该序列整体呈现下降趋势,在大弯曲发生时期数值相对较大。通过对比3种时间序列,在大弯曲发生时期,再循环流强度的减弱与相对涡度的增加能够较好地对应,二者在整体上也呈现相反的变化趋势。
对于黑潮下游延伸体区域,Qiu等提出KE流态的稳定程度可以通过31°~36°N,140°~165°E区域的海表面高度距平区域平均值作为指数来衡量[46]。该指数为正(负)值代表KE处于稳定态(不稳定态),且正(负)的绝对值越大表示KE越稳定(不稳定)。同时,为了进一步探究中尺度涡旋在产生和维持大弯曲路径中发挥的作用,这里计算了1993−2021年黑潮延伸体的涡动能时间序列。如图9所示,KE指数与涡动能时间序列在整体趋势上较为一致,相关系数为0.68,并且在黑潮大弯曲时期出现数值增大现象。
最后,本节还计算统计了与黑潮路径变化相关的气候信号指数(PDO、NPGO)以及风应力变化。其中,风应力计算公式为
$ \tau=\rho\cdot C_d\cdot U^2, $
式中,$ \tau $为风应力,$ \rho $为空气密度,$ C_{d} $是风阻系数,$ U $是风速。
PDO、NPGO和风应力的时间变化如图10所示,3种时间序列整体波动随时间变化较为明显,PDO指数与风应力整体呈现增大的趋势,在大弯曲时期没有较为特殊的变化规律。
上一节的结果表明日本以南黑潮大弯曲与许多因素(上游和下游、气候)存在已知或潜在的关系,为了进一步探究上述时间序列之间的因果关系及其对于日本以南黑潮路径变化的影响,本节主要基于CEOF分析的第一主模态(东传)和第二主模态(西传),利用信息流的方法探讨相关因素间的因果关系。
表2展示了基于CEOF分析的第一主模态(东传)和第二主模态(西传)与各因素间的信息流因果关系。表2中加粗字体代表该结果通过90%的置信检验,横轴表示因,纵轴表示果。这些因素依次为:STCC区域涡动能[EKE(STCC)]、输运量(KT)、东传信号、西传信号、相对涡度(CURL)、再循环流强度(SRG)、垂向剪切(SHEAR)、大弯曲指数(KUI)、黑潮延伸体指数(KE)、延伸体区域涡动能[EKE( KE)]、风应力($ \tau $)、PDO和NPGO指数。由于本文只重点关注日本以南黑潮区域,用红色字体将部分结果进行标注,其他部分结果超出了本文的研究范围,后续不再对其进行分析讨论。具体分析结果如下:
基于表2结果,一方面,PDO与风应力存在双向因果关系,这表明PDO对风应力产生影响,并且PDO和风应力信号都单方向对STCC区域的涡动能产生影响,例如在最新两次大弯曲时期,风应力(图10c)与涡动能(图5)在显著增长后都变得较为平稳。其次,STCC区域涡动能对吐噶喇海峡输运量产生单方向的影响,这一结果与Ichikawa[19]的研究结果一致,其结果同样显示东海黑潮变化受到源自STCC区域变化的外部强迫。同时,STCC区域涡动能与再循环流强度和垂向剪切存在双向的因果关系。然后,输运量和东传信号以及KUI指数之间存在双向因果关系,这表明吐噶喇海峡输运量通过平流东传至日本以南海域并对黑潮路径变化产生影响,输运量在每次大弯曲时期较大(图6),KUI指数在大弯曲时期相应地变小(图7)。最后,KE指数单方向受到垂向剪切、再循环流强度和东传信号的影响,并且KE指数又单方向对KUI指数与东传信号有影响,这也表明黑潮延伸体与日本以南黑潮之间存在双向因果关系,起到互相影响的作用。另一方面,NPGO单方向对黑潮延伸体的涡动能和KE指数产生影响,从图9也可以看出KE指数与该地区涡动能的变化较为一致,这反映出NPGO信号对KE区域起到调制作用。其次,延伸体区域的涡动能对西传信号和相对涡度有影响,如图9b图8c所示,在2004−2005年大弯曲之间,涡动能显著增大,而相对涡度显著变小,这表明延伸体区域的涡动能受到NPGO信号的影响后,进一步通过西传到达上游日本以南地区,并对西传信号、相对涡度造成影响,从而对日本以南黑潮路径变化起到调制作用。除此之外,从表3结果可知,日本以南区域的相对涡度变化以及再循环流强度是对黑潮路径变化的响应,而不是影响黑潮路径变化的因素。
为了进一步探究这种联系,结合4.1节相关因素的时间变化,这里选取2003年1月−2005年7月,即本世纪发生的第一次完整大弯曲过程以及前1.5a的时间序列,所有因素均经过正则化处理,结果如图11所示。除此之外,本文还对上述时间序列采用超前相关分析,对相关因素的因果关系进行验证,左边因素超前于右边因素进行计算(如PDO-$\tau $,即为PDO超前于$ \tau $计算其相关性),选取最佳超前结果,结果如表3所示,计算得到的相关系数大多在0.8以上,并且都通过了0.01显著性水平检验。这表明各因素之间存在着很好的相关关系,与信息流因果分析所得到的结果结合可以帮助我们验证关于日本以南黑潮路径变化的猜想。
