Article(id=1200468073275846829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12284/hyxb2024081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704643200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-08, revisedDate=1717516800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764143492287, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1725033600000, pubDateStr=2024-08-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764143492287, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764143492287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143492287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200468070721508125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, year='2024', volume='46', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764143491678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764143656095, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200468760399303167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, issueId=1200468070721508125, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200468073519116465, articleId=1200468073275846829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, language=EN, title=The upwelling phenomena revealed by the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea and their formation mechanisms, columnId=1194652705852465724, journalTitle=Haiyang Xuebao, columnName=Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It prevails southwesterly monsoon in summer in the northern South China Sea. Consequently, the seasonal coastal upwellings are frequently driven up in summer off the southeastern coast of the Hainan Island, the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula and the eastern coast of Guangdong Province, and these upwellings have attracted common research attention. The present paper revisits the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea. It is found that, besides the coastal upwellings frequently reaching the sea surface in the above-mentioned zones, there are more subsurface upwelling patterns in the northern South China Sea: namely, (1) the subsurface upwelling throughout the eastern coastal zones of Hainan Province and all the western and eastern coastal zones of Guangdong Province under strong overlying southwesterly monsoon; (2) the subsurface one over the wide continental shelf off the western coast of Guangdong Province; (3) the subsurface one driven by the diluted Pearl River runoff off the river mouth; and (4) the bottom continental water invasion into the bays of eastern Guangdong Province and the cyclonic eddies in the bays. These four upwelling patterns have not been reported in the existing research papers, or little attention has been paid to them. Besides the Ekman’s transport due to strong summer southwesterly monsoon and Ekman’s pumping due to overlying wind stress curl, the bottom Ekman’s effect due to the basin-scale South China Sea circulation is possibly the non-negligible driving mechanism for the subsurface upwelling throughout all the coastal zones. In the light of the simultaneous atmospheric circulation over the northern South China Sea, Ekman’s pumping due to positive wind stress curl seems to be the major driving force for the subsurface upwelling over the continental shelf off western Guangdong coast. The positive wind stress curl as well as the diluted Pearl River runoff drives a cyclonic circulation off western Guangdong coast. The seawater divengence in the cyclonic circulation is favorable to the formation and maintenance of the subsurface upwelling. The vertical circulations driven by southwesterly monsoon and horizontal cyclonic ones in the coastal bays of eastern Guangdong Province are the major driving forces for the bottom continental water intruding into the bays. In the Daya Bay, the thermal plume due to the unclear power plants is favorable to strengthen the horizontal cyclonic circulations. The western and eastern capes of the Honghai Bay are favorable to the formation of horizontal cyclonic circulations in the bay. So we need attach more importance to the other driving mechanisms of the upwelling but to surface Ekman’s effect in the northern South China Sea.

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南海夏季盛行西南季风,琼东、雷州半岛东部及粤东沿岸海域季节性上升流经常发生,且受到广泛的关注。本文在处理了南海北部的历史水文调查资料时发现,除了直达海面的上升流频发区域外,还存在次表层上升流分布形态:强西南季风下,贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸的次表层上升流;粤西陆架大区域次表层上升流;珠江口外冲淡水驱动的上升流;粤东海湾陆架底层水入侵及湾内气旋环流。这些分布形态在已有文献中未见报道,或关注不多。除了夏季强西南季风的Ekman输送、风应力旋度产生的Ekman泵吸,南海海盆尺度环流的底边界层Ekman效应可能是次表层贯穿上升流不能忽略的驱动机制。上升流同期的大气环流形态表明,南海北部正风应力旋度Ekman泵吸似乎是粤西陆架次表层上升流的主要驱动机制。正风应力旋度与珠江冲淡水联合驱动了粤西陆架气旋型环流。气旋型环流的辐散利于粤西陆架次表层上升流的形成与维持。在粤东海湾,西南季风驱动的湾内垂向环流,及水平气旋型环流是陆架底层水入侵海湾的主要驱动机制。大亚湾内核电温排水热力羽流利于湾内气旋环流的加强。海湾岬角利于红海湾气旋环流的形成。除了Ekman效应,上升流形成机制还需关注更多的动力因素。

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夏华永(1967—),男,湖南省沅江市人,研究员,从事海洋动力学调查与研究。Email:

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夏华永(1967—),男,湖南省沅江市人,研究员,从事海洋动力学调查与研究。Email:

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figureFileBig=eZfPz/F9fHDmiJK1kHN3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821371875553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073275846829, language=CN, label=图14, caption=1977年7月温盐分布, figureFileSmall=2jLgsH0d8j0ohgjGzVemPw==, figureFileBig=eZfPz/F9fHDmiJK1kHN3ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200860821459955939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073275846829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The date of summer sectional survey cruises in the northern South China Sea

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1978年1979年1980年1981年1982年1983年1984年1985年1986年1987年1988年
6月13−16日15−22日10−19日16−20日5−10日11−24日11−15日7−12日6−16日20−29日12−17日
7月14−17日14−19日15−30日15−27日
8月10−13日19−23日10−16日14−16日19−24日10−16日7−12日7−12日6−13日15−20日19−24日
), ArticleFig(id=1200860821548036326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149651085930835976, articleId=1200468073275846829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

南海北部夏季断面调查航次日期

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1978年1979年1980年1981年1982年1983年1984年1985年1986年1987年1988年
6月13−16日15−22日10−19日16−20日5−10日11−24日11−15日7−12日6−16日20−29日12−17日
7月14−17日14−19日15−30日15−27日
8月10−13日19−23日10−16日14−16日19−24日10−16日7−12日7−12日6−13日15−20日19−24日
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南海北部历史水文调查资料揭示的上升流现象及形成机制
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夏华永 1, 3 , 李锐祥 2, 3
海洋学报 | 论文 2024,46(8): 1-18
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海洋学报 | 论文 2024, 46(8): 1-18
南海北部历史水文调查资料揭示的上升流现象及形成机制
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夏华永1, 3 , 李锐祥2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部 南海预报减灾中心,广东 广州 510300
  • 2.自然资源部 南海调查技术中心,广东 广州 510300
  • 3.自然资源部 海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
  • 夏华永(1967—),男,湖南省沅江市人,研究员,从事海洋动力学调查与研究。Email:

The upwelling phenomena revealed by the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea and their formation mechanisms
Huayong Xia1, 3 , Ruixiang Li2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. South China Sea Marine Forecasting and Hazard Mitigation Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 2. South China Sea Marine Survey Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
  • 3. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Survey Technology and Application, Ministry of Natural Resources, Guangzhou 510300, China
出版时间: 2024-08-31 doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024081
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南海夏季盛行西南季风,琼东、雷州半岛东部及粤东沿岸海域季节性上升流经常发生,且受到广泛的关注。本文在处理了南海北部的历史水文调查资料时发现,除了直达海面的上升流频发区域外,还存在次表层上升流分布形态:强西南季风下,贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸的次表层上升流;粤西陆架大区域次表层上升流;珠江口外冲淡水驱动的上升流;粤东海湾陆架底层水入侵及湾内气旋环流。这些分布形态在已有文献中未见报道,或关注不多。除了夏季强西南季风的Ekman输送、风应力旋度产生的Ekman泵吸,南海海盆尺度环流的底边界层Ekman效应可能是次表层贯穿上升流不能忽略的驱动机制。上升流同期的大气环流形态表明,南海北部正风应力旋度Ekman泵吸似乎是粤西陆架次表层上升流的主要驱动机制。正风应力旋度与珠江冲淡水联合驱动了粤西陆架气旋型环流。气旋型环流的辐散利于粤西陆架次表层上升流的形成与维持。在粤东海湾,西南季风驱动的湾内垂向环流,及水平气旋型环流是陆架底层水入侵海湾的主要驱动机制。大亚湾内核电温排水热力羽流利于湾内气旋环流的加强。海湾岬角利于红海湾气旋环流的形成。除了Ekman效应,上升流形成机制还需关注更多的动力因素。

南海北部  /  上升流  /  珠江冲淡水  /  风应力旋度  /  垂向环流

It prevails southwesterly monsoon in summer in the northern South China Sea. Consequently, the seasonal coastal upwellings are frequently driven up in summer off the southeastern coast of the Hainan Island, the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula and the eastern coast of Guangdong Province, and these upwellings have attracted common research attention. The present paper revisits the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea. It is found that, besides the coastal upwellings frequently reaching the sea surface in the above-mentioned zones, there are more subsurface upwelling patterns in the northern South China Sea: namely, (1) the subsurface upwelling throughout the eastern coastal zones of Hainan Province and all the western and eastern coastal zones of Guangdong Province under strong overlying southwesterly monsoon; (2) the subsurface one over the wide continental shelf off the western coast of Guangdong Province; (3) the subsurface one driven by the diluted Pearl River runoff off the river mouth; and (4) the bottom continental water invasion into the bays of eastern Guangdong Province and the cyclonic eddies in the bays. These four upwelling patterns have not been reported in the existing research papers, or little attention has been paid to them. Besides the Ekman’s transport due to strong summer southwesterly monsoon and Ekman’s pumping due to overlying wind stress curl, the bottom Ekman’s effect due to the basin-scale South China Sea circulation is possibly the non-negligible driving mechanism for the subsurface upwelling throughout all the coastal zones. In the light of the simultaneous atmospheric circulation over the northern South China Sea, Ekman’s pumping due to positive wind stress curl seems to be the major driving force for the subsurface upwelling over the continental shelf off western Guangdong coast. The positive wind stress curl as well as the diluted Pearl River runoff drives a cyclonic circulation off western Guangdong coast. The seawater divengence in the cyclonic circulation is favorable to the formation and maintenance of the subsurface upwelling. The vertical circulations driven by southwesterly monsoon and horizontal cyclonic ones in the coastal bays of eastern Guangdong Province are the major driving forces for the bottom continental water intruding into the bays. In the Daya Bay, the thermal plume due to the unclear power plants is favorable to strengthen the horizontal cyclonic circulations. The western and eastern capes of the Honghai Bay are favorable to the formation of horizontal cyclonic circulations in the bay. So we need attach more importance to the other driving mechanisms of the upwelling but to surface Ekman’s effect in the northern South China Sea.