具体来说,一方面,在2003年1月,风应力受PDO信号的调控明显增大,在大约6个月后STCC区域的涡旋活动也明显增加(超前6个月,相关系数为−0.82),随后涡旋被西边界流携带至吐噶喇海峡,继续向下游传播,使得该区域输运量不断增加(超前4个月,相关系数为0.76),进而对东传信号产生直接影响,东传信号在大弯曲期间数值不断减小,最终影响日本以南海域的黑潮路径变化,KUI指数在大弯曲发生前达到最低,随着大弯曲的持续不断增大。另一方面,NPGO信号作为风应力变化引起的海平面异常西向传播[30],对黑潮延伸体的涡旋产生影响,并使该区域的涡动能持续增高(超前2个月,相关系数为−0.63)。同时涡旋的变化对西传信号也造成影响,西传信号在大弯曲发生前数值不断增大,大弯曲发生期间数值逐渐减小,最终影响了日本以南黑潮的路径变化。具体表现为,KUI指数在大弯曲发生前达到最低,同时日本以南区域的相对涡度在大弯曲时期持续减小。
本文基于50a(1958−2007年)中国海洋再分析数据集(CORA)和14a(2008−2021年)卫星高度计资料提取的黑潮路径时间序列,利用复经验正交函数分析方法对其进行时空特征分析。结果表明,经CEOF分析后的前两个主模态能够描述日本以南黑潮路径主要时空变化特征,且这两个模态分别表示引起黑潮路径变化的东传与西传信号。
为了进一步探究上游和下游对日本以南黑潮路径的具体影响以及它们之间的动态联系,本文分别计算了北太平洋风应力,吐噶喇海峡的输运量,副热带逆流、日本以南海域和黑潮延伸体海域的涡动能、垂向剪切、相对涡度和再循环流强度等多种具有代表性的时间序列,同时下载了代表日本以南黑潮大弯曲的KUI指数、黑潮延伸体的KE指数以及对日本以南黑潮路径起到影响作用的气候信号(PDO指数和NPGO指数)。通过信息流方法对不同区域的时间序列进行因果分析,结果表明:如图12所示,图中所有结果均通过90%显著检验,其中,黑色粗实线表示由PDO(NPGO)到日本以南黑潮路径的因果关系链,蓝色细实线表示存在双向因果的反向因果关系链,蓝色虚线表示存在因果关系但仍需进一步验证的过程。具体来说,日本以南黑潮路径变化是受到其上游和下游共同作用的结果:一方面,PDO通过风应力的变化影响副热带逆流区域的涡旋活动,从而影响吐噶喇海峡的黑潮输运变化,进而对东传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南黑潮路径变化(图中黑色实线);另一方面,黑潮延伸体的涡旋运动受到NPGO信号的影响,从而影响该区域的中尺度涡旋向西移动,进而对西传信号产生直接影响,最终影响日本以南黑潮路径变化。分析结果还表明,部分区域存在双向因果关系,如日本以南黑潮区域与其上游副热带逆流区和其下游延伸体区,都存在互相影响的反向因果关系(图中蓝色实线)。此外,PDO对STCC区域的涡动能有单方向影响,这表明PDO不仅通过风应力间接影响涡旋活动,也可能通过海温等其他因素对其造成影响。与其相类似的影响还包括PDO对黑潮延伸体和日本以南黑潮区域等影响(图中蓝色虚线),这些影响的具体原因还需进一步地探究。
综上所述,本文基于CEOF和信息流分析获取了一些结果,包括CEOF分析主模态对黑潮路径变化的描述,以及对路径变化因素的分析讨论。本文重点关注信息流的因果分析结果,但是这些结果只是采用统计分析方法获取的,仅采用信息流因果分析的方法来判断各种因素对日本以南黑潮路径的影响。尽管本文基于分析结果对于其背后形成机制做出一些系统解释和推断,但是这些机制的动力过程可能需要进一步地验证,对于部分信息流结果也需要进一步探究,进而更好地揭露黑潮的形成过程。未来可以在信息流方法的基础上,结合模式模拟的动力过程分情况讨论不同路径状态下各变量对黑潮的影响,同时结合模式结果对大弯曲形成的物理过程做更充分得解释。此外,利用信息流方法得到的相关因素还可以作为日本以南黑潮路径的预测因子,对黑潮路径展开预报研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3107800)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42376190)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41876014)
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2024年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024071
  • 接收时间:2023-11-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-08
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3107800)
国家自然科学基金(42376190)
国家自然科学基金(41876014)
作者信息
    1.天津大学海洋科学与技术学院 天津市海洋环境与安全保障重点实验室,天津 300072
    2.国家海洋环境预报中心,北京 100081
    3.国家海洋技术中心,天津 300112

通讯作者:

*武晓博(1995—),男,河北省邢台市人,主要从事黑潮分析与预报研究。E-mail:
韩桂军(1970—),女,辽宁省新民市人,教授,主要从事海洋分析与预报研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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