the northern South China Sea  /  upwelling  /  the diluted Pearl River runoff  /  curl of wind stress  /  vertical circulation
夏华永, 李锐祥. 南海北部历史水文调查资料揭示的上升流现象及形成机制. 海洋学报, 2024 , 46 (8) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024081
Huayong Xia, Ruixiang Li. The upwelling phenomena revealed by the historic hydrologic survey data in the northern South China Sea and their formation mechanisms[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 2024 , 46 (8) : 1 -18 . DOI: 10.12284/hyxb2024081
南海北部沿岸上升流在维系近岸海域生态系统和海洋环境更新净化中起了重要作用,早已受到广泛的研究。早在20世纪60年代初,Wyrtki[1]在关于南海及泰国湾海洋调查报告中,根据离岸风可驱动上升流的动力机制,推断冬季东北季风期间,我国香港附近海域可能出现局部暂时性上升流。但20世纪60年代以后的观测资料中,广东沿岸都没有发现东北季风期间的上升流现象。Niino和Emery[2]根据东海与南海陆架区的几个观测航次资料绘制了表层温盐分布,发现了海南岛东部的夏季上升流现象,并根据水温梯度,推测汕头南部海域可能存在夏季上升流。1960年前后,我国实施了全国第一次海洋普查。根据调查资料,我国学者发现调查海区在1959年6月存在3个低温区,其位置分别在海南岛东岸、汕头沿岸一带及广州湾以南雷州半岛以东海域,低温区为西南季风驱动的上升流所致[3]。并比较1959年与1960年6月的上升流分布,指出了南海北部上升流现象的年际差异。1975−1984年,自然资源部南海局(原国家海洋局南海分局)开展了南海北部陆架邻近水域10年水文断面调查,获取了覆盖区域大,时间序列基本完整的断面资料[4]。许多学者利用这些宝贵的资料分析了南海北部的上升流现象。曾流明[5]分析了1979年夏季粤东断面资料,指出了上升流存在的迹象。于文泉[6]根据10年断面资料,统计表层和断面夏季多年月均水温和年校差,确定了上升流常发区域,即汕头沿岸、琼东南沿岸和湛江湾外附近海域。李立[7]、伍伯瑜[8]、洪启明和李立[9]则利用南海北部断面调查资料进一步分析了粤西、粤东海域上升流的分布区域、年际差异、消涨过程以及上升流区海水的理化性质。他们的分析中,粤西上升流主要分布在雷州半岛以东海域,珠江口以西沿岸,只有零星的站点有上升流迹象。邓松等[10]则结合全国首次海洋普查与南海北部断面调查资料,分析海南岛东北七洲列岛海域的上升流特征及其对渔业的影响。韩舞鹰和马克美[11]结合20世纪80年代初广东海岸带调查资料与南海北部断面调查资料,分析了粤东近岸的上升流分布,发现上升流贴近岸边,红海湾、碣石湾、神泉湾20 m以浅海域为上升流中心。韩舞鹰等[12]结合琼东海岸带调查与南海北部断面调查资料,发现琼东同样存在贴岸的上升流现象。吴林兴与林洪瑛[13]结合南海东北部与南海北部陆架断面调查资料,发现上升流除了在汕头沿岸到台湾海峡活跃之外,东沙群岛北部陆架边缘也存在上升流。对于20世纪南海上升流,特别是南海北部上升流的研究成果,吴日升与李立[14]做了细致的总结。进入21世纪后,南海海洋调查增多。由于粤东沿岸海域是夏季上升流的频发区域,每次调查都发现了上升流迹象。朱佳等[15]、曾淦宁等[16]利用珠江口外的1~2个断面资料,发现珠江口外陆架50 m以浅的区域存在上升流。Wang等[17]结合现场调查与遥感资料,分析了南海东北部陆架次表层上升流现象。许金电等[18]利用2001年、2002年、2006年和2009年夏季6个航次的CTD调查资料,揭示粤东至闽南沿岸海域上升流空间结构和强度的年际差异,并利用卫星遥感风场资料、海床基观测海流和底层水温资料、广东南澳海洋站表层水温资料探讨海面风场、热带气旋对上升流的影响,上升流强度的时空特征,上升流的短期变化、生消过程及上升流的水体来源。2006年起,开始实施的“我国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项”(“908”专项)在南海北部陆架设置了密集的断面与站位,获取了高质量的调查资料。这些资料除了揭示琼东上升流[19]与汕头沿岸到台湾海峡的上升流[20]之外,对粤西上升流存在还获得了新的认识。许金电等[21]发现珠江口以西海域,上升流成片出现,且琼东、粤西沿岸上升流区并非相互独立,从10 m层以下已经连成一片。夏华永等[22]则发现珠江口门外存在冲淡水驱动的上升流。除了现场调查资料外,卫星遥感资料也广泛用于上升流。例如,谢玲玲等[23]利用1982−2012年的卫星遥感海面温度和再分析风场资料,分析琼东上升流强度和中心位置的年际变化规律。
至于南海北部上升流的形成机制,早期上升流研究成果认为与琼东南海岸、湛江东部沿岸、汕头海岸大致平行的西南季风驱动表层海水离岸运动,底层海水补充,形成了上升流[3]。Ekman输送是其后南海北部沿岸上升流形成机制的一致解释。由于上升流中心贴近岸边,地形、径流、海流、潮汐等因素将上升流的一些特征变得复杂[71214]。此外,管秉贤和陈上及[3]、于文泉[6]认为夏季湛江湾外海域存在气旋环流,环流中心的海水辐散是陆架海域上升流形成的动力机制。吴林兴与林洪瑛[13]认为东沙群岛北部陆架边缘上升流是NE向海流遇陆坡地形剧烈变浅产生的底层海水爬升。进入本世纪后,海洋调查方法得到了极大的提升,大面走航观测、定点锚系观测相结合,已揭示了汕头沿岸上升流对西南季风变化及台风的响应过程[2024]。谢玲玲等[23]通过长序列的格点化遥感资料,分析了琼东上升流的强度和中心位置的年际变化规律以及沿岸风应力及其旋度的作用,得出局地风应力旋度在琼东上升流的年际变化中发挥了重要作用。相比基于观测资料的定性机制分析,数值模拟则定量分析了上升流形成机制。Su和Pohlmann[25]通过模型试验,解释了西南风、南风与地形对琼东沿岸多个上升流中心的形成的机制。Jing等[26]分析了风应力与风应力旋度对琼东和粤东上升流形成的相对重要性。Gan等[27]模拟分析了珠江冲淡水东南向扩展对粤东上升流的影响及其动力机制。Gan等[28]则模拟分析了粤东陆架加宽区域,底摩擦力、压强梯度力及动量通量通过动量平衡对上升流的调制。Shu等[29]、Wang等[30]则研究了粤东区域底摩擦力和底摩擦力旋度对粤东上升流形成与强度的贡献。舒叶强等[31]对各家动力机制数值分析的成果做了详细的总结。
尽管对南海北部上升流及其形成机制已有众多的研究成果,但本文作者在整理历史水文调查资料时,还发现了一些上升流现象没有见于报道。例如,次表层贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东全境的沿岸上升流现象,粤西陆架大区域上升流现象,珠江冲淡水西向扩展区域的上升流现象。此外,观测资料显示,伴随粤东沿岸上升流,陆架底层水入侵粤东海湾也是常发现象。这些没有被报道的上升流现象似乎与更多的动力影响因素相关。例如,风应力旋度与海盆尺度环流在南海北部陆架的底边界层Ekman效应对陆架大范围上升流的主导作用;西南季风与珠江冲淡水西向扩展耦合作用对上升流的驱动;大亚湾热力羽流对湾内气旋环流的加强;红海湾岬角地形对湾内弱气旋环流形成的影响。本文对一些先前没有报道或报道不多的上升流现象,及其可能的动力机制做一个初步的介绍。
本文余下部分组织如下:第2节介绍所用资料及处理方法;第3节介绍本文从历史水文观测资料中发现的南海北部几种上升流现象;第4节介绍粤东海湾的底层陆架水入侵现象;第5节初步介绍上升流现象的形成机制;第6节给出了总结。
从1975年4月开始,自然资源部南海局对南海北部海域进行断面调查。从1978年6月起,调查断面线固定为经向断面7条,共设47个测站,每月观测一次。调查范围基本覆盖南海北部陆架,断面线和测站布设详见图1a。7条断面沿着111°~117°E的7条子午线分布(111°E断面上,因海南岛东北角地形影响,一个站位略微向东调整)。每条断面上,按1/2个纬矩设置站位。站号依断面从北向南依次编排(如11101站为111°E断面最北站)。为提高走航效率,在北面近岸或者断面南部,断面间增加一个站位。1982年后改为双月观测一次,一直延续到1988年12月。本文统计分析了1978−1988年夏季调查资料,断面调查时间如表1。当时,调查单位尚没有CTD等先进的调查设备,海水温度用国产的HWMI型闭端颠倒式温度表以及日本LLS-E型开端颠倒温度表测量。两种温度表的测量准确度都是±0.02℃。盐度由颠倒采水器取水,用国产WUS型盐度计测定,准确度为±0.02。调查获得水文数据包括温度、盐度、溶解氧、水深等,垂向上将实测数据插值到标准层(0 m,10 m,20 m,30 m,50 m,75 m,100 m,···,海底上1 m层)。调查资料获取情况详见《南海北部陆架邻近水域十年水文断面调查报告》[4]。2006年,广东省海洋综合调查与评价专项在大鹏湾、大亚湾、红海湾进行了大面调查,站位如图1b所示。2006年7月21日至7月28日完成大鹏湾和大亚湾大面站观测任务;8月12日至8月14日完成红海湾36个大面站观测任务。温盐调查设备为SBE-37SM CTD。香港特别行政区环境保护署每月对大鹏湾水质进行监测,本文选取了沿湾中轴的一个断面(8个监测站)资料,站位见图1b。采用Seacat19+CTD测量表、中、底层水温与盐度。以往基于南海北部十年断面资料分析上升流,基本上是采用单一航次资料,分粤东、粤西两个区域分析[79],只关注了贯穿到海面的上升流区域,没有揭示出上升流的全貌,资料的潜力没有充分发掘。本文对南海北部十年断面资料及其他航次的海湾调查资料全面重新整理,分析陆架及粤东海湾的上升流现象。
对于南海北部断面调查资料,站位的空间分辨率不足,难于确切分析沿岸上升流的强度。所幸的是,南海北部上升流的分布范围大,调查资料仍可以得出上升流分布的大致区域。在温盐平面分布图绘制时,为了弥补站位的空间分辨率不足,将观测资料插值成0.1° × 0.1°的网格上。本文作者将调查资料标准层绘制逐月平面分布图,根据温盐平面分布特征,确认上升流迹象。观测资料表明,次表层上升流迹象在10 m层就很明显。这与许金电等[21]从高分辨率调查资料识别的琼东、粤西次表层上升流现象是一致的。在20 m、30 m、50 m层,上升流迹象都很显著。在冲淡水扩展的远区,冲淡水垂向混合影响了10 m层盐度分布。本文参照许金电等[21]的做法,选取20 m层温盐分析次表层上升流迹象。
上升流机制分析采用了欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)ERA5再分析月均风场(https://www.ecmwf.int),并参考了SODA(Simple Ocean Data Assimilation)海洋流场数集[32-33]。SODA资料空间分辨率是0.5°。对于沿岸流场及温盐分布而言,这样的分辨率是不足的。并且,SODA没有考虑珠江径流的影响,不能反映冲淡水对水温与盐度的影响。因此,只能用于上升流形成机制的定性分析。
本文对南海北部调面1978−1988年夏季表层与20 m层的水温盐度进行统计。1978−1981年,6−8月都有观测,1982−1988年,6月和8月有观测。在表层和20 m层,每个站位上,有26个夏季月份的温盐观测值。根据26个样本,计算平均值与标准差,再插值绘制平面分布图。平均水温与平均盐度如图2所示。南海北部陆架海域水温都在28~29℃。沿岸海域存在两片低温区,一片位于粤东红海湾至汕头沿岸一带,水温约26~27℃,普遍低于外海2~3℃,最低水温出现在汕头沿岸(117°E断面近岸站),平均水温约为26℃。一片位于雷州半岛以东、海南岛东北部海域,平均水温27.5℃,约低于外海2℃。珠江口、粤西沿岸平均水温较高,约28~29℃。夏季,粤东、粤西沿岸海域表层盐度受珠江冲淡水影响,珠江冲淡水双向扩展,形成双向河羽。冲淡水西向贴岸扩展,东向则有离岸扩展趋势。以32等盐线作为低盐舌的前沿,西向低盐舌延至湛江港附近海域,东向低盐舌延伸至粤东碣石湾附近海域,向外海则接近东沙群岛。
在20m层,陆架海域水温在27~28℃。粤东、海南岛东北及雷州半岛东部沿岸海域,夏季平均水温低于24℃。20m层最低水温出现在汕头沿岸及海南岛东北部海域,平均水温接近23℃,且平均盐度达到34.3。珠江口平均水温约为24.9℃,粤西沿岸海域平均水温25.3℃。近岸等温度线走向与岸线大致平行,低温范围比表层大。沿岸水温普遍低于外海2~3℃,表现出沿岸上升流区水温分布的基本特点。20 m层沿岸盐度均在33.9以上。海南岛东北部、粤东沿岸海域形成高盐中心,夏季最高盐度出现在汕尾沿岸,平均盐度约为34.3。其次是海南岛东北海域盐度也较高,平均盐度约为34.2。
夏季水温盐度标准差如图3。水温标准差分布为沿岸大、陆架小。沿岸海域存在3个强的水温波动区,分别位于海南岛东北部、珠江口附近及粤东沿岸海域。最大水温波动出现在粤东沿岸海域,为1.8℃。外海海域水温波动较小,约0.8~1.2℃。夏季20 m层,有两个强水温波动区,位于海南岛东北部及粤东沿岸海域。水温标准差较大海域与20 m层低温海域大体一致。沿岸海域较大的水温波动是夏季上升流的又一佐证,上升流季节内变化及年际变化可导致水温的波动。珠江口附近海域表层水温波动较大,应与珠江径流年际变化有关。表层盐度标准差分布反映了明显的区域性差别。在珠江口沿岸海域标准差等值线呈舌状双向延伸,这与表层低盐舌是对应的,反映盐度波动受珠江径流的影响。表层以珠江口的标准差最大,外海的标准差较小。
上述多年平均的水温及水温标准差空间分布说明,夏季上升流应是海南岛东部至粤东整个沿岸海域的普遍现象。海南岛东部、粤东沿岸低温海水可影响至表层,是夏季上升流的中心。粤西沿岸及珠江口外,次表层平均水温比陆架低3℃以上,意味着这些区域次表层容易发生上升流。表层没有上升流迹象,应是上升流没有达到海面。
图4图5分别是1978年7月、1979年8月温盐分布。1978年7月,粤东沿岸表层最低水温比陆架低5℃以上,琼东北沿岸及雷州半岛东侧沿岸比陆架约低3℃。在20 m层,琼东、粤东、粤西沿岸海域,水温比陆架低4~6℃。且低温水域,盐度比陆架高0.5。20 m层存在显著的上升流现象,且上升流贯穿琼东、粤东、粤西沿岸。在1979年8月,20 m层的上升流迹象与1978年7月相似,但在粤东和珠江口外上升流的分布幅度不如1978年7月大。这两个年份,琼东北与汕头沿岸上升流都能直达海面,表层低温现象明显。而在珠江口外及其附近两侧沿岸海域,表层不存在上升流迹象。这应与珠江冲淡水扩展有关。在这两个年份中,珠江冲淡水都向东、西双向扩展,形成了双向羽状流。冲淡水一般覆盖表层5 m范围内,较强的浮力障碍了上升流达到海面。“中国近海海洋综合调查与评价专项”在琼东、粤西、珠江口、粤东、闽南沿岸,分区块设置了航次调查,且区块是联接的,断面与站位都很密集。许金电等[21]将琼东、粤西资料统一分析,发现2006年夏季,琼东、粤西沿岸10 m层上升流区已经连成一片。夏华永等[22]利用珠江口区块资料,发现了2006年夏季珠江口外的次表层上升流。潘爱军等[20]、许金电等[18]、蔡尚湛等[24]基于粤东及闽南区块资料,发现了2006年夏季粤东及闽南沿岸的上升流。这就是说,断面与站位空间分辨率、设备精度更高的水文调查资料,揭示了贯穿琼东、雷州半岛东面、粤西、粤东、闽南沿岸的次表层上升流存在。在南海北部10年断面调查资料中,1984年8月,次表层上升流也贯穿了琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸(图略)。表明沿岸贯穿上升流是常发的。
在1984年8月,海表水温分布较为均匀,珠江冲淡水几乎对称双向贴岸扩展(图6)。在珠江口外的淡水团分布区域,可能由于冲淡水的高悬浮物浓度降低了太阳短波的透射率,以及浮力阻碍了热量的向下扩散,海表水温达到29.5℃,高于陆架高盐水分布区域的水温。整个调查区域,表层没有上升流迹象。但在20 m层,琼东沿岸、粤西宽阔的陆架及粤东沿岸,水温比外海低4~6℃,盐度高0.4~0.6。除了琼东、粤东沿岸存在上升流迹象外,粤西宽阔的陆架上,都存在上升流迹象。1977年7月,粤西陆架也有大区域的上升流迹象。海表不存在上升流迹象,而次表层存在大范围的上升迹象。这种上升流形态尚没见报道。这种上升流形态不能从遥感资料中识辨。
在1983年8月,冲淡水主要呈西向扩散趋势,冲淡水一直扩展到阳江沿岸海域(图7)。珠江口冲淡水扩展形态与南海北部风力、入海径流量相关。欧素英[34]利用南海北部断面调查资料统计了珠江口冲淡水在河口外的扩展形态:夏季在E−SE向风的作用下,珠江口冲淡水表现为粤西扩展型;月平均风场为SSW−SW向风,冲淡水为粤东扩展型;S向风为主,且风速较小,冲淡水表现为向海扩展型;径流量较大,南海北部SW−SSW向风频率较高时,冲淡水表现为似对称扩展型。1983年8月南海北部月均风向为SSE向,利于珠江冲淡水的西向扩展。冲淡水扩散区域,海面水温高于周围表层高盐水区域。在调查区域内,表层没有上升流迹象。但在20层,冲淡水西向扩散的区域,水温比陆架低6~8℃,盐度比陆架高0.2~0.4,上升流迹象显著。在雷州半岛东部沿岸海域,20 m层同样存在上升流迹象。雷州半岛东部沿岸的上升流与珠江冲淡水西向扩散区域的上升流连通性较弱,在阳江沿岸海域,上升流区域似乎是隔断的。这表明二者之间的动力机制可能存在差异。
在1986年8月,同样,冲淡水主要呈西向扩散趋势(图8)。与1983年8月冲淡水扩散相比,南向扩散更远。结果,在20 m层,珠江口外及香港外海,上升流迹象显著,且在跨陆架方向,上升流分布幅度更大,似乎与冲淡水的南向扩散幅度有相关性。但在雷州半岛以东海域,没有上升流存在迹象。1986年8月与1983年8月,珠江冲淡水区域,次表层都有上升流分布。珠江口外存在次表层上升流时,雷州半岛以东海域,不一定存在上升流。这说明冲淡水扩展区域的次表层上升流形成有其独特的动力机制。这值得我们深入探讨。
夏华永等[22]揭示了2006年夏季珠江冲淡水驱动的上升流结构。不同年份的观测资料中,都发现有上升流存在的迹象。这说明,珠江冲淡水在珠江口外驱动的上升流是一种常发现象。
在大棚湾,香港环保署每月都进行了水质与水温监测,积累的资料序列为分析大鹏湾夏季底层入侵提供了条件。分析1998年以来的资料,发现在夏季南海北部西南季风较稳定的年份,大鹏湾都存在陆架底层水侵入的现象。以2007年夏半年为例,大鹏湾内观测断面的温度与盐度如图9所示。温盐分布表明,湾内表层高温、低盐水向湾外输送,陆架底层低温高盐水则向湾内输送,并在湾顶向上爬升。在夏半年,34等盐线沿调查断面的时间变化更清晰的显示了底层水入侵的消长过程。冬季,大鹏湾内盐度垂向分布均匀,一般小于33。4月,随着南海西南季风的形成和增强,盐度34等值线(图9中黑色等值线)开始在大鹏湾中出现,表层到达湾口M5站,而底层则入侵到湾中部的M4站。5月,盐度小于34的表层水体向湾外扩展,而盐度大于34的底层水体则入侵到湾北部的M3站附近。6月,表层高温低盐水继续向外扩展,34盐度线在底层则继续向湾内入侵到M2站。7、8月,盐度大于34的底层水体空间分布基本上与6月类似,但8月它达到最大,几乎占据大鹏湾的整个底部。9月,随着西南季风的减弱,盐度大于34的底层水开始向湾外退却,至10月则完全消失。盐度34等值线的变化变化过程,更清晰的表明了湾内表、底层水的交换方向:在西南季风的作用下,陆架底层水向湾内输送,湾内表层水向湾外输送。
2006年7月,大亚湾温盐分布如图10所示。大亚湾表层水温变化范围在24.0~30.9℃。大亚湾夏季表层水温呈中心低四周高、西部高东部低的分布形态。低温中心水温最低仅24.1℃,比西部低4~6℃。底层水温范围在21.5~27.4℃,高温区位于大亚湾北部和东南部,湾内沿东北−西南向形成一低温区,最低温度仅21.5℃。夏季该海区温跃层平均深度为5.4 m,厚度为6.9 m,强度为0.30℃/m。大亚湾夏季表层盐度变化范围在26.92~33.15。与表层水温分布相对应,盐度呈中心高四周低的分布形态,高盐中心大致与低温中心对应。表层温盐分布形态表征大亚湾内存在气旋型环流,环流中心的上升流导致了表层低温、高盐水分布。至于西部表层水温高于东部,这是大亚湾核电与玲澳核电的温排水扩散所致。卫星遥感与航次观测结果表明[35],大量的温排水排放,在大亚湾西部形成了热力羽。温盐分布形势表明,西部表层高温水向湾外输送,底层水大致沿着西南−东北走向的湾轴向湾内输送(图10中箭头所示)。
大亚湾内夏季底层水入侵,已为多次观测发现[3639]。张炳揩[36]所用的观测资料中,1987年8月,同样存在低温高盐中心,表层最低温度为27.2℃,比周边低2℃。在1987年、2006年夏季,大亚湾内都发现了低温高盐中心,说明大亚湾的气旋型环流形态不是偶发的,有其特定的形成机制。2006年夏季低温中心水温比1987年夏季低得多,说明2006年湾内夏季气旋型环流强度比1987年夏季强。一个可能的原因是,大亚湾西部的核电温排水加强了气旋环流。1987年,大亚湾核电厂还没建成,湾内环流不会受到热力羽的影响。张炳楷[36]在1989年8月,也发现了底层陆架水入侵大亚湾的现象,但没有发现低温高盐中心,说明底层水入侵存在年际差异,入侵机制也存在差异。
2006年8月,红海湾温盐如图11。表、底层水温变化范围在28.6~30.0℃和25.5~28.5℃,湾内表层温差较小,为1.4℃,湾中部产生了一个低温中心。底层温差较大,约3℃,分布趋势自湾顶向外递减。夏季湾内温跃层平均深度为4.0 m,厚度为5.3 m,强度为0.70℃/m。夏季,表、底层盐度变化范围在27.27~31.30和30.03~34.38。红海湾表层盐度分布特征为沿岸低,中部高。与中部低温中心相对应,存在一个显著的高盐中心。底层盐度由北向南逐渐增大,等值线基本与岸线平行。
红海湾底层温盐的分布特征,指示了底层水从西部湾口向湾内入侵,侵入过程与湾内水体混合。湾中部表层低温、高盐中心的存在,则指示湾内存在气旋型环流,环流中心的上升流将底层低温高盐水输送到了表层。
在1978年7月、1979年8月,其风应力及其旋度分布如图12。在这两个月份,西南季风较强。在海南岛东部沿岸、雷州半岛东部沿岸及粤东沿岸,风应力大致与岸线平行,Ekman输送驱动表层海水离岸运动,底层水体补充从而形成上升流。同时,这些沿岸区域的正风应力旋度大,也可驱动上升流。Ekman输送与Ekman泵吸,哪一种机制作用更大呢?本文以海南岛东南侧的Ekman输送与Ekman泵吸做一下比较。1987年7月,海南岛东南侧月均西南风风速月4 m/s,风曳力系数取cd = 1.2 × 10−3,空气密度取ρa = 1.2 kg/m3,科氏力系数约为f = 5.0 × 10−5 s−1,海水密度取ρs = 1000 kg/m3,则Ekman离岸输送量为0.46 m3/(m·s)。沿岸上升流在水深大于30 m的区域常在调查中发现,离岸距离往往小于30 km。Ekman输送在30 km内取平均,产生的上升流速度为1.5 × 10−4 m/s。该区域的风应力旋度最大约为4 × 10−7 N/m3,驱动的上升流速度为0.8 × 10−5 m/s。可见,在上升流直达海面的区域,Ekman输送有更大的贡献。在珠江口外及粤西沿岸,海表不存在上升流迹象。在这些岸段,风向偏南,表层Ekman输送为偏东方向,对上升流的驱动没有直接关系。但在珠江口外及粤西陆架宽阔海域上,次表层存在显著的上升流迹象。这些区域的风应力旋度为正,且为高值中心。说明这些区域次表层上升流与Ekman泵吸相关。在观测资料中,1978年7月,大鹏湾、大亚湾、红海湾外海,风应力旋度为负值,不利于层表层上升流的产生层表层,这些区域的次表层上升流较其他岸段弱(见图4)。因此,Ekman泵吸对次表层上升流的形成作用显著。
1978年夏季,南海北部西南季风强,SODA流场表明,陆架上海流都呈东北向,大致沿陆架流动(图略)。其底边界层的Ekman效应可产生跨越等深线的向岸输送。是否对沿岸的上升流形成有驱动作用呢?图13为南海北部陆架112°E断面1978年夏季温度、盐度分布。低温、高盐等值线的移动方向表明,深层海水在陆架上爬升。因此,南海北部沿岸及陆架上的上升流除了局地的风应力驱动外,还是南海海盆尺度环流在南海北部陆架上的体现。
在一些年份,南海深水海盆为较强的西南季风,但在南海北部沿岸及陆架,风向却为偏东向,例如,1984年8月(图12e),其Ekman输送是利于沿岸下降流产生的。但在南海北部陆架区,形成了较强的正风应力旋度,并在粤西陆架驱动了弱的气旋型环流(图略)。贯穿南海北部沿岸及覆盖粤西陆架的次表层上升流应为风应力旋度及其驱动的气旋型环流所致,但风应力旋度应起主导作用。在1977年7月,粤西沿岸及陆架为强的偏南风,有较大的正风应力旋度(图12a)。风场驱动了南海北部沿岸及陆架的东北向强海流,在粤西陆架是不存在气旋型环流的。结果,在粤西宽阔的陆架上,形成了次表层上升流,20 m层最低水温低于22℃(图14)。可见,正风应力旋度的Ekman泵吸比气旋型环流辐散对次表层上升流有更大的贡献。
在珠江口外,冲淡水南向扩展阶段,上升流的形成机制,夏华永等[22]已经做过定性的解释。对于珠江冲淡水在西南季风作用,呈东向或东南向扩展时,Gan等[27]已经通过数值模拟分析了其影响机制。但冲淡水西向扩展时,对粤东沿岸上升流的形成是否有影响,尚没有见到相关的研究结果。
已有的研究成果表明,大河的径流入海后浮在海表,入海时冲淡水尚有一个向海的动量,在口门外经过反气旋式的地转调整,在口门外堆积一个水平凸出的淡水团,部分冲淡水沿Kelvin波的传播方向沿岸输送,形成地转平衡的沿岸流[40-41]。欧素英[34]模拟了风力与径流作用下的珠江冲淡水扩散,模拟结果也得到了口门外冲淡水反气旋地转弯曲及西向沿岸流等流态。观测资料表明,夏季,珠江冲淡水扩展受西南季风的驱动,同时,由于自身的浮力作用,存在西向扩散的趋势。在西南季风弱,或偏东南风时,珠江冲淡水主要西向扩展。杨士瑛等[42]根据1964−1972年在南海北部海域投放的近4000个漂流瓶资料,及一些定点观测资料,得出夏季在粤西沿岸存在着一支西向流,而陆架海域,西南季风驱动东北向流,由西南季风与西向沿岸流联合驱动,在雷州半岛以东海域,形成气旋环流。1983年8月,南海北部西南季风较弱(图12d),在雷州半岛沿岸海域,Ekman输送没有驱动直达海面的上升流。而在次表层,雷州半岛以东,以及粤西沿岸,存在显著的上升流现象。其可能的机制就是西向沿岸流与西南季风在雷州半岛以东海域驱动了气旋环流,环流中心有上升流产生。西向沿岸流与陆架东北向流之间的辐散作用,驱动粤西沿岸的上升流。而在1986年8月,由于南海北部陆架为弱的偏东风(图12f),在雷州半岛以东海域构不成驱动气旋环流的动力条件,即使珠江冲淡水西向扩展,也没有在粤西沿岸与雷州半岛以东海域形成上升流(图8)。
(1)垂向环流
密度层结是粤东沿岸水体在夏半年的显著特征。太阳辐射是温度跃层形成的主要原因。夏半年,珠江冲淡水在西南季风的作用下向粤东海域扩展,加上降水及周边径流注入,表层盐度较低,导致了盐度跃层。 温度跃层与盐度跃层一道形成了密度跃层。调查资料中,沿岸海域的混合层不足10 m。由于海水层结,风力输入的动量难于向下传递,粤东沿岸夏季为西南季风时,Ekman输送驱动湾内表层(混合层)海水向湾外输送,而底层海水向湾内补偿,形成垂向环流。2007年夏半年,大鹏湾内盐度等值线34的时间演变,就清晰的展示了垂向环流产生的海水交换方向。2006年7月,大亚湾底层温盐分布也指示了底层水的入侵方向。在20世纪80年代发现的大亚湾底层水入侵现象中,李立与陈义斌[37]认为,垂向环流是陆架底层水入侵大亚湾的动力机制。
(2)水平气旋环流
大亚湾2006年7月表层海水的温盐分布中,低温高盐中心显示了气旋环流的存在,说明气旋环流是湾内水体垂向运动的重要动力机制。粤东夏季,分布着东北向的沿岸流。以沿岸方向为x轴,沿岸方向流速记为u,跨陆架方向为y轴。假定水体沿岸流动(v=0),则水流运动的垂向涡度$ {\omega }_{z}=\dfrac{\partial v}{\partial x}-\dfrac{\partial u}{\partial y} $。沿岸流的流速分布自海向岸是递减的。这样,沿岸流可以向大亚湾内输入一个正的垂向涡度。大亚湾湾口较宽,湾内面积大。当湾口输入一个正的垂向涡度时,可能诱导湾内形成气旋环流。1987年8月与2006年7月的观测资料中,都观测到了低温高盐中心,大亚湾内的夏季气旋环流可能是经常发生的。
2006年7月观测到低温高盐区域远大于1987年8月的范围。2006年7月,大亚湾西部的热力羽非常强,热力羽导致的上层海水压力梯度是从岸指向湾中心的,压力梯度与科氏力的平衡,可驱动表层高温水从西部向湾外输送。2006年7月表层水温分布,就指示出了热力羽向湾外扩展的趋势。1987年,大亚湾内没有核电厂的温排水排放。温排水形成的热力羽可能是气旋环流加强的一个动力因素。
红海湾是南向开敞式海湾,两端都为岬角。海湾两端的岬角地形为夏季沿岸流对湾内输入正的垂向涡度及诱导气旋环流提供了条件。因此,红海湾的岸线地形对湾内气旋环流的形成起了重要作用。对于大鹏湾,其湾口较窄,目前的水文观测资料中尚没有发现气旋环流的迹象。Gu等[43]采用数值模型探讨了红海湾上升流的形成机制。Gu等的模型结果中,西南季风的Ekman离岸输送驱动上升流,强化的水平对流项对上升流的发展起了重要作用。同时,上升流与内潮相互作用增强了底层水抬升。从大亚湾与红海湾存在的气旋环流来看,海湾上升流形成还有其它的动力机制。
南海北部夏季,除了在琼东沿岸、雷州半岛以东、汕头沿岸频发直达海面的上升流外,还存在多种次表层上升流形态。南海北部陆架西南季风较强时,次表层上升流贯穿整个琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸海域,由于在琼东沿岸、雷州半岛沿岸、汕头沿岸,风应力大致与岸线平行,Ekman输送驱动上升流直达海面,在珠江口外及粤西沿岸,风应力大致指向岸线,Ekman输送不能驱动上升流。但在粤西陆架海域,通常存在正的风应力旋度,Ekman泵吸驱动次表层上升流。此外,沿岸流为东北向,底边界层的Ekman效应驱动次表层上升流。
一些年份,南海中南部为较强的西南季风,但在南海北部风力弱,同时,在南海北部陆架形成正的风应力旋度。结果,Ekman泵吸驱动了贯穿琼东、粤西、粤东沿岸的次表层上升流,并在粤西宽阔的陆架形成次表层上升流。此外,当南海北部陆架盛行大致指向粤西、粤东岸线强南风时,在南海北部陆架及沿岸驱动了强的东北向流。正的风应力旋度与底边界层Ekman效应,驱动了粤东陆架大范围的次表层上升流。由风应力旋度与底边界层Ekman效应驱动的上升流,都没有直达海面。因此,海面不存在上升流迹象。
当珠江口径流较大时,冲淡水不能在河口内充分混合,入海的南向动量及产生的斜压梯度驱动重力环流,在口门外驱动上升流。同时,由于浮力驱动,冲淡水存在西向扩散趋势,当径流量大且粤西沿岸西南季风不强时,粤西沿岸形成西南向沿岸流,而陆架上则为东北向流,二者在雷州半岛东部海域驱动一个气旋环流。气旋环流区域及沿岸流与陆架流的辐散带,形成次表层的上升流。导致了珠江冲淡水西向扩展时,粤西沿岸存在上升流的现象。
当粤东沿岸盛行西南风时,粤东沿岸海湾普遍存在陆架底层水入侵现象。夏季,粤东沿岸海水层结强,混合层小于10 m,Ekman输送驱动混合层水体向湾外输送,而底层水则向湾内补充,形成垂向环流。沿岸东北向的沿岸流向湾内输入正的涡度,诱导了大亚湾、红海湾内的弱气旋环流。大亚湾内核电厂大量的温排水排放,在湾的西部形成了热力羽流。热力羽流加强了湾内的气旋环流。红海湾的岬角地形,是涡度输入的关键,岸线形态为气旋环流的形成提供了有利条件。垂向环流与水平气旋环流极大加强了湾内外的海水交换。
  • 国家重点研发计划“海洋环境安全保障与岛礁可持续发展”重点专项(2021YFC3101800)
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2024年第46卷第8期
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doi: 10.12284/hyxb2024081
  • 接收时间:2024-01-08
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-08-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-08
  • 修回日期:2024-06-05
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国家重点研发计划“海洋环境安全保障与岛礁可持续发展”重点专项(2021YFC3101800)
广东省平台基地及科技基础条件建设项目(2021B1212050025)
自然资源部南海局科技发展基金(202205)
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    1.自然资源部 南海预报减灾中心,广东 广州 510300
    2.自然资源部 南海调查技术中心,广东 广州 510300
    3.自然资源部 海洋环境探测技术与应用重点实验室,广东 广州 510300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